Pages With Images Portrait

Test passed in 1 minute, 14 seconds on samsung SCH-I605

Timestamp Level Tag Message
08-17 14:35:10.490 info TestRunner started: testPagesWithImagesPortrait(org.wikipedia.page.PageLoadTest)
08-17 14:35:10.580 info MonitoringInstrumentation Activities that are still in CREATED to STOPPED: 1
08-17 14:35:10.580 debug ActivityTestRule Launching activity org.wikipedia.MainActivity
08-17 14:35:10.585 debug MonitoringInstrumentation execStartActivity(context, ibinder, ibinder, activity, intent, int, bundle
08-17 14:35:10.715 debug ProgressBar updateDrawableBounds: left = 0
08-17 14:35:10.715 debug ProgressBar updateDrawableBounds: top = 0
08-17 14:35:10.715 debug ProgressBar updateDrawableBounds: right = 720
08-17 14:35:10.715 debug ProgressBar updateDrawableBounds: bottom = 32
08-17 14:35:10.715 debug ProgressBar updateDrawableBounds: mProgressDrawable.setBounds()
08-17 14:35:11.145 warn dalvikvm No implementation found for native Ldalvik/system/VMRuntime;.pauseGc:(Ljava/lang/String;)I
08-17 14:35:11.145 error ActivityThread Pause GC
08-17 14:35:11.145 error ActivityThread java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException
08-17 14:35:11.145 error ActivityThread at java.lang.reflect.Method.invokeNative(Native Method)
08-17 14:35:11.145 error ActivityThread at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:515)
08-17 14:35:11.145 error ActivityThread at android.app.ActivityThread.pauseGC(ActivityThread.java:5525)
08-17 14:35:11.145 error ActivityThread at android.app.ActivityThread.performLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:2324)
08-17 14:35:11.145 error ActivityThread at android.app.ActivityThread.handleLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:2471)
08-17 14:35:11.145 error ActivityThread at android.app.ActivityThread.access$900(ActivityThread.java:175)
08-17 14:35:11.145 error ActivityThread at android.app.ActivityThread$H.handleMessage(ActivityThread.java:1308)
08-17 14:35:11.145 error ActivityThread at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:102)
08-17 14:35:11.145 error ActivityThread at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:146)
08-17 14:35:11.145 error ActivityThread at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:5602)
08-17 14:35:11.145 error ActivityThread at java.lang.reflect.Method.invokeNative(Native Method)
08-17 14:35:11.145 error ActivityThread at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:515)
08-17 14:35:11.145 error ActivityThread at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:1283)
08-17 14:35:11.145 error ActivityThread at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:1099)
08-17 14:35:11.145 error ActivityThread at dalvik.system.NativeStart.main(Native Method)
08-17 14:35:11.145 error ActivityThread Caused by: java.lang.UnsatisfiedLinkError: Native method not found: dalvik.system.VMRuntime.pauseGc:(Ljava/lang/String;)I
08-17 14:35:11.145 error ActivityThread at dalvik.system.VMRuntime.pauseGc(Native Method)
08-17 14:35:11.145 error ActivityThread ... 15 more
08-17 14:35:11.145 info PersonaManager getPersonaService() name persona_policy
08-17 14:35:11.155 debug LifecycleMonitor Lifecycle status change: org.wikipedia.MainActivity@42897788 in: PRE_ON_CREATE
08-17 14:35:11.170 verbose org.wikipedia.crash.hockeyapp.HockeyAppCrashReporter checkCrashes():40: Checking for HockeyApp crashes.
08-17 14:35:11.195 debug AbsListView Get MotionRecognitionManager
08-17 14:35:11.220 debug AbsListView Get MotionRecognitionManager
08-17 14:35:11.235 debug AbsListView Get MotionRecognitionManager
08-17 14:35:11.275 debug ProgressBar setProgressDrawable drawableHeight = 32
08-17 14:35:11.315 debug org.wikipedia.MainActivity registerBus():1390: Registered bus.
08-17 14:35:11.315 debug org.wikipedia.RemoteConfigRefreshTask Skipping recurring task, remote-config-refresher. Last execution was Wed Aug 17 14:32:56 GMT+00:00 2016.
08-17 14:35:11.320 debug org.wikipedia.page.snippet.SharedImageCleanupTask Skipping recurring task, shared-image-cleanup. Last execution was Wed Aug 17 14:32:56 GMT+00:00 2016.
08-17 14:35:11.320 debug org.wikipedia.recurring.DailyEventTask Skipping recurring task, dailyEventTask. Last execution was Wed Aug 17 14:32:56 GMT+00:00 2016.
08-17 14:35:11.320 debug LifecycleMonitor Lifecycle status change: org.wikipedia.MainActivity@42897788 in: CREATED
08-17 14:35:11.365 verbose MediaPlayer-JNI native_setup
08-17 14:35:11.365 verbose MediaPlayer constructor
08-17 14:35:11.365 verbose MediaPlayer setListener
08-17 14:35:11.460 debug dalvikvm GC_FOR_ALLOC freed 2801K, 16% free 34053K/40472K, paused 42ms, total 42ms
08-17 14:35:11.465 info dalvikvm-heap Grow heap (frag case) to 38.798MB for 5242896-byte allocation
08-17 14:35:11.505 debug dalvikvm GC_FOR_ALLOC freed 12K, 15% free 39161K/45596K, paused 38ms, total 38ms
08-17 14:35:11.525 debug AbsListView Get MotionRecognitionManager
08-17 14:35:11.545 debug AbsListView Get MotionRecognitionManager
08-17 14:35:11.570 debug org.wikipedia.page.JsonPageLoadStrategy loadFromBackStack():206: Loaded page Moon from backstack
08-17 14:35:11.570 debug LifecycleMonitor Lifecycle status change: org.wikipedia.MainActivity@42897788 in: STARTED
08-17 14:35:11.575 debug LifecycleMonitor Lifecycle status change: org.wikipedia.MainActivity@42897788 in: RESUMED
08-17 14:35:11.675 debug ProgressBar updateDrawableBounds: left = 0
08-17 14:35:11.675 debug ProgressBar updateDrawableBounds: top = 0
08-17 14:35:11.675 debug ProgressBar updateDrawableBounds: right = 152
08-17 14:35:11.675 debug ProgressBar updateDrawableBounds: bottom = 152
08-17 14:35:11.675 debug ProgressBar updateDrawableBounds: left = 0
08-17 14:35:11.675 debug ProgressBar updateDrawableBounds: top = 0
08-17 14:35:11.675 debug ProgressBar updateDrawableBounds: right = 720
08-17 14:35:11.675 debug ProgressBar updateDrawableBounds: bottom = 32
08-17 14:35:11.675 debug ProgressBar updateDrawableBounds: mProgressDrawable.setBounds()
08-17 14:35:11.735 warn AwContents nativeOnDraw failed; clearing to background color.
08-17 14:35:11.785 warn AwContents nativeOnDraw failed; clearing to background color.
08-17 14:35:11.945 info chromium [INFO:async_pixel_transfer_manager_android.cc(56)] Async pixel transfers not supported
08-17 14:35:12.010 debug LifecycleMonitor Lifecycle status change: org.wikipedia.MainActivity@4297cf90 in: STOPPED
08-17 14:35:12.010 debug org.wikipedia.MainActivity unregisterBus():1396: Unregistered bus.
08-17 14:35:12.020 debug org.wikipedia.page.PageLoadTest testPages():91: title=Mercury tag=Mercury
08-17 14:35:12.030 verbose MediaPlayer-JNI release
08-17 14:35:12.030 verbose MediaPlayer setListener
08-17 14:35:12.030 verbose MediaPlayer disconnect
08-17 14:35:12.030 verbose MediaPlayer destructor
08-17 14:35:12.035 verbose MediaPlayer disconnect
08-17 14:35:12.035 debug AbsListView onDetachedFromWindow
08-17 14:35:12.035 debug AbsListView onDetachedFromWindow
08-17 14:35:12.035 debug LifecycleMonitor Lifecycle status change: org.wikipedia.MainActivity@4297cf90 in: DESTROYED
08-17 14:35:12.035 debug AbsListView onDetachedFromWindow
08-17 14:35:12.035 debug AbsListView onDetachedFromWindow
08-17 14:35:12.035 debug AbsListView onDetachedFromWindow
08-17 14:35:12.290 debug WikipediaWeb file:///android_asset/bundle.js:302 - file:///android_asset/night.css
08-17 14:35:12.365 debug OkHttp --> GET https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=mobileview&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=text%7Csections%7Clanguagecount%7Cthumb%7Cimage%7Cid%7Cnamespace%7Crevision%7Cdescription%7Clastmodified%7Cnormalizedtitle%7Cdisplaytitle%7Cprotection%7Ceditable&onlyrequestedsections=1&sections=0&sectionprop=toclevel%7Cline%7Canchor&noheadings=true&page=Mercury&thumbsize=640 http/1.1
08-17 14:35:12.365 debug OkHttp x-analytics: pageview=1
08-17 14:35:12.365 debug OkHttp --> END GET
08-17 14:35:12.540 debug OkHttp <-- 200 OK https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=mobileview&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=text%7Csections%7Clanguagecount%7Cthumb%7Cimage%7Cid%7Cnamespace%7Crevision%7Cdescription%7Clastmodified%7Cnormalizedtitle%7Cdisplaytitle%7Cprotection%7Ceditable&onlyrequestedsections=1&sections=0&sectionprop=toclevel%7Cline%7Canchor&noheadings=true&page=Mercury&thumbsize=640 (178ms)
08-17 14:35:12.540 debug OkHttp Date: Wed, 17 Aug 2016 20:36:23 GMT
08-17 14:35:12.540 debug OkHttp Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8
08-17 14:35:12.540 debug OkHttp Connection: keep-alive
08-17 14:35:12.540 debug OkHttp Server: mw1195.eqiad.wmnet
08-17 14:35:12.540 debug OkHttp X-Powered-By: HHVM/3.12.1
08-17 14:35:12.540 debug OkHttp X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
08-17 14:35:12.540 debug OkHttp Cache-control: private, must-revalidate, max-age=0
08-17 14:35:12.540 debug OkHttp P3P: CP="This is not a P3P policy! See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/P3P for more info."
08-17 14:35:12.540 debug OkHttp X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN
08-17 14:35:12.540 debug OkHttp Vary: Accept-Encoding,Treat-as-Untrusted,X-Forwarded-Proto,Cookie,Authorization
08-17 14:35:12.540 debug OkHttp Backend-Timing: D=83661 t=1471466183084637
08-17 14:35:12.540 debug OkHttp X-Varnish: 3683185741, 1420284631, 198802614
08-17 14:35:12.540 debug OkHttp Via: 1.1 varnish, 1.1 varnish, 1.1 varnish
08-17 14:35:12.540 debug OkHttp Accept-Ranges: bytes
08-17 14:35:12.540 debug OkHttp Age: 0
08-17 14:35:12.540 debug OkHttp X-Cache: cp1067 pass, cp2023 pass, cp2001 pass
08-17 14:35:12.540 debug OkHttp X-Cache-Status: pass
08-17 14:35:12.540 debug OkHttp Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload
08-17 14:35:12.540 debug OkHttp X-Analytics: ns=-1;special=Badtitle;WMF-Last-Access=17-Aug-2016;pageview=1;https=1;wmfuuid=015edec7-2a6e-4610-9b11-56886e5058c4
08-17 14:35:12.540 debug OkHttp X-Client-IP: 73.34.253.51
08-17 14:35:12.545 debug OkHttp {"mobileview":{"ns":0,"lastmodified":"2016-07-27T09:36:26Z","revision":731755488,"languagecount":31,"displaytitle":"Mercury","id":19007,"description":"Wikimedia disambiguation page","sections":[{"id":0,"text":"<table class=\"mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox\" style=\"border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9\"><tr><td class=\"mbox-image\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"391\" data-file-height=\"391\"></a></td>\n<td class=\"mbox-text plainlist\">Look up <i><b><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mercury\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wiktionary:Mercury\">Mercury</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mercury\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wiktionary:mercury\">mercury</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</td>\n</tr></table><p><b>Mercury</b> usually refers to:</p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(element)\" title=\"Mercury (element)\">Mercury (element)</a>, a metal</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(planet)\" title=\"Mercury (planet)\">Mercury (planet)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)\" title=\"Mercury (mythology)\">Mercury (mythology)</a>, a Roman god</li>\n</ul><p><b>Mercury</b> may also refer to:</p>\n<div style=\"clear: right; margin-bottom: .5em; float: right; padding: .5em 0 .8em 1.4em; background: none; width: auto;\"></div>"}],"protection":{},"editable":true}}
08-17 14:35:12.545 debug OkHttp <-- END HTTP (1797-byte body)
08-17 14:35:12.560 debug org.wikipedia.page.JsonPageLoadStrategy sendLeadSectionPayload():622: Sent message 'displayLeadSection' for page: Mercury
08-17 14:35:12.560 debug OkHttp --> GET https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=mobileview&format=json&prop=text%7Csections&onlyrequestedsections=1&sections=1-&sectionprop=toclevel%7Cline%7Canchor&noheadings=true&page=Mercury http/1.1
08-17 14:35:12.560 debug OkHttp --> END GET
08-17 14:35:12.730 debug OkHttp <-- 200 OK https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=mobileview&format=json&prop=text%7Csections&onlyrequestedsections=1&sections=1-&sectionprop=toclevel%7Cline%7Canchor&noheadings=true&page=Mercury (170ms)
08-17 14:35:12.730 debug OkHttp Date: Wed, 17 Aug 2016 20:36:23 GMT
08-17 14:35:12.730 debug OkHttp Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8
08-17 14:35:12.730 debug OkHttp Connection: keep-alive
08-17 14:35:12.730 debug OkHttp Server: mw1204.eqiad.wmnet
08-17 14:35:12.730 debug OkHttp X-Powered-By: HHVM/3.12.1
08-17 14:35:12.730 debug OkHttp X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
08-17 14:35:12.730 debug OkHttp Cache-control: private, must-revalidate, max-age=0
08-17 14:35:12.730 debug OkHttp P3P: CP="This is not a P3P policy! See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/P3P for more info."
08-17 14:35:12.730 debug OkHttp X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN
08-17 14:35:12.730 debug OkHttp Vary: Accept-Encoding,Treat-as-Untrusted,X-Forwarded-Proto,Cookie,Authorization
08-17 14:35:12.730 debug OkHttp Backend-Timing: D=78524 t=1471466183279190
08-17 14:35:12.730 debug OkHttp X-Varnish: 4059476675, 2042106183, 198803556
08-17 14:35:12.730 debug OkHttp Via: 1.1 varnish, 1.1 varnish, 1.1 varnish
08-17 14:35:12.730 debug OkHttp Accept-Ranges: bytes
08-17 14:35:12.730 debug OkHttp Age: 0
08-17 14:35:12.730 debug OkHttp X-Cache: cp1066 pass, cp2010 pass, cp2001 pass
08-17 14:35:12.730 debug OkHttp X-Cache-Status: pass
08-17 14:35:12.730 debug OkHttp Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload
08-17 14:35:12.730 debug OkHttp X-Analytics: ns=-1;special=Badtitle;WMF-Last-Access=17-Aug-2016;https=1;wmfuuid=015edec7-2a6e-4610-9b11-56886e5058c4
08-17 14:35:12.730 debug OkHttp X-Client-IP: 73.34.253.51
08-17 14:35:12.735 debug OkHttp {"mobileview":{"sections":[{"toclevel":1,"line":"Places","anchor":"Places","id":1,"text":"<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_Bay\" title=\"Mercury Bay\">Mercury Bay</a>, on the North Island of New Zealand</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_Islands\" title=\"Mercury Islands\">Mercury Islands</a>, off the northeast coast of New Zealand</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury,_Nevada\" title=\"Mercury, Nevada\">Mercury, Nevada</a>, a closed city within the Nevada Test Site, United States</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury,_Savoie\" title=\"Mercury, Savoie\">Mercury, Savoie</a>, a commune in southeastern France</li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"In the military","anchor":"In_the_military","id":2,"text":"<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Mercury\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Operation Mercury\">Operation Mercury</a>, codename for the German invasion of Crete during World War II</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Mercury\" title=\"HMS Mercury\">HMS <i>Mercury</i></a>, any of several ships of the Royal Navy</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/USS_Mercury\" title=\"USS Mercury\">USS <i>Mercury</i></a>, any of several ships of the United States Navy</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Boeing_E-6_Mercury\" title=\"Boeing E-6 Mercury\">Boeing E-6 Mercury</a>, an American aircraft used as an airborne command post and communications relay</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Miles_Mercury\" title=\"Miles Mercury\">Miles Mercury</a>, a British aircraft designed during the Second World War</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Russian_brig_Mercury\" title=\"Russian brig Mercury\">Russian brig <i>Mercury</i></a>, a warship</li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Transportation","anchor":"Transportation","id":3,"text":"<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(automobile)\" title=\"Mercury (automobile)\">Mercury (automobile)</a>, produced by the Ford Motor Company from 1938 to 2011</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(cyclecar)\" title=\"Mercury (cyclecar)\">Mercury (cyclecar)</a>, an American cyclecar from 1914</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(train)\" title=\"Mercury (train)\"><i>Mercury</i> (train)</a>, a family of New York Central streamliner passenger trains (1936\u20131958)</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Blackburn_Mercury\" title=\"Blackburn Mercury\">Blackburn Mercury</a>, a British aircraft from 1911</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Bristol_Mercury\" title=\"Bristol Mercury\">Bristol Mercury</a>, a nine-cylinder aircraft engine</li>\n<li>Mercury, <a href=\"/wiki/Shuttle_America\" title=\"Shuttle America\">Shuttle America</a>'s callsign</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_Marine\" title=\"Mercury Marine\">Mercury Marine</a>, a major manufacturer of marine engines, particularly outboard motors</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_Boulevard\" title=\"Mercury Boulevard\">Mercury Boulevard</a>, a road in Virginia, United States</li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"In popular culture","anchor":"In_popular_culture","id":4,"text":""},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Music","anchor":"Music","id":5,"text":"<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_Records\" title=\"Mercury Records\">Mercury Records</a>, a record label</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Freddie_Mercury\" title=\"Freddie Mercury\">Freddie Mercury</a>, frontman for the rock group Queen</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Daniela_Mercury\" title=\"Daniela Mercury\">Daniela Mercury</a>, Brazilian singer, songwriter and record producer</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(Longview_album)\" title=\"Mercury (Longview album)\"><i>Mercury</i> (Longview album)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(American_Music_Club_album)\" title=\"Mercury (American Music Club album)\"><i>Mercury</i> (American Music Club album)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(Madder_Mortem_album)\" title=\"Mercury (Madder Mortem album)\"><i>Mercury</i> (Madder Mortem album)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(song)\" title=\"Mercury (song)\">\"Mercury\" (song)</a>, 2008, by Bloc Party</li>\n<li>\"Mercury\", a song by Kathleen Edwards from <i><a href=\"/wiki/Failer\" title=\"Failer\">Failer</a></i></li>\n<li>\"Mercury\", a song by Counti
08-17 14:35:12.735 debug OkHttp ng Crows from <i><a href=\"/wiki/Recovering_the_Satellites\" title=\"Recovering the Satellites\">Recovering the Satellites</a></i></li>\n<li>\"Mercury, the Winged Messenger\", a movement in Gustav Holst's <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Planets\" title=\"The Planets\">The Planets</a></i></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_Prize\" title=\"Mercury Prize\">Mercury Prize</a>, an annual music prize awarded for the best album from the United Kingdom</li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Comics","anchor":"Comics","id":6,"text":"<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(Marvel_Comics)\" title=\"Mercury (Marvel Comics)\">Mercury (Marvel Comics)</a>, a character who can turn herself into a mercurial substance</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(Amalgam_Comics)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Mercury (Amalgam Comics)\">Mercury (Amalgam Comics)</a>, a combination of the characters Impulse and Quicksilver</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Makkari_(comics)\" title=\"Makkari (comics)\">Makkari (comics)</a> or Mercury, an Eternal, a Marvel comics race of superhumans</li>\n<li>Mercury, a member of the <a href=\"/wiki/Metal_Men\" title=\"Metal Men\">Metal Men</a>, a DC comics team</li>\n<li>Mercury, a member of <a href=\"/wiki/Cerebro%27s_X-Men\" title=\"Cerebro's X-Men\">Cerebro's X-Men</a></li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Other","anchor":"Other","id":7,"text":"<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(TV_series)\" title=\"Mercury (TV series)\"><i>Mercury</i> (TV series)</a>, from Australia</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(novel)\" title=\"Mercury (novel)\"><i>Mercury</i> (novel)</a>, 2005, by Ben Bova</li>\n<li><i>Mercury</i>, a novel by <a href=\"/wiki/Anna_Kavan\" title=\"Anna Kavan\">Anna Kavan</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Sailor_Mercury\" title=\"Sailor Mercury\">Sailor Mercury</a>, a character in the <i>Sailor Moon</i> franchise</li>\n<li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Archer_Maclean%27s_Mercury\" title=\"Archer Maclean's Mercury\">Archer Maclean's Mercury</a></i>, a PlayStation Portable video game</li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Technology","anchor":"Technology","id":8,"text":"<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Project_Mercury\" title=\"Project Mercury\">Project Mercury</a>, the first United States human spaceflight program</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(satellite)\" title=\"Mercury (satellite)\">Mercury (satellite)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(cipher_machine)\" title=\"Mercury (cipher machine)\">Mercury (cipher machine)</a></li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Computing","anchor":"Computing","id":9,"text":"<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_Interactive\" title=\"Mercury Interactive\">Mercury Interactive</a>, a software testing tools vendor</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(programming_language)\" title=\"Mercury (programming language)\">Mercury (programming language)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_Systems\" title=\"Mercury Systems\">Mercury Systems</a>, a defense-related information technology company</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ferranti_Mercury\" title=\"Ferranti Mercury\">Ferranti Mercury</a>, an early 1950s commercial computer\n<ul><li>Mercury <a href=\"/wiki/Autocode\" title=\"Autocode\">Autocode</a>, a programming language for the Ferranti Mercury computer</li>\n</ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_Mail_Transport_System\" title=\"Mercury Mail Transport System\">Mercury Mail Transport System</a>, an email server</li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Sports","anchor":"Sports","id":10,"text":"<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Edmonton_Mercurys\" title=\"Edmonton Mercurys\">Edmonton Mercurys</a>, a 1940s and 1950s intermediate ice hockey team from Canada</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Phoenix_Mercury\" title=\"Phoenix Mercury\">Phoenix Mercury</a>, a Women's National Basketball Association team from Arizona, United States</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Toledo_Mercurys\" title=\"Toledo Mercurys\">Toledo Mercurys</a>, a defunct International Hockey League franchise from Ohio, United States</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Fujita_Soccer_Club_Mercury\" title=\"Fujita Soccer Club Mercury\">Fujita Soc
08-17 14:35:12.735 debug OkHttp cer Club Mercury</a>, a Japanese women's football team from 1989 to 1999</li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Media","anchor":"Media","id":11,"text":"<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(magazine)\" title=\"Mercury (magazine)\"><i>Mercury</i> (magazine)</a>, an astronomy magazine</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(newspaper)\" title=\"Mercury (newspaper)\"><i>Mercury</i> (newspaper)</a>, any of several English-language newspapers</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_FM\" title=\"Mercury FM\">Mercury FM</a>, a radio station in Surrey, United Kingdom</li>\n<li>Mercury 96.6, present-day <a href=\"/wiki/Heart_Hertfordshire\" title=\"Heart Hertfordshire\">Heart Hertfordshire</a>, a radio station in Hertfordshire, United Kingdom</li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"In business","anchor":"In_business","id":12,"text":"<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_Communications\" title=\"Mercury Communications\">Mercury Communications</a>, a British telecommunications firm set up in the 1980s</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_Drug\" title=\"Mercury Drug\">Mercury Drug</a>, a Philippine pharmacy chain</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_Insurance_Group\" title=\"Mercury Insurance Group\">Mercury Insurance Group</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/The_Mercury_Mall\" title=\"The Mercury Mall\">The Mercury Mall</a>, a shopping centre in Romford, England</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_Provident\" title=\"Mercury Provident\">Mercury Provident</a>, a former British ethical bank</li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"People","anchor":"People","id":13,"text":"<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(name)\" title=\"Mercury (name)\">Mercury (name)</a>, any of several people with that surname or given name</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_Morris\" title=\"Mercury Morris\">Mercury Morris</a>, former American football player</li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Other uses","anchor":"Other_uses","id":14,"text":"<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_dime\" title=\"Mercury dime\">Mercury dime</a>, a United States coin minted from 1916 through 1945</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(plant)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Mercury (plant)\">Mercury (plant)</a>, members of the plant genus <i>Mercurialis</i></li>\n<li>Mercury Fountain, in <a href=\"/wiki/Tom_Quad\" title=\"Tom Quad\">Tom Quad</a>, Christ Church College, Oxford, England</li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"See also","anchor":"See_also","id":15,"text":"<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercur_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-redirect mw-disambig\" title=\"Mercur (disambiguation)\">Mercur (disambiguation)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercurius_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-redirect mw-disambig\" title=\"Mercurius (disambiguation)\">Mercurius (disambiguation)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_1_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-redirect mw-disambig\" title=\"Mercury 1 (disambiguation)\">Mercury 1 (disambiguation)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_2_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-redirect mw-disambig\" title=\"Mercury 2 (disambiguation)\">Mercury 2 (disambiguation)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_3_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-redirect mw-disambig\" title=\"Mercury 3 (disambiguation)\">Mercury 3 (disambiguation)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_4_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-redirect mw-disambig\" title=\"Mercury 4 (disambiguation)\">Mercury 4 (disambiguation)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_House_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-redirect mw-disambig\" title=\"Mercury House (disambiguation)\">Mercury House (disambiguation)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_program_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-disambig\" title=\"Mercury program (disambiguation)\">Mercury program (disambiguation)</a></li>\n</ul><table id=\"disambigbox\" class=\"metadata plainlinks dmbox dmbox-disambig\" style=\"\" role=\"presentation\"><tr><td class=\"mbox-image\" style=\"padding: 2px 0 2px 0.4em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Disambiguation icon\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/30px
08-17 14:35:12.735 debug OkHttp -Disambig_gray.svg.png\" width=\"30\" height=\"23\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/45px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/60px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"220\" data-file-height=\"168\"></a></td>\n<td class=\"mbox-text\" style=\"padding: 0.25em 0.4em; font-style: italic;\">This <a href=\"/wiki/Help:Disambiguation\" title=\"Help:Disambiguation\">disambiguation</a> page lists articles associated with the title <b>Mercury</b>.<br><small>If an <a class=\"external text\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Mercury&amp;namespace=0\">internal link</a> led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.</small></td>\n</tr></table>"}]}}
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08-17 14:35:18.710 debug OkHttp {"mobileview":{"ns":0,"lastmodified":"2016-08-16T15:08:57Z","revision":734761768,"languagecount":197,"displaytitle":"Venus","id":32745,"description":"telluric planet, second closest from the Sun","image":{"file":"Venus-real color.jpg","width":480,"height":480},"thumb":{"url":"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Venus-real_color.jpg","width":640,"height":640},"sections":[{"id":0,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">This article is about the planet. For other uses, see <a href=\"/wiki/Venus_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-disambig\" title=\"Venus (disambiguation)\">Venus (disambiguation)</a>.</div>\n<table class=\"infobox\" style=\"width:22em\"><caption class=\"fn org\">Venus <a href=\"/wiki/File:Venus_symbol.svg\" class=\"image\" title=\"Astronomical symbol of Venus\"><img alt=\"The Venusian symbol, a circle with a small equal-armed cross beneath it\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/25px-Venus_symbol.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/38px-Venus_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/50px-Venus_symbol.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"75\" data-file-height=\"75\"></a></caption>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Venus-real_color.jpg\" class=\"image\" title=\"Venus\"><img alt=\"Venus in approximately true colour, a nearly uniform pale cream, although the image has been processed to bring out details.[1] The planet's disc is about three-quarters illuminated. Almost no variation or detail can be seen in the clouds.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Venus-real_color.jpg/260px-Venus-real_color.jpg\" width=\"260\" height=\"260\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Venus-real_color.jpg/390px-Venus-real_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Venus-real_color.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"480\" data-file-height=\"480\"></a>\n<div>A real-colour image of Venus taken by <i><a href=\"/wiki/Mariner_10\" title=\"Mariner 10\">Mariner 10</a></i> processed from two filters. The surface is obscured by thick <a href=\"/wiki/Sulfuric_acid\" title=\"Sulfuric acid\">sulfuric acid</a> clouds.</div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">Designations</th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">Pronunciation</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"noexcerpt\"><a href=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/En-us-Venus.ogg\" title=\"Listen\"><img alt=\"Listen\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/11px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png\" width=\"11\" height=\"11\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/17px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/22px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"11\" data-file-height=\"11\"></a><sup><span class=\"IPA\" style=\"color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;padding:0 .1em\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:En-us-Venus.ogg\" title=\"File:En-us-Venus.ogg\">i</a></span></sup></span><span class=\"IPA nopopups\"><a href=\"/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English\" title=\"Help:IPA for English\">/<span style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted\"><span title=\"/ˈ/ primary stress follows\">ˈ</span><span title=\"'v' in 'vie'\">v</span><span title=\"/iː/ long 'e' in 'seed'\">iː</span><span title=\"'n' in 'no'\">n</span><span title=\"/ə/ 'a' in 'about'\">ə</span><span title=\"'s' in 'sigh'\">s</span></span>/</a></span></span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_adjectivals_and_demonyms_of_astronomical_bodies\" title=\"List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies\">Adjectives</a></th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Venusian_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-redirect mw-disambig\" title=\"Venusian (disambiguation)\">Venusian</a> or (rarely) <a
08-17 14:35:18.710 debug OkHttp href=\"/wiki/Cytherean\" title=\"Cytherean\">Cytherean</a>, Venerean</td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/Osculating_orbit\" title=\"Osculating orbit\">Orbital characteristics</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_3-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-3\">[3]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-horizons_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-horizons-5\">[5]</a></sup></th>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)\" title=\"Epoch (astronomy)\">Epoch</a> <a href=\"/wiki/J2000\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"J2000\">J2000</a></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Aphelion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Aphelion\">Aphelion</a></th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7011108939114216059♠</span>0.728<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">213</span> <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_unit\" title=\"Astronomical unit\">AU</a></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7011108939000000000♠</span>108,939,000 km</span></span></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Perihelion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Perihelion\">Perihelion</a></th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7011107477094225708♠</span>0.718<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">440</span> AU</span></li>\n<li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7011107477000000000♠</span>107,477,000 km</span></span></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Semi-major_axis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Semi-major axis\">Semi-major axis</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7011108208927009172♠</span>0.723<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">332</span> AU</span></li>\n<li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7011108208000000000♠</span>108,208,000 km</span></span></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity\" title=\"Orbital eccentricity\">Eccentricity</a></th>\n<td>0.006772<sup id=\"cite_ref-VSOP87_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-VSOP87-2\">[2]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_period\" title=\"Orbital period\">Orbital period</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7007194141664000000♠</span>224.701 d</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-3\">[3]</a></sup></li>\n<li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6999615198000000000♠</span>0.615<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">198</span> <a href=\"/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)\" title=\"Julian year (astronomy)\">yr</a></span></li>\n<li>1.92 Venus <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_day\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Solar day\">solar day</a></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_period\" title=\"Orbital period\">Synodic period</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>583.92 days<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-3\">[3]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Average <a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_speed\" title=\"Orbital speed\">orbital speed</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>35.02 km/s</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"
08-17 14:35:18.710 debug OkHttp style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Mean_anomaly\" title=\"Mean anomaly\">Mean anomaly</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>50.115°</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_inclination\" title=\"Orbital inclination\">Inclination</a></th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6998592465977223492♠</span>3.394<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">58</span>°</span> to <a href=\"/wiki/Ecliptic\" title=\"Ecliptic\">ecliptic</a></li>\n<li>3.86° to <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/Equator\" title=\"Equator\">equator</a></li>\n<li>2.19° to <a href=\"/wiki/Invariable_plane\" title=\"Invariable plane\">invariable plane</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-meanplane_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-meanplane-4\">[4]</a></sup></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Longitude_of_the_ascending_node\" title=\"Longitude of the ascending node\">Longitude of ascending node</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>76.680°<sup id=\"cite_ref-VSOP87_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-VSOP87-2\">[2]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis\" title=\"Argument of periapsis\">Argument of perihelion</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>54.884°</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Natural_satellite\" title=\"Natural satellite\">Satellites</a></th>\n<td>None</td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">Physical characteristics</th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Mean radius</div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7006605180000000000♠</span>6,051.8<span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">±</span>1.0 km</span></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-Seidelmann2007_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Seidelmann2007-6\">[6]</a></sup></li>\n<li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6999949900000000000♠</span>0.9499 Earths</span></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Flattening\" title=\"Flattening\">Flattening</a></th>\n<td>0<sup id=\"cite_ref-Seidelmann2007_6-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Seidelmann2007-6\">[6]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Spheroid#Surface_area\" title=\"Spheroid\">Surface area</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7014460229999999999♠</span>4.6023<span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">×</span>10<sup>8</sup> km<sup>2</sup></span></li>\n<li>0.902 Earths</li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Volume\" title=\"Volume\">Volume</a></th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7020928430000000000♠</span>9.2843<span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">×</span>10<sup>11</sup> km<sup>3</sup></span></li>\n<li>0.866 Earths</li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Mass\" title=\"Mass\">Mass</a></th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7024486749999999999♠</span>4.8675<span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">×</span>10<sup>24</sup> kg</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-Konopliv1999_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Konopliv1999-7\">[7]
08-17 14:35:18.710 debug OkHttp </a></sup></li>\n<li>0.815 Earths</li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Mean <a href=\"/wiki/Density\" title=\"Density\">density</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7003524300000000000♠</span>5.243 g/cm<sup>3</sup></span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Surface_gravity\" title=\"Surface gravity\">Surface gravity</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000886999999999999♠</span>8.87 m/s<sup>2</sup></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"nowrap\">0.904 <i><a href=\"/wiki/G-force\" title=\"G-force\">g</a></i></span></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Escape_velocity\" title=\"Escape velocity\">Escape velocity</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>10.36 km/s (6.44 mi/s)<sup id=\"cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-8\">[8]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Sidereal <a href=\"/wiki/Rotation_period\" title=\"Rotation period\">rotation period</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">2992790026400000000♠</span>−243.025 d</span> <small>(<a href=\"/wiki/Retrograde_motion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Retrograde motion\">retrograde</a>)</small><sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_3-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-3\">[3]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Equatorial rotation velocity</div>\n</th>\n<td>6.52 km/h (1.81 m/s)</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Axial_tilt\" title=\"Axial tilt\">Axial tilt</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>2.64° <small>(for <a href=\"/wiki/Retrograde_motion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Retrograde motion\">retrograde</a> rotation)</small><br>\n177.36° (to orbit)<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_3-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-3\">[3]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-9\">[note 1]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">North pole <span class=\"nowrap\"><a href=\"/wiki/Right_ascension\" title=\"Right ascension\">right ascension</a></span></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li>18<sup>h</sup> 11<sup>m</sup> 2<sup>s</sup></li>\n<li>272.76°<sup id=\"cite_ref-iauwg_ccrsps2000_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-iauwg_ccrsps2000-10\">[9]</a></sup></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">North pole <a href=\"/wiki/Declination\" title=\"Declination\">declination</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>67.16°</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Albedo\" title=\"Albedo\">Albedo</a></th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li>0.67 (<a href=\"/wiki/Geometric_albedo\" title=\"Geometric albedo\">geometric</a>)<sup id=\"cite_ref-MallamaVenus_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MallamaVenus-11\">[10]</a></sup></li>\n<li>0.90 (<a href=\"/wiki/Bond_albedo\" title=\"Bond albedo\">Bond</a>)<sup id=\"cite_ref-MallamaVenus_11-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MallamaVenus-11\">[10]</a></sup></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; border:none; background-color:#f9f9f9; margin:0; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em; white-space:nowrap\"><tr><th style=\"width:33%; padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">Surface <a hre
08-17 14:35:18.710 debug OkHttp f=\"/wiki/Temperature\" title=\"Temperature\">temp.</a></th>\n<th style=\"padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">min</th>\n<th style=\"padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">mean</th>\n<th style=\"padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">max</th>\n</tr><tr><th style=\"padding-left:1.0em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Kelvin\" title=\"Kelvin\">Kelvin</a></th>\n<td></td>\n<td>737 K<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_3-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-3\">[3]</a></sup></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr><tr><th style=\"padding-left:1.0em\">Celsius</th>\n<td></td>\n<td>462 °C</td>\n<td></td>\n</tr></table></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Apparent_magnitude\" title=\"Apparent magnitude\">Apparent magnitude</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li>brightest −4.9<sup id=\"cite_ref-MallamaSky_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MallamaSky-12\">[11]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-JPL-Horizons_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-JPL-Horizons-13\">[12]</a></sup> (crescent)</li>\n<li>−3.8<sup id=\"cite_ref-ephemeris_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ephemeris-14\">[13]</a></sup> (full)</li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Angular_diameter\" title=\"Angular diameter\">Angular diameter</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\">9.7″ to 66.0″</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_3-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-3\">[3]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">Atmosphere</th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Surface <a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure\" title=\"Atmospheric pressure\">pressure</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>92 <a href=\"/wiki/Bar_(unit)\" title=\"Bar (unit)\">bar</a> (9.2 <a href=\"/wiki/Pascal_(unit)\" title=\"Pascal (unit)\">MPa</a>)</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry#Atmospheric_composition\" title=\"Atmospheric chemistry\">Composition by volume</a></th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li>96.5% <a href=\"/wiki/Carbon_dioxide\" title=\"Carbon dioxide\">carbon dioxide</a></li>\n<li>3.5% <a href=\"/wiki/Nitrogen\" title=\"Nitrogen\">nitrogen</a></li>\n<li>0.015% <a href=\"/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide\" title=\"Sulfur dioxide\">sulfur dioxide</a></li>\n<li>0.007% <a href=\"/wiki/Argon\" title=\"Argon\">argon</a></li>\n<li>0.002% <a href=\"/wiki/Water_vapour\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Water vapour\">water vapour</a></li>\n<li>0.0017% <a href=\"/wiki/Carbon_monoxide\" title=\"Carbon monoxide\">carbon monoxide</a></li>\n<li>0.0012% <a href=\"/wiki/Helium\" title=\"Helium\">helium</a></li>\n<li>0.0007% <a href=\"/wiki/Neon\" title=\"Neon\">neon</a></li>\n<li>trace <a href=\"/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide\" title=\"Carbonyl sulfide\">carbonyl sulfide</a></li>\n<li>trace <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride\" title=\"Hydrogen chloride\">hydrogen chloride</a></li>\n<li>trace <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride\" title=\"Hydrogen fluoride\">hydrogen fluoride</a></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<ol class=\"references\"><li id=\"cite_note-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-9\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Defining the rotation as retrograde, as done by NASA space missions and the USGS, puts <a href=\"/wiki/Ishtar_Terra\" title=\"Ishtar Terra\">Ishtar Terra</a> in the northern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 2.64°. Following the <a href=\"/wiki/Right-hand_rule\" title=\"Right-hand rule\">right-hand rule</a> for prograde rotation puts Ishtar Terra in the southern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 177.36°.</span></li>\n</ol></div>\n</td>\n</tr></table><p><b>Venus</b> is the second <a href=
08-17 14:35:18.710 debug OkHttp \"/wiki/Planet\" title=\"Planet\">planet</a> from the <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a>, orbiting it every 224.7 <a href=\"/wiki/Earth\" title=\"Earth\">Earth</a> days.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nasa_venus_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nasa_venus-15\">[14]</a></sup> It has the longest <a href=\"/wiki/Rotation_period\" title=\"Rotation period\">rotation period</a> (243 days) of any planet in the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_System\" title=\"Solar System\">Solar System</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion\" title=\"Retrograde and prograde motion\">rotates</a> in the opposite direction to most other planets. It has no <a href=\"/wiki/Natural_satellite\" title=\"Natural satellite\">natural satellite</a>. It is named after the <a href=\"/wiki/Venus_(mythology)\" title=\"Venus (mythology)\">Roman goddess of love and beauty</a>. It is the second-brightest natural object in the night sky after the <a href=\"/wiki/Moon\" title=\"Moon\">Moon</a>, reaching an <a href=\"/wiki/Apparent_magnitude\" title=\"Apparent magnitude\">apparent magnitude</a> of −4.6, bright enough to cast shadows.<sup id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\">[15]</a></sup> Because Venus is an <a href=\"/wiki/Inferior_and_superior_planets\" title=\"Inferior and superior planets\">inferior planet</a> from Earth, it never appears to venture far from the Sun; its <a href=\"/wiki/Elongation_(astronomy)\" title=\"Elongation (astronomy)\">elongation</a> reaches a maximum of 47.8°.</p>\n<p>Venus is a <a href=\"/wiki/Terrestrial_planet\" title=\"Terrestrial planet\">terrestrial planet</a> and is sometimes called Earth's \"sister planet\" because of their similar size, mass, proximity to the Sun, and bulk composition. It is radically different from Earth in other respects. It has the densest <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere\" title=\"Atmosphere\">atmosphere</a> of the four terrestrial planets, consisting of more than 96% <a href=\"/wiki/Carbon_dioxide\" title=\"Carbon dioxide\">carbon dioxide</a>. The <a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure\" title=\"Atmospheric pressure\">atmospheric pressure</a> at the planet's surface is 92 times that of Earth. Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System, with a mean surface temperature of 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F), even though <a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(planet)\" title=\"Mercury (planet)\">Mercury</a> is closer to the Sun. Venus is shrouded by an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds of <a href=\"/wiki/Sulfuric_acid\" title=\"Sulfuric acid\">sulfuric acid</a>, preventing its surface from being seen from space in <a href=\"/wiki/Visible_light\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Visible light\">visible light</a>. It may have had water oceans in the past,<sup id=\"cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-17\">[16]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-18\">[17]</a></sup> but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a <a href=\"/wiki/Runaway_greenhouse_effect\" title=\"Runaway greenhouse effect\">runaway greenhouse effect</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Jakosky_19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Jakosky-19\">[18]</a></sup> The water has probably <a href=\"/wiki/Photodissociation\" title=\"Photodissociation\">photodissociated</a>, and the free hydrogen has been <a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_escape\" title=\"Atmospheric escape\">swept into interplanetary space</a> by the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_wind\" title=\"Solar wind\">solar wind</a> because of the lack of a <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetosphere\" title=\"Magnetosphere\">planetary magnetic field</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-solarwind_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-solarwind-20\">[19]</a></sup> Venus's surface is a dry desertscape interspersed with slab-like rocks and is periodically resurfaced by <a href=\"/wiki/Volcanology_of_Venus\" title=\"Volcanology of Venus\">volcanism</a>.</p>\n<p>As one of the brightest objects in the sky, Venus has been a major fixture in human cu
08-17 14:35:18.710 debug OkHttp lture for as long as records have existed. It has been made sacred to gods of many cultures, and has been a prime inspiration for writers and poets as the \"morning star\" and \"evening star\". Venus was the first planet to have its motions plotted across the sky, as early as the second millennium BC,<sup id=\"cite_ref-practice_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-practice-21\">[20]</a></sup> and was a prime target for early interplanetary exploration as the closest planet to Earth. It was the first planet beyond Earth visited by a spacecraft (<i><a href=\"/wiki/Mariner_2\" title=\"Mariner 2\">Mariner 2</a></i>) in 1962, and the first to be successfully landed on (by <i><a href=\"/wiki/Venera_7\" title=\"Venera 7\">Venera 7</a></i>) in 1970. Venus's thick clouds render observation of its surface impossible in visible light, and the first detailed maps did not emerge until the arrival of the <a href=\"/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)\" title=\"Magellan (spacecraft)\">Magellan orbiter</a> in 1991. Plans have been proposed for <a href=\"/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)\" title=\"Rover (space exploration)\">rovers</a> or more complex missions, but they are hindered by Venus's hostile surface conditions.</p>\n<p></p>","references":true}],"protection":{"edit":["autoconfirmed"],"move":["sysop"]},"editable":false}}
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08-17 14:35:19.040 debug OkHttp {"mobileview":{"sections":[{"toclevel":1,"line":"Physical characteristics","anchor":"Physical_characteristics","id":1,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Venus,_Earth_size_comparison.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Venus, without its atmosphere, is placed side by side with Earth. They are nearly the same size, though Venus is slightly smaller.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Venus%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg/220px-Venus%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"114\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Venus%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg/330px-Venus%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Venus%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg/440px-Venus%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3000\" data-file-height=\"1557\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Venus,_Earth_size_comparison.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nSize comparison with <a href=\"/wiki/Earth\" title=\"Earth\">Earth</a></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Venus is one of the four <a href=\"/wiki/Terrestrial_planet\" title=\"Terrestrial planet\">terrestrial planets</a> in the Solar System, meaning that it is a rocky body like Earth. It is similar to Earth in size and mass, and is often described as Earth's \"sister\" or \"twin\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-22\">[21]</a></sup> The diameter of Venus is 12,092\u00a0km (only 650\u00a0km less than Earth's) and its mass is 81.5% of Earth's. Conditions on the Venusian surface differ radically from those on Earth because of its dense <a href=\"/wiki/Carbon_dioxide\" title=\"Carbon dioxide\">carbon dioxide</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere\" title=\"Atmosphere\">atmosphere</a>. The mass of the atmosphere of Venus is 96.5% carbon dioxide, with most of the remaining 3.5% being <a href=\"/wiki/Nitrogen\" title=\"Nitrogen\">nitrogen</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-23\">[22]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Geography","anchor":"Geography","id":2,"text":"<p>The Venusian surface was a subject of speculation until some of its secrets were revealed by <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_science\" title=\"Planetary science\">planetary science</a> in the 20th century. <a href=\"/wiki/Venera\" title=\"Venera\">Venera</a> landers in 1975 and 1982 returned images of a surface covered in sediment and relatively angular rocks.<sup id=\"cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-24\">[23]</a></sup> The surface was mapped in detail by <a href=\"/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)\" title=\"Magellan (spacecraft)\"><i>Magellan</i></a> in 1990\u201391. The ground shows evidence of extensive <a href=\"/wiki/Volcanology_of_Venus\" title=\"Volcanology of Venus\">volcanism</a>, and the <a href=\"/wiki/Sulfur\" title=\"Sulfur\">sulfur</a> in the atmosphere may indicate that there have been some recent eruptions.<sup id=\"cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\">[24]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-26\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-26\">[25]</a></sup></p>\n<p>About 80% of the Venusian surface is covered by smooth, volcanic plains, consisting of 70% plains with wrinkle ridges and 10% smooth or lobate plains.<sup id=\"cite_ref-27\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-27\">[26]</a></sup> Two <a href=\"/wiki/Highland_continent\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Highland continent\">highland \"continents\"</a> make up the rest of its surface area, one lying in the planet's northern hemisphere and the other just south of the equator. The northern continent is called <a href=\"/wiki/Ishtar_Terra\" title=\"Ishtar Terra\">Ishtar Terra</a>, after <a href=\"/wiki/Ishtar\" title=\"Ishtar\">Ishtar</a> the <a href=\"/wiki/Babylon\" title=\"Babylon\">Babylonian</a> goddess of love, and is about the size of Aust
08-17 14:35:19.040 debug OkHttp ralia. <a href=\"/wiki/Maxwell_Montes\" title=\"Maxwell Montes\">Maxwell Montes</a>, the highest mountain on Venus, lies on Ishtar Terra. Its peak is 11\u00a0km above the Venusian average surface elevation. The southern continent is called <a href=\"/wiki/Aphrodite_Terra\" title=\"Aphrodite Terra\">Aphrodite Terra</a>, after the <a href=\"/wiki/Greek_mythology\" title=\"Greek mythology\">Greek</a> goddess of love, and is the larger of the two highland regions at roughly the size of South America. A network of fractures and faults covers much of this area.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Kaufmann_28-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Kaufmann-28\">[27]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The absence of evidence of <a href=\"/wiki/Lava\" title=\"Lava\">lava</a> flow accompanying any of the visible <a href=\"/wiki/Caldera\" title=\"Caldera\">caldera</a> remains an enigma. The planet has few <a href=\"/wiki/Impact_crater\" title=\"Impact crater\">impact craters</a>, demonstrating that the surface is relatively young, approximately 300\u2013600 million years old.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Nimmo98_29-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Nimmo98-29\">[28]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Strom1994_30-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Strom1994-30\">[29]</a></sup> Venus has some unique surface features in addition to the impact craters, mountains, and valleys commonly found on rocky planets. Among these are flat-topped volcanic features called \"<a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Farra_(Venus)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" class=\"new\" title=\"Farra (Venus) (page does not exist)\">farra</a>\", which look somewhat like pancakes and range in size from 20 to 50\u00a0km across, and from 100 to 1,000\u00a0m high; radial, star-like fracture systems called \"novae\"; features with both radial and concentric fractures resembling spider webs, known as \"<a href=\"/wiki/Arachnoid_(astrogeology)\" title=\"Arachnoid (astrogeology)\">arachnoids</a>\"; and \"coronae\", circular rings of fractures sometimes surrounded by a depression. These features are volcanic in origin.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Frankel_31-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Frankel-31\">[30]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Most Venusian surface features are named after historical and mythological women.<sup id=\"cite_ref-32\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-32\">[31]</a></sup> Exceptions are Maxwell Montes, named after <a href=\"/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell\" title=\"James Clerk Maxwell\">James Clerk Maxwell</a>, and highland regions <a href=\"/wiki/Alpha_Regio\" title=\"Alpha Regio\">Alpha Regio</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Beta_Regio\" title=\"Beta Regio\">Beta Regio</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Ovda_Regio\" title=\"Ovda Regio\">Ovda Regio</a>. The latter three features were named before the current system was adopted by the <a href=\"/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union\" title=\"International Astronomical Union\">International Astronomical Union</a>, the body which oversees <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_nomenclature\" title=\"Planetary nomenclature\">planetary nomenclature</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-jpl-magellan_33-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-jpl-magellan-33\">[32]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The longitudes of physical features on Venus are expressed relative to its <a href=\"/wiki/Prime_meridian\" title=\"Prime meridian\">prime meridian</a>. The original prime meridian passed through the radar-bright spot at the centre of the oval feature Eve, located south of Alpha Regio.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Davies_1994_34-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Davies_1994-34\">[33]</a></sup> After the Venera missions were completed, the prime meridian was redefined to pass through the central peak in the crater Ariadne.<sup id=\"cite_ref-35\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-35\">[34]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-jpl-magellan2_36-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-jpl-magellan2-36\">[35]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Surface geology","anchor":"Surface_geology","id":3,"text":"<div role=\"note\" cl
08-17 14:35:19.040 debug OkHttp ass=\"hatnote\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Geology_of_Venus\" title=\"Geology of Venus\">Geology of Venus</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Volcanology_of_Venus\" title=\"Volcanology of Venus\">Volcanology of Venus</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Image is false-colour, with Maat Mons represented in hues of gold and fiery red, against a black background\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg/220px-Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"176\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg/330px-Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg/440px-Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"5000\" data-file-height=\"4000\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nFalse-colour image of <a href=\"/wiki/Maat_Mons\" title=\"Maat Mons\">Maat Mons</a> with a vertical exaggeration of 22.5</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Much of the Venusian surface appears to have been shaped by volcanic activity. Venus has several times as many volcanoes as Earth, and it has 167 large volcanoes that are over 100\u00a0km across. The only volcanic complex of this size on Earth is the <a href=\"/wiki/Hawaii_(island)\" title=\"Hawaii (island)\">Big Island</a> of Hawaii.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Frankel_31-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Frankel-31\">[30]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">:154</sup> This is not because Venus is more volcanically active than Earth, but because its crust is older. Earth's <a href=\"/wiki/Oceanic_crust\" title=\"Oceanic crust\">oceanic crust</a> is continually recycled by <a href=\"/wiki/Subduction\" title=\"Subduction\">subduction</a> at the boundaries of <a href=\"/wiki/Tectonic_plate\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Tectonic plate\">tectonic plates</a>, and has an average age of about 100 million years,<sup id=\"cite_ref-37\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-37\">[36]</a></sup> whereas the Venusian surface is estimated to be 300\u2013600 million years old.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Nimmo98_29-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Nimmo98-29\">[28]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Frankel_31-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Frankel-31\">[30]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Several lines of evidence point to ongoing <a href=\"/wiki/Volcano\" title=\"Volcano\">volcanic</a> activity on Venus. During the Soviet <a href=\"/wiki/Venera\" title=\"Venera\">Venera</a> program, the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Venera_9\" title=\"Venera 9\">Venera 9</a></i> orbiter obtained spectroscopic evidence of <a href=\"/wiki/Lightning\" title=\"Lightning\">lightning</a> on Venus,<sup id=\"cite_ref-38\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-38\">[37]</a></sup> and the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Venera_12\" title=\"Venera 12\">Venera 12</a></i> descent probe obtained additional evidence of lightning and <a href=\"/wiki/Thunder\" title=\"Thunder\">thunder</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Russell.2C_Philips_39-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Russell.2C_Philips-39\">[38]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-40\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-40\">[39]</a></sup> The <a href=\"/wiki/European_Space_Agency\" title=\"European Space Agency\">European Space Agency</a>'s <i><a href=\"/wiki/Venus_Express\" title=\"Venus Express\">Venus Express</a></i> in 2007 detected <a href=\"/wiki/Whistler_(radio)\" title=\"Whistler (radio)\">whistler waves</a> further confirming the occurrence of lightning on Venus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Russell_2007_41-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Russell_2007-41\">[40]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Venus_Express_42-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Venus_Express-42\">[41]</a></sup> Although rainfa
08-17 14:35:19.040 debug OkHttp ll drives <a href=\"/wiki/Thunderstorm\" title=\"Thunderstorm\">thunderstorms</a> on Earth, there is no rainfall on the surface of Venus (though <a href=\"/wiki/Sulfuric_acid\" title=\"Sulfuric acid\">sulfuric acid</a> rain falls in the upper atmosphere, then evaporates around 25\u00a0km above the surface). One possibility is that ash from a volcanic eruption was generating the lightning. Another piece of evidence comes from measurements of <a href=\"/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide\" title=\"Sulfur dioxide\">sulfur dioxide</a> concentrations in the atmosphere, which dropped by a factor of 10 between 1978 and 1986, jumped in 2006, and again declined 10-fold.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ESA_2012-12-03_43-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ESA_2012-12-03-43\">[42]</a></sup> This may mean that levels had been boosted several times by large volcanic eruptions.<sup id=\"cite_ref-44\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-44\">[43]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Marcq2012_45-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Marcq2012-45\">[44]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In 2008 and 2009, the first direct evidence for ongoing volcanism was observed by <i>Venus Express</i>, in the form of four transient localized infrared hot spots within the rift zone <a href=\"/wiki/Ganiki_Chasma\" title=\"Ganiki Chasma\">Ganis Chasma</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-USGS_Ganis_Chasma_46-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-USGS_Ganis_Chasma-46\">[45]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-48\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-48\">[n 1]</a></sup> near the shield volcano <a href=\"/wiki/Maat_Mons\" title=\"Maat Mons\">Maat Mons</a>. Three of the spots were observed in more than one successive orbit. These spots are thought to represent lava freshly released by volcanic eruptions.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lakdawalla2015_47-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lakdawalla2015-47\">[46]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-ESA_2015-06-18_49-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ESA_2015-06-18-49\">[47]</a></sup> The actual temperatures are not known, because the size of the hot spots could not be measured, but are likely to have been in the 800\u20131100 K range, relative to a normal temperature of 740 K.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Shalygin2015_50-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Shalygin2015-50\">[48]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Mgn_p39146.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"The plains of Venus are outlined in red and gold, with impact craters leaving golden rings across the surface\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mgn_p39146.png/220px-Mgn_p39146.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"174\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mgn_p39146.png/330px-Mgn_p39146.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mgn_p39146.png/440px-Mgn_p39146.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1151\" data-file-height=\"910\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Mgn_p39146.png\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Impact_crater\" title=\"Impact crater\">Impact craters</a> on the surface of Venus (false-colour image reconstructed from radar data)</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Almost a thousand impact craters on Venus are evenly distributed across its surface. On other cratered bodies, such as Earth and the Moon, craters show a range of states of degradation. On the Moon, degradation is caused by subsequent impacts, whereas on Earth it is caused by wind and rain erosion. On Venus, about 85% of the craters are in pristine condition. The number of craters, together with their well-preserved condition, indicates the planet underwent a global resurfacing event about 300\u2013600 million years ago,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Nimmo98_29-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Nimmo98-29\">[28]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Strom1994_30-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Strom1994-30\">[29]</a
08-17 14:35:19.040 debug OkHttp ></sup> followed by a decay in volcanism.<sup id=\"cite_ref-51\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-51\">[49]</a></sup> Whereas Earth's crust is in continuous motion, Venus is thought to be unable to sustain such a process. Without plate tectonics to dissipate heat from its mantle, Venus instead undergoes a cyclical process in which mantle temperatures rise until they reach a critical level that weakens the crust. Then, over a period of about 100 million years, subduction occurs on an enormous scale, completely recycling the crust.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Frankel_31-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Frankel-31\">[30]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Venusian craters range from 3\u00a0km to 280\u00a0km in diameter. No craters are smaller than 3\u00a0km, because of the effects of the dense atmosphere on incoming objects. Objects with less than a certain <a href=\"/wiki/Kinetic_energy\" title=\"Kinetic energy\">kinetic energy</a> are slowed down so much by the atmosphere that they do not create an impact crater.<sup id=\"cite_ref-52\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-52\">[50]</a></sup> Incoming projectiles less than 50 metres in diameter will fragment and burn up in the atmosphere before reaching the ground.<sup id=\"cite_ref-53\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-53\">[51]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Internal structure","anchor":"Internal_structure","id":4,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Venus_structure.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Venus is represented without its atmosphere; the mantle (red) is slightly larger than the core (yellow)\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Venus_structure.jpg/220px-Venus_structure.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"220\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Venus_structure.jpg/330px-Venus_structure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Venus_structure.jpg/440px-Venus_structure.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"800\" data-file-height=\"800\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Venus_structure.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nThe internal structure of Venus \u2013 the crust (outer layer), the mantle (middle layer) and the core (yellow inner layer)</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Without seismic data or knowledge of its <a href=\"/wiki/Moment_of_inertia\" title=\"Moment of inertia\">moment of inertia</a>, little direct information is available about the internal structure and <a href=\"/wiki/Geochemistry\" title=\"Geochemistry\">geochemistry</a> of Venus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-goettel_54-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-goettel-54\">[52]</a></sup> The similarity in size and density between Venus and Earth suggests they share a similar internal structure: a <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_core\" title=\"Planetary core\">core</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Mantle_(geology)\" title=\"Mantle (geology)\">mantle</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Crust_(geology)\" title=\"Crust (geology)\">crust</a>. Like that of Earth, the Venusian core is at least partially liquid because the two planets have been cooling at about the same rate.<sup id=\"cite_ref-55\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-55\">[53]</a></sup> The slightly smaller size of Venus means pressures are 24% lower in its deep interior than Earth's.<sup id=\"cite_ref-56\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-56\">[54]</a></sup> The principal difference between the two planets is the lack of evidence for <a href=\"/wiki/Plate_tectonics\" title=\"Plate tectonics\">plate tectonics</a> on Venus, possibly because its crust is too strong to <a href=\"/wiki/Subduction\" title=\"Subduction\">subduct</a> without water to make it less <a href=\"/wiki/Viscous\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Viscous\">viscous</a>. This results in reduced heat loss from the planet, preventing it from cooling and providing a likely explanation for its l
08-17 14:35:19.040 debug OkHttp ack of an internally generated <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetic_field\" title=\"Magnetic field\">magnetic field</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-57\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-57\">[55]</a></sup> Instead, Venus may lose its internal heat in periodic major resurfacing events.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Nimmo98_29-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Nimmo98-29\">[28]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Atmosphere and climate","anchor":"Atmosphere_and_climate","id":5,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tmulti tright\" style=\"background-color:light grey\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:234px;max-width:234px;background-color:light grey\">\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"background-color:light grey;margin:1px;width:232px;max-width:232px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Venuspioneeruv.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"The atmosphere of Venus appears darker and lined with shadows. The shadows trace the prevailing wind direction.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Venuspioneeruv.jpg/230px-Venuspioneeruv.jpg\" width=\"230\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Venuspioneeruv.jpg/345px-Venuspioneeruv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Venuspioneeruv.jpg/460px-Venuspioneeruv.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2008\" data-file-height=\"2158\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\">Cloud structure in <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus\" title=\"Atmosphere of Venus\">the Venusian atmosphere</a> in 1979, revealed by observations in the <a href=\"/wiki/Ultraviolet\" title=\"Ultraviolet\">ultraviolet</a> band by <a href=\"/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter\" title=\"Pioneer Venus Orbiter\">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"background-color:light grey;margin:1px;width:232px;max-width:232px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Venus_globe.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"A false-colour image of Venus: ribbons of lighter colour stretch haphazardly across the surface. Plainer areas of more even colouration lie between.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Venus_globe.jpg/230px-Venus_globe.jpg\" width=\"230\" height=\"230\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Venus_globe.jpg/345px-Venus_globe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Venus_globe.jpg/460px-Venus_globe.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4096\" data-file-height=\"4096\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\">Global <a href=\"/wiki/Radar\" title=\"Radar\">radar</a> view of Venus (without the clouds) from <a href=\"/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)\" title=\"Magellan (spacecraft)\"><i>Magellan</i></a> between 1990 and 1994</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus\" title=\"Atmosphere of Venus\">Atmosphere of Venus</a></div>\n<p>Venus has an extremely dense <a href=\"/wiki/Celestial_body_atmosphere\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Celestial body atmosphere\">atmosphere</a> composed of 96.5% <a href=\"/wiki/Carbon_dioxide\" title=\"Carbon dioxide\">carbon dioxide</a>, 3.5% <a href=\"/wiki/Nitrogen\" title=\"Nitrogen\">nitrogen</a>, and traces of other gases, most notably <a href=\"/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide\" title=\"Sulfur dioxide\">sulfur dioxide</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-SolarSystemEncyclopedia_58-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SolarSystemEncyclopedia-58\">[56]</a></sup> The mass of its atmosphere is 93 times that of Earth's, whereas the pressure at its surface is about 92 times that at Earth's\u2014a pressure equivalent to that at a depth of nearly 1\u00a0kilometre under Earth's oceans. The density at the surface is 65\u00a0kg/m<sup>3</sup>, 6.5% that of water or 50 times as dense as Earth's atmosphere at 20\u00a0\u00b0C at sea level. The CO<span style=\"display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:
08-17 14:35:19.040 debug OkHttp left;\"><br>\n2</span>-rich atmosphere generates the strongest <a href=\"/wiki/Greenhouse_effect\" title=\"Greenhouse effect\">greenhouse effect</a> in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735\u00a0K (462\u00a0\u00b0C).<sup id=\"cite_ref-nasa_venus_15-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nasa_venus-15\">[14]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-59\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-59\">[57]</a></sup> This makes Venus's surface hotter than <a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(planet)\" title=\"Mercury (planet)\">Mercury</a>'s, which has a minimum surface temperature of 55\u00a0K (\u2212220\u00a0\u00b0C) and maximum surface temperature of 695\u00a0K (420\u00a0\u00b0C),<sup id=\"cite_ref-60\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-60\">[58]</a></sup> even though Venus is nearly twice Mercury's distance from the Sun and thus receives <a href=\"/wiki/Inverse_square_law_of_radiation\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Inverse square law of radiation\">only 25%</a> of Mercury's solar <a href=\"/wiki/Irradiance\" title=\"Irradiance\">irradiance</a>. This temperature is higher than that used for <a href=\"/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)\" title=\"Sterilization (microbiology)\">sterilization</a>. The surface of Venus is often said to resemble traditional accounts of <a href=\"/wiki/Hell\" title=\"Hell\">Hell</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-61\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-61\">[59]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Life_on_Venus_62-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Life_on_Venus-62\">[60]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Studies have suggested that billions of years ago Venus's atmosphere was much more like Earth's than it is now, and that there may have been substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface, but after a period of 600 million to several billion years,<sup id=\"cite_ref-baas39_540_63-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-baas39_540-63\">[61]</a></sup> a runaway greenhouse effect was caused by the evaporation of that original water, which generated a critical level of greenhouse gases in its atmosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Kasting_64-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Kasting-64\">[62]</a></sup> Although the surface conditions on Venus are no longer hospitable to any Earthlike life that may have formed before this event, there is speculation on the possibility that life exists in the upper cloud layers of Venus, 50\u00a0km (31\u00a0mi) up from the surface, where the temperature ranges between 30 and 80\u00a0\u00b0C but the environment is acidic.<sup id=\"cite_ref-65\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-65\">[63]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-66\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-66\">[64]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Cockell1999_67-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Cockell1999-67\">[65]</a></sup></p>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Thermal_inertia\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Thermal inertia\">Thermal inertia</a> and the transfer of heat by winds in the lower atmosphere mean that the temperature of Venus's surface does not vary significantly between the night and day sides, despite Venus's extremely slow rotation. Winds at the surface are slow, moving at a few kilometres per hour, but because of the high density of the atmosphere at the surface, they exert a significant amount of force against obstructions, and transport dust and small stones across the surface. This alone would make it difficult for a human to walk through, even if the heat, pressure, and lack of oxygen were not a problem.<sup id=\"cite_ref-68\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-68\">[66]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Above the dense CO<span style=\"display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;\"><br>\n2</span> layer are thick clouds consisting mainly of <a href=\"/wiki/Sulfuric_acid\" title=\"Sulfuric acid\">sulfuric acid</a> droplets. The clouds also contain sulfur aerosol, about 1% <a href=\"/wiki/Ferric_chloride\" class=\"mw-redirect\" tit
08-17 14:35:19.040 debug OkHttp le=\"Ferric chloride\">ferric chloride</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-kras006_69-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-kras006-69\">[67]</a></sup> and some water.<sup id=\"cite_ref-70\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-70\">[68]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-71\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-71\">[69]</a></sup> Other possible constituents of the cloud particles are <a href=\"/wiki/Ferric_sulfate\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Ferric sulfate\">ferric sulfate</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Aluminium_chloride\" title=\"Aluminium chloride\">aluminium chloride</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Phosphoric_anhydride\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Phosphoric anhydride\">phosphoric anhydride</a>. Clouds at different levels have different compositions and particle size distributions.<sup id=\"cite_ref-kras006_69-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-kras006-69\">[67]</a></sup> These clouds reflect and scatter about 90% of the sunlight that falls on them back into space, and prevent visual observation of Venus's surface. The permanent cloud cover means that although Venus is closer than Earth to the Sun, it receives less sunlight on the ground. Strong 85\u00a0m/s (300\u00a0km/h) winds at the cloud tops go around Venus about every four to five Earth days.<sup id=\"cite_ref-72\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-72\">[70]</a></sup> Winds on Venus move at up to 60 times the speed of its rotation, whereas Earth's fastest winds are only 10\u201320% rotation speed.<sup id=\"cite_ref-science328_73-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-science328-73\">[71]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The surface of Venus is effectively <a href=\"/wiki/Isothermal\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Isothermal\">isothermal</a>; it retains a constant temperature not only between day and night but between the equator and the poles.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_3-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-3\">[3]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-74\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-74\">[72]</a></sup> Venus's minute <a href=\"/wiki/Axial_tilt\" title=\"Axial tilt\">axial tilt</a>\u2014less than 3\u00b0, compared to 23\u00b0 on Earth\u2014also minimises seasonal temperature variation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-75\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-75\">[73]</a></sup> The only appreciable variation in temperature occurs with altitude. The highest point on Venus, <a href=\"/wiki/Maxwell_Montes\" title=\"Maxwell Montes\">Maxwell Montes</a>, is therefore the coolest point on Venus, with a temperature of about 655\u00a0K (380\u00a0\u00b0C) and an atmospheric pressure of about 4.5\u00a0MPa (45\u00a0bar).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Basilevsky_2003_76-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Basilevsky_2003-76\">[74]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-McGill_2010_77-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-McGill_2010-77\">[75]</a></sup> In 1995, the <a href=\"/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)\" title=\"Magellan (spacecraft)\"><i>Magellan</i> spacecraft</a> imaged a <a href=\"/wiki/Venus_snow\" title=\"Venus snow\">highly reflective substance</a> at the tops of the highest mountain peaks that bore a strong resemblance to terrestrial snow. This substance likely formed from a similar process to snow, albeit at a far higher temperature. Too volatile to condense on the surface, it rose in gaseous form to higher elevations, where it is cooler and could precipitate. The identity of this substance is not known with certainty, but speculation has ranged from elemental <a href=\"/wiki/Tellurium\" title=\"Tellurium\">tellurium</a> to lead sulfide (<a href=\"/wiki/Galena\" title=\"Galena\">galena</a>).<sup id=\"cite_ref-78\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-78\">[76]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The clouds of Venus are capable of producing <a href=\"/wiki/Lightning\" title=\"Lightning\">lightning</a> much like the clouds on Earth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Russell_2007_41-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Russell_2007-41\">[40]</a></sup> The existence of lightning had been controversial sin
08-17 14:35:19.040 debug OkHttp ce the first suspected bursts were detected by the Soviet <a href=\"/wiki/Venera\" title=\"Venera\">Venera probes</a>. In 2006\u201307, <i><a href=\"/wiki/Venus_Express\" title=\"Venus Express\">Venus Express</a></i> clearly detected <a href=\"/wiki/Electromagnetic_electron_wave\" title=\"Electromagnetic electron wave\">whistler mode waves</a>, the signatures of lightning. Their <a href=\"/wiki/Intermittent\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Intermittent\">intermittent</a> appearance indicates a pattern associated with weather activity. The lightning rate is at least half of that on Earth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Russell_2007_41-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Russell_2007-41\">[40]</a></sup> In 2007, <i>Venus Express</i> discovered that a huge double <a href=\"/wiki/Polar_vortex\" title=\"Polar vortex\">atmospheric vortex</a> exists at the south pole.<sup id=\"cite_ref-79\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-79\">[77]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-80\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-80\">[78]</a></sup></p>\n<p><i>Venus Express</i> also discovered, in 2011, that an <a href=\"/wiki/Ozone\" title=\"Ozone\">ozone</a> layer exists high in the atmosphere of Venus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-esaozone_81-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-esaozone-81\">[79]</a></sup> On 29 January 2013, <a href=\"/wiki/ESA\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ESA\">ESA</a> scientists reported that the <a href=\"/wiki/Ionosphere\" title=\"Ionosphere\">ionosphere</a> of Venus streams outwards in a manner similar to \"the ion tail seen streaming from a <a href=\"/wiki/Comet\" title=\"Comet\">comet</a> under similar conditions.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-ESA-20130129_82-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ESA-20130129-82\">[80]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Space-20130130_83-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Space-20130130-83\">[81]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tmulti tnone center\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:788px;max-width:788px\">\n<div style=\"clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;background-color:transparent\">Atmospheric composition</div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"float:left;margin:1px;width:382px;max-width:382px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Synthetic_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"The atmosphere of Earth is represented as a series of coloured spikes. The green of water dominates, while the red of carbon dioxide clusters near the left side.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Synthetic_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif/380px-Synthetic_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif\" width=\"380\" height=\"161\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Synthetic_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif/570px-Synthetic_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Synthetic_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif/760px-Synthetic_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif 2x\" data-file-width=\"898\" data-file-height=\"380\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\">Absorption spectrum of a simple gas mixture corresponding to <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth\" title=\"Atmosphere of Earth\">Earth's atmosphere</a></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"float:left;margin:1px;width:402px;max-width:402px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Synthetic_Venus_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"The atmosphere of Venus is represented on the same graph. Here the red of carbon dioxide is almost overwhelming, but the green of water and the purple of carbon monoxide are present.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Synthetic_Venus_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif/400px-Synthetic_Venus_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif\" width=\"400\" height=\"161\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Synthetic_Venus_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif/600px-Synthetic_Venus_atmosphere_absorp
08-17 14:35:19.040 debug OkHttp tion_spectrum.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Synthetic_Venus_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif/800px-Synthetic_Venus_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif 2x\" data-file-width=\"972\" data-file-height=\"391\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\">The composition of the <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus\" title=\"Atmosphere of Venus\">atmosphere of Venus</a> based on <a href=\"/wiki/HITRAN\" title=\"HITRAN\">HITRAN</a> data<sup id=\"cite_ref-HITRAN_84-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HITRAN-84\">[82]</a></sup> created using HITRAN on the Web system.<sup id=\"cite_ref-hitraniaoru_85-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hitraniaoru-85\">[83]</a></sup></div>\n</div>\n<div style=\"clear:left\"></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left;text-align:left;background-color:transparent\">Green colour \u2013 water vapour, red \u2013 carbon dioxide, WN \u2013 <a href=\"/wiki/Wavenumber\" title=\"Wavenumber\">wavenumber</a> (other colours have different meanings, lower <a href=\"/wiki/Wavelength\" title=\"Wavelength\">wavelengths</a> on the right, higher on the left).</div>\n</div>\n</div>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Magnetic field and core","anchor":"Magnetic_field_and_core","id":6,"text":"<p>In 1967, <i><a href=\"/wiki/Venera_4\" title=\"Venera 4\">Venera 4</a></i> found Venus's <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetic_field\" title=\"Magnetic field\">magnetic field</a> to be much weaker than that of Earth. This magnetic field is induced by an interaction between the <a href=\"/wiki/Ionosphere\" title=\"Ionosphere\">ionosphere</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_wind\" title=\"Solar wind\">solar wind</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-86\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-86\">[84]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-87\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-87\">[85]</a></sup> rather than by an internal <a href=\"/wiki/Dynamo_theory\" title=\"Dynamo theory\">dynamo</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_core\" title=\"Planetary core\">core</a> like the one inside Earth. Venus's small <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Venus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Magnetosphere of Venus\">induced magnetosphere</a> provides negligible protection to the atmosphere against <a href=\"/wiki/Cosmic_radiation\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cosmic radiation\">cosmic radiation</a>. This radiation may result in cloud-to-cloud lightning discharges.<sup id=\"cite_ref-88\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-88\">[86]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The lack of an intrinsic magnetic field at Venus was surprising, given that it is similar to Earth in size, and was expected also to contain a dynamo at its core. A dynamo requires three things: a <a href=\"/wiki/Electrical_conductor\" title=\"Electrical conductor\">conducting</a> liquid, rotation, and <a href=\"/wiki/Convection\" title=\"Convection\">convection</a>. The core is thought to be electrically conductive and, although its rotation is often thought to be too slow, simulations show it is adequate to produce a dynamo.<sup id=\"cite_ref-89\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-89\">[87]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-90\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-90\">[88]</a></sup> This implies that the dynamo is missing because of a lack of convection in Venus's core. On Earth, convection occurs in the liquid outer layer of the core because the bottom of the liquid layer is much hotter than the top. On Venus, a global resurfacing event may have shut down plate tectonics and led to a reduced heat flux through the crust. This caused the mantle temperature to increase, thereby reducing the heat flux out of the core. As a result, no internal geodynamo is available to drive a magnetic field. Instead, the heat from the core is being used to reheat the crust.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nimmo02_91-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nimmo02-91\">[89]</a></sup></p>\n<p>One possibility is that Venus has no solid inner core,<sup id=\"cite_ref-92\" class=\"reference\"><a
08-17 14:35:19.040 debug OkHttp href=\"#cite_note-92\">[90]</a></sup> or that its core is not cooling, so that the entire liquid part of the core is at approximately the same temperature. Another possibility is that its core has already completely solidified. The state of the core is highly dependent on the concentration of <a href=\"/wiki/Sulfur\" title=\"Sulfur\">sulfur</a>, which is unknown at present.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nimmo02_91-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nimmo02-91\">[89]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The weak magnetosphere around Venus means that the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_wind\" title=\"Solar wind\">solar wind</a> is interacting directly with its outer atmosphere. Here, ions of hydrogen and oxygen are being created by the dissociation of neutral molecules from ultraviolet radiation. The solar wind then supplies energy that gives some of these ions sufficient velocity to escape Venus's gravity field. This erosion process results in a steady loss of low-mass hydrogen, helium, and oxygen ions, whereas higher-mass molecules, such as carbon dioxide, are more likely to be retained. Atmospheric erosion by the solar wind probably led to the loss of most of Venus's water during the first billion years after it formed.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nature450_7170_629_93-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nature450_7170_629-93\">[91]</a></sup> The erosion has increased the ratio of higher-mass <a href=\"/wiki/Deuterium\" title=\"Deuterium\">deuterium</a> to lower-mass hydrogen in the atmosphere 100 times compared to the rest of the solar system.<sup id=\"cite_ref-94\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-94\">[92]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Orbit and rotation","anchor":"Orbit_and_rotation","id":7,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Orbit_of_Venus\" title=\"Orbit of Venus\">Orbit of Venus</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Venusorbitsolarsystem.gif\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"the orbits of Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are seen in motion from the top down against a spiderweb graph. Earth's orbit leaves a blue trail, while Venus's orbit leaves a yellow trail\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Venusorbitsolarsystem.gif/220px-Venusorbitsolarsystem.gif\" width=\"220\" height=\"220\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Venusorbitsolarsystem.gif 1.5x\" data-file-width=\"240\" data-file-height=\"240\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Venusorbitsolarsystem.gif\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nVenus orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 108\u00a0million\u00a0kilometres (about 0.7\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_Unit\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Astronomical Unit\">AU</a>) and completes an orbit every 224.7\u00a0days. Venus is the second planet from the Sun and orbits the Sun approximately 1.6\u00a0times (yellow trail) in Earth's 365\u00a0days (blue trail)</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Venus orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 0.72\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_unit\" title=\"Astronomical unit\">AU</a> (108,000,000\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Kilometre\" title=\"Kilometre\">km</a>; 67,000,000\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Mile\" title=\"Mile\">mi</a>), and completes an orbit every 224.7\u00a0days. Although all <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_orbit\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Planetary orbit\">planetary orbits</a> are <a href=\"/wiki/Ellipse\" title=\"Ellipse\">elliptical</a>, Venus's orbit is the closest to <a href=\"/wiki/Circle\" title=\"Circle\">circular</a>, with an <a href=\"/wiki/Eccentricity_(orbit)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Eccentricity (orbit)\">eccentricity</a> of less than 0.01.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_3-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-3\">[3]</a></sup> When Venus lies between Earth and the Sun in <a href=\"/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy)#Superior_and_inferior\" title=\"Con
08-17 14:35:19.040 debug OkHttp junction (astronomy)\">inferior conjunction</a>, it makes the closest approach to Earth of any planet at an average distance of 41\u00a0million\u00a0km.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_3-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-3\">[3]</a></sup> The planet reaches inferior conjunction every 584\u00a0days, on average.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_3-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-3\">[3]</a></sup> Because of the <a href=\"/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles#Orbital_shape_.28eccentricity.29\" title=\"Milankovitch cycles\">decreasing eccentricity of Earth's orbit</a>, the minimum distances will become greater over tens of thousands of years. From the year 1 to 5383, there are 526\u00a0approaches less than 40\u00a0million\u00a0km; then there are none for about 60,158 years.<sup id=\"cite_ref-95\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-95\">[93]</a></sup></p>\n<p>All the planets in the Solar System orbit the Sun in an anti-clockwise direction as viewed from above Earth's north pole. Most planets also rotate on their axes in an anti-clockwise direction, but Venus rotates clockwise in <a href=\"/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion\" title=\"Retrograde and prograde motion\">retrograde rotation</a> once every 243\u00a0Earth\u00a0days\u2014the slowest rotation of any planet. Because its rotation is so slow, Venus is very close to spherical.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Venus_96-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Venus-96\">[94]</a></sup> A Venusian <a href=\"/wiki/Sidereal_day\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Sidereal day\">sidereal day</a> thus lasts longer than a Venusian year (243 versus 224.7 Earth days). Venus's equator rotates at 6.5\u00a0km/h (4.0\u00a0mph), whereas Earth's is approximately 1,670\u00a0km/h (1,040\u00a0mph).<sup id=\"cite_ref-97\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-97\">[95]</a></sup> Venus's rotation has slowed down by <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7002390000000000000\u2660</span>6.5\u00a0min</span> per Venusian sidereal day in the <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7008504921600000000\u2660</span>16\u00a0years</span> between the <i>Magellan</i> spacecraft and <i>Venus Express</i> visits.<sup id=\"cite_ref-slowing_spin_98-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-slowing_spin-98\">[96]</a></sup> Because of the retrograde rotation, the length of a <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_day\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Solar day\">solar day</a> on Venus is significantly shorter than the sidereal day, at 116.75\u00a0Earth\u00a0days (making the Venusian solar day shorter than <a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(planet)\" title=\"Mercury (planet)\">Mercury</a>'s 176\u00a0Earth\u00a0days).<sup id=\"cite_ref-planetary-facts_99-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-planetary-facts-99\">[97]</a></sup> One Venusian year is about 1.92\u00a0Venusian solar days.<sup id=\"cite_ref-compare_100-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-compare-100\">[98]</a></sup> To an observer on the surface of Venus, the Sun would rise in the west and set in the east,<sup id=\"cite_ref-compare_100-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-compare-100\">[98]</a></sup> although Venus's opaque clouds prevent observing the Sun from the planet's surface.<sup id=\"cite_ref-101\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-101\">[99]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Venus may have formed from the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_nebula\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Solar nebula\">solar nebula</a> with a different rotation period and obliquity, reaching its current state because of chaotic spin changes caused by planetary perturbations and <a href=\"/wiki/Tide\" title=\"Tide\">tidal</a> effects on its dense atmosphere, a change that would have occurred over the course of billions of years. The rotation period of Venus may represent an equilibrium state between tidal locking to the Sun's gravitation, which tends to slow rotation, and an atmospheric tide created by solar heating of the thick Venusian atmo
08-17 14:35:19.040 debug OkHttp sphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-102\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-102\">[100]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-103\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-103\">[101]</a></sup> The 584-day average interval between successive close approaches to Earth is almost exactly equal to 5\u00a0Venusian solar days,<sup id=\"cite_ref-104\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-104\">[102]</a></sup> but the hypothesis of a spin\u2013orbit resonance with Earth has been discounted.<sup id=\"cite_ref-apj2_230_L123_105-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-apj2_230_L123-105\">[103]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Venus has no natural satellites.<sup id=\"cite_ref-icarus202_106-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-icarus202-106\">[104]</a></sup> It has several <a href=\"/wiki/Trojan_asteroid\" title=\"Trojan asteroid\">trojan asteroids</a>: the <a href=\"/wiki/Quasi-satellite\" title=\"Quasi-satellite\">quasi-satellite</a> <span class=\"nowrap\"><a href=\"/wiki/2002_VE68\" title=\"2002 VE68\">2002 VE<span style=\"position: relative; top: 0.3em;\"><span style=\"font-size:80%;\">68</span></span></a></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-107\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-107\">[105]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-108\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-108\">[106]</a></sup> and two other temporary trojans, <span class=\"nowrap\"><a href=\"/wiki/(322756)_2001_CK32\" title=\"(322756) 2001 CK32\">2001 CK<sub>32</sub></a></span> and <span class=\"nowrap\"><a href=\"/wiki/2012_XE133\" title=\"2012 XE133\">2012 XE<span style=\"position: relative; top: 0.3em;\"><span style=\"font-size:80%;\">133</span></span></a></span>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-dynamics_109-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-dynamics-109\">[107]</a></sup> In the 17th\u00a0century, <a href=\"/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Cassini\" title=\"Giovanni Domenico Cassini\">Giovanni Cassini</a> reported a moon orbiting Venus, which was named <a href=\"/wiki/Neith_(hypothetical_moon)\" title=\"Neith (hypothetical moon)\">Neith</a> and numerous sightings were reported over the following <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7009631152000000000\u2660</span>200\u00a0years</span>, but most were determined to be stars in the vicinity. Alex Alemi's and <a href=\"/wiki/David_J._Stevenson\" title=\"David J. Stevenson\">David Stevenson</a>'s 2006 study of models of the early Solar System at the <a href=\"/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology\" title=\"California Institute of Technology\">California Institute of Technology</a> shows Venus likely had at least one moon created by a huge <a href=\"/wiki/Impact_event\" title=\"Impact event\">impact event</a> billions of years ago.<sup id=\"cite_ref-110\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-110\">[108]</a></sup> About 10\u00a0million\u00a0years later, according to the study, another impact reversed the planet's spin direction and caused the Venusian moon gradually to <a href=\"/wiki/Tidal_deceleration\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Tidal deceleration\">spiral inward</a> until it collided with Venus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-111\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-111\">[109]</a></sup> If later impacts created moons, these were removed in the same way. An alternative explanation for the lack of satellites is the effect of strong solar tides, which can destabilize large satellites orbiting the inner terrestrial planets.<sup id=\"cite_ref-icarus202_106-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-icarus202-106\">[104]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Observation","anchor":"Observation","id":8,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"A photograph of the night sky taken from the seashore. A glimmer of sunlight is on the horizon. There are many stars visible. Venus is at the centre, much brighter than any of the stars, and its light can be seen reflected in the ocean.\" src=\"//upload.wikime
08-17 14:35:19.040 debug OkHttp dia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg/220px-Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"137\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg/330px-Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg/440px-Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1161\" data-file-height=\"725\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nVenus is always brighter than all other planets or stars as seen from Earth. The second brightest object on the image is Jupiter.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Phases_Venus.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"diagram illustrating the phases of Venus, going from full to new, showing that its diameter increases as its visible area decreases\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Phases_Venus.jpg/220px-Phases_Venus.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"220\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Phases_Venus.jpg/330px-Phases_Venus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Phases_Venus.jpg/440px-Phases_Venus.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"600\" data-file-height=\"600\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Phases_Venus.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nThe phases of Venus and evolution of its apparent diameter</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>To the <a href=\"/wiki/Naked_eye\" title=\"Naked eye\">naked eye</a>, Venus appears as a white point of light brighter than any other planet or star (apart from the Sun).<sup id=\"cite_ref-112\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-112\">[110]</a></sup> Its brightest <a href=\"/wiki/Apparent_magnitude\" title=\"Apparent magnitude\">apparent magnitude</a>, \u22124.9,<sup id=\"cite_ref-JPL-Horizons_13-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-JPL-Horizons-13\">[12]</a></sup> occurs during crescent phase, when it is near Earth. Venus fades to about magnitude \u22123 when it is backlit by the Sun.<sup id=\"cite_ref-MallamaSky_12-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MallamaSky-12\">[11]</a></sup> The planet is bright enough to be seen in a clear midday sky<sup id=\"cite_ref-113\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-113\">[111]</a></sup> and is easily visible when the Sun is low on the horizon. As an <a href=\"/wiki/Inferior_planet\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Inferior planet\">inferior planet</a>, it always lies within about 47\u00b0 of the <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ephemeris_14-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ephemeris-14\">[13]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Venus \"overtakes\" Earth every 584 days as it orbits the Sun.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_3-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-3\">[3]</a></sup> As it does so, it changes from the \"Evening Star\", visible after sunset, to the \"Morning Star\", visible before sunrise. Although <a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(planet)\" title=\"Mercury (planet)\">Mercury</a>, the other inferior planet, reaches a maximum <a href=\"/wiki/Elongation_(astronomy)\" title=\"Elongation (astronomy)\">elongation</a> of only 28\u00b0 and is often difficult to discern in twilight, Venus is hard to miss when it is at its brightest. Its greater maximum elongation means it is visible in dark skies long after sunset. As the brightest point-like object in the sky, Venus is a commonly misreported \"<a href=\"/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object\" title=\"Unidentified flying object\">unidentified flying object</a>\". U.S. President <a href=\"/wiki/Jimmy_Carter\" title=\"Jimmy Carter\">Jimmy Carter</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_UFO_incident\" title=\"Jimmy Carter UFO incident\">reported having seen a UFO</a> in 1
08-17 14:35:19.040 debug OkHttp 969, which later analysis suggested was probably Venus.</p>\n<p>As it moves around its orbit, <a href=\"/wiki/Phases_of_Venus\" title=\"Phases of Venus\">Venus displays phases</a> like those of the <a href=\"/wiki/Moon\" title=\"Moon\">Moon</a> in a <a href=\"/wiki/Optical_telescope\" title=\"Optical telescope\">telescopic</a> view. The planet presents a small \"full\" image when it is on the opposite side of the Sun. It shows a larger \"quarter phase\" when it is at its maximum elongations from the Sun, and is at its brightest in the night sky, and presents a much larger \"thin crescent\" in telescopic views as it comes around to the near side between Earth and the Sun. Venus is at its largest and presents its \"new phase\" when it is between Earth and the Sun. Its atmosphere can be seen in a telescope by the halo of light refracted around it.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ephemeris_14-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ephemeris-14\">[13]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Transits","anchor":"Transits","id":9,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Venustransit_2004-06-08_07-49.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Venus appears as a black bubble on the edge of the Sun's disk, dimmed through filters to a dull orange.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Venustransit_2004-06-08_07-49.jpg/220px-Venustransit_2004-06-08_07-49.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"225\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Venustransit_2004-06-08_07-49.jpg/330px-Venustransit_2004-06-08_07-49.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Venustransit_2004-06-08_07-49.jpg/440px-Venustransit_2004-06-08_07-49.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1375\" data-file-height=\"1406\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Venustransit_2004-06-08_07-49.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Transit_of_Venus,_2004\" title=\"Transit of Venus, 2004\">2004 transit of Venus</a></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Transit_of_Venus\" title=\"Transit of Venus\">Transit of Venus</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Transit_of_Venus,_2012\" title=\"Transit of Venus, 2012\">Transit of Venus, 2012</a></div>\n<p>The Venusian orbit is slightly inclined relative to Earth's orbit; thus, when the planet passes between Earth and the Sun, it usually does not cross the face of the Sun. <a href=\"/wiki/Transits_of_Venus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Transits of Venus\">Transits of Venus</a> occur when the planet's <a href=\"/wiki/Inferior_conjunction\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Inferior conjunction\">inferior conjunction</a> coincides with its presence in the plane of Earth's orbit. Transits of Venus occur in cycles of <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7009766849680000000\u2660</span>243\u00a0years</span> with the current pattern of transits being pairs of transits separated by eight years, at intervals of about <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7009332932680000000\u2660</span>105.5\u00a0years</span> or <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7009383424840000000\u2660</span>121.5\u00a0years</span>\u2014a pattern first discovered in 1639 by the English astronomer <a href=\"/wiki/Jeremiah_Horrocks\" title=\"Jeremiah Horrocks\">Jeremiah Horrocks</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-UCLAN_114-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-UCLAN-114\">[112]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The latest pair was <a href=\"/wiki/Transit_of_Venus,_2004\" title=\"Transit of Venus, 2004\">June 8, 2004</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Transit_of_Venus,_2012\" title=\"Transit of Venus, 2012\">June 5\u20136, 2012</a>. The transit could be watched live from many online outlets or observed locally with the right equipment and conditions.<sup id=\"cite_ref-115\" class=\"reference\"><a href
08-17 14:35:19.040 debug OkHttp =\"#cite_note-115\">[113]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The preceding pair of transits occurred in December 1874 and December 1882; the following pair will occur in December 2117 and December 2125.<sup id=\"cite_ref-116\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-116\">[114]</a></sup> Historically, transits of Venus were important, because they allowed astronomers to determine the size of the <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_unit\" title=\"Astronomical unit\">astronomical unit</a>, and hence the size of the Solar System <a href=\"/wiki/Transit_of_Venus,_1639\" title=\"Transit of Venus, 1639\">as shown by Horrocks in 1639</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-117\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-117\">[115]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Captain_Cook\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Captain Cook\">Captain Cook</a>'s exploration of the east coast of Australia came after he had sailed to <a href=\"/wiki/Tahiti\" title=\"Tahiti\">Tahiti</a> in 1768 to observe a transit of Venus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-118\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-118\">[116]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-119\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-119\">[117]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Pentagram of Venus","anchor":"Pentagram_of_Venus","id":10,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:152px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Venus_geocentric_orbit_curve_simplified_(pentagram).svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"the image resembles a complex, spirograph floral pattern with five loops encircling the middle\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_geocentric_orbit_curve_simplified_%28pentagram%29.svg/150px-Venus_geocentric_orbit_curve_simplified_%28pentagram%29.svg.png\" width=\"150\" height=\"149\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_geocentric_orbit_curve_simplified_%28pentagram%29.svg/225px-Venus_geocentric_orbit_curve_simplified_%28pentagram%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_geocentric_orbit_curve_simplified_%28pentagram%29.svg/300px-Venus_geocentric_orbit_curve_simplified_%28pentagram%29.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"604\" data-file-height=\"600\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Venus_geocentric_orbit_curve_simplified_(pentagram).svg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nThe pentagram of Venus. Earth is positioned at the centre of the diagram, and the curve represents the direction and distance of Venus as a function of time.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Pentagram_of_Venus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Pentagram of Venus\">pentagram of Venus</a> is the path that Venus makes as observed from <a href=\"/wiki/Earth\" title=\"Earth\">Earth</a>. Successive <a href=\"/wiki/Inferior_conjunction\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Inferior conjunction\">inferior conjunctions</a> of Venus repeat very near a 13:8 <a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_resonance\" title=\"Orbital resonance\">orbital resonance</a> (Earth orbits 8 times for every 13 orbits of Venus), shifting 144\u00b0 upon sequential inferior conjunctions. The resonance 13:8 ratio is approximate. 8/13 is approximately 0.615385 while Venus orbits the Sun in 0.615187 years.<sup id=\"cite_ref-120\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-120\">[118]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Ashen light","anchor":"Ashen_light","id":11,"text":"<p>A long-standing mystery of Venus observations is the so-called <a href=\"/wiki/Ashen_light\" title=\"Ashen light\">ashen light</a>\u2014an apparent weak illumination of its dark side, seen when the planet is in the crescent phase. The first claimed observation of ashen light was made in 1643, but the existence of the illumination has never been reliably confirmed. Observers have speculated it may result from electrical activity in the Venusian atmosphere, but it could be illusory, resulting from the physiological effect of observing a bright, crescent-shaped object.<sup id=\"cit
08-17 14:35:19.040 debug OkHttp e_ref-121\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-121\">[119]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Habitability","anchor":"Habitability","id":12,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Life_on_Venus\" title=\"Life on Venus\">Life on Venus</a></div>\n<p>The speculation of the existence of <b>life on Venus</b> decreased significantly since the early 1960s, when spacecraft began studying Venus and it became clear that the conditions on Venus are extreme compared to those on Earth.</p>\n<p>The fact that Venus is located closer to the <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a> than <a href=\"/wiki/Earth\" title=\"Earth\">Earth</a>, raising temperatures on the surface to nearly 735\u00a0K (462\u00a0\u00b0C), the atmospheric pressure is 90 times that of Earth, and the extreme impact of the <a href=\"/wiki/Greenhouse_effect\" title=\"Greenhouse effect\">greenhouse effect</a>, make water-based <a href=\"/wiki/Life\" title=\"Life\">life</a> as we know it unlikely. However, a few scientists have speculated that thermoacidophilic <a href=\"/wiki/Extremophile\" title=\"Extremophile\">extremophile</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Microorganisms\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Microorganisms\">microorganisms</a> might exist in the lower-temperature, acidic upper layers of the Venusian atmosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-122\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-122\">[120]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-123\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-123\">[121]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Dartnell2015_124-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Dartnell2015-124\">[122]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Studies","anchor":"Studies","id":13,"text":""},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Early studies","anchor":"Early_studies","id":14,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Venus_Drawing.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"a hand-drawn sequence of images showing Venus passing over the edge of the Sun's disk, leaving an illusory drop of shadow behind\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Venus_Drawing.jpg/220px-Venus_Drawing.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"269\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Venus_Drawing.jpg/330px-Venus_Drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Venus_Drawing.jpg/440px-Venus_Drawing.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"734\" data-file-height=\"899\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Venus_Drawing.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nThe \"<a href=\"/wiki/Black_drop_effect\" title=\"Black drop effect\">black drop effect</a>\" as recorded during the 1769 transit</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Venus was known to ancient civilizations both as the \"morning star\" and as the \"evening star\", names that reflect the early assumption that these were two separate objects. The <a href=\"/wiki/Venus_tablet_of_Ammisaduqa\" title=\"Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa\">Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa</a>, believed to have been compiled around the mid-seventeenth century BCE,<sup id=\"cite_ref-125\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-125\">[123]</a></sup> shows the Babylonians understood the two were a single object, referred to in the tablet as the \"bright queen of the sky\", and could support this view with detailed observations.<sup id=\"cite_ref-126\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-126\">[124]</a></sup> The Ancient Greeks thought of the two as separate stars, <a href=\"/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)\" title=\"Phosphorus (morning star)\">Phosphorus</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Hesperus\" title=\"Hesperus\">Hesperus</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder\" title=\"Pliny the Elder\">Pliny the Elder</a> credited the realization that they were a single object to <a href=\"/wiki/Pythagoras\" title=\"Pythagoras\">Pythagoras</a> in the sixth century BCE,<sup id=\"cite_ref-127\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-127\
08-17 14:35:19.040 debug OkHttp ">[125]</a></sup> while <a href=\"/wiki/Diogenes_Laertius\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Diogenes Laertius\">Diogenes Laertius</a> argued that <a href=\"/wiki/Parmenides\" title=\"Parmenides\">Parmenides</a> was probably responsible.<sup id=\"cite_ref-128\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-128\">[126]</a></sup> The ancient Chinese referred to the morning Venus as \"the Great White\" (<i>Tai-bai</i> <span lang=\"zh\" xml:lang=\"zh\">\u592a\u767d</span>) or \"the Opener of Brightness\" (<i>Qi-ming</i> <span lang=\"zh\" xml:lang=\"zh\">\u555f\u660e</span>), and the evening Venus as \"the Excellent West One\" (<i>Chang-geng</i> <span lang=\"zh\" xml:lang=\"zh\">\u9577\u5e9a</span>). The Romans designated the morning aspect of Venus as <a href=\"/wiki/Lucifer\" title=\"Lucifer\">Lucifer</a>, literally \"Light-Bringer\", and the evening aspect as <a href=\"/wiki/Hesperus\" title=\"Hesperus\">Vesper</a>, both literal translations of the respective Greek names.</p>\n<p>In the second century, in his astronomical treatise <i><a href=\"/wiki/Almagest\" title=\"Almagest\">Almagest</a></i>, <a href=\"/wiki/Ptolemy\" title=\"Ptolemy\">Ptolemy</a> theorized that both Mercury and Venus are located between the Sun and the Earth. The 11th century <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Astronomy in medieval Islam\">Persian astronomer</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Avicenna\" title=\"Avicenna\">Avicenna</a> claimed to have observed the <a href=\"/wiki/Transit_of_Venus\" title=\"Transit of Venus\">transit of Venus</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Goldstein_129-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Goldstein-129\">[127]</a></sup> which later astronomers took as confirmation of Ptolemy's theory.<sup id=\"cite_ref-130\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-130\">[128]</a></sup> In the 12th century, the <a href=\"/wiki/Al-Andalus\" title=\"Al-Andalus\">Andalusian</a> astronomer <a href=\"/wiki/Ibn_Bajjah\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Ibn Bajjah\">Ibn Bajjah</a> observed \"two planets as black spots on the face of the Sun\", which were later identified as the transits of Venus and Mercury by the <a href=\"/wiki/Maragheh_observatory\" title=\"Maragheh observatory\">Maragha</a> astronomer <a href=\"/wiki/Qotb_al-Din_Shirazi\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Qotb al-Din Shirazi\">Qotb al-Din Shirazi</a> in the 13th century.<sup id=\"cite_ref-131\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-131\">[129]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-134\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-134\">[n 2]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Phases-of-Venus.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Venus is shown in various positions in its orbit round the Sun, with each position marking a different amount of surface illumination\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Phases-of-Venus.svg/220px-Phases-of-Venus.svg.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Phases-of-Venus.svg/330px-Phases-of-Venus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Phases-of-Venus.svg/440px-Phases-of-Venus.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1000\" data-file-height=\"750\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Phases-of-Venus.svg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Galileo\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Galileo\">Galileo</a>'s discovery that Venus showed phases (although remaining near the Sun in Earth's sky) proved that it orbits the <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a> and not <a href=\"/wiki/Earth\" title=\"Earth\">Earth</a></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>When the Italian physicist <a href=\"/wiki/Galileo_Galilei\" title=\"Galileo Galilei\">Galileo Galilei</a> first observed the planet in the early 17th\u00a0century, he found it showed <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_phase\" title=\"Planetary phase\">phases</a> like t
08-17 14:35:19.040 debug OkHttp he Moon, varying from crescent to gibbous to full and vice versa. When Venus is furthest from the Sun in the sky, it shows a <a href=\"/wiki/Elongation_(astronomy)\" title=\"Elongation (astronomy)\">half-lit phase</a>, and when it is closest to the Sun in the sky, it shows as a crescent or full phase. This could be possible only if Venus orbited the Sun, and this was among the first observations to clearly contradict the <a href=\"/wiki/Ptolemy\" title=\"Ptolemy\">Ptolemaic</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Geocentric_model\" title=\"Geocentric model\">geocentric model</a> that the Solar System was concentric and centred on Earth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-palmieri_135-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-palmieri-135\">[132]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Fegley_136-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Fegley-136\">[133]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Transit_of_Venus,_1639\" title=\"Transit of Venus, 1639\">1639 transit of Venus</a> was accurately predicted by <a href=\"/wiki/Jeremiah_Horrocks\" title=\"Jeremiah Horrocks\">Jeremiah Horrocks</a> and observed by him and his friend, <a href=\"/wiki/William_Crabtree\" title=\"William Crabtree\">William Crabtree</a>, at each of their respective homes, on 4 December 1639 (24 November under the <a href=\"/wiki/Julian_calendar\" title=\"Julian calendar\">Julian calendar</a> in use at that time).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Kollerstrom_137-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Kollerstrom-137\">[134]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus\" title=\"Atmosphere of Venus\">atmosphere of Venus</a> was discovered in 1761 by Russian polymath <a href=\"/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov\" title=\"Mikhail Lomonosov\">Mikhail Lomonosov</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Marov2004_138-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Marov2004-138\">[135]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-139\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-139\">[136]</a></sup> Venus's atmosphere was observed in 1790 by German astronomer <a href=\"/wiki/Johann_Schr%C3%B6ter\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Johann Schr\u00f6ter\">Johann Schr\u00f6ter</a>. Schr\u00f6ter found when the planet was a thin crescent, the cusps extended through more than 180\u00b0. He correctly surmised this was due to <a href=\"/wiki/Scattering\" title=\"Scattering\">scattering</a> of sunlight in a dense atmosphere. Later, American astronomer <a href=\"/wiki/Chester_Smith_Lyman\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Chester Smith Lyman\">Chester Smith Lyman</a> observed a complete ring around the dark side of the planet when it was at <a href=\"/wiki/Inferior_conjunction\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Inferior conjunction\">inferior conjunction</a>, providing further evidence for an atmosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-140\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-140\">[137]</a></sup> The atmosphere complicated efforts to determine a rotation period for the planet, and observers such as Italian-born astronomer <a href=\"/wiki/Giovanni_Cassini\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Giovanni Cassini\">Giovanni Cassini</a> and Schr\u00f6ter incorrectly estimated periods of about <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7004864000000000000\u2660</span>24\u00a0h</span> from the motions of markings on the planet's apparent surface.<sup id=\"cite_ref-141\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-141\">[138]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Ground-based research","anchor":"Ground-based_research","id":15,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"black and white image of Venus, its edges blurred by its atmosphere, a small crescent of its surface illuminated\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg/220px-V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"191\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg 1.5x\" data-fi
08-17 14:35:19.040 debug OkHttp le-width=\"302\" data-file-height=\"262\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nModern telescopic view of Venus from Earth's surface</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Little more was discovered about Venus until the 20th\u00a0century. Its almost featureless disc gave no hint what its surface might be like, and it was only with the development of <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_spectroscopy\" title=\"Astronomical spectroscopy\">spectroscopic</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Radar\" title=\"Radar\">radar</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Ultraviolet\" title=\"Ultraviolet\">ultraviolet</a> observations that more of its secrets were revealed. The first ultraviolet observations were carried out in the 1920s, when <a href=\"/wiki/Frank_E._Ross\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Frank E. Ross\">Frank E. Ross</a> found that <a href=\"/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography\" title=\"Ultraviolet photography\">ultraviolet photographs</a> revealed considerable detail that was absent in visible and <a href=\"/wiki/Infrared\" title=\"Infrared\">infrared</a> radiation. He suggested this was due to a dense, yellow lower atmosphere with high <a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrus cloud\">cirrus clouds</a> above it.<sup id=\"cite_ref-142\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-142\">[139]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Spectroscopic observations in the 1900s gave the first clues about the Venusian rotation. <a href=\"/wiki/Vesto_Slipher\" title=\"Vesto Slipher\">Vesto Slipher</a> tried to measure the <a href=\"/wiki/Doppler_shift\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doppler shift\">Doppler shift</a> of light from Venus, but found he could not detect any rotation. He surmised the planet must have a much longer rotation period than had previously been thought.<sup id=\"cite_ref-143\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-143\">[140]</a></sup> Later work in the 1950s showed the rotation was retrograde. <a href=\"/wiki/Radar_astronomy\" title=\"Radar astronomy\">Radar observations</a> of Venus were first carried out in the 1960s, and provided the first measurements of the rotation period, which were close to the modern value.<sup id=\"cite_ref-144\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-144\">[141]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Radar observations in the 1970s revealed details of the Venusian surface for the first time. Pulses of radio waves were beamed at the planet using the 300\u00a0m (980\u00a0ft) radio telescope at <a href=\"/wiki/Arecibo_Observatory\" title=\"Arecibo Observatory\">Arecibo Observatory</a>, and the echoes revealed two highly reflective regions, designated the <a href=\"/wiki/Alpha_Regio\" title=\"Alpha Regio\">Alpha</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Beta_Regio\" title=\"Beta Regio\">Beta</a> regions. The observations also revealed a bright region attributed to mountains, which was called <a href=\"/wiki/Maxwell_Montes\" title=\"Maxwell Montes\">Maxwell Montes</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-145\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-145\">[142]</a></sup> These three features are now the only ones on Venus that do not have female names.<sup id=\"cite_ref-jpl-magellan_33-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-jpl-magellan-33\">[32]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Exploration","anchor":"Exploration","id":16,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus\" title=\"Observations and explorations of Venus\">Observations and explorations of Venus</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Mariner_2.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mariner_2.jpg/220px-Mariner_2.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"177\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mariner_2.jpg/330px-Mariner_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mariner_2.jpg/440px
08-17 14:35:19.040 debug OkHttp -Mariner_2.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3029\" data-file-height=\"2432\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Mariner_2.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nArtist's impression of <i><a href=\"/wiki/Mariner_2\" title=\"Mariner 2\">Mariner 2</a></i>, launched in 1962, a skeletal, bottle-shaped spacecraft with a large radio dish on top</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The first <a href=\"/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft\" title=\"Robotic spacecraft\">robotic</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Space_probe\" title=\"Space probe\">space probe</a> mission to Venus, and the first to any planet, began with the Soviet <a href=\"/wiki/Venera\" title=\"Venera\">Venera</a> program in 1961.<sup id=\"cite_ref-mitchell_1_146-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mitchell_1-146\">[143]</a></sup> The United States' exploration of Venus had its first success with the <a href=\"/wiki/Mariner_2\" title=\"Mariner 2\">Mariner 2</a> mission on 14 December 1962, becoming the world's first successful <a href=\"/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight\" title=\"Interplanetary spaceflight\">interplanetary mission</a>, passing 34,833\u00a0km (21,644\u00a0mi) above the surface of Venus, and gathering data on the planet's atmosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-147\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-147\">[144]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-148\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-148\">[145]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:402px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Venera9.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/Venera9.png/400px-Venera9.png\" width=\"400\" height=\"96\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/Venera9.png/600px-Venera9.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/Venera9.png/800px-Venera9.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"998\" data-file-height=\"239\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Venera9.png\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n180-degree panorama of Venus's surface from the Soviet <i><a href=\"/wiki/Venera_9\" title=\"Venera 9\">Venera\u00a09</a></i> lander, 1975. Black-and-white image of barren, black, slate-like rocks against a flat sky. The ground and the probe are the focus. Several lines are missing due to a simultaneous transmission of the scientific data</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>On 18 October 1967, the Soviet <i><a href=\"/wiki/Venera_4\" title=\"Venera 4\">Venera 4</a></i> successfully entered the atmosphere and deployed science experiments. <i>Venera 4</i> showed the surface temperature was hotter than <i>Mariner 2</i> had calculated, at almost 500\u00a0\u00b0C, determined that the atmosphere is 95% carbon dioxide (<span class=\"chemf nowrap\">CO<span style=\"display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left\"><br>\n2</span></span>), and discovered that Venus's atmosphere was considerably denser than <i>Venera 4</i><span class=\"nowrap\" style=\"padding-left:0.1em;\">'s</span> designers had anticipated.<sup id=\"cite_ref-mitchell_2_149-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mitchell_2-149\">[146]</a></sup> The joint <i>Venera 4</i>\u2013<i>Mariner 5</i> data was analysed by a combined Soviet\u2013American science team in a series of colloquia over the following year,<sup id=\"cite_ref-150\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-150\">[147]</a></sup> in an early example of space cooperation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-151\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-151\">[148]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In 1975 the Soviet <i><a href=\"/wiki/Venera_9\" title=\"Venera 9\">Venera 9</a></i> and <i><a href=\"/wiki/Venera_10\" title=\"Venera 10\">10</a></i> landers transmitted the first images from the surface of Venus, which were in black and white. In 1982 the first colour images of the surface were obtained with the Soviet <i><a href=\"/wiki/Venera_13\" title=
08-17 14:35:19.040 debug OkHttp \"Venera 13\">Venera 13</a></i> and <i><a href=\"/wiki/Venera_14\" title=\"Venera 14\">14</a></i> landers.</p>\n<p>NASA obtained additional data in 1978 with the <a href=\"/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_project\" title=\"Pioneer Venus project\">Pioneer Venus project</a> that consisted of two separate missions:<sup id=\"cite_ref-152\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-152\">[149]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter\" title=\"Pioneer Venus Orbiter\">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe\" title=\"Pioneer Venus Multiprobe\">Pioneer Venus Multiprobe</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-153\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-153\">[150]</a></sup> The successful Soviet Venera program came to a close in October 1983, when <i><a href=\"/wiki/Venera_15\" title=\"Venera 15\">Venera 15</a></i> and <i><a href=\"/wiki/Venera_16\" title=\"Venera 16\">16</a></i> were placed in orbit to conduct detailed mapping of 25% of Venus's terrain (from the north pole to 30\u00b0N latitude)<sup id=\"cite_ref-154\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-154\">[151]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Several other Venus flybys took place in the 1980s and 1990s that increased the understanding of Venus, including <i><a href=\"/wiki/Vega_1\" title=\"Vega 1\">Vega 1</a></i> (1985), <i><a href=\"/wiki/Vega_2\" title=\"Vega 2\">Vega 2</a></i> (1985), <i><a href=\"/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)\" title=\"Galileo (spacecraft)\">Galileo</a></i> (1990), <i><a href=\"/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)\" title=\"Magellan (spacecraft)\">Magellan</a></i> (1994), <i><a href=\"/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens\" title=\"Cassini\u2013Huygens\">Cassini\u2013Huygens</a></i> (1998), and <i><a href=\"/wiki/MESSENGER\" title=\"MESSENGER\">MESSENGER</a></i> (2006). Then, <i><a href=\"/wiki/Venus_Express\" title=\"Venus Express\">Venus Express</a></i> by the <a href=\"/wiki/European_Space_Agency\" title=\"European Space Agency\">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) entered orbit around Venus in April 2006. Equipped with seven scientific instruments, <i>Venus Express</i> provided unprecedented long-term observation of Venus's atmosphere. ESA concluded that mission in December 2014.</p>\n<p>As of 2016, Japan's <i><a href=\"/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)\" title=\"Akatsuki (spacecraft)\">Akatsuki</a></i> is in a highly elliptical orbit around Venus since 7 December 2015, and there are <a href=\"/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus#Under_study\" title=\"Observations and explorations of Venus\">several probing proposals</a> under study by <a href=\"/wiki/Roscosmos\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Roscosmos\">Roscosmos</a>, NASA, and India's <a href=\"/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation\" title=\"Indian Space Research Organisation\">ISRO</a>.</p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"In culture","anchor":"In_culture","id":17,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/Venus_in_fiction\" title=\"Venus in fiction\">Venus in fiction</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus#Historical_observations_and_impact\" title=\"Observations and explorations of Venus\">Observations and explorations of Venus \u00a7\u00a0Historical observations and impact</a></div>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Symbol","anchor":"Symbol","id":18,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Venus_symbol\" title=\"Venus symbol\">Venus symbol</a></div>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Venus_symbol.svg\" class=\"image\" title=\"\u2640\"><img alt=\"\u2640\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/50px-Venus_symbol.svg.png\" width=\"50\" height=\"50\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/75px-Venus_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/100px-Venus_symbol.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"75\" data-file-height=\"75\"></a> The <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_symbols\" title=\"Astronomical symbols\">astronomical symbol</a> for Venus is the same as
08-17 14:35:19.040 debug OkHttp that used in biology for the female sex: a circle with a small cross beneath.<sup id=\"cite_ref-stearn_155-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stearn-155\">[152]</a></sup> The Venus symbol also represents <a href=\"/wiki/Femininity\" title=\"Femininity\">femininity</a>, and in Western <a href=\"/wiki/Alchemy\" title=\"Alchemy\">alchemy</a> stood for the metal copper.<sup id=\"cite_ref-stearn_155-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stearn-155\">[152]</a></sup> Polished copper has been used for mirrors from antiquity, and the symbol for Venus has sometimes been understood to stand for the mirror of the goddess.<sup id=\"cite_ref-stearn_155-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stearn-155\">[152]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"In fiction","anchor":"In_fiction","id":19,"text":"<p>Venus is a primary feature of the night sky, and so has been of remarkable importance in <a href=\"/wiki/Venus_(mythology)\" title=\"Venus (mythology)\">mythology</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Planets_in_astrology#Venus\" title=\"Planets in astrology\">astrology</a> and fiction throughout history and in different cultures. Classical poets such as <a href=\"/wiki/Homer\" title=\"Homer\">Homer</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Sappho\" title=\"Sappho\">Sappho</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Ovid\" title=\"Ovid\">Ovid</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Virgil\" title=\"Virgil\">Virgil</a> spoke of the star and its light.<sup id=\"cite_ref-156\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-156\">[153]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Romantic_poetry\" title=\"Romantic poetry\">Romantic poets</a> such as <a href=\"/wiki/William_Blake\" title=\"William Blake\">William Blake</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Robert_Frost\" title=\"Robert Frost\">Robert Frost</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Alfred_Lord_Tennyson\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Alfred Lord Tennyson\">Alfred Lord Tennyson</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/William_Wordsworth\" title=\"William Wordsworth\">William Wordsworth</a> wrote odes to it.<sup id=\"cite_ref-157\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-157\">[154]</a></sup> With the invention of the telescope, the idea that Venus was a physical world and possible destination began to take form.</p>\n<p>The impenetrable Venusian cloud cover gave science fiction writers free rein to speculate on conditions at its surface; all the more so when early observations showed that not only was it similar in size to Earth, it possessed a substantial atmosphere. Closer to the Sun than Earth, the planet was frequently depicted as warmer, but still <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_habitability\" title=\"Planetary habitability\">habitable</a> by humans.<sup id=\"cite_ref-miller_158-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-miller-158\">[155]</a></sup> The <a href=\"/wiki/Genre\" title=\"Genre\">genre</a> reached its peak between the 1930s and 1950s, at a time when science had revealed some aspects of Venus, but not yet the harsh reality of its surface conditions. Findings from the first missions to Venus showed the reality to be quite different, and brought this particular genre to an end.<sup id=\"cite_ref-159\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-159\">[156]</a></sup> As scientific knowledge of Venus advanced, so science fiction authors tried to keep pace, particularly by conjecturing human attempts to <a href=\"/wiki/Terraforming_of_Venus\" title=\"Terraforming of Venus\">terraform Venus</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-160\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-160\">[157]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Colonization and terraforming","anchor":"Colonization_and_terraforming","id":20,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:TerraformedVenus.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"The image resembles Earth, though with far more regular cloud patterns and different continental outlines\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/TerraformedVenus.jpg/170px-TerraformedVenus.jpg\" width=\"170\" height=\"170\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"/
08-17 14:35:19.040 debug OkHttp /upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/TerraformedVenus.jpg/255px-TerraformedVenus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/TerraformedVenus.jpg/340px-TerraformedVenus.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"8432\" data-file-height=\"8432\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:TerraformedVenus.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nArtist's conception of a terraformed Venus</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Colonization_of_Venus\" title=\"Colonization of Venus\">Colonization of Venus</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Terraforming_of_Venus\" title=\"Terraforming of Venus\">Terraforming of Venus</a></div>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/Life_on_Venus\" title=\"Life on Venus\">Life on Venus</a></div>\n<p>Due to its extremely hostile conditions, a surface colony on Venus is not possible with current technology. The atmospheric pressure and temperature approximately fifty kilometres above the surface are similar to those at Earth's surface. In Venus's mostly carbon dioxide atmosphere, Earth's air (nitrogen and oxygen) would act as a lifting gas. This has led to proposals for \"floating cities\" in the Venusian atmosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Landis2003_161-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Landis2003-161\">[158]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Aerostat\" title=\"Aerostat\">Aerostats</a> (lighter-than-air balloons) could be used for initial exploration and ultimately for permanent settlements.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Landis2003_161-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Landis2003-161\">[158]</a></sup> Among the many engineering challenges are the dangerous amounts of sulfuric acid at these heights.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Landis2003_161-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Landis2003-161\">[158]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"See also","anchor":"See_also","id":21,"text":"<div role=\"navigation\" aria-label=\"Portals\" class=\"noprint portal plainlist tright\" style=\"margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px\">\n<ul style=\"display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold\"><li style=\"display:table-row\"><span style=\"display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg\" width=\"22\" height=\"28\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4500\" data-file-height=\"5600\"></span><span style=\"display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle\"><a href=\"/wiki/Portal:Solar_System\" title=\"Portal:Solar System\">Solar System portal</a></span></li>\n</ul></div>\n<table class=\"metadata mbox-small\" style=\"border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9\"><tr><td class=\"mbox-image\"><img alt=\"Book icon\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/30px-Office-book.svg.png\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/45px-Office-book.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/60px-Office-book.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"48\" data-file-height=\"48\"></td>\n<td class=\"mbox-text plainlist\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: bold\"><li><a href=\"/wiki/Book:Venus\" title=\"Book:Venus\">Book: Venus</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Book:Solar_System\" title=\"Book:Solar System\">Book: Solar System</a></li>\n</ul></td>\n</tr></table><ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Aspects_of_Venus\" title=\"Aspects of Venus\">Aspects of Venus</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Geodynamics_of_Venus\" title=\"Geodynamics of Venus\">G
08-17 14:35:19.040 debug OkHttp eodynamics of Venus</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Venus_zone\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Venus zone\">Venus zone</a></li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Notes","anchor":"Notes","id":22,"text":"<div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<ol class=\"references\"><li id=\"cite_note-48\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-48\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Misstated as \"Ganiki Chasma\" in the press release and scientific publication.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lakdawalla2015_47-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lakdawalla2015-47\">[46]</a></sup></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-134\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-134\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Several claims of transit observations made by medieval Islamic astronomers have been shown to be sunspots.<sup id=\"cite_ref-VaqueroV.C3.A1zquez2009_132-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-VaqueroV.C3.A1zquez2009-132\">[130]</a></sup> Avicenna did not record the date of his observation. There was a transit of Venus within his lifetime, on 24 May 1032, although it is questionable whether it would have been visible from his location.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Kennard_133-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Kennard-133\">[131]</a></sup></span></li>\n</ol></div>\n<div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\"></div>","references":""},{"toclevel":1,"line":"References","anchor":"References","id":23,"text":"<div class=\"reflist columns references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<ol class=\"references\"><li id=\"cite_note-Lakdawalla2009-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Lakdawalla2009_1-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Lakdawalla, Emily (21 September 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00002105/\">\"Venus Looks More Boring Than You Think It Does\"</a>. <i>The Planetary Society</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">4 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Venus+Looks+More+Boring+Than+You+Think+It+Does&amp;rft.aufirst=Emily&amp;rft.aulast=Lakdawalla&amp;rft.date=2009-09-21&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Fblog%2Farticle%2F00002105%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Planetary+Society&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-VSOP87-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-VSOP87_2-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-VSOP87_2-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Simon, J.L.; Bretagnon, P.; Chapront, J.; Chapront-Touz\u00e9, M.; Francou, G.; Laskar, J. (February 1994). \"Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics\" title=\"Astronomy and Astrophysics\">Astronomy and Astrophysics</a></i>. <b>282</b> (2): 663\u2013683. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994A&amp;A...282..663S\">1994A&amp;A...282..663S</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Numerical+expressions+for+precession+formulae+and+mean+elements+for+the+Moon+and+planets&amp;rft.au=Bretagnon%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Chapront%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Chapront-Touz%C3%A9%2C+M.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.L.&amp;rft.au=Francou%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Laskar%2C+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Simon&amp;rft.date=1994-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994A%26A...282..663S&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.j
08-17 14:35:19.040 debug OkHttp title=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&amp;rft.pages=663-683&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=282\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-fact-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_3-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_3-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_3-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_3-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_3-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_3-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_3-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_3-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_3-8\"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_3-9\"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_3-10\"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_3-11\"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Williams, David R. (15 April 2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/venusfact.html\">\"Venus Fact Sheet\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.aufirst=David+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.btitle=Venus+Fact+Sheet&amp;rft.date=2005-04-15&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Fvenusfact.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-meanplane-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-meanplane_4-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20120417212127/http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/MeanPlane.gif\">\"The MeanPlane (Invariable plane) of the Solar System passing through the barycenter\"</a>. 3 April 2009. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/MeanPlane.gif\">the original</a> on 17 April 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">10 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.btitle=The+MeanPlane+%28Invariable+plane%29+of+the+Solar+System+passing+through+the+barycenter&amp;rft.date=2009-04-03&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.surewest.net%2Fkheider%2Fastro%2FMeanPlane.gif&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> (produced with <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/\">Solex 10</a> (<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.http://www.webcitation.org/5gOzK38bc\">Archived</a> 29 April 2009 at <a href=\"/wiki/WebCite\" title=\"WebCite\">WebCite</a>) written by Aldo Vitagliano; see also <a href=\"/wiki/Invariable_plane\" title=\"Invariable plane\">Invariable plane</a>)</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-horizons-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-horizons_5-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Yeomans, Donald K. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&amp;body_group=mb&amp;sstr=2\">\"HORIZONS Web-Interface for Venus (Major Body=2)\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/JPL_Horizons_On-Line_Ephemeris_System\" title=\"JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System\">JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System</a></i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp %2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=HORIZONS+Web-Interface+for+Venus+%28Major+Body%3D2%29&amp;rft.aufirst=Donald+K.&amp;rft.aulast=Yeomans&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fhorizons.cgi%3Ffind_body%3D1%26body_group%3Dmb%26sstr%3D2&amp;rft.jtitle=JPL+Horizons+On-Line+Ephemeris+System&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span>\u2014Select \"Ephemeris Type: Orbital Elements\", \"Time Span: 2000-01-01 12:00 to 2000-01-02\". (\"Target Body: Venus\" and \"Center: Sun\" should be defaulted to.) Results are instantaneous <a href=\"/wiki/Osculating_orbit\" title=\"Osculating orbit\">osculating</a> values at the precise <a href=\"/wiki/J2000\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"J2000\">J2000</a> epoch.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Seidelmann2007-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seidelmann2007_6-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seidelmann2007_6-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFSeidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al.2007\" class=\"citation journal\">Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Archinal, Brent A.; A'Hearn, Michael F.; et al. (2007). \"Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Celestial_Mechanics_and_Dynamical_Astronomy\" title=\"Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy\">Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy</a></i>. <b>98</b> (3): 155\u2013180. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007CeMDA..98..155S\">2007CeMDA..98..155S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10569-007-9072-y\">10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Report+of+the+IAU%2FIAG+Working+Group+on+cartographic+coordinates+and+rotational+elements%3A+2006&amp;rft.au=A%27Hearn%2C+Michael+F.&amp;rft.au=Archinal%2C+Brent+A.&amp;rft.au=Conrad%2C+Albert+R.&amp;rft.au=Consolmagno%2C+Guy+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+Kenneth&amp;rft.au=Hestroffer%2C+Daniel&amp;rft.au=Hilton%2C+James+L.&amp;rft.au=Krasinsky%2C+Georgij+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Seidelmann&amp;rft.au=Neumann%2C+Gregory+A.&amp;rft.au=Oberst%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&amp;rft.au=Stooke%2C+Philip+J.&amp;rft.au=Tedesco%2C+Edward+F.&amp;rft.au=Tholen%2C+David+J.&amp;rft.au=Thomas%2C+Peter+C.&amp;rft.au=Williams%2C+Iwan+P.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007CeMDA..98..155S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10569-007-9072-y&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Celestial+Mechanics+and+Dynamical+Astronomy&amp;rft.pages=155-180&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=98\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Konopliv1999-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Konopliv1999_7-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Konopliv, A. S.; Banerdt, W. B.; Sjogren, W. L. (May 1999). \"Venus Gravity: 180th Degree and Order Model\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Icarus_(journal)\" title=\"Icarus (journal)\">Icarus</a></i>. <b>139</b> (1): 3\u201318. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Icar..139....3K\">1999Icar..139....3K</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.1999.6086\">10.1006/icar.1999.6086</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Venus+Gravity%3A+180th+Degree+and+Order+Model&amp;rf
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp t.au=Banerdt%2C+W.+B.&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Konopliv&amp;rft.au=Sjogren%2C+W.+L.&amp;rft.date=1999-05&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Icar..139....3K&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.1999.6086&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=3-18&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=139\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-8\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?planet_phys_par\">\"Planets and Pluto: Physical Characteristics\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a>. 5 November 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.btitle=Planets+and+Pluto%3A+Physical+Characteristics&amp;rft.date=2008-11-05&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2F%3Fplanet_phys_par&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-iauwg_ccrsps2000-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-iauwg_ccrsps2000_10-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm\">\"Report on the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements of the planets and satellites\"</a>. International Astronomical Union. 2000<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.btitle=Report+on+the+IAU%2FIAG+Working+Group+on+cartographic+coordinates+and+rotational+elements+of+the+planets+and+satellites&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hnsky.org%2Fiau-iag.htm&amp;rft.pub=International+Astronomical+Union&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MallamaVenus-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-MallamaVenus_11-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-MallamaVenus_11-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Mallama, A.; Wang, D.; Howard, R.A. (2006). \"Venus phase function and forward scattering from H<span style=\"display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;\"><br>\n2</span>SO<span style=\"display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;\"><br>\n4</span>\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>182</b> (1): 10\u201322. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Icar..182...10M\">2006Icar..182...10M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2005.12.014\">10.1016/j.icarus.2005.12.014</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Venus+phase+function+and+forward+scattering+from+H%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3B+margin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3B+vertical-align%3A-0.4em%3B+line-height%3A1.2em%3B+font-size%3A70%25%3B+text-align%3Aleft%3B%22%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E2%3C%2Fspan%3ESO%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3B+margin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3B+vertical-align%3A-0.4em%3B+line-height%3A1.2em%3B+font-size%3A70%25%3B+text
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp -align%3Aleft%3B%22%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E4%3C%2Fspan%3E&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.au=Howard%2C+R.A.&amp;rft.aulast=Mallama&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C+D.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Icar..182...10M&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2005.12.014&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=10-22&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=182\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MallamaSky-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-MallamaSky_12-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-MallamaSky_12-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Mallama, A. (2011). \"Planetary magnitudes\". <i>Sky &amp; Telescope</i>. <b>121</b> (1): 51\u201356.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Planetary+magnitudes&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.aulast=Mallama&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Sky+%26+Telescope&amp;rft.pages=51-56&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=121\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-JPL-Horizons-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-JPL-Horizons_13-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-JPL-Horizons_13-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&amp;body_group=mb&amp;sstr=299\">\"HORIZONS Web-Interface for Venus (Major Body=299)\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/JPL_Horizons_On-Line_Ephemeris_System\" title=\"JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System\">JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System</a></i> (Geophysical data). 27 February 2006<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=HORIZONS+Web-Interface+for+Venus+%28Major+Body%3D299%29&amp;rft.date=2006-02-27&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fhorizons.cgi%3Ffind_body%3D1%26body_group%3Dmb%26sstr%3D299&amp;rft.jtitle=JPL+Horizons+On-Line+Ephemeris+System&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> (Using JPL Horizons you can see that on 2013-Dec-08 Venus will have an apmag of \u22124.89)</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ephemeris-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-ephemeris_14-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ephemeris_14-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ephemeris_14-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Espenak, Fred (1996). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/TYPE/venus2.html#ve2006\">\"Venus: Twelve year planetary ephemeris, 1995\u20132006\"</a>. <i>NASA Reference Publication 1349</i>. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Venus%3A+Twelve+year+planetary+ephemeris%2C+1995%932006&amp;rft.aufirst=Fred&amp;rft.aulast=Espenak&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov%2FTYPE%2Fvenus2.html%23ve2006&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA+Reference+Publication+1349&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nasa_venus-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-nasa_venus_15-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-nasa_venus_15-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Venus&amp;Display=Facts&amp;System=Metric\">\"Venus: Facts &amp; Figures\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.btitle=Venus%3A+Facts+%26+Figures&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsse.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fplanets%2Fprofile.cfm%3FObject%3DVenus%26Display%3DFacts%26System%3DMetric&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-16\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Lawrence, Pete (2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20120611003523/http://www.digitalsky.org.uk/venus/shadow-of-venus.html\">\"In Search of the Venusian Shadow\"</a>. <i>Digitalsky.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.digitalsky.org.uk/venus/shadow-of-venus.html\">the original</a> on 11 June 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=In+Search+of+the+Venusian+Shadow&amp;rft.aufirst=Pete&amp;rft.aulast=Lawrence&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalsky.org.uk%2Fvenus%2Fshadow-of-venus.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Digitalsky.org.uk&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-17\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Hashimoto, G. L.; Roos-Serote, M.; Sugita, S.; Gilmore, M. S.; Kamp, L. W.; Carlson, R. W.; Baines, K. H. (2008). \"Felsic highland crust on Venus suggested by Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer data\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Journal_of_Geophysical_Research\" title=\"Journal of Geophysical Research\">Journal of Geophysical Research</a>, Planets</i>. <b>113</b>: E00B24. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JGRE..11300B24H\">2008JGRE..11300B24H</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F2008JE003134\">10.1029/2008JE003134</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Felsic+highland+crust+on+Venus+suggested+by+Galileo+Near-Infrared+Mapping+Spectrometer+data&amp;rft.au=Baines%2C+K.+H.&amp;rft.au=Carlson%2C+R.+W.&amp;rft.au=Gilmore%2C+M.+S.&amp;rft.au=Hashimoto%2C+G.+L.&amp;rft.au=Kamp%2C+L.+W.&amp;rft.au=Roos-Serote%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Sugita%2C+S.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JGRE..11300B24H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2008JE003134&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%2C+Planets&amp;rft.pages=E00B24&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=113\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-18\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">David Shiga (10 October 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12769-did-venuss-ancient-oceans-incubate-life
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp .html#.UiwMq8ZMvlU\">\"Did Venus's ancient oceans incubate life?\"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Did+Venus%27s+ancient+oceans+incubate+life%3F&amp;rft.au=David+Shiga&amp;rft.date=2007-10-10&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn12769-did-venuss-ancient-oceans-incubate-life.html%23.UiwMq8ZMvlU&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Jakosky-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Jakosky_19-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Jakosky, Bruce M. (1999). \"Atmospheres of the Terrestrial Planets\". In Beatty, J. Kelly; Petersen, Carolyn Collins; Chaikin, Andrew. <i>The New Solar System</i> (4th ed.). Boston: Sky Publishing. pp.\u00a0175\u2013200. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933346-86-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-933346-86-4\">978-0-933346-86-4</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/OCLC\" title=\"OCLC\">OCLC</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/oclc/39464951\">39464951</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Atmospheres+of+the+Terrestrial+Planets&amp;rft.aufirst=Bruce+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Jakosky&amp;rft.btitle=The+New+Solar+System&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39464951&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-933346-86-4&amp;rft.pages=175-200&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft.pub=Sky+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-solarwind-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-solarwind_20-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Venus_Express/SEM0G373R8F_0.html\">\"Caught in the wind from the Sun\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/European_Space_Agency\" title=\"European Space Agency\">European Space Agency</a>. 28 November 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.btitle=Caught+in+the+wind+from+the+Sun&amp;rft.date=2007-11-28&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FSPECIALS%2FVenus_Express%2FSEM0G373R8F_0.html&amp;rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-practice-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-practice_21-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Evans, James (1998). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&amp;pg=PA17\"><i>The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp.\u00a0296\u20137. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509539-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509539-5\">978-0-19-509539-5</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">4 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft.aulast=Evans&amp;rft.btitle=The+History+and+Practice+of+Ancient+Astronomy&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DnS51_7qbEWsC%26pg%
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp 3DPA17&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-509539-5&amp;rft.pages=296-7&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-22\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Lopes, Rosaly M. C.; Gregg, Tracy K. P. (2004). <i>Volcanic worlds: exploring the Solar System's volcanoes</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/Springer_Publishing\" title=\"Springer Publishing\">Springer Publishing</a>. p.\u00a061. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00431-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00431-8\">978-3-540-00431-8</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.au=Gregg%2C+Tracy+K.+P.&amp;rft.au=Lopes%2C+Rosaly+M.+C.&amp;rft.btitle=Volcanic+worlds%3A+exploring+the+Solar+System%27s+volcanoes&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-540-00431-8&amp;rft.pages=61&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-23\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/V/Venusatmos.html\">\"Atmosphere of Venus\"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflght</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Atmosphere+of+Venus&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daviddarling.info%2Fencyclopedia%2FV%2FVenusatmos.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Astrobiology%2C+Astronomy%2C+and+Spaceflght&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-24\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Mueller, Nils (2014). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://literati.credoreference.com/content/entry/estsolar/venus_surface_and_interior/0\">\"Venus Surface and Interior\"</a>. In Tilman, Spohn; Breuer, Doris; Johnson, T. V. <i>Encyclopedia of the Solar System</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier Science &amp; Technology. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-415845-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-12-415845-0\">978-0-12-415845-0</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Venus+Surface+and+Interior&amp;rft.aufirst=Nils&amp;rft.aulast=Mueller&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Solar+System&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fliterati.credoreference.com%2Fcontent%2Fentry%2Festsolar%2Fvenus_surface_and_interior%2F0&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-415845-0&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier+Science+%26+Technology&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-25\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\"><a href=\"/wiki/Larry_W._Esposito\" title=\"Larry W. Esposito\">Esposito, Larry W.</a> (9 March 1984). <a rel=\"nofollow
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp \" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/223/4640/1072\">\"Sulfur Dioxide: Episodic Injection Shows Evidence for Active Venus Volcanism\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Science_(journal)\" title=\"Science (journal)\">Science</a></i>. <b>223</b> (4640): 1072\u20131074. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Sci...223.1072E\">1984Sci...223.1072E</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.223.4640.1072\">10.1126/science.223.4640.1072</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17830154\">17830154</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Sulfur+Dioxide%3A+Episodic+Injection+Shows+Evidence+for+Active+Venus+Volcanism&amp;rft.aufirst=Larry+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Esposito&amp;rft.date=1984-03-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F223%2F4640%2F1072&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984Sci...223.1072E&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.223.4640.1072&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17830154&amp;rft.issue=4640&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1072-1074&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=223\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-26\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Bullock, Mark A.; <a href=\"/wiki/David_Grinspoon\" title=\"David Grinspoon\">Grinspoon, David H.</a> (March 2001). \"The Recent Evolution of Climate on Venus\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Icarus_(journal)\" title=\"Icarus (journal)\">Icarus</a></i>. <b>150</b> (1): 19\u201337. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Icar..150...19B\">2001Icar..150...19B</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.2000.6570\">10.1006/icar.2000.6570</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=The+Recent+Evolution+of+Climate+on+Venus&amp;rft.au=Bullock%2C+Mark+A.&amp;rft.au=Grinspoon%2C+David+H.&amp;rft.date=2001-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Icar..150...19B&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.2000.6570&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=19-37&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=150\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-27\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Basilevsky, Alexander T.; Head, James W., III (1995). \"Global stratigraphy of Venus: Analysis of a random sample of thirty-six test areas\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Earth,_Moon,_and_Planets\" title=\"Earth, Moon, and Planets\">Earth, Moon, and Planets</a></i>. <b>66</b> (3): 285\u2013336. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995EM&amp;P...66..285B\">1995EM&amp;P...66..285B</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00579467\">10.1007/BF00579467</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp =Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Global+stratigraphy+of+Venus%3A+Analysis+of+a+random+sample+of+thirty-six+test+areas&amp;rft.au=Basilevsky%2C+Alexander+T.&amp;rft.au=Head%2C+James+W.%2C+III&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995EM%26P...66..285B&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00579467&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Earth%2C+Moon%2C+and+Planets&amp;rft.pages=285-336&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=66\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> <span class=\"citation-comment\" style=\"display:none; color:#33aa33\">CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (<a href=\"/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Multiple_names:_authors_list\" title=\"Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list\">link</a>)</span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Kaufmann-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Kaufmann_28-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Kaufmann, W. J. (1994). <i>Universe</i>. New York: <a href=\"/wiki/W._H._Freeman\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"W. H. Freeman\">W. H. Freeman</a>. p.\u00a0204. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-2379-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-2379-0\">978-0-7167-2379-0</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Kaufmann&amp;rft.btitle=Universe&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7167-2379-0&amp;rft.pages=204&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Nimmo98-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Nimmo98_29-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Nimmo98_29-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Nimmo98_29-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Nimmo98_29-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Nimmo, F.; McKenzie, D. (1998). \"Volcanism and Tectonics on Venus\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Earth_and_Planetary_Sciences\" title=\"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences\">Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences</a></i>. <b>26</b> (1): 23\u201353. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AREPS..26...23N\">1998AREPS..26...23N</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.earth.26.1.23\">10.1146/annurev.earth.26.1.23</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Volcanism+and+Tectonics+on+Venus&amp;rft.au=McKenzie%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Nimmo%2C+F.&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998AREPS..26...23N&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.earth.26.1.23&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Earth+and+Planetary+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=23-53&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=26\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Strom1994-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Strom1994_30-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Strom1994_30-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Strom, Robert G.; Schaber, Gerald G.; Dawson, Douglas D. (25 May 1994). \"The global resurfacing of Venus\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Journal_of_Geophysical_Research\" title=\"Journal of Geophy
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp sical Research\">Journal of Geophysical Research</a></i>. <b>99</b> (E5): 10899\u201310926. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994JGR....9910899S\">1994JGR....9910899S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F94JE00388\">10.1029/94JE00388</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=The+global+resurfacing+of+Venus&amp;rft.au=Dawson%2C+Douglas+D.&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&amp;rft.aulast=Strom&amp;rft.au=Schaber%2C+Gerald+G.&amp;rft.date=1994-05-25&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994JGR....9910899S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F94JE00388&amp;rft.issue=E5&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&amp;rft.pages=10899-10926&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=99\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Frankel-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Frankel_31-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Frankel_31-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Frankel_31-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Frankel_31-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Frankel, Charles (1996). <i>Volcanoes of the Solar System</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47770-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47770-3\">978-0-521-47770-3</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft.aulast=Frankel&amp;rft.btitle=Volcanoes+of+the+Solar+System&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-47770-3&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-32\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation conference\">Batson, R.M.; Russell J. F. (18\u201322 March 1991). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc1991/pdf/1033.pdf\">\"Naming the Newly Found Landforms on Venus\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXII</i>. Houston, Texas. p.\u00a065<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Naming+the+Newly+Found+Landforms+on+Venus&amp;rft.au=Batson%2C+R.M.&amp;rft.au=Russell+J.+F.&amp;rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Lunar+and+Planetary+Science+Conference+XXII&amp;rft.date=1991-03-18%2F1991-03-22&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fmeetings%2Flpsc1991%2Fpdf%2F1033.pdf&amp;rft.pages=65&amp;rft.place=Houston%2C+Texas&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-jpl-magellan-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-jpl-magellan_33-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-jpl-magellan_33-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Carolynn Young, ed. (1 August 1990). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/magellan/guide8.html\"><i>The Magellan Venus Explorer's Guide</i></a>. California: Jet Propulsion Laboratory. p.\u00a093<span clas
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp s=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.btitle=The+Magellan+Venus+Explorer%27s+Guide&amp;rft.date=1990-08-01&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fmagellan%2Fguide8.html&amp;rft.pages=93&amp;rft.place=California&amp;rft.pub=Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Davies_1994-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Davies_1994_34-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Davies, M. E.; Abalakin, V. K.; Bursa, M.; Lieske, J. H.; Morando, B.; Morrison, D.; Seidelmann, P. K.; Sinclair, A. T.; Yallop, B.; Tjuflin, Y. S. (1994). \"Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites\". <i>Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy</i>. <b>63</b> (2): 127\u2013148. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996CeMDA..63..127D\">1996CeMDA..63..127D</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00693410\">10.1007/BF00693410</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Report+of+the+IAU+Working+Group+on+Cartographic+Coordinates+and+Rotational+Elements+of+the+Planets+and+Satellites&amp;rft.au=Abalakin%2C+V.+K.&amp;rft.au=Bursa%2C+M.&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+E.&amp;rft.aulast=Davies&amp;rft.au=Lieske%2C+J.+H.&amp;rft.au=Morando%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Morrison%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Seidelmann%2C+P.+K.&amp;rft.au=Sinclair%2C+A.+T.&amp;rft.au=Tjuflin%2C+Y.+S.&amp;rft.au=Yallop%2C+B.&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996CeMDA..63..127D&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00693410&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Celestial+Mechanics+and+Dynamical+Astronomy&amp;rft.pages=127-148&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=63\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-35\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/WGCCRE/constants/iau2000_table1.html\">\"USGS Astrogeology: Rotation and pole position for the Sun and planets (IAU WGCCRE)\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey\" title=\"United States Geological Survey\">United States Geological Survey</a>. JPL Publication 90-24<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">22 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.btitle=USGS+Astrogeology%3A+Rotation+and+pole+position+for+the+Sun+and+planets+%28IAU+WGCCRE%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastrogeology.usgs.gov%2FProjects%2FWGCCRE%2Fconstants%2Fiau2000_table1.html&amp;rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-jpl-magellan2-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-jpl-magellan2_36-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Carolynn Young, ed. (1 August 1990). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/magellan/guide8.html\"><i>The Magellan Venus Explorer's Guide</i></a>. California: Jet Propulsion Laboratory. pp.\u00a099\u2013100<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span cl
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp ass=\"nowrap\">13 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.btitle=The+Magellan+Venus+Explorer%27s+Guide&amp;rft.date=1990-08-01&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fmagellan%2Fguide8.html&amp;rft.pages=99-100&amp;rft.place=California&amp;rft.pub=Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-37\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Karttunen, Hannu; Kroger, P.; Oja, H.; Poutanen, M.; Donner, K. J. (2007). <i><a href=\"/wiki/Fundamental_Astronomy\" title=\"Fundamental Astronomy\">Fundamental Astronomy</a></i>. Springer. p.\u00a0162. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34143-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34143-7\">978-3-540-34143-7</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.au=Donner%2C+K.+J.&amp;rft.au=Karttunen%2C+Hannu&amp;rft.au=Kroger%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Oja%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Poutanen%2C+M.&amp;rft.btitle=Fundamental+Astronomy&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-540-34143-7&amp;rft.pages=162&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-38\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-38\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Kranopol'skii, V. A. (1980). \"Lightning on Venus according to Information Obtained by the Satellites <i>Venera 9</i> and <i>10</i>\". <i>Cosmic Research</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 325\u2013330. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980CosRe..18..325K\">1980CosRe..18..325K</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Lightning+on+Venus+according+to+Information+Obtained+by+the+Satellites+Venera+9+and+10&amp;rft.aufirst=V.+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Kranopol%27skii&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980CosRe..18..325K&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Cosmic+Research&amp;rft.pages=325-330&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=18\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Russell.2C_Philips-39\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Russell.2C_Philips_39-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Russell, C. T.; Phillips, J. L. (1990). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu/personnel/russell/papers/ashen/\">\"The Ashen Light\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Advances_in_Space_Research\" title=\"Advances in Space Research\">Advances in Space Research</a></i>. <b>10</b> (5): 137\u2013141. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990AdSpR..10..137R\">1990AdSpR..10..137R</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0273-1177%2890%2990174-X\">10.1016/0273-1177(90)90174-X</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=The+Ashen+Light&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+T.&amp;rft.aulast=Russell&amp;rft.au=Phillips%2C+J.+L.&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu%2Fpersonnel%2Frussell%2Fpapers%2Fashen%2F&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp %2F1990AdSpR..10..137R&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0273-1177%2890%2990174-X&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Space+Research&amp;rft.pages=137-141&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=10\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-40\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-40\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1978-086C\">\"<i>Venera 12</i> Descent Craft\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/National_Space_Science_Data_Center\" title=\"National Space Science Data Center\">National Space Science Data Center</a></i>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">10 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Venera+12+Descent+Craft&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2FspacecraftDisplay.do%3Fid%3D1978-086C&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Space+Science+Data+Center&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Russell_2007-41\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Russell_2007_41-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Russell_2007_41-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Russell_2007_41-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Russell, C. T.; Zhang, T. L.; Delva, M.; Magnes, W.; Strangeway, R. J.; Wei, H. Y. (November 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://aten.igpp.ucla.edu/personnel/russell/papers/lightning_venus_whistler-mode_waves.pdf\">\"Lightning on Venus inferred from whistler-mode waves in the ionosphere\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Nature_(journal)\" title=\"Nature (journal)\">Nature</a></i>. <b>450</b> (7170): 661\u2013662. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.450..661R\">2007Natur.450..661R</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05930\">10.1038/nature05930</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18046401\">18046401</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Lightning+on+Venus+inferred+from+whistler-mode+waves+in+the+ionosphere&amp;rft.au=Delva%2C+M.&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+T.&amp;rft.aulast=Russell&amp;rft.au=Magnes%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Strangeway%2C+R.+J.&amp;rft.au=Wei%2C+H.+Y.&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+T.+L.&amp;rft.date=2007-11&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faten.igpp.ucla.edu%2Fpersonnel%2Frussell%2Fpapers%2Flightning_venus_whistler-mode_waves.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Natur.450..661R&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature05930&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18046401&amp;rft.issue=7170&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=661-662&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=450\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Venus_Express-42\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Venus_Express_42-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20071130201237/http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/space/11/28/venus.lightning.ap/index.html\">\"Venus also zapped by lightning\"</a>.
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08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp ce-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Marcq, Emmanuel; Bertaux, Jean-Loup; Montmessin, Franck; Belyaev, Denis (January 2013). \"Variations of sulphur dioxide at the cloud top of Venus's dynamic atmosphere\". <i>Nature Geoscience</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 25\u201328. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatGe...6...25M\">2013NatGe...6...25M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo1650\">10.1038/ngeo1650</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Variations+of+sulphur+dioxide+at+the+cloud+top+of+Venus%27s+dynamic+atmosphere&amp;rft.au=Belyaev%2C+Denis&amp;rft.au=Bertaux%2C+Jean-Loup&amp;rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&amp;rft.aulast=Marcq&amp;rft.au=Montmessin%2C+Franck&amp;rft.date=2013-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013NatGe...6...25M&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fngeo1650&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&amp;rft.pages=25-28&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=6\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-USGS_Ganis_Chasma-46\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-USGS_Ganis_Chasma_46-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2099\">\"Ganis Chasma\"</a>. <i>Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/USGS_Astrogeology_Science_Center\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"USGS Astrogeology Science Center\">USGS Astrogeology Science Center</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Ganis+Chasma&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs.gov%2FFeature%2F2099&amp;rft.jtitle=Gazetteer+of+Planetary+Nomenclature&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Lakdawalla2015-47\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lakdawalla2015_47-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lakdawalla2015_47-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a href=\"/wiki/Emily_Lakdawalla\" title=\"Emily Lakdawalla\">Lakdawalla, Emily</a> (18 June 2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2015/06181637-transient-hot-spots-on-venus.html\">\"Transient hot spots on Venus: Best evidence yet for active volcanism\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/The_Planetary_Society\" title=\"The Planetary Society\">The Planetary Society</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.aufirst=Emily&amp;rft.aulast=Lakdawalla&amp;rft.btitle=Transient+hot+spots+on+Venus%3A+Best+evidence+yet+for+active+volcanism&amp;rft.date=2015-06-18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Fblogs%2Femily-lakdawalla%2F2015%2F06181637-transient-hot-spots-on-venus.html&amp;rft.pub=The+Planetary+Society&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ESA_2015-06-18-49\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ESA_2015-06-18_49-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20150619071101/http://w
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp ww.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Venus_Express/Hot_lava_flows_discovered_on_Venus\">\"Hot lava flows discovered on Venus\"</a>. European Space Agency. 18 June 2015. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Venus_Express/Hot_lava_flows_discovered_on_Venus\">the original</a> on 19 June 2015<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.btitle=Hot+lava+flows+discovered+on+Venus&amp;rft.date=2015-06-18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FSpace_Science%2FVenus_Express%2FHot_lava_flows_discovered_on_Venus&amp;rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Shalygin2015-50\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Shalygin2015_50-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Shalygin, E. V.; Markiewicz, W. J.; Basilevsky, A. T.; Titov, D. V.; Ignatiev, N. I.; Head, J. W. (17 June 2015). \"Active volcanism on Venus in the Ganiki Chasma rift zone\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Geophysical_Research_Letters\" title=\"Geophysical Research Letters\">Geophysical Research Letters</a></i>. <b>42</b>: 4762\u20134769. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoRL..42.4762S\">2015GeoRL..42.4762S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F2015GL064088\">10.1002/2015GL064088</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Active+volcanism+on+Venus+in+the+Ganiki+Chasma+rift+zone&amp;rft.au=Basilevsky%2C+A.+T.&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+V.&amp;rft.au=Head%2C+J.+W.&amp;rft.au=Ignatiev%2C+N.+I.&amp;rft.aulast=Shalygin&amp;rft.au=Markiewicz%2C+W.+J.&amp;rft.au=Titov%2C+D.+V.&amp;rft.date=2015-06-17&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015GeoRL..42.4762S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2015GL064088&amp;rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&amp;rft.pages=4762-4769&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=42\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-51\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-51\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Romeo, I.; Turcotte, D. L. (2009). \"The frequency-area distribution of volcanic units on Venus: Implications for planetary resurfacing\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>203</b> (1): 13\u201319. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Icar..203...13R\">2009Icar..203...13R</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2009.03.036\">10.1016/j.icarus.2009.03.036</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=The+frequency-area+distribution+of+volcanic+units+on+Venus%3A+Implications+for+planetary+resurfacing&amp;rft.au=Romeo%2C+I.&amp;rft.au=Turcotte%2C+D.+L.&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Icar..203...13R&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2009.03.036&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=13-19&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=203\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-52\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=
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08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-55\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Faure, Gunter; Mensing, Teresa M. (2007). <i>Introduction to planetary science: the geological perspective</i>. Springer eBook collection. Springer. p.\u00a0201. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-5233-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-5233-0\">978-1-4020-5233-0</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.au=Faure%2C+Gunter&amp;rft.au=Mensing%2C+Teresa+M.&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+planetary+science%3A+the+geological+perspective&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4020-5233-0&amp;rft.pages=201&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.series=Springer+eBook+collection&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-56\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-56\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFAitta2012\" class=\"citation\">Aitta, A. (April 2012), <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anneli_Aitta/publication/256719725_Venus_internal_structure_temperature_and_core_composition/links/548753da0cf289302e2ed941.pdf\">\"Venus' internal structure, temperature and core composition\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>, <i>Icarus</i>, <b>218</b> (2): 967\u2013974, <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Icar..218..967A\">2012Icar..218..967A</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2012.01.007\">10.1016/j.icarus.2012.01.007</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">, retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">17 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Venus%27+internal+structure%2C+temperature+and+core+composition&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.aulast=Aitta&amp;rft.date=2012-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fprofile%2FAnneli_Aitta%2Fpublication%2F256719725_Venus_internal_structure_temperature_and_core_composition%2Flinks%2F548753da0cf289302e2ed941.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Icar..218..967A&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2012.01.007&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=967-974&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=218\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-57\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-57\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Nimmo, F. (2002). \"Crustal analysis of Venus from Magellan satellite observations at Atalanta Planitia, Beta Regio, and Thetis Regio\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Geology_(journal)\" title=\"Geology (journal)\">Geology</a></i>. <b>30</b> (11): 987\u2013990. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Geo....30..987N\">2002Geo....30..987N</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%282002%29030%3C0987%3AWDVLAM%3E2.0.CO%3B2\">10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030&lt;0987:WDVLAM&gt;2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7613\">0091-7613</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ve
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp r=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Crustal+analysis+of+Venus+from+Magellan+satellite+observations+at+Atalanta+Planitia%2C+Beta+Regio%2C+and+Thetis+Regio&amp;rft.au=Nimmo%2C+F.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Geo....30..987N&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0091-7613%282002%29030%3C0987%3AWDVLAM%3E2.0.CO%3B2&amp;rft.issn=0091-7613&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.jtitle=Geology&amp;rft.pages=987-990&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=30\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SolarSystemEncyclopedia-58\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-SolarSystemEncyclopedia_58-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Taylor, Fredric W. (2014). \"Venus: Atmosphere\". In Tilman, Spohn; Breuer, Doris; Johnson, T. V. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://literati.credoreference.com/content/entry/estsolar/venus_atmosphere/0\"><i>Encyclopedia of the Solar System</i></a>. Oxford: <a href=\"/wiki/Elsevier\" title=\"Elsevier\">Elsevier</a> Science &amp; Technology. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-415845-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-12-415845-0\">978-0-12-415845-0</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Venus%3A+Atmosphere&amp;rft.aufirst=Fredric+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Taylor&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Solar+System&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fliterati.credoreference.com%2Fcontent%2Fentry%2Festsolar%2Fvenus_atmosphere%2F0&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-415845-0&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier+Science+%26+Technology&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-59\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-59\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20120426064658/http://burro.cwru.edu/stu/advanced/venus.html\">\"Venus\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University\" title=\"Case Western Reserve University\">Case Western Reserve University</a>. 13 September 2006. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://burro.cwru.edu/stu/advanced/venus.html\">the original</a> on 26 April 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">21 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.btitle=Venus&amp;rft.date=2006-09-13&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fburro.cwru.edu%2Fstu%2Fadvanced%2Fvenus.html&amp;rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-60\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-60\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Lewis, John S. (2004). <i>Physics and Chemistry of the Solar System</i> (2nd ed.). <a href=\"/wiki/Academic_Press\" title=\"Academic Press\">Academic Press</a>. p.\u00a0463. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-446744-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-12-446744-6\">978-0-12-446744-6</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.aufirst=John+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Lewis&amp;rft.btitle=Physics
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp +and+Chemistry+of+the+Solar+System&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-446744-6&amp;rft.pages=463&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-61\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-61\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Henry Bortman (2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/venus_life_040826.html\">\"Was Venus Alive? 'The Signs are Probably There<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">'</span>\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Space.com\" title=\"Space.com\">Space.com</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">31 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Was+Venus+Alive%3F+%27The+Signs+are+Probably+There%27&amp;rft.au=Henry+Bortman&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fscienceastronomy%2Fvenus_life_040826.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Space.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Life_on_Venus-62\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Life_on_Venus_62-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Hammonds, Markus (16 May 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.discovery.com/space/alien-life-exoplanets/are-venus-clouds-a-haven-for-life-130516.htm\">\"Does Alien Life Thrive in Venus's Mysterious Clouds?\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Discovery_News\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Discovery News\">Discovery News</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">11 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Does+Alien+Life+Thrive+in+Venus%27s+Mysterious+Clouds%3F&amp;rft.au=Hammonds%2C+Markus&amp;rft.date=2013-05-16&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.discovery.com%2Fspace%2Falien-life-exoplanets%2Fare-venus-clouds-a-haven-for-life-130516.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=Discovery+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-baas39_540-63\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-baas39_540_63-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\"><a href=\"/wiki/David_Grinspoon\" title=\"David Grinspoon\">Grinspoon, David H.</a>; Bullock, M. A. (October 2007). \"Searching for Evidence of Past Oceans on Venus\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Astronomical_Society\" title=\"Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society\">Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society</a></i>. <b>39</b>: 540. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007DPS....39.6109G\">2007DPS....39.6109G</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Searching+for+Evidence+of+Past+Oceans+on+Venus&amp;rft.au=Bullock%2C+M.+A.&amp;rft.aufirst=David+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Grinspoon&amp;rft.date=2007-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007DPS....39.6109G&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft.pages=540&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=39\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Kasting-64\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Kasting_64-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\"><a href=\"/wiki/Jam
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08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp fmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=56\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Cockell1999-67\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Cockell1999_67-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\"><a href=\"/wiki/Charles_S._Cockell\" title=\"Charles S. Cockell\">Cockell, Charles S.</a> (December 1999). \"Life on Venus\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_and_Space_Science\" title=\"Planetary and Space Science\">Planetary and Space Science</a></i>. <b>47</b> (12): 1487\u20131501. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999P&amp;SS...47.1487C\">1999P&amp;SS...47.1487C</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0032-0633%2899%2900036-7\">10.1016/S0032-0633(99)00036-7</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Life+on+Venus&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Cockell&amp;rft.date=1999-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999P%26SS...47.1487C&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0032-0633%2899%2900036-7&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&amp;rft.pages=1487-1501&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=47\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-68\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-68\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Moshkin, B. E.; Ekonomov, A. P.; Golovin Iu. M. (1979). \"Dust on the surface of Venus\". <i>Kosmicheskie Issledovaniia (Cosmic Research)</i>. <b>17</b>: 280\u2013285. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979CoRe...17..232M\">1979CoRe...17..232M</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Dust+on+the+surface+of+Venus&amp;rft.au=Ekonomov%2C+A.+P.&amp;rft.au=Golovin+Iu.+M.&amp;rft.au=Moshkin%2C+B.+E.&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979CoRe...17..232M&amp;rft.jtitle=Kosmicheskie+Issledovaniia+%28Cosmic+Research%29&amp;rft.pages=280-285&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=17\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-kras006-69\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-kras006_69-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-kras006_69-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Krasnopolsky, Vladimir A. (November 2006). \"Chemical composition of Venus atmosphere and clouds: Some unsolved problems\". <i>Planetary and Space Science</i>. <b>54</b> (13-14): 1352\u20131359. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006P&amp;SS...54.1352K\">2006P&amp;SS...54.1352K</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pss.2006.04.019\">10.1016/j.pss.2006.04.019</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Chemical+composition+of+Venus+atmosphere+and+clouds%3A+Some+unsolved+problems&amp;rft.aufirst=Vladimir+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Krasnopolsky&amp;rft.date=2006-11&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006P%26SS...54.1352K&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pss.2006.04.019&amp;rft.issue=13-14&amp;rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&amp;rft.pages=1352-1359&amp;rft_val_fmt=info
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08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/1520-0469\">1520-0469</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Cloud-tracked+winds+from+Pioneer+Venus+OCPP+images&amp;rft.au=A.+D.+del+Genio&amp;rft.au=T.+Eichler&amp;rft.au=W.+B.+Rossow&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ametsoc.org%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1175%2F1520-0469%25281990%2529047%253C2053%253ACTWFVO%253E2.0.CO%253B2&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990JAtS...47.2053R&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0469%281990%29047%3C2053%3ACTWFVO%3E2.0.CO%3B2&amp;rft.issn=1520-0469&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Atmospheric+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=2053-2084&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=47\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-science328-73\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-science328_73-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Normile, Dennis (7 May 2010). \"Mission to probe Venus's curious winds and test solar sail for propulsion\". <i>Science</i>. <b>328</b> (5979): 677. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sci...328..677N\">2010Sci...328..677N</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.328.5979.677-a\">10.1126/science.328.5979.677-a</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448159\">20448159</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Mission+to+probe+Venus%27s+curious+winds+and+test+solar+sail+for+propulsion&amp;rft.au=Normile%2C+Dennis&amp;rft.date=2010-05-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Sci...328..677N&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.328.5979.677-a&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20448159&amp;rft.issue=5979&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=677&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=328\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-74\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-74\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Lorenz, Ralph D.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Withers, Paul G.; McKay, Christopher P. (2001). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://sirius.bu.edu/withers/pppp/pdf/mepgrl2001.pdf\">\"Titan, Mars and Earth: Entropy Production by Latitudinal Heat Transport\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Ames_Research_Center\" title=\"Ames Research Center\">Ames Research Center</a>, University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">21 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.au=Lorenz%2C+Ralph+D.&amp;rft.au=Lunine%2C+Jonathan+I.&amp;rft.au=McKay%2C+Christopher+P.&amp;rft.au=Withers%2C+Paul+G.&amp;rft.btitle=Titan%2C+Mars+and+Earth%3A+Entropy+Production+by+Latitudinal+Heat+Transport&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsirius.bu.edu%2Fwithers%2Fpppp%2Fpdf%2Fmepgrl2001.pdf&amp;rft.pub=Ames+Research+Center%2C+University+of+Arizona+Lunar+and+Planetary+Laboratory&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-75\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a hre
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp f=\"#cite_ref-75\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/interplanetaryseasons.html\">\"Interplanetary Seasons\"</a>. <i>NASA</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">21 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Interplanetary+Seasons&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fheadlines%2Fy2000%2Finterplanetaryseasons.html&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Basilevsky_2003-76\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Basilevsky_2003_76-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Basilevsky A. T.; Head J. W. (2003). \"The surface of Venus\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Reports_on_Progress_in_Physics\" title=\"Reports on Progress in Physics\">Reports on Progress in Physics</a></i>. <b>66</b> (10): 1699\u20131734. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003RPPh...66.1699B\">2003RPPh...66.1699B</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0034-4885%2F66%2F10%2FR04\">10.1088/0034-4885/66/10/R04</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=The+surface+of+Venus&amp;rft.au=Basilevsky+A.+T.&amp;rft.au=Head+J.+W.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003RPPh...66.1699B&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0034-4885%2F66%2F10%2FR04&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.jtitle=Reports+on+Progress+in+Physics&amp;rft.pages=1699-1734&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=66\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-McGill_2010-77\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-McGill_2010_77-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">McGill, G. E.; Stofan, E. R.; Smrekar, S. E. (2010). \"Venus tectonics\". In T. R. Watters; R. A. Schultz. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=9PD5hxPb6fkC&amp;pg=PA81\"><i>Planetary Tectonics</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp.\u00a081\u2013120. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76573-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76573-2\">978-0-521-76573-2</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Venus+tectonics&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+E.&amp;rft.aulast=McGill&amp;rft.au=Smrekar%2C+S.+E.&amp;rft.au=Stofan%2C+E.+R.&amp;rft.btitle=Planetary+Tectonics&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9PD5hxPb6fkC%26pg%3DPA81&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-76573-2&amp;rft.pages=81-120&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-78\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-78\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Otten, Carolyn Jones (2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news-info.wustl.edu/news/page/normal/633.html\">\"<span style=\"padding-left:0.2em;\">\"</span>Heavy metal\" snow on Venus is lead sulfide\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Washington_University_in_St_Louis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Washington University in St Louis\"
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp >Washington University in St Louis</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">21 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.aufirst=Carolyn+Jones&amp;rft.aulast=Otten&amp;rft.btitle=%22Heavy+metal%22+snow+on+Venus+is+lead+sulfide&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews-info.wustl.edu%2Fnews%2Fpage%2Fnormal%2F633.html&amp;rft.pub=Washington+University+in+St+Louis&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-79\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-79\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Hand, Eric (November 2007). \"European mission reports from Venus\". <i>Nature</i> (450): 633\u2013660. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2007.297\">10.1038/news.2007.297</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=European+mission+reports+from+Venus&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric&amp;rft.aulast=Hand&amp;rft.date=2007-11&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews.2007.297&amp;rft.issue=450&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=633-660&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-80\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-80\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Staff (28 November 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7117303.stm\">\"Venus offers Earth climate clues\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/BBC_News\" title=\"BBC News\">BBC News</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Venus+offers+Earth+climate+clues&amp;rft.au=Staff&amp;rft.date=2007-11-28&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F7117303.stm&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-esaozone-81\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-esaozone_81-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMU3N9U7TG_Life_0.html\">\"ESA finds that Venus has an ozone layer too\"</a>. European Space Agency. 6 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">25 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.btitle=ESA+finds+that+Venus+has+an+ozone+layer+too&amp;rft.date=2011-10-06&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FesaCP%2FSEMU3N9U7TG_Life_0.html&amp;rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ESA-20130129-82\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ESA-20130129_82-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/When_a_planet_behaves_like_a_comet\">\"When A Planet Behaves Like A Comet\"</a>. European Space Agency. 29 January 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">31 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp %3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.btitle=When+A+Planet+Behaves+Like+A+Comet&amp;rft.date=2013-01-29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FSpace_Science%2FWhen_a_planet_behaves_like_a_comet&amp;rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Space-20130130-83\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Space-20130130_83-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Kramer, Miriam (30 January 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.space.com/19537-venus-comet-atmosphere.html\">\"Venus Can Have 'Comet-Like' Atmosphere\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Space.com\" title=\"Space.com\">Space.com</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">31 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Venus+Can+Have+%27Comet-Like%27+Atmosphere&amp;rft.aufirst=Miriam&amp;rft.aulast=Kramer&amp;rft.date=2013-01-30&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F19537-venus-comet-atmosphere.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Space.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HITRAN-84\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-HITRAN_84-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/hitran/\">\"The HITRAN Database\"</a>. Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, <a href=\"/wiki/Harvard-Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics\">Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">8 August</span> 2012</span>. <q>HITRAN is a compilation of spectroscopic parameters that a variety of computer codes use to predict and simulate the transmission and emission of light in the atmosphere.</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.btitle=The+HITRAN+Database&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfa.harvard.edu%2Fhitran%2F&amp;rft.pub=Atomic+and+Molecular+Physics+Division%2C+Harvard-Smithsonian+Center+for+Astrophysics&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-hitraniaoru-85\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-hitraniaoru_85-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://hitran.iao.ru/\">\"HITRAN on the Web Information System\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/V.E._Zuev_Institute_of_Atmospheric_Optics\" title=\"V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics\">V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">11 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.btitle=HITRAN+on+the+Web+Information+System&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhitran.iao.ru%2F&amp;rft.pub=V.E.+Zuev+Institute+of+Atmospheric+Optics&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-86\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-86\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Dolginov, Sh.; Eroshenko, E. G.; Lewis, L. (September 1969). \"Nature of the Magnetic Field in the Neighborhood of Venus\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Cosmic_Research\" title=\"Cosmic Research\">Cosmic Research</a></i>
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp . <b>7</b>: 675. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969CosRe...7..675D\">1969CosRe...7..675D</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Nature+of+the+Magnetic+Field+in+the+Neighborhood+of+Venus&amp;rft.au=Dolginov%2C+Sh.&amp;rft.au=Eroshenko%2C+E.+G.&amp;rft.au=Lewis%2C+L.&amp;rft.date=1969-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969CosRe...7..675D&amp;rft.jtitle=Cosmic+Research&amp;rft.pages=675&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=7\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-87\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-87\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Kivelson G. M.; Russell, C. T. (1995). \"Introduction to Space Physics\". <a href=\"/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press\" title=\"Cambridge University Press\">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45714-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45714-9\">978-0-521-45714-9</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Space+Physics&amp;rft.au=Kivelson+G.+M.&amp;rft.au=Russell%2C+C.+T.&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-45714-9&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-88\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-88\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Upadhyay, H. O.; Singh, R. N. (April 1995). \"Cosmic ray Ionization of Lower Venus Atmosphere\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Advances_in_Space_Research\" title=\"Advances in Space Research\">Advances in Space Research</a></i>. <b>15</b> (4): 99\u2013108. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995AdSpR..15...99U\">1995AdSpR..15...99U</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0273-1177%2894%2900070-H\">10.1016/0273-1177(94)00070-H</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Cosmic+ray+Ionization+of+Lower+Venus+Atmosphere&amp;rft.au=Singh%2C+R.+N.&amp;rft.au=Upadhyay%2C+H.+O.&amp;rft.date=1995-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995AdSpR..15...99U&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0273-1177%2894%2900070-H&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Space+Research&amp;rft.pages=99-108&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=15\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-89\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-89\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Luhmann, J. G.; Russell, C. T. (1997). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www-spc.igpp.ucla.edu/personnel/russell/papers/venus_mag/\">\"Venus: Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere\"</a>. In Shirley, J. H.; Fainbridge, R. W. <i>Encyclopedia of Planetary Sciences</i>. New York: <a href=\"/wiki/Chapman_and_Hall\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Chapman and Hall\">Chapman and Hall</a>. pp.\u00a0905\u2013907. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4520-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4520-2\">978-1-4020-4520-2</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-20
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp 04&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Venus%3A+Magnetic+Field+and+Magnetosphere&amp;rft.au=Luhmann%2C+J.+G.&amp;rft.au=Russell%2C+C.+T.&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Planetary+Sciences&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-spc.igpp.ucla.edu%2Fpersonnel%2Frussell%2Fpapers%2Fvenus_mag%2F&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4020-4520-2&amp;rft.pages=905-907&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-90\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-90\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Stevenson, D. J. (15 March 2003). \"Planetary magnetic fields\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Earth_and_Planetary_Science_Letters\" title=\"Earth and Planetary Science Letters\">Earth and Planetary Science Letters</a></i>. <b>208</b> (1\u20132): 1\u201311. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003E&amp;PSL.208....1S\">2003E&amp;PSL.208....1S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0012-821X%2802%2901126-3\">10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01126-3</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Planetary+magnetic+fields&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Stevenson&amp;rft.date=2003-03-15&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003E%26PSL.208....1S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0012-821X%2802%2901126-3&amp;rft.issue=1%932&amp;rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&amp;rft.pages=1-11&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=208\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nimmo02-91\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-nimmo02_91-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-nimmo02_91-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Nimmo, Francis (November 2002). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~nimmo/website/paper25.pdf\">\"Why does Venus lack a magnetic field?\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geology</i>. <b>30</b> (11): 987\u2013990. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Geo....30..987N\">2002Geo....30..987N</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%282002%29030%3C0987%3AWDVLAM%3E2.0.CO%3B2\">10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030&lt;0987:WDVLAM&gt;2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7613\">0091-7613</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Why+does+Venus+lack+a+magnetic+field%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=Francis&amp;rft.aulast=Nimmo&amp;rft.date=2002-11&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ess.ucla.edu%2F~nimmo%2Fwebsite%2Fpaper25.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Geo....30..987N&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0091-7613%282002%29030%3C0987%3AWDVLAM%3E2.0.CO%3B2&amp;rft.issn=0091-7613&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.jtitle=Geology&amp;rft.pages=987-990&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=30\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp id=\"cite_note-92\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-92\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Konopliv, A. S.; Yoder, C. F. (1996). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110512154523/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1996/96GL01589.shtml\">\"Venusian <i>k</i><sub>2</sub> tidal Love number from Magellan and PVO tracking data\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Geophysical_Research_Letters\" title=\"Geophysical Research Letters\">Geophysical Research Letters</a></i>. <b>23</b> (14): 1857\u20131860. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996GeoRL..23.1857K\">1996GeoRL..23.1857K</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F96GL01589\">10.1029/96GL01589</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1996/96GL01589.shtml\">the original</a> on 12 May 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Venusian+k%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+tidal+Love+number+from+Magellan+and+PVO+tracking+data&amp;rft.au=Konopliv%2C+A.+S.&amp;rft.au=Yoder%2C+C.+F.&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agu.org%2Fpubs%2Fcrossref%2F1996%2F96GL01589.shtml&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996GeoRL..23.1857K&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F96GL01589&amp;rft.issue=14&amp;rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&amp;rft.pages=1857-1860&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=23\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nature450_7170_629-93\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nature450_7170_629_93-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Svedhem, H\u00e5kan; Titov, Dmitry V.; Taylor, Fredric W.; Witasse, Olivier (November 2007). \"Venus as a more Earth-like planet\". <i>Nature</i>. <b>450</b> (7170): 629\u2013632. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.450..629S\">2007Natur.450..629S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06432\">10.1038/nature06432</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18046393\">18046393</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Venus+as+a+more+Earth-like+planet&amp;rft.aufirst=H%C3%A5kan&amp;rft.aulast=Svedhem&amp;rft.au=Taylor%2C+Fredric+W.&amp;rft.au=Titov%2C+Dmitry+V.&amp;rft.au=Witasse%2C+Olivier&amp;rft.date=2007-11&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Natur.450..629S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature06432&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18046393&amp;rft.issue=7170&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=629-632&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=450\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-94\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-94\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Donahue, T. M.; Hoffman, J. H.; Hodges, R. R.; Watson, A. J. (1982). \"Venus Was Wet: A Measurement of the Ratio of Deuterium to Hydrogen\". <i>Science</i>. <b>216</b> (4546): 630\u2013633. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982Sci...216..630D\">1982Sci...216..630D</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.216.4546.630\">10.1126/science.216.4546.630</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075\">0036-8075</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Venus+Was+Wet%3A+A+Measurement+of+the+Ratio+of+Deuterium+to+Hydrogen&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+M.&amp;rft.au=Hodges%2C+R.+R.&amp;rft.au=Hoffman%2C+J.+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Donahue&amp;rft.au=Watson%2C+A.+J.&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982Sci...216..630D&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.216.4546.630&amp;rft.issn=0036-8075&amp;rft.issue=4546&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=630-633&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=216\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-95\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-95\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20120809051650/http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/Solex-Venus.txt\">\"Venus Close Approaches to Earth as predicted by Solex 11\"</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/Solex-Venus.txt\">the original</a> on 9 August 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.btitle=Venus+Close+Approaches+to+Earth+as+predicted+by+Solex+11&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.surewest.net%2Fkheider%2Fastro%2FSolex-Venus.txt&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> Numbers generated by <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20150918233453/http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/\">Solex</a></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Venus-96\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Venus_96-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a href=\"/wiki/Steven_W._Squyres\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Steven W. Squyres\">Squyres, Steven W.</a> (2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/625665/Venus\">\"Venus\"</a>. <i>Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica Online</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">7 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Venus&amp;rft.aufirst=Steven+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Squyres&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F625665%2FVenus&amp;rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-97\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-97\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Bakich, Michael E. (2000). <i>The Cambridge Planetary Handbook</i>. Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a050. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63280-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63280-5\">978-0-521-63280-5</a>.</cite><span title=\"c
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp tx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&amp;rft.aulast=Bakich&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Planetary+Handbook&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-63280-5&amp;rft.pages=50&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-slowing_spin-98\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-slowing_spin_98-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEM0TLSXXXG_index_0.html\">\"Could Venus Be Shifting Gear?\"</a>. <i>Venus Express</i>. European Space Agency. 10 February 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">7 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Could+Venus+Be+Shifting+Gear%3F&amp;rft.date=2012-02-10&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FesaCP%2FSEM0TLSXXXG_index_0.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Venus+Express&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-planetary-facts-99\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-planetary-facts_99-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/compare/planetary-facts.html\">\"Planetary Facts\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/The_Planetary_Society\" title=\"The Planetary Society\">The Planetary Society</a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20120511011542/http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/compare/planetary-facts.html\">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.btitle=Planetary+Facts&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Fexplore%2Fspace-topics%2Fcompare%2Fplanetary-facts.html&amp;rft.pub=The+Planetary+Society&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-compare-100\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-compare_100-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-compare_100-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20060218084852/http://planetary.org/explore/topics/compare_the_planets/terrestrial.html\">\"Space Topics: Compare the Planets\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/The_Planetary_Society\" title=\"The Planetary Society\">The Planetary Society</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/compare_the_planets/terrestrial.html\">the original</a> on 18 February 2006<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.btitle=Space+Topics%3A+Compare+the+Planets&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Fexplore%2Ftopics%2Fcompare_the_planets%2Fterrestrial.html&amp;rft.pub=The+Planetary+Society&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-101\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-101\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\"><a href=\"/wiki/Serge_Brun
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp ier\" title=\"Serge Brunier\">Serge Brunier</a> (2002). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com.au/books?id=JkLxJOhEj-wC&amp;pg=PA40\"><i>Solar System Voyage</i></a>. Translated by Dunlop, Storm. Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a040. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80724-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80724-1\">978-0-521-80724-1</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.au=Serge+Brunier&amp;rft.btitle=Solar+System+Voyage&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.au%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJkLxJOhEj-wC%26pg%3DPA40&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-80724-1&amp;rft.pages=40&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-102\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-102\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Correia, Alexandre C. M.; Laskar, Jacques; De Surgy, Olivier N\u00e9ron (May 2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.imcce.fr/Equipes/ASD/preprints/prep.2002/venus1.2002.pdf\">\"Long-Term Evolution of the Spin of Venus, Part I: Theory\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Icarus</i>. <b>163</b> (1): 1\u201323. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Icar..163....1C\">2003Icar..163....1C</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0019-1035%2803%2900042-3\">10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00042-3</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Long-Term+Evolution+of+the+Spin+of+Venus%2C+Part+I%3A+Theory&amp;rft.au=De+Surgy%2C+Olivier+N%C3%A9ron&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexandre+C.+M.&amp;rft.au=Laskar%2C+Jacques&amp;rft.aulast=Correia&amp;rft.date=2003-05&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imcce.fr%2FEquipes%2FASD%2Fpreprints%2Fprep.2002%2Fvenus1.2002.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Icar..163....1C&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0019-1035%2803%2900042-3&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=1-23&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=163\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-103\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-103\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Laskar, Jacques; De Surgy, Olivier N\u00e9ron. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.imcce.fr/Equipes/ASD/preprints/prep.2002/venus2.2002.pdf\">\"Long-Term Evolution of the Spin of Venus, Part II: Numerical Simulations\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Icarus</i>. <b>163</b> (1): 24\u201345. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Icar..163...24C\">2003Icar..163...24C</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0019-1035%2803%2900043-5\">10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00043-5</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Long-Term+Evolution+of+the+Spin+of+Venus%2C+Part+II%3A+Numerical+Simulations&amp;rft.au=De+Surgy%2C+Olivier+N%C3%A9ron&amp;rft.aufirst=Jacques&amp;rft.aulast=Laskar&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imcce.fr%2FEquipes%2FASD%2Fpreprints%2Fprep.2002%2Fvenus2.2002.pdf&amp;rft_id=in
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp fo%3Abibcode%2F2003Icar..163...24C&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0019-1035%2803%2900043-5&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=24-45&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=163\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-104\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-104\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Gold, T.; Soter, S. (1969). \"Atmospheric Tides and the Resonant Rotation of Venus\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 356\u201366. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969Icar...11..356G\">1969Icar...11..356G</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2869%2990068-2\">10.1016/0019-1035(69)90068-2</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Atmospheric+Tides+and+the+Resonant+Rotation+of+Venus&amp;rft.aufirst=T.&amp;rft.aulast=Gold&amp;rft.au=Soter%2C+S.&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969Icar...11..356G&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-1035%2869%2990068-2&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=356-66&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=11\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-apj2_230_L123-105\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-apj2_230_L123_105-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Shapiro, I. I.; Campbell, D. B.; De Campli, W. M. (June 1979). \"Nonresonance Rotation of Venus\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Astrophysical_Journal\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Astrophysical Journal\">Astrophysical Journal</a></i>. <b>230</b>: L123\u2013L126. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979ApJ...230L.123S\">1979ApJ...230L.123S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F182975\">10.1086/182975</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Nonresonance+Rotation+of+Venus&amp;rft.au=Campbell%2C+D.+B.&amp;rft.au=De+Campli%2C+W.+M.&amp;rft.aufirst=I.+I.&amp;rft.aulast=Shapiro&amp;rft.date=1979-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979ApJ...230L.123S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F182975&amp;rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=L123-L126&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=230\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-icarus202-106\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-icarus202_106-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-icarus202_106-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Sheppard, Scott S.; Trujillo, Chadwick A. (July 2009). \"A Survey for Satellites of Venus\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>202</b> (1): 12\u201316. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv\" title=\"ArXiv\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//arxiv.org/abs/0906.2781\">0906.2781</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp /80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Icar..202...12S\">2009Icar..202...12S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2009.02.008\">10.1016/j.icarus.2009.02.008</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=A+Survey+for+Satellites+of+Venus&amp;rft.aufirst=Scott+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Sheppard&amp;rft.au=Trujillo%2C+Chadwick+A.&amp;rft.date=2009-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0906.2781&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Icar..202...12S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2009.02.008&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=12-16&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=202\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-107\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-107\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Mikkola, S.; Brasser, R.; Wiegert, P.; Innanen, K. (July 2004). \"Asteroid 2002 VE68: A Quasi-Satellite of Venus\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society\" title=\"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society\">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></i>. <b>351</b> (3): L63. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004MNRAS.351L..63M\">2004MNRAS.351L..63M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2004.07994.x\">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07994.x</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Asteroid+2002+VE68%3A+A+Quasi-Satellite+of+Venus&amp;rft.au=Brasser%2C+R.&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Innanen%2C+K.&amp;rft.aulast=Mikkola&amp;rft.au=Wiegert%2C+P.&amp;rft.date=2004-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004MNRAS.351L..63M&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2004.07994.x&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft.pages=L63&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=351\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-108\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-108\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">De la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; De la Fuente Marcos, Ra\u00fal (November 2012). \"On the Dynamical Evolution of 2002 VE68\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society\" title=\"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society\">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></i>. <b>427</b> (1): 728\u201339. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv\" title=\"ArXiv\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//arxiv.org/abs/1208.4444\">1208.4444</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a r
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp el=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.427..728D\">2012MNRAS.427..728D</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2012.21936.x\">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21936.x</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+Dynamical+Evolution+of+2002+VE68&amp;rft.au=De+la+Fuente+Marcos%2C+Ra%C3%BAl&amp;rft.aufirst=Carlos&amp;rft.aulast=De+la+Fuente+Marcos&amp;rft.date=2012-11&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1208.4444&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012MNRAS.427..728D&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2012.21936.x&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft.pages=728-39&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=427\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-dynamics-109\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-dynamics_109-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">De la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; De la Fuente Marcos, Ra\u00fal. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/doi/10.1093/mnras/stt454\">\"Asteroid 2012 XE133: A Transient Companion to Venus\"</a>. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <b>432</b> (2): 886\u201393. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv\" title=\"ArXiv\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//arxiv.org/abs/1303.3705\">1303.3705</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.432..886D\">2013MNRAS.432..886D</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstt454\">10.1093/mnras/stt454</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Asteroid+2012+XE133%3A+A+Transient+Companion+to+Venus&amp;rft.au=De+la+Fuente+Marcos%2C+Ra%C3%BAl&amp;rft.aufirst=Carlos&amp;rft.aulast=De+la+Fuente+Marcos&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstt454&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1303.3705&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013MNRAS.432..886D&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstt454&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft.pages=886-93&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=432\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-110\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-110\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Musser, George (10 October 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=0008DCD1-0A66-152C-8A6683414B7F0000&amp;ref=sciam\">\"Double Impact May Explain Why Venus Has No Moon\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Scientific_American\" title=\"Scientific American\">Scientific American</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">7 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span tit
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp le=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Double+Impact+May+Explain+Why+Venus+Has+No+Moon&amp;rft.aufirst=George&amp;rft.aulast=Musser&amp;rft.date=2006-10-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciam.com%2Farticle.cfm%3FarticleID%3D0008DCD1-0A66-152C-8A6683414B7F0000%26ref%3Dsciam&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-111\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-111\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Tytell, David (10 October 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/why-doesnt-venus-have-a-moon\">\"Why Doesn't Venus Have a Moon?\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Sky_%26_Telescope\" title=\"Sky &amp; Telescope\">Sky &amp; Telescope</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">7 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Why+Doesn%27t+Venus+Have+a+Moon%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Tytell&amp;rft.date=2006-10-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyandtelescope.com%2Fastronomy-news%2Fwhy-doesnt-venus-have-a-moon&amp;rft.jtitle=Sky+%26+Telescope&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-112\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-112\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Dickinson, Terrence (1998). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=BaMBgoKPmjAC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=isbn:1552093026&amp;hl=en\"><i>NightWatch: A Practical Guide to Viewing the Universe</i></a>. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p.\u00a0134. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55209-302-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-55209-302-3\">978-1-55209-302-3</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.aufirst=Terrence&amp;rft.aulast=Dickinson&amp;rft.btitle=NightWatch%3A+A+Practical+Guide+to+Viewing+the+Universe&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBaMBgoKPmjAC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Disbn%3A1552093026%26hl%3Den&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-55209-302-3&amp;rft.pages=134&amp;rft.place=Buffalo%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=Firefly+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-113\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-113\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Tony Flanders (25 February 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/observingblog/116925708.html\">\"See Venus in Broad Daylight!\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Sky_%26_Telescope\" title=\"Sky &amp; Telescope\">Sky &amp; Telescope</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">11 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=See+Venus+in+Broad+Daylight%21&amp;rft.au=Tony+Flanders&amp;rft.date=2011-02-25&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyandtelescope.com%2Fcommunity%2Fskyblog%2Fobservingblog%2F116925708.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp cite_note-UCLAN-114\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-UCLAN_114-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Anon. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20120730175223/http://www.transit-of-venus.org.uk/history.htm\">\"Transit of Venus\"</a>. <i>History</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Central_Lancashire\" title=\"University of Central Lancashire\">University of Central Lancashire</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.transit-of-venus.org.uk/history.htm\">the original</a> on 30 July 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">14 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Transit+of+Venus&amp;rft.au=Anon&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transit-of-venus.org.uk%2Fhistory.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=History&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-115\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-115\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Boyle, Alan (5 June 2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130618160933/http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/06/05/12056397-venus-transit-a-last-minute-guide\">\"Venus transit: A last-minute guide\"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/06/05/12056397-venus-transit-a-last-minute-guide\">the original</a> on 18 June 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">11 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Venus+transit%3A+A+last-minute+guide&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;rft.aulast=Boyle&amp;rft.date=2012-06-05&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcosmiclog.nbcnews.com%2F_news%2F2012%2F06%2F05%2F12056397-venus-transit-a-last-minute-guide&amp;rft.jtitle=NBC+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-116\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-116\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Espenak, Fred (2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/transit/catalog/VenusCatalog.html\">\"Transits of Venus, Six Millennium Catalog: 2000 BCE to 4000 CE\"</a>. <i>Transits of the Sun</i>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">14 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Transits+of+Venus%2C+Six+Millennium+Catalog%3A+2000+BCE+to+4000+CE&amp;rft.aufirst=Fred&amp;rft.aulast=Espenak&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Ftransit%2Fcatalog%2FVenusCatalog.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Transits+of+the+Sun&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-117\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-117\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Kollerstrom, Nicholas (1998). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.dioi.org/kn/birth.htm\">\"Horrocks and the Dawn of British Astronomy\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/University_College_London\" title=\"University College London\">University College London</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">11 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVen
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp us&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft.aulast=Kollerstrom&amp;rft.btitle=Horrocks+and+the+Dawn+of+British+Astronomy&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dioi.org%2Fkn%2Fbirth.htm&amp;rft.pub=University+College+London&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-118\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-118\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Hornsby, T. (1771). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k55866b/f617.chemindefer\">\"The quantity of the Sun's parallax, as deduced from the observations of the transit of Venus on June 3, 1769\"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</i>. <b>61</b> (0): 574\u2013579. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1771.0054\">10.1098/rstl.1771.0054</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=The+quantity+of+the+Sun%27s+parallax%2C+as+deduced+from+the+observations+of+the+transit+of+Venus+on+June+3%2C+1769&amp;rft.aufirst=T.&amp;rft.aulast=Hornsby&amp;rft.date=1771&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k55866b%2Ff617.chemindefer&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1771.0054&amp;rft.issue=0&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&amp;rft.pages=574-579&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=61\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-119\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-119\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Woolley, Richard (1969). \"Captain Cook and the Transit of Venus of 1769\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Notes_and_Records_of_the_Royal_Society_of_London\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London\">Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London</a></i>. <b>24</b> (1): 19\u201332. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.1969.0004\">10.1098/rsnr.1969.0004</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0035-9149\">0035-9149</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/JSTOR\" title=\"JSTOR\">JSTOR</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/530738\">530738</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Captain+Cook+and+the+Transit+of+Venus+of+1769&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.aulast=Woolley&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F530738&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.1969.0004&amp;rft.issn=0035-9149&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&amp;rft.pages=19-32&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=24\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-120\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-120\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a href=\"/wiki/John_C._Baez\" title=\"John C. Baez\">Baez, John</a> (4 January 2014). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://johncarlosbaez.wordpress.com/2014/01/04/the-pentagram-of-venus\">\"The Pentagram of Venus\"</a>. <i>Azimuth</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">7 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ct
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp x_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=The+Pentagram+of+Venus&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Baez&amp;rft.date=2014-01-04&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjohncarlosbaez.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F01%2F04%2Fthe-pentagram-of-venus&amp;rft.jtitle=Azimuth&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-121\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-121\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Baum, R. M. (2000). \"The enigmatic ashen light of Venus: an overview\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Journal_of_the_British_Astronomical_Association\" title=\"Journal of the British Astronomical Association\">Journal of the British Astronomical Association</a></i>. <b>110</b>: 325. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JBAA..110..325B\">2000JBAA..110..325B</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=The+enigmatic+ashen+light+of+Venus%3A+an+overview&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Baum&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000JBAA..110..325B&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+British+Astronomical+Association&amp;rft.pages=325&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=110\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-122\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-122\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Clark, Stuart (26 September 2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2843-acidic-clouds-of-venus-could-harbour-life.html\">\"Acidic clouds of Venus could harbour life\"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">30 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Acidic+clouds+of+Venus+could+harbour+life&amp;rft.aufirst=Stuart&amp;rft.aulast=Clark&amp;rft.date=2003-09-26&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn2843-acidic-clouds-of-venus-could-harbour-life.html&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-123\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-123\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Redfern, Martin (25 May 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/3746583.stm\">\"Venus clouds 'might harbour life'\"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. Retrieved 30 December 2015.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Dartnell2015-124\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Dartnell2015_124-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Dartnell, Lewis R.; Nordheim, Tom Andre; Patel, Manish R.; Mason, Jonathon P.; et al. (September 2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103515002080\">\"Constraints on a potential aerial biosphere on Venus: I. Cosmic rays\"</a>. <i>Icarus</i>. <b>257</b>: 396\u2013405. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Icar..257..396D\">2015Icar..257..396D</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2015.05.006\">10.1016/j.icarus.2015.05.006</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Constraints+on+a+potential+aerial+biosphere+on+Venus%3A+I.+Cosmic+rays&amp;rft.aufirst=Lewis+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Dartnell&amp;rft.au=Mason%2C+Jonathon+P.&amp;rft.au=Nordheim%2C+Tom+Andre&amp;rft.au=Patel%2C+Manish+R.&amp;rft.date=2015-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0019103515002080&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Icar..257..396D&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2015.05.006&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=396-405&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=257\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-125\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-125\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation thesis\">Hobson, Russell (2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/bitstream/2123/5404/1/r-hobson-2009-thesis.pdf\"><i>The Exact Transmission of Texts in the First Millennium B.C.E.</i></a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span> (Ph.D.). <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Sydney\" title=\"University of Sydney\">University of Sydney</a>, Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish Studies.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.aufirst=Russell&amp;rft.aulast=Hobson&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fses.library.usyd.edu.au%2Fbitstream%2F2123%2F5404%2F1%2Fr-hobson-2009-thesis.pdf&amp;rft.inst=University+of+Sydney%2C+Department+of+Hebrew%2C+Biblical+and+Jewish+Studies&amp;rft.title=The+Exact+Transmission+of+Texts+in+the+First+Millennium+B.C.E.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-126\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-126\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Waerden, Bartel (1974). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=S_T6Pt2qZ5YC\"><i>Science awakening II: the birth of astronomy</i></a>. Springer. p.\u00a056. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-01-93103-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-90-01-93103-2\">978-90-01-93103-2</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">10 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.au=Waerden%2C+Bartel&amp;rft.btitle=Science+awakening+II%3A+the+birth+of+astronomy&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS_T6Pt2qZ5YC&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-01-93103-2&amp;rft.pages=56&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-127\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-127\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Pliny the Elder (1991). <i>Natural History II:36\u201337</i>. translated by John F. Healy. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, UK: <a href=\"/wiki/Penguin_Books\" title=\"Penguin Books\">Penguin</a>. pp.\u00a015\u201316.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&amp;rft.btitle=Natural+History+II%3A36%9337&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=15-16&amp;rft.place=Harmondsworth%2C+Middlesex%2C+UK&amp;rft.pub=Penguin&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-128\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp a href=\"#cite_ref-128\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Burkert, Walter (1972). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=0qqp4Vk1zG0C&amp;pg=PA307\"><i>Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism</i></a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Harvard_University_Press\" title=\"Harvard University Press\">Harvard University Press</a>. p.\u00a0307. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-53918-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-674-53918-1\">978-0-674-53918-1</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.aufirst=Walter&amp;rft.aulast=Burkert&amp;rft.btitle=Lore+and+Science+in+Ancient+Pythagoreanism&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0qqp4Vk1zG0C%26pg%3DPA307&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-674-53918-1&amp;rft.pages=307&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Goldstein-129\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Goldstein_129-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Goldstein, Bernard R. (March 1972). \"Theory and Observation in Medieval Astronomy\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Isis_(journal)\" title=\"Isis (journal)\">Isis</a></i>. <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press\" title=\"University of Chicago Press\">University of Chicago Press</a>. <b>63</b> (1): 39\u201347 [44]. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F350839\">10.1086/350839</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Theory+and+Observation+in+Medieval+Astronomy&amp;rft.aufirst=Bernard+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Goldstein&amp;rft.date=1972-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F350839&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Isis&amp;rft.pages=39-47+44&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=63\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-130\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-130\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avicenna-viii\">\"AVICENNA viii. Mathematics and Physical Sciences\"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=AVICENNA+viii.+Mathematics+and+Physical+Sciences&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Favicenna-viii&amp;rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-131\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-131\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">S. M. Razaullah Ansari (2002). <i>History of Oriental Astronomy: Proceedings of the Joint Discussion-17 at the 23rd General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union, Organised by the Commission 41 (History of Astronomy), Held in Kyoto, August 25\u201326, 1997</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media\" title=\"Springer Science+Business Media\">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. p.\u00a0137. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-0657-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-0657-9\">978-1-4020-0657-9</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.au=S.+M.+Razaullah+Ansari&amp;rft.btitle=History+of+Oriental+Astronomy%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Joint+Discussion-17+at+the+23rd+General+Assembly+of+the+International+Astronomical+Union%2C+Organised+by+the+Commission+41+%28History+of+Astronomy%29%2C+Held+in+Kyoto%2C+August+25%9326%2C+1997&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4020-0657-9&amp;rft.pages=137&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-VaqueroV.C3.A1zquez2009-132\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-VaqueroV.C3.A1zquez2009_132-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">J.M. Vaquero; M. V\u00e1zquez (2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=iWkyiEeiyksC&amp;pg=PA75\"><i>The Sun Recorded Through History</i></a>. Springer Science &amp; Business Media. p.\u00a075. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-92790-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-387-92790-9\">978-0-387-92790-9</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.au=J.M.+Vaquero&amp;rft.au=M.+V%C3%A1zquez&amp;rft.btitle=The+Sun+Recorded+Through+History&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiWkyiEeiyksC%26pg%3DPA75&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-387-92790-9&amp;rft.pages=75&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Kennard-133\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Kennard_133-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Fredrick Kennard. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=sX-pCQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA113\"><i>Thought Experiments: Popular Thought Experiments in Philosophy, Physics, Ethics, Computer Science &amp; Mathematics</i></a>. p.\u00a0113. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-329-00342-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-329-00342-2\">978-1-329-00342-2</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.au=Fredrick+Kennard&amp;rft.btitle=Thought+Experiments%3A+Popular+Thought+Experiments+in+Philosophy%2C+Physics%2C+Ethics%2C+Computer+Science+%26+Mathematics&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsX-pCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA113&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-329-00342-2&amp;rft.pages=113&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-palmieri-135\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-palmieri_135-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Palmieri, Paolo (2001). \"Galileo and the discovery of the phases of Venus\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Journal_for_the_History_of_Astronomy\" title=\"Journal for the History of Astronomy\">Journal for the History of Astronomy</a></i>. <b>21</b> (2): 109\u2013129. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JHA....32..109P\">2001JHA....32..109P</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Galileo+and+the+discovery+of+the+phases+of+Venus&amp;rft.aufirst=Paolo&amp;rft.aulast=Palmieri&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JHA.
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp ...32..109P&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+History+of+Astronomy&amp;rft.pages=109-129&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=21\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Fegley-136\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Fegley_136-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Fegley Jr, B (2003). Heinrich D. Holland; Karl K. Turekian, eds. <i>Venus</i>. <i>Treatise on Geochemistry</i>. Elsevier. pp.\u00a0487\u2013507. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-043751-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-08-043751-4\">978-0-08-043751-4</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.aufirst=B&amp;rft.aulast=Fegley+Jr&amp;rft.btitle=Venus&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-08-043751-4&amp;rft.pages=487-507&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Kollerstrom-137\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Kollerstrom_137-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Kollerstrom, Nicholas (2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.dioi.org/kn/IAUVenus-Transit.pdf\">\"William Crabtree's Venus transit observation\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings IAU Colloquium No. 196, 2004</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union\" title=\"International Astronomical Union\">International Astronomical Union</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">10 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=William+Crabtree%27s+Venus+transit+observation&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft.aulast=Kollerstrom&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dioi.org%2Fkn%2FIAUVenus-Transit.pdf&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+IAU+Colloquium+No.+196%2C+2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Marov2004-138\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Marov2004_138-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation conference\">Marov, Mikhail Ya. (2004). D.W. Kurtz, ed. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005tvnv.conf..209M\"><i>Mikhail Lomonosov and the discovery of the atmosphere of Venus during the 1761 transit</i></a>. <i>Proceedings of IAU Colloquium No. 196</i>. Preston, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. pp.\u00a0209\u2013219. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005tvnv.conf..209M\">2005tvnv.conf..209M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS1743921305001390\">10.1017/S1743921305001390</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Mikhail+Lomonosov+and+the+discovery+of+the+atmosphere+of+Venus+during+the+1761+transit&amp;rft.aufirst=Mikhail+Ya.&amp;rft.aulast=Marov&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2005tvnv.conf..209M&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005tvnv.conf..209M&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1743921305001390&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+IAU+Colloquium+No.+196&amp;rft.pages=209-219&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp 0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-139\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-139\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048817/Mikhail-Vasilyevich-Lomonosov\">\"Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov\"</a>. <i>Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica Online</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Mikhail+Vasilyevich+Lomonosov&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9048817%2FMikhail-Vasilyevich-Lomonosov&amp;rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-140\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-140\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Russell, H. N. (1899). \"The Atmosphere of Venus\". <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>9</b>: 284\u2013299. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1899ApJ.....9..284R\">1899ApJ.....9..284R</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F140593\">10.1086/140593</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=The+Atmosphere+of+Venus&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+N.&amp;rft.aulast=Russell&amp;rft.date=1899&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1899ApJ.....9..284R&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F140593&amp;rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=284-299&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=9\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-141\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-141\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Hussey, T. (1832). \"On the Rotation of Venus\". <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <b>2</b>: 78\u2013126. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1832MNRAS...2...78H\">1832MNRAS...2...78H</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F2.11.78d\">10.1093/mnras/2.11.78d</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+Rotation+of+Venus&amp;rft.aufirst=T.&amp;rft.aulast=Hussey&amp;rft.date=1832&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1832MNRAS...2...78H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2F2.11.78d&amp;rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft.pages=78-126&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=2\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-142\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-142\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Ross, F. E. (1928). \"Photographs of Venus\". <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>. 68\u201392: 57. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1928ApJ....68...57R\">1928ApJ....68...57R</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F143130\">10.1086/143130</a>.</cite><span title
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp =\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Photographs+of+Venus&amp;rft.aufirst=F.+E.&amp;rft.aulast=Ross&amp;rft.date=1928&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1928ApJ....68...57R&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F143130&amp;rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=57&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=68%9392\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-143\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-143\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Slipher, V. M. (1903). \"A Spectrographic Investigation of the Rotation Velocity of Venus\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Astronomische_Nachrichten\" title=\"Astronomische Nachrichten\">Astronomische Nachrichten</a></i>. <b>163</b> (3\u20134): 35\u201352. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1903AN....163...35S\">1903AN....163...35S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fasna.19031630303\">10.1002/asna.19031630303</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=A+Spectrographic+Investigation+of+the+Rotation+Velocity+of+Venus&amp;rft.aufirst=V.+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Slipher&amp;rft.date=1903&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1903AN....163...35S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fasna.19031630303&amp;rft.issue=3%934&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomische+Nachrichten&amp;rft.pages=35-52&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=163\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-144\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-144\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Goldstein, R. M.; Carpenter, R. L. (1963). \"Rotation of Venus: Period Estimated from Radar Measurements\". <i>Science</i>. <b>139</b> (3558): 910\u2013911. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963Sci...139..910G\">1963Sci...139..910G</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.139.3558.910\">10.1126/science.139.3558.910</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17743054\">17743054</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Rotation+of+Venus%3A+Period+Estimated+from+Radar+Measurements&amp;rft.au=Carpenter%2C+R.+L.&amp;rft.au=Goldstein%2C+R.+M.&amp;rft.date=1963&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1963Sci...139..910G&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.139.3558.910&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17743054&amp;rft.issue=3558&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=910-911&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=139\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-145\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-145\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Campbell, D. B.; Dyce, R. B.; Pettengill G. H. (1976). \"New radar image of Venus\". <i>Science</i>. <b>193</b> (4258): 1123\u20131124. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Sci...193.1123C\">1976Sci...193.1123C</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital obj
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp ect identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.193.4258.1123\">10.1126/science.193.4258.1123</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17792750\">17792750</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=New+radar+image+of+Venus&amp;rft.au=Campbell%2C+D.+B.&amp;rft.au=Dyce%2C+R.+B.&amp;rft.au=Pettengill+G.+H.&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1976Sci...193.1123C&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.193.4258.1123&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17792750&amp;rft.issue=4258&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1123-1124&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=193\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-mitchell_1-146\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-mitchell_1_146-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Mitchell, Don (2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.mentallandscape.com/V_OKB1.htm\">\"Inventing The Interplanetary Probe\"</a>. <i>The Soviet Exploration of Venus</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">27 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Inventing+The+Interplanetary+Probe&amp;rft.aufirst=Don&amp;rft.aulast=Mitchell&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mentallandscape.com%2FV_OKB1.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Soviet+Exploration+of+Venus&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-147\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-147\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Mayer; McCullough &amp; Sloanaker (January 1958). \"Observations of Venus at 3.15-cm Wave Length\". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>127</b>: 1. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958ApJ...127....1M\">1958ApJ...127....1M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F146433\">10.1086/146433</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Observations+of+Venus+at+3.15-cm+Wave+Length&amp;rft.au=Mayer&amp;rft.au=McCullough&amp;rft.au=Sloanaker&amp;rft.date=1958-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958ApJ...127....1M&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F146433&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=127\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-148\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-148\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Jet Propulsion Laboratory (1962). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19660005413_1966005413.pdf\">\"Mariner-Venus 1962 Final Project Report\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. SP-59. NASA.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Mariner-Venus+1962+Final+Project+Report&amp;rft.au=Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&amp;rft.date=1962&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19660005413_1966005413.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajourna
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp l\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-mitchell_2-149\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-mitchell_2_149-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Mitchell, Don (2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.mentallandscape.com/V_Lavochkin1.htm\">\"Plumbing the Atmosphere of Venus\"</a>. <i>The Soviet Exploration of Venus</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">27 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Plumbing+the+Atmosphere+of+Venus&amp;rft.aufirst=Don&amp;rft.aulast=Mitchell&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mentallandscape.com%2FV_Lavochkin1.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Soviet+Exploration+of+Venus&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-150\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-150\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation conference\">\"Report on the Activities of the COSPAR Working Group VII\". <i>Preliminary Report, COSPAR Twelfth Plenary Meeting and Tenth International Space Science Symposium</i>. Prague, Czechoslovakia: <a href=\"/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences\" title=\"National Academy of Sciences\">National Academy of Sciences</a>. 11\u201324 May 1969. p.\u00a094.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Report+on+the+Activities+of+the+COSPAR+Working+Group+VII&amp;rft.btitle=Preliminary+Report%2C+COSPAR+Twelfth+Plenary+Meeting+and+Tenth+International+Space+Science+Symposium&amp;rft.date=1969-05-11%2F1969-05-24&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft.pages=94&amp;rft.place=Prague%2C+Czechoslovakia&amp;rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-151\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-151\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Sagdeev, Roald; Eisenhower, Susan (28 May 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/50th/50th_magazine/coldWarCoOp.html\">\"United States-Soviet Space Cooperation during the Cold War\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.au=Eisenhower%2C+Susan&amp;rft.au=Sagdeev%2C+Roald&amp;rft.btitle=United+States-Soviet+Space+Cooperation+during+the+Cold+War&amp;rft.date=2008-05-28&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2F50th%2F50th_magazine%2FcoldWarCoOp.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-152\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-152\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Colin, L.; Hall, C. (1977). \"The Pioneer Venus Program\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Space_Science_Reviews\" title=\"Space Science Reviews\">Space Science Reviews</a></i>. <b>20</b> (3): 283\u2013306. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977SSRv...20..283C\">1977SSRv...20..283C</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02186467\">10.1007/BF02186467</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=The+Pioneer+Venus+Program&amp;rft.au=Colin%2
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp C+L.&amp;rft.au=Hall%2C+C.&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977SSRv...20..283C&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02186467&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Space+Science+Reviews&amp;rft.pages=283-306&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=20\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-153\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-153\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Williams, David R. (6 January 2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/pioneer_venus.html\">\"Pioneer Venus Project Information\"</a>. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.aufirst=David+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.btitle=Pioneer+Venus+Project+Information&amp;rft.date=2005-01-06&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Fpioneer_venus.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA%2FGoddard+Space+Flight+Center&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-154\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-154\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\"><a href=\"/wiki/Ronald_Greeley\" title=\"Ronald Greeley\">Greeley, Ronald</a>; Batson, Raymond M. (2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/?id=ztodv66A1VsC&amp;pg=PA47\"><i>Planetary Mapping</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a047. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03373-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03373-2\">978-0-521-03373-2</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.au=Batson%2C+Raymond+M.&amp;rft.aufirst=Ronald&amp;rft.aulast=Greeley&amp;rft.btitle=Planetary+Mapping&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dztodv66A1VsC%26pg%3DPA47&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-03373-2&amp;rft.pages=47&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-stearn-155\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-stearn_155-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-stearn_155-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-stearn_155-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Stearn, William (May 1968). \"The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Taxon_(journal)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Taxon (journal)\">Taxon</a></i>. <b>11</b> (4): 109\u2013113. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1217734\">10.2307/1217734</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/JSTOR\" title=\"JSTOR\">JSTOR</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/1217734\">1217734</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Male+and+Female+Symbols+of+Biology&amp;rft.aufirst=William&amp;rft.aulast=Stearn&amp;rft.date=1968-05&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1217734&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1217734&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Taxon&amp;rft.pages=109-113&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp 3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=11\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-156\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-156\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Aaron J. Atsma. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.theoi.com/Titan/AsterEosphoros.html\">\"Eospheros &amp; Hespheros\"</a>. <i>Theoi.com</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">15 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Eospheros+%26+Hespheros&amp;rft.au=Aaron+J.+Atsma&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoi.com%2FTitan%2FAsterEosphoros.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Theoi.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-157\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-157\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\"><a href=\"/wiki/Dava_Sobel\" title=\"Dava Sobel\">Dava Sobel</a> (2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com.au/books?id=5KHuAAAAMAAJ\"><i>The Planets</i></a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Harper_Publishing\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Harper Publishing\">Harper Publishing</a>. pp.\u00a053\u201370. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-200116-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-14-200116-5\">978-0-14-200116-5</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.au=Dava+Sobel&amp;rft.btitle=The+Planets&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.au%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5KHuAAAAMAAJ&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-14-200116-5&amp;rft.pages=53-70&amp;rft.pub=Harper+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-miller-158\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-miller_158-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Miller, Ron (2003). <i>Venus</i>. Twenty-First Century Books. p.\u00a012. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7613-2359-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7613-2359-4\">978-0-7613-2359-4</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.aufirst=Ron&amp;rft.aulast=Miller&amp;rft.btitle=Venus&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7613-2359-4&amp;rft.pages=12&amp;rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-159\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-159\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Dick, Steven (2001). <i>Life on Other Worlds: The 20th-Century Extraterrestrial Life Debate</i>. Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a043. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79912-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79912-6\">978-0-521-79912-6</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.aufirst=Steven&amp;rft.aulast=Dick&amp;rft.btitle=Life+on+Other+Worlds%3A+The+20th-Century+Extraterrestrial+Life+Debate&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-79912-6&amp;rft.pages=43&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amt
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp x%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-160\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-160\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Seed, David (2005). <i>A Companion to Science Fiction</i>. Blackwell Publishing. pp.\u00a0134\u2013135. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1218-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1218-5\">978-1-4051-1218-5</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Seed&amp;rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Science+Fiction&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1218-5&amp;rft.pages=134-135&amp;rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Landis2003-161\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Landis2003_161-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Landis2003_161-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Landis2003_161-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation conference\">Landis, Geoffrey A. (2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://link.aip.org/link/?APCPCS/654/1193/1\">\"Colonization of Venus\"</a>. <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>. pp.\u00a01193\u20131198. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1541418\">10.1063/1.1541418</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus&amp;rft.atitle=Colonization+of+Venus&amp;rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Landis&amp;rft.btitle=AIP+Conference+Proceedings&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.aip.org%2Flink%2F%3FAPCPCS%2F654%2F1193%2F1&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1541418&amp;rft.pages=1193-1198&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n</ol></div>","references":""},{"toclevel":1,"line":"External links","anchor":"External_links","id":24,"text":"<table class=\"mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox\" style=\"border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9\"><tr><td class=\"mbox-image\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png\" width=\"30\" height=\"40\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1024\" data-file-height=\"1376\"></a></td>\n<td class=\"mbox-text plainlist\">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Venus_(planet)\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"commons:Category:Venus (planet)\">Venus</a></b></i>.</td>\n</tr></table><table class=\"mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox\" style=\"border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9\"><tr><td class=\"mbox-image\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png\" width=\"34\" height=\"40\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"355\"></a></td>\n<td class=\"mbox-text plainlist\">Wikiquote has qu
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp otations related to: <i><b><a href=\"https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"q:Special:Search/Venus\">Venus</a></b></i></td>\n</tr></table><table class=\"metadata plainlinks mbox-small\" style=\"padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.5em 0.75em;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#f9f9f9;\"><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"padding-bottom:0.75em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;\">\n<div style=\"clear:both;\">Find more about<br><b>Venus</b><br>\nat Wikipedia's <a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects\" title=\"Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects\">sister projects</a></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td style=\"padding-top:0.75em;\"><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus\" title=\"Search Wiktionary\"><img alt=\"Search Wiktionary\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/25px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"391\" data-file-height=\"391\"></a></td>\n<td style=\"padding-top:0.75em;\"><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikt:Special:Search/Venus\">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus\" title=\"Search Commons\"><img alt=\"Search Commons\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png\" width=\"18\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1024\" data-file-height=\"1376\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"c:Special:Search/Venus\">Media</a> from Commons</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus\" title=\"Search Wikinews\"><img alt=\"Search Wikinews\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"759\" data-file-height=\"415\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"n:Special:Search/Venus\">News</a> from Wikinews</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus\" title=\"Search Wikiquote\"><img alt=\"Search Wikiquote\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png\" width=\"21\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"355\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"q:Special:Search/Venus\">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus\" title=\"Search Wikisource\"><img alt=\"Search Wikisource\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png\" width=\"24\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp /commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"410\" data-file-height=\"430\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"s:Special:Search/Venus\">Texts</a> from Wikisource</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus\" title=\"Search Wikibooks\"><img alt=\"Search Wikibooks\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"300\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"b:Special:Search/Venus\">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus\" title=\"Search Wikiversity\"><img alt=\"Search Wikiversity\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"23\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/38px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1000\" data-file-height=\"900\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"v:Special:Search/Venus\">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</td>\n</tr></table><ul><li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus\">Venus profile</a> at NASA's Solar System Exploration site</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planets/venuspage.html\">Missions to Venus</a> and <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/thumbnail_pages/venus_thumbnails.html\">Image catalog</a> at the <a href=\"/wiki/National_Space_Science_Data_Center\" title=\"National Space Science Data Center\">National Space Science Data Center</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.mentallandscape.com/V_Venus.htm\">Soviet Exploration of Venus</a> and <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.mentallandscape.com/C_CatalogVenus.htm\">Image catalog</a> at Mentallandscape.com</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nineplanets.org/venus.html\">Venus page</a> at <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Nine_Planets\" title=\"The Nine Planets\">The Nine Planets</a></i></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/transit/catalog/VenusCatalog.html\">Transits of Venus</a> at NASA.gov</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.geody.com/?world=venus\">Geody Venus</a>, a search engine for surface features</li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Cartographic resources","anchor":"Cartographic_resources","id":25,"text":"<ul><li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.mapaplanet.org/explorer/venus.html\">Map-a-Planet: Venus</a> by the <a href=\"/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"U.S. Geological Survey\">U.S. Geological Survey</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/VENUS/target\">Gazeteer of Planetary Nomenclature: Venus</a> by the <a href=\"/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union\" title=\"International Astronomical Union\">International Astronomical Union</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/vc/vchome.shtml\">Venus crater database</a> by t
08-17 14:35:19.045 debug OkHttp he <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_and_Planetary_Institute\" title=\"Lunar and Planetary Institute\">Lunar and Planetary Institute</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://planetologia.elte.hu/venusz-terkep-elte-ttk-kavucs.pdf\">Map of Venus</a> by <a href=\"/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s_Lor%C3%A1nd_University\" title=\"E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University\">E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University</a></li>\n</ul>"}]}}
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08-17 14:35:25.570 debug OkHttp X-Client-IP: 73.34.253.51
08-17 14:35:25.580 debug OkHttp {"mobileview":{"ns":0,"lastmodified":"2016-08-17T01:52:59Z","revision":734844067,"languagecount":236,"displaytitle":"Earth","id":9228,"description":"Third planet closest to the Sun in the Solar System","image":{"file":"The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg","width":3000,"height":3002},"thumb":{"url":"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/640px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg","width":640,"height":640},"sections":[{"id":0,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">This article is about the planet. For other uses, see <a href=\"/wiki/Earth_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-disambig\" title=\"Earth (disambiguation)\">Earth (disambiguation)</a>.</div>\n<table class=\"infobox\" style=\"width:22em\"><caption class=\"fn org\">Earth <a href=\"/wiki/File:Earth_symbol.svg\" class=\"image\" title=\"Astronomical symbol of Earth\"><img alt=\"Astronomical symbol of Earth\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Earth_symbol.svg/18px-Earth_symbol.svg.png\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Earth_symbol.svg/27px-Earth_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Earth_symbol.svg/36px-Earth_symbol.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"50\" data-file-height=\"50\"></a></caption>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt='\"The Blue Marble\" photograph of Earth, taken by the Apollo 17 lunar mission. The Arabian peninsula, Africa and Madagascar lie in the upper half of the disc, whereas Antarctica is at the bottom.' src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/300px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" class=\"thumbborder\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/450px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/600px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3000\" data-file-height=\"3002\"></a>\n<div>\"<a href=\"/wiki/The_Blue_Marble\" title=\"The Blue Marble\">The Blue Marble</a>\" photograph of Earth, taken during the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_17\" title=\"Apollo 17\">Apollo 17</a></i> lunar mission in 1972</div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center;background-color:#c0c0ff\"><a href=\"/wiki/Osculating_orbit\" title=\"Osculating orbit\">Orbital characteristics</a></th>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)\" title=\"Epoch (astronomy)\">Epoch</a> <a href=\"/wiki/J2000.0\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"J2000.0\">J2000</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-epoch_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-epoch-1\">[n 1]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Aphelion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Aphelion\">Aphelion</a></th>\n<td>\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">152,100,000 km (94,500,000 mi)<br><span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(<span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7011152100643076810♠</span>1.016<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">73</span> <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_unit\" title=\"Astronomical unit\">AU</a></span>) <sup id=\"cite_ref-apsis_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-apsis-2\">[n 2]</a></sup></span></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Perihelion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Perihelion\">Perihelion</a></th>\n<td>\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">147,095,000 km (91,401,000 mi)<br><span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(<span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7011147094903845957♠</span>0.983<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">2687</span> AU</span>) <sup id=\"cite_ref-apsis_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-apsis-2\">[n 2
08-17 14:35:25.580 debug OkHttp ]</a></sup></span></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Semi-major_axis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Semi-major axis\">Semi-major axis</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">149,598,023 km (92,955,902 mi)<br><span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(<span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7011149598022990632♠</span>1.000<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">001</span><span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">018</span> AU</span>) <sup id=\"cite_ref-VSOP87_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-VSOP87-3\">[1]</a></sup></span></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity\" title=\"Orbital eccentricity\">Eccentricity</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6998167086000000000♠</span>0.016<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">7086</span></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-VSOP87_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-VSOP87-3\">[1]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_period\" title=\"Orbital period\">Orbital period</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7007315581497635456♠</span>365.256<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">363</span><span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">004</span> d</span> <sup id=\"cite_ref-IERS_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IERS-4\">[2]</a></sup><br><span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(<span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000100001742095999♠</span>1.000<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">017</span><span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">420</span><span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">96</span> <a href=\"/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)\" title=\"Julian year (astronomy)\">yr</a></span>)</span></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Average <a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_speed\" title=\"Orbital speed\">orbital speed</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">29.78 km/s (18.50 mi/s)<sup id=\"cite_ref-earth_fact_sheet_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-5\">[3]</a></sup><br><span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(107,200 km/h (66,600 mph))</span></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Mean_anomaly\" title=\"Mean anomaly\">Mean anomaly</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7002358617000000000♠</span>358.617</span>°</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_inclination\" title=\"Orbital inclination\">Inclination</a></th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist nowrap\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000715500000000000♠</span>7.155</span>° to the <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/Equator\" title=\"Equator\">equator</a>;</li>\n<li>1.57869°<sup id=\"cite_ref-Allen294_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Allen294-6\">[4]</a></sup> to <a href=\"/wiki/Invariable_plane\" title=\"Invariable plane\">invariable plane</a>;</li>\n<li>0.00005° to J2000 <a href=\"/wiki/Ecliptic\" title=\"Ecliptic\">ecliptic</a></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Longitude_of_the_ascending_node\" title=\"Longitude of the ascending node\">Longitude of ascending node</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">2998887393600000000♠</span>−11.260<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">64</span></span>°<sup id=\"cite_ref-earth_fact
08-17 14:35:25.580 debug OkHttp _sheet_5-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-5\">[3]</a></sup> to J2000 ecliptic</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis\" title=\"Argument of periapsis\">Argument of perihelion</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7002114207830000000♠</span>114.207<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">83</span></span>°<sup id=\"cite_ref-earth_fact_sheet_5-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-5\">[3]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Natural_satellite\" title=\"Natural satellite\">Satellites</a></th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Moon\" title=\"Moon\">One natural satellite</a>;</li>\n<li>&gt;1381 operational <a href=\"/wiki/Artificial_satellite\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Artificial satellite\">artificial satellites</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-ucs_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ucs-7\">[5]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-space_debris_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-space_debris-8\">[n 3]</a></sup></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center;background-color:#c0c0ff\">Physical characteristics</th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Mean radius</div>\n</th>\n<td>6,371.0 km (3,958.8 mi)<sup id=\"cite_ref-hbcp2000_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hbcp2000-9\">[6]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Equator\" title=\"Equator\">Equatorial</a> radius</div>\n</th>\n<td>6,378.1 km (3,963.2 mi)<sup id=\"cite_ref-usno_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-usno-10\">[7]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-WGS-84_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WGS-84-11\">[8]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Geographical_pole\" title=\"Geographical pole\">Polar</a> radius</div>\n</th>\n<td>6,356.8 km (3,949.9 mi)<sup id=\"cite_ref-cazenave_ahrens1995_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cazenave_ahrens1995-12\">[9]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Flattening\" title=\"Flattening\">Flattening</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6997335280000000000♠</span>0.003<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">3528</span></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-IERS2004_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IERS2004-13\">[10]</a></sup><br>\n1/298.257222101 (<a href=\"/wiki/ETRS89\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ETRS89\">ETRS89</a>)</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">Circumference</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist nowrap\">\n<ul><li>40,075.017 km (24,901.461 mi) <span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(<a href=\"/wiki/Equator\" title=\"Equator\">equatorial</a>) <sup id=\"cite_ref-WGS-84_11-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WGS-84-11\">[8]</a></sup></span></li>\n<li>40,007.86 km (24,859.73 mi) <span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(<a href=\"/wiki/Meridional\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Meridional\">meridional</a>) <sup id=\"cite_ref-WGS-84-2_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WGS-84-2-14\">[11]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-circ_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-circ-15\">[12]</a></sup></span></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Spheroid#Surface_area\" title=\"Spheroid\">Surface area</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist nowrap\">\n<ul><li>510,072,000 km<sup>2</sup> (196,940,000 sq mi)<sup id=\"cite_ref-Pidwirny_2006_8_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Pidwirny_
08-17 14:35:25.580 debug OkHttp 2006_8-16\">[13]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-cia_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cia-17\">[14]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-surfacecover_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-surfacecover-18\">[n 4]</a></sup></li>\n<li><span style=\"padding-left:0.6em;\"> </span>(148,940,000 km<sup>2</sup> (57,510,000 sq mi) <span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(29.2%)</span> land</li>\n<li><span style=\"padding-left:0.6em;\"> </span> 361,132,000 km<sup>2</sup> (139,434,000 sq mi) <span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(70.8%)</span> water)</li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Volume\" title=\"Volume\">Volume</a></th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Volume_of_the_Earth\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Volume of the Earth\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7021108320999999999♠</span>1.083<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">21</span><span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">×</span>10<sup>12</sup> km<sup>3</sup></span></a> (<span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7011259876000000000♠</span>2.598<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">76</span><span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">×</span>10<sup>11</sup> cu mi</span>)<sup id=\"cite_ref-earth_fact_sheet_5-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-5\">[3]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Mass\" title=\"Mass\">Mass</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7024597237000000000♠</span>5.972<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">37</span><span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">×</span>10<sup>24</sup> kg</span> (<span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7024597236001731600♠</span>1.316<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">68</span><span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">×</span>10<sup>25</sup> lb</span>)<sup id=\"cite_ref-Luzum2011_19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Luzum2011-19\">[15]</a></sup><br><span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(<span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7024596565000000000♠</span>3.0<span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_mass\" title=\"Solar mass\"><i>M</i><sub>☉</sub></a></span>)</span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Mean <a href=\"/wiki/Density\" title=\"Density\">density</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>5.514 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (0.1992 lb/cu in)<sup id=\"cite_ref-earth_fact_sheet_5-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-5\">[3]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Surface_gravity\" title=\"Surface gravity\">Surface gravity</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>9.807 m/s<sup>2</sup> (32.18 ft/s<sup>2</sup>)<sup id=\"cite_ref-NIST2008_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NIST2008-20\">[16]</a></sup><br><span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(<a href=\"/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth\" title=\"Gravity of Earth\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000100000000000000♠</span>1 <i>g</i></span></a>)</span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Moment_of_inertia_factor\" title=\"Moment of inertia factor\">Moment of inertia factor</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>0.3307<sup id=\"cite_ref-Williams1994_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Williams1994-21\">[17]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Escape_velocity\" title=\"Escape velocity\">Escape velocity</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>11.186 km/s (6.951 mi/s)<sup id=\"cite_ref-earth_fact_sheet_5-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-earth_fact_sh
08-17 14:35:25.580 debug OkHttp eet-5\">[3]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Sidereal <a href=\"/wiki/Rotation_period\" title=\"Rotation period\">rotation period</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7004861641003520000♠</span>0.997<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">269</span><span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">68</span> d</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-Allen296_22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Allen296-22\">[18]</a></sup><br><span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(23h 56m 4.100s)</span></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Equatorial rotation velocity</div>\n</th>\n<td>1,674.4 km/h (1,040.4 mph)<sup id=\"cite_ref-Cox2000_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Cox2000-23\">[19]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Axial_tilt\" title=\"Axial tilt\">Axial tilt</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>23.4392811°<sup id=\"cite_ref-IERS_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IERS-4\">[2]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Albedo\" title=\"Albedo\">Albedo</a></th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist nowrap\">\n<ul><li>0.367 <a href=\"/wiki/Geometric_albedo\" title=\"Geometric albedo\">geometric</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-earth_fact_sheet_5-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-5\">[3]</a></sup></li>\n<li>0.306 <a href=\"/wiki/Bond_albedo\" title=\"Bond albedo\">Bond</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-earth_fact_sheet_5-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-5\">[3]</a></sup></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; border:none; background-color:#f9f9f9; margin:0; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em; white-space:nowrap\"><tr><th style=\"width:33%; padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">Surface <a href=\"/wiki/Temperature\" title=\"Temperature\">temp.</a></th>\n<th style=\"padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">min</th>\n<th style=\"padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">mean</th>\n<th style=\"padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">max</th>\n</tr><tr><th style=\"padding-left:1.0em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Kelvin\" title=\"Kelvin\">Kelvin</a></th>\n<td>184 K<sup id=\"cite_ref-asu_lowest_temp_24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-asu_lowest_temp-24\">[20]</a></sup></td>\n<td>288 K<sup id=\"cite_ref-kinver20091210_25-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-kinver20091210-25\">[21]</a></sup></td>\n<td>330 K<sup id=\"cite_ref-asu_highest_temp_26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-asu_highest_temp-26\">[22]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th style=\"padding-left:1.0em\">Celsius</th>\n<td>−89.2 °C</td>\n<td>15 °C</td>\n<td>56.7 °C</td>\n</tr><tr><th style=\"padding-left:1.0em\">Fahrenheit</th>\n<td>−128.5 °F</td>\n<td>59 °F</td>\n<td>134 °F</td>\n</tr></table></td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center;background-color:#c0c0ff\">Atmosphere</th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Surface <a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure\" title=\"Atmospheric pressure\">pressure</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7005101325000000000♠</span>101.325 <a href=\"/wiki/Pascal_(unit)\" title=\"Pascal (unit)\">kPa</a></span> (at <a href=\"/wiki/Sea_level\" title=\"Sea level\">MSL</a>)</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry#Atmospheric_composition\" title=\"Atmospheric chemistry\">Composition by volume</a></th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist nowrap\">\n<ul><li>78.08% <a href=\"/wiki/Nitrogen\" title=\"Nitrogen\">nitrogen</a> (N<span style=\"position:relativ
08-17 14:35:25.580 debug OkHttp e; bottom:0.3em;\"><sub><small>2</small></sub></span>)<sup id=\"cite_ref-earth_fact_sheet_5-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-5\">[3]</a></sup> <span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(dry air)</span></li>\n<li>20.95% <a href=\"/wiki/Oxygen\" title=\"Oxygen\">oxygen</a> (O<span style=\"position:relative; bottom:0.3em;\"><sub><small>2</small></sub></span>)</li>\n<li>0.930% <a href=\"/wiki/Argon\" title=\"Argon\">argon</a></li>\n<li>0.039% <a href=\"/wiki/Carbon_dioxide\" title=\"Carbon dioxide\">carbon dioxide</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-NOAA_27-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NOAA-27\">[23]</a></sup></li>\n<li>~ 1% <a href=\"/wiki/Water_vapor\" title=\"Water vapor\">water vapor</a> <span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(<a href=\"/wiki/Climate\" title=\"Climate\">climate</a>-variable)</span></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr></table><p><b>Earth</b> (otherwise known as <b>the world</b>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-29\">[n 5]</a></sup> in <a href=\"/wiki/Greek_language\" title=\"Greek language\">Greek</a>: <span lang=\"grc\" xml:lang=\"grc\"><b>Γαῖα</b></span> <i>Gaia</i>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-31\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-31\">[n 6]</a></sup> or in <a href=\"/wiki/Latin\" title=\"Latin\">Latin</a>: <b>Terra</b><sup id=\"cite_ref-32\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-32\">[26]</a></sup>) is the third planet from the <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a>, the densest planet in the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_System\" title=\"Solar System\">Solar System</a>, the largest of the Solar System's four <a href=\"/wiki/Terrestrial_planet\" title=\"Terrestrial planet\">terrestrial planets</a>, and the only <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_object\" title=\"Astronomical object\">astronomical object</a> known to harbor <a href=\"/wiki/Life\" title=\"Life\">life</a>.</p>\n<p>According to <a href=\"/wiki/Radiometric_dating\" title=\"Radiometric dating\">radiometric dating</a> and other sources of evidence, Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago.<sup id=\"cite_ref-USGS1997_33-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-USGS1997-33\">[27]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-34\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-34\">[28]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-35\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-35\">[29]</a></sup> Earth <a href=\"/wiki/Gravity\" title=\"Gravity\">gravitationally</a> interacts with other objects in space, especially the Sun and the <a href=\"/wiki/Moon\" title=\"Moon\">Moon</a>. During one orbit around the Sun, Earth rotates about its own axis 366.26 times, creating 365.26 <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_time\" title=\"Solar time\">solar days</a> or one <a href=\"/wiki/Sidereal_year\" title=\"Sidereal year\">sidereal year</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sidereal_solar_36-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sidereal_solar-36\">[n 7]</a></sup> Earth's axis of rotation is tilted 23.4° away from the perpendicular of its <a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_plane_(astronomy)\" title=\"Orbital plane (astronomy)\">orbital plane</a>, producing seasonal variations on the planet's surface within a period of one <a href=\"/wiki/Tropical_year\" title=\"Tropical year\">tropical year</a> (365.24 solar days).<sup id=\"cite_ref-yoder1995_37-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-yoder1995-37\">[30]</a></sup> The Moon, Earth's only permanent <a href=\"/wiki/Natural_satellite\" title=\"Natural satellite\">natural satellite</a>, by its gravitational relationship with Earth, causes ocean tides, stabilizes the orientation of Earth's rotational axis, and gradually slows Earth's rotational rate.<sup id=\"cite_ref-aaa428_261_38-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-aaa428_261-38\">[31]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Earth's <a href=\"/wiki/Lithosphere\" title=\"Lithosphere\">lithosphere</a> is divided into several rigid <a href=\"/wiki/Plate_tectonics\" title=\"Plate tectonics\">tectonic plates</a> that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. 71% of Earth's surface is covered wi
08-17 14:35:25.580 debug OkHttp th water.<sup id=\"cite_ref-39\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-39\">[32]</a></sup> The remaining 29% is land mass—consisting of continents and islands—that together has many lakes, rivers, and other sources of water that contribute to the <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrosphere\" title=\"Hydrosphere\">hydrosphere</a>. The majority of Earth's <a href=\"/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth\" title=\"Polar regions of Earth\">polar regions</a> are covered in ice, including the <a href=\"/wiki/Antarctic_ice_sheet\" title=\"Antarctic ice sheet\">Antarctic ice sheet</a> and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack. Earth's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates the <a href=\"/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field\" title=\"Earth's magnetic field\">Earth's magnetic field</a>, and a convecting <a href=\"/wiki/Mantle_(geology)\" title=\"Mantle (geology)\">mantle</a> that drives plate tectonics.</p>\n<p>Within its first billion years,<sup id=\"cite_ref-age_earth1_40-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-age_earth1-40\">[33]</a></sup> life appeared in Earth's oceans, and began to affect the <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth\" title=\"Atmosphere of Earth\">atmosphere</a> and surface, leading to the proliferation of <a href=\"/wiki/Aerobic_organism\" title=\"Aerobic organism\">aerobic</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Anaerobic_organism\" title=\"Anaerobic organism\">anaerobic organisms</a>. Since then, the combination of Earth's distance from the Sun, physical properties, and <a href=\"/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth\" title=\"Geological history of Earth\">geological history</a> have allowed life to evolve and today thrive. The earliest undisputed life on Earth arose at least 3.5 billion years ago. Earlier physical evidence of life includes <a href=\"/wiki/Biogenic\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Biogenic\">biogenic</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Graphite\" title=\"Graphite\">graphite</a> in 3.7 billion-year-old <a href=\"/wiki/Metasediment\" title=\"Metasediment\">metasedimentary rocks</a> discovered in southwestern <a href=\"/wiki/Greenland\" title=\"Greenland\">Greenland</a>, as well as \"remains of <a href=\"/wiki/Biotic_material\" title=\"Biotic material\">biotic life</a>\" found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in <a href=\"/wiki/Western_Australia\" title=\"Western Australia\">Western Australia</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-AP-20151019_41-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AP-20151019-41\">[34]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-PNAS-20151014-pdf_42-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PNAS-20151014-pdf-42\">[35]</a></sup> Except when interrupted by <a href=\"/wiki/Extinction_event\" title=\"Extinction event\">mass extinction events</a>, Earth's <a href=\"/wiki/Biodiversity\" title=\"Biodiversity\">biodiversity</a> has continually expanded.<sup id=\"cite_ref-SahneyBentonFerry2010_43-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SahneyBentonFerry2010-43\">[36]</a></sup> Although scholars estimate that over 99% of all species of life (over five billion)<sup id=\"cite_ref-Book-Biology_44-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Book-Biology-44\">[37]</a></sup> that ever lived on Earth are today <a href=\"/wiki/Extinction\" title=\"Extinction\">extinct</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-StearnsStearns2000_45-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-StearnsStearns2000-45\">[38]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20141108-MJN_46-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT-20141108-MJN-46\">[39]</a></sup> there are an estimated 10–14 million species still in existence,<sup id=\"cite_ref-science_241_4872_1441_47-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-science_241_4872_1441-47\">[40]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-MillerSpoolman2012_48-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MillerSpoolman2012-48\">[41]</a></sup> of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86% have not yet been described.<sup id=\"cite_ref-PLoS-20110823_49-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PLoS-20110823-49\">[42]</a></sup> More re
08-17 14:35:25.580 debug OkHttp cently, in May 2016, scientists reported that 1 trillion species are estimated to be on Earth currently with only one-thousandth of one percent described.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NSF-2016002_50-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NSF-2016002-50\">[43]</a></sup> In July 2016, scientists reported identifying a set of 355 <a href=\"/wiki/Gene\" title=\"Gene\">genes</a> from the <a href=\"/wiki/Last_Universal_Common_Ancestor\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Last Universal Common Ancestor\">Last Universal Common Ancestor</a> (LUCA) of all <a href=\"/wiki/Organism\" title=\"Organism\">organisms</a> living on Earth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20160725_51-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT-20160725-51\">[44]</a></sup> Over 7.3 billion <a href=\"/wiki/Homo_sapiens\" title=\"Homo sapiens\">humans</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-PopCounter_52-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PopCounter-52\">[45]</a></sup> live on Earth and depend on its <a href=\"/wiki/Biosphere\" title=\"Biosphere\">biosphere</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Mineral\" title=\"Mineral\">minerals</a> for their survival. Earth's human population is divided among about 200 sovereign <a href=\"/wiki/State_(polity)\" title=\"State (polity)\">states</a> that interact through diplomacy, conflict, travel, trade, and communication media.</p>\n<p></p>"}],"protection":{"edit":["autoconfirmed"],"move":["sysop"]},"editable":false}}
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08-17 14:35:25.990 debug OkHttp {"mobileview":{"sections":[{"toclevel":1,"line":"Name and etymology","anchor":"Name_and_etymology","id":1,"text":"<p>The modern English word <span id=\"Name\"></span><span id=\"Etymology\"></span> <i>Earth</i> developed from a wide variety of <a href=\"/wiki/Middle_English\" title=\"Middle English\">Middle English</a> forms,<sup id=\"cite_ref-54\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-54\">[n 8]</a></sup> which derived from an <a href=\"/wiki/Old_English\" title=\"Old English\">Old English</a> noun most often spelled <i><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eor%C3%B0e\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikt:eor\u00f0e\">eor\u00f0e</a></i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-oedearth_53-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-oedearth-53\">[46]</a></sup> It has cognates in every <a href=\"/wiki/Germanic_languages\" title=\"Germanic languages\">Germanic language</a>, and their <a href=\"/wiki/Proto-Germanic\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Proto-Germanic\">proto-Germanic</a> root has been reconstructed as <a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Germanic/er%C3%BE%C5%8D\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikt:Appendix:Proto-Germanic/er\u00fe\u014d\">*<i>er\u00fe\u014d</i></a>. In its earliest appearances, <i>eor\u00f0e</i> was already being used to translate the many senses of <a href=\"/wiki/Latin_language\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Latin language\">Latin</a> <i><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/terra\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikt:terra\">terra</a></i> and <a href=\"/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Ancient Greek language\">Greek</a> <a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B3%E1%BF%86\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikt:\u03b3\u1fc6\">\u03b3\u1fc6</a> (<i>g\u0113</i>): the ground,<sup id=\"cite_ref-56\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-56\">[n 9]</a></sup> its soil,<sup id=\"cite_ref-58\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-58\">[n 10]</a></sup> dry land,<sup id=\"cite_ref-61\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-61\">[n 11]</a></sup> the human world,<sup id=\"cite_ref-63\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-63\">[n 12]</a></sup> the surface of the world (including the sea),<sup id=\"cite_ref-66\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-66\">[n 13]</a></sup> and the globe itself.<sup id=\"cite_ref-68\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-68\">[n 14]</a></sup> As with <a href=\"/wiki/Terra_(goddess)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Terra (goddess)\">Terra</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Gaia_(goddess)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Gaia (goddess)\">Gaia</a>, Earth was a <a href=\"/wiki/Earth_goddess\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Earth goddess\">personified goddess</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Germanic_paganism\" title=\"Germanic paganism\">Germanic paganism</a>: the <a href=\"/wiki/Angles\" title=\"Angles\">Angles</a> were listed by <a href=\"/wiki/Tacitus\" title=\"Tacitus\">Tacitus</a> as among the <a href=\"/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism\" title=\"Anglo-Saxon paganism\">devotees</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Nerthus\" title=\"Nerthus\">Nerthus</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-69\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-69\">[55]</a></sup> and later <a href=\"/wiki/Norse_mythology\" title=\"Norse mythology\">Norse mythology</a> included <a href=\"/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0\" title=\"J\u00f6r\u00f0\">J\u00f6r\u00f0</a>, a giantess often given as the mother of <a href=\"/wiki/Thor\" title=\"Thor\">Thor</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-SIMEK179_70-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SIMEK179-70\">[56]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Originally, <i>earth</i> was written in lowercase, and from <a href=\"/wiki/Early_Middle_English\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Early Middle English\">early Middle English</a>, its <a href=\"/wiki/Definite\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Definite\">definite</a> sense as \"the globe\" was expressed as <i><a href=\"/wiki/Definite_article\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Definite article\">the</a> earth</i>. By <a href=\"/wiki/Early_Modern_English\" title=\"Early Modern English\">early Modern Engl
08-17 14:35:25.990 debug OkHttp ish</a>, many nouns were capitalized, and <i>the earth</i> became (and often remained) <i>the Earth</i>, particularly when referenced along with other heavenly bodies. More recently, the name is sometimes simply given as <i>Earth</i>, by analogy with the names of the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_System\" title=\"Solar System\">other planets</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-oedearth_53-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-oedearth-53\">[46]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Style_guide\" title=\"Style guide\">House styles</a> now vary: <a href=\"/wiki/Oxford_spelling\" title=\"Oxford spelling\">Oxford spelling</a> recognizes the lowercase form as the most common, with the capitalized form an acceptable variant. Another convention capitalizes \"Earth\" when appearing as a name (e.g. \"Earth's atmosphere\") but writes it in lowercase when preceded by <i>the</i> (e.g. \"the atmosphere of the earth\"). It almost always appears in lowercase in colloquial expressions such as \"what on earth are you doing?\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-oxford_71-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-oxford-71\">[57]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Chronology","anchor":"Chronology","id":2,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/History_of_Earth\" title=\"History of Earth\">History of Earth</a></div>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Formation","anchor":"Formation","id":3,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Protoplanetary-disk.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Protoplanetary-disk.jpg/220px-Protoplanetary-disk.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"119\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Protoplanetary-disk.jpg/330px-Protoplanetary-disk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Protoplanetary-disk.jpg/440px-Protoplanetary-disk.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"576\" data-file-height=\"312\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Protoplanetary-disk.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nArtist's impression of the early Solar System's planetary disk</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The earliest material found in the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_System\" title=\"Solar System\">Solar System</a> is dated to <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000456720000000000\u2660</span>4.5672<span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">\u00b1</span>0.0006\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Billion_years_ago\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Billion years ago\">billion years ago</a></span> (Gya).<sup id=\"cite_ref-bowring_housch1995_72-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-bowring_housch1995-72\">[58]</a></sup> By <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000454000000000000\u2660</span>4.54<span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">\u00b1</span>0.04\u00a0Gya</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-age_earth1_40-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-age_earth1-40\">[33]</a></sup> the primordial Earth had formed. The <a href=\"/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System\" title=\"Formation and evolution of the Solar System\">formation and evolution of the Solar System</a> bodies occurred along with those of the Sun. In theory, a <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_nebula\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Solar nebula\">solar nebula</a> partitions a volume out of a <a href=\"/wiki/Molecular_cloud\" title=\"Molecular cloud\">molecular cloud</a> by gravitational collapse, which begins to spin and flatten into a <a href=\"/wiki/Circumstellar_disk\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Circumstellar disk\">circumstellar disk</a>, and then the planets grow out of that disk along with the Sun. A nebula contains gas, ice grains, and <a href=\"/wiki/Cosmic_dust\" title=\"Cosmic dust\">dust</a> (including <a href=\"/wiki/Primordial_nuclide\" title=\"Primordial nuclide\">primordial nuclides</a>). In <a
08-17 14:35:25.990 debug OkHttp href=\"/wiki/Nebular_theory\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Nebular theory\">nebular theory</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Planetesimal\" title=\"Planetesimal\">planetesimals</a> form by <a href=\"/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)\" title=\"Accretion (astrophysics)\">accretion</a>. The assembly of the primordial Earth proceeded for 10\u2013<span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7014631152000000000\u2660</span>20\u00a0Ma</span>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nature418_6901_949_73-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nature418_6901_949-73\">[59]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The process that led to the formation of the Moon approximately 4.53 billion years ago<sup id=\"cite_ref-science310_5754_1671_74-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-science310_5754_1671-74\">[60]</a></sup> is the subject of ongoing research. The <a href=\"/wiki/Working_hypothesis\" title=\"Working hypothesis\">working hypothesis</a> is that it formed by accretion from material loosed from Earth after a <a href=\"/wiki/Mars\" title=\"Mars\">Mars</a>-sized object, named <a href=\"/wiki/Theia_(planet)\" title=\"Theia (planet)\">Theia</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Giant_impact_hypothesis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Giant impact hypothesis\">impacted</a> Earth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-reilly20091022_75-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-reilly20091022-75\">[61]</a></sup> In this scenario, the mass of Theia was approximately 10% of that of Earth,<sup id=\"cite_ref-canup_asphaug2001a_76-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-canup_asphaug2001a-76\">[62]</a></sup> it impacted Earth with a glancing blow,<sup id=\"cite_ref-canup_asphaug2001b_77-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-canup_asphaug2001b-77\">[63]</a></sup> and some of its mass merged with Earth. Between approximately 4.1 and <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000380000000000000\u2660</span>3.8\u00a0Gya</span>, numerous <a href=\"/wiki/Asteroid\" title=\"Asteroid\">asteroid</a> impacts during the <a href=\"/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment\" title=\"Late Heavy Bombardment\">Late Heavy Bombardment</a> caused significant changes to the greater surface environment of the Moon, and by inference, to that of Earth.</p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Geological history","anchor":"Geological_history","id":4,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth\" title=\"Geological history of Earth\">Geological history of Earth</a></div>\n<p>Earth's atmosphere and oceans formed by <a href=\"/wiki/Volcano\" title=\"Volcano\">volcanic</a> activity and <a href=\"/wiki/Outgassing\" title=\"Outgassing\">outgassing</a> that included water vapor. The <a href=\"/wiki/Origin_of_the_world%27s_oceans\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Origin of the world's oceans\">origin of the world's oceans</a> was condensation augmented by water and ice delivered by asteroids, <a href=\"/wiki/Protoplanet\" title=\"Protoplanet\">protoplanets</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Comet\" title=\"Comet\">comets</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-watersource_78-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-watersource-78\">[64]</a></sup> In <a href=\"/wiki/Faint_young_Sun_paradox\" title=\"Faint young Sun paradox\">this model</a>, atmospheric \"greenhouse gases\" kept the oceans from freezing when the newly forming Sun had only 70% of its <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_luminosity\" title=\"Solar luminosity\">current luminosity</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-asp2002_79-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-asp2002-79\">[65]</a></sup> By <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000350000000000000\u2660</span>3.5\u00a0Gya</span>, Earth's magnetic field was established, which helped prevent the atmosphere from being stripped away by the solar wind.<sup id=\"cite_ref-physorg20100304_80-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-physorg20100304-80\">[66]</a></sup></p>\n<p>A crust formed when the molten outer layer of Earth cooled <a href=\"/wiki/Phase_transit
08-17 14:35:25.990 debug OkHttp ion\" title=\"Phase transition\">to form</a> a solid as the accumulated water vapor began to act in the atmosphere. The two models<sup id=\"cite_ref-williams_santosh2004_81-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-williams_santosh2004-81\">[67]</a></sup> that explain land mass propose either a steady growth to the present-day forms<sup id=\"cite_ref-science164_1229_82-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-science164_1229-82\">[68]</a></sup> or, more likely, a rapid growth<sup id=\"cite_ref-tp322_19_83-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-tp322_19-83\">[69]</a></sup> early in Earth history<sup id=\"cite_ref-rg6_175_84-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-rg6_175-84\">[70]</a></sup> followed by a long-term steady continental area.<sup id=\"cite_ref-science310_5756_1947_85-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-science310_5756_1947-85\">[71]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-jaes23_799_86-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-jaes23_799-86\">[72]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-ajes38_613_87-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ajes38_613-87\">[73]</a></sup> Continents formed by <a href=\"/wiki/Plate_tectonics\" title=\"Plate tectonics\">plate tectonics</a>, a process ultimately driven by the continuous loss of heat from Earth's interior. On <a href=\"/wiki/Geologic_time_scale\" title=\"Geologic time scale\">time scales</a> lasting hundreds of millions of years, the <a href=\"/wiki/Supercontinent\" title=\"Supercontinent\">supercontinents</a> have formed and broken up three times. Roughly <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7016236682000000000\u2660</span>750\u00a0mya</span> (million years ago), one of the earliest known supercontinents, <a href=\"/wiki/Rodinia\" title=\"Rodinia\">Rodinia</a>, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form <a href=\"/wiki/Pannotia\" title=\"Pannotia\">Pannotia</a>, 600\u2013<span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7016170411040000000\u2660</span>540\u00a0mya</span>, then finally <a href=\"/wiki/Pangaea\" title=\"Pangaea\">Pangaea</a>, which also broke apart <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7015568036800000000\u2660</span>180\u00a0mya</span>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-as92_324_88-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-as92_324-88\">[74]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The present pattern of <a href=\"/wiki/Ice_age\" title=\"Ice age\">ice ages</a> began about <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7015126230400000000\u2660</span>40\u00a0mya</span> and then intensified during the <a href=\"/wiki/Pleistocene\" title=\"Pleistocene\">Pleistocene</a> about <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7013946728000000000\u2660</span>3\u00a0mya</span>. High-<a href=\"/wiki/Latitude\" title=\"Latitude\">latitude</a> regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating every 40\u2013<span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7012315576000000000\u2660</span>100<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">000</span>\u00a0years</span>. The last continental glaciation ended 10,000\u00a0years ago.<sup id=\"cite_ref-psc_89-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-psc-89\">[75]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Evolution of life","anchor":"Evolution_of_life","id":5,"text":"<div id=\"Container\" class=\"toccolours\" style=\"text-align: left; padding:0.5em 0 0 0; border-style:solid; float:right;clear:right; padding:0 0.5em; margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div id=\"Title\" style=\"background-color:#77bb77; font-weight:bold; padding:0.2em; text-align:center; margin:0.6em 0 1.2em 0\"><a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_life\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Timeline of life\">Life timeline</a></div>\n<div id=\"Contains-Timeline-Scale-Notes\">\n<div style=\"text-align:right; position:relative; top:-1em;\"><small><a href=\"/wiki/Template:Life_timeline\" title=\"Template:Li
08-17 14:35:25.990 debug OkHttp fe timeline\"><span style=\"color:#002bb8;\" title=\"View this timeline in its own page\">view</span></a>\u00a0\u2022\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:Life_timeline\" title=\"Template talk:Life timeline\"><span style=\"color:#002bb8;\" title=\"Discussion about this template\">discuss</span></a>\u00a0\u2022\u00a0<span class=\"noprint plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"color:#002bb8;\" title=\"You can edit this timeline. Please use the preview button before saving.\"><span class=\"plainlinks\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Life_timeline&amp;action=edit\">edit</a></span></span></small></div>\n<div id=\"Scale\" style=\"width:3.1em; position:relative; top:-0.82em; float:left; height:36em; padding:0px\">\n<div style=\"float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:35.68281938326em;\"><span style=\"font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;\">-4500\u00a0\u2014</span></div>\n<div style=\"float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:33.700440528634em;\"><span style=\"font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;\">\u2013</span></div>\n<div style=\"float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:31.718061674009em;\"><span style=\"font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;\">-4000\u00a0\u2014</span></div>\n<div style=\"float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:29.735682819383em;\"><span style=\"font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;\">\u2013</span></div>\n<div style=\"float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:27.753303964758em;\"><span style=\"font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;\">-3500\u00a0\u2014</span></div>\n<div style=\"float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:25.770925110132em;\"><span style=\"font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;\">\u2013</span></div>\n<div style=\"float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:23.788546255507em;\"><span style=\"font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;\">-3000\u00a0\u2014</span></div>\n<div style=\"float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:21.806167400881em;\"><span style=\"font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;\">\u2013</span></div>\n<div style=\"float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:19.823788546256em;\"><span style=\"font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;\">-2500\u00a0\u2014</span></div>\n<div style=\"float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:17.84140969163em;\"><span style=\"font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;\">\u2013</span></div>\n<div style=\"float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:15.859030837004em;\"><span style=\"font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;\">-2000\u00a0\u2014</span></div>\n<div style=\"float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:13.876651982379em;\"><span style=\"font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;\">\u2013</span></div>\n<div style=\"float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:11.894273127753em;\"><span style=\"font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;\">-1500\u00a0\u2014</span></div>\n<div style=\"float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:9.9118942731278em;\"><span style=\"font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;\">\u2013</span></div>\n<div style=\"float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:7.9295154185022em;\"><span style=\"font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;\">-1000\u00a0\u2014</span></div>\n<div style=\"float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:5.9471365638767em;\"><span style=\"font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;\">\u2013</span></div>\n<div style=\"float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:3.9647577092511em;\"><span style=\"font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;\">-500\u00a0\u2014</span></div>\n<div style=\"float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1.9823788546256em;\"><span style=\"font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;\">\u2013</span></div>\n<div style=\"float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:0em;\"><span style=\"font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;\">0\u00a0\u2014</span></div>\n</div>\n<div id=\"ScaleBar\" style=\"width:1px; float:left; height:36em; padding:0; background-color:#242020\"></div>\n<div id=\"Timeline\" class=\"toccolours\" style=\"font-size:100%; width:100%; height:36em; padding:0px; float:left; width:10em;
08-17 14:35:25.990 debug OkHttp border:none; background-color:#e5cc7f;\">\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"font-size:100%; background-color:#99ccff; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:34.88986784141em; margin-left:0.1em; width:9.9em;\">\n<div class=\"nudge\" style=\"font-size:100%; position:relative; top:15.34em; left:0.5em;\"><span style=\"position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-17.444933920705em;\"><i><b><small><a href=\"/wiki/Water\" title=\"Water\">water</a></small></b></i></span></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"font-size:100%; background-color:#b3d9ff; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:32.511013215859em; margin-left:0.1em; width:9.9em;\">\n<div class=\"nudge\" style=\"font-size:100%; position:relative; top:13.14em; left:0.4em;\"><span style=\"position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-16.25550660793em;\"><b><a href=\"/wiki/Unicellular_life\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Unicellular life\">Simple life</a></b></span></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"font-size:100%; background-color:#99ffff; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:27.753303964758em; margin-left:0.7em; width:9.3em;\">\n<div class=\"nudge\" style=\"font-size:100%; position:relative; top:8.64em; left:0.2em;\"><span style=\"position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-13.876651982379em;\"><i><b><small><a href=\"/wiki/Evolution_of_photosynthesis\" title=\"Evolution of photosynthesis\"><font color=\"green\">photosynthesis</font></a></small></b></i></span></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"font-size:100%; background-color:#b3ffea; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:19.823788546256em; margin-left:1.4em; width:8.6em;\">\n<div class=\"nudge\" style=\"font-size:100%; position:relative; top:5.14em; left:0em;\"><span style=\"position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-9.9118942731278em;\"><b><a href=\"/wiki/Eukaryote\" title=\"Eukaryote\">Eukaryotes</a></b></span></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"font-size:100%; background-color:#b3ffdb; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:11.894273127753em; margin-left:1.4em; width:8.6em;\">\n<div class=\"nudge\" style=\"font-size:100%; position:relative; top:1.64em; left:0em;\"><span style=\"position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-5.9471365638767em;\"><b><a href=\"/wiki/Multicellular_organism\" title=\"Multicellular organism\">Multicellular organisms</a></b></span></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"font-size:100%; background-color:#cc9900; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:3.5191189427313em; margin-left:2em; width:8em;\">\n<div class=\"nudge\" style=\"font-size:100%; position:relative; top:1.14em; left:0em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"font-size:100%; background-color:; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:2.8546255506608em; margin-left:2.5em; width:7.5em;\">\n<div class=\"nudge\" style=\"font-size:100%; position:relative; top:0.69em; left:0em;\"><span style=\"position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.4273127753304em;\"><b><a href=\"/wiki/Silurian#Flora_and_fauna\" title=\"Silurian\"><font color=\"white\">Land life</font></a></b></span></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"font-size:100%; background-color:#e6b800; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.51938325991189em; height:1.8594713656388em; margin-left:2.5em; width:7.5em;\">\n<div class=\"nudge\" style=\"font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.34em; left:0em;\"><span style=\"position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.92973568281938em;\"><small><b><a href=\"/wiki/Dinosaur\" title=\"Dinosaur\">Dinosaurs\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0</a></b></small></span></div>\n<
08-17 14:35:25.990 debug OkHttp /div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"font-size:100%; background-color:#ffcc00; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:1.5859030837004em; margin-left:3em; width:7em;\">\n<div class=\"nudge\" style=\"font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.36em; left:0em;\"><span style=\"position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.79295154185022em;\"><small><b><a href=\"/wiki/Mammal\" title=\"Mammal\">Mammals</a></b></small></span></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"font-size:100%; background-color:#ffff00; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:1.0308370044053em; margin-left:3.67em; width:6.33em;\">\n<div class=\"nudge\" style=\"font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:0em;\"><span style=\"position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.51541850220264em;\"><small><b><a href=\"/wiki/Flowering_plant\" title=\"Flowering plant\">Flowers</a></b></small></span></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"font-size:100%; background-color:blue; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:0.015859030837004em; margin-left:4.5em; width:5.5em;\">\n<div class=\"nudge\" style=\"font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:0em;\"><span style=\"position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.0079295154185022em;\">\u00a0</span></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div id=\"Annotations\" style=\"float:left; position:relative; width:8.25em\">\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:36em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-arrow\" style=\"position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:0em; float:left;\"><span style=\"color:black;\">\u2190</span></div>\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\">\n<div style=\"line-height:9pt\"><span style=\"position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth\" title=\"Age of the Earth\">Earliest Earth (-4540)</a></span></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:34.88986784141em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-arrow\" style=\"position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:0em; float:left;\"><span style=\"color:black;\">\u2190</span></div>\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\">\n<div style=\"line-height:9pt\"><span style=\"position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth#Water_in_the_development_of_Earth\" title=\"Origin of water on Earth\">Earliest water</a></span></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:32.511013215859em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-arrow\" style=\"position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:0em; float:left;\"><span style=\"color:black;\">\u2190</span></div>\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\">\n<div style=\"line-height:9pt\"><span style=\"position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Abiogenesis\" title=\"Abiogenesis\">Earliest life<br>\n(-4100)</a></span></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:30.132158590308em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-arrow\" style=\"position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:0em; float:left;\"><span style=\"color:black;\">\u2190</span></div>\n<div class=\"annot-nudge
08-17 14:35:25.990 debug OkHttp \" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\">\n<div style=\"line-height:9pt\"><span style=\"position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;\"><small><a href=\"/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment\" title=\"Late Heavy Bombardment\">Meteorite bombardment</a></small></span></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:27.753303964758em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-arrow\" style=\"position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:0em; float:left;\"><span style=\"color:black;\">\u2190</span></div>\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\">\n<div style=\"line-height:9pt\"><span style=\"position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Geological_history_of_oxygen\" title=\"Geological history of oxygen\">Earliest oxygen</a></span></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:19.823788546256em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-arrow\" style=\"position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:0em; float:left;\"><span style=\"color:black;\">\u2190</span></div>\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\">\n<div style=\"line-height:9pt\"><span style=\"position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;\"><small><a href=\"/wiki/Geological_history_of_oxygen\" title=\"Geological history of oxygen\">Atmospheric oxygen</a></small></span></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18.237885462555em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-arrow\" style=\"position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:0em; float:left;\"><span style=\"color:black;\">\u2190</span></div>\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\">\n<div style=\"line-height:9pt\"><span style=\"position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;\"><small><a href=\"/wiki/Great_Oxygenation_Event\" title=\"Great Oxygenation Event\">Oxygen Crisis</a></small></span></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:9.5154185022026em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-arrow\" style=\"position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:0em; float:left;\"><span style=\"color:black;\">\u2190</span></div>\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\">\n<div style=\"line-height:9pt\"><span style=\"position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction#Origin_of_sexual_reproduction\" title=\"Evolution of sexual reproduction\">Earliest sexual reproduction</a></span></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:4.9955947136564em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:4.2898678414097em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-arrow\" style=\"position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:0em; float:left;\"><span style=\"color:black;\">\u2190</span></div>\
08-17 14:35:25.990 debug OkHttp n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\">\n<div style=\"line-height:9pt\"><span style=\"position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;\"><small><a href=\"/wiki/Cambrian_explosion\" title=\"Cambrian explosion\">Cambrian explosion</a></small></span></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.0079295154185022em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-arrow\" style=\"position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:0em; float:left;\"><span style=\"color:black;\">\u2190</span></div>\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\">\n<div style=\"line-height:9pt\"><span style=\"position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Human\" title=\"Human\">Earliest humans</a></span></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.87224669603524em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-13em; width:7em;\">\n<center><span style=\"position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:80%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;\"><span style=\"display:block\"><a href=\"/wiki/Phanerozoic\" title=\"Phanerozoic\">P<br>\nh<br>\na<br>\nn<br>\nr<br>\nz<br>\nc</a></span></span></center>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:5.0035242290749em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-13em; width:7em;\">\n<center><span style=\"position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:80%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;\"><span style=\"display:block\"><a href=\"/wiki/Proterozoic\" title=\"Proterozoic\"><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>\nP<br>\nr<br>\no<br>\nt<br>\ne<br>\nr<br>\no<br>\nz<br>\no<br>\ni<br>\nc</a></span></span></center>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20.537444933921em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-13em; width:7em;\">\n<center><span style=\"position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:80%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;\"><span style=\"display:block\"><a href=\"/wiki/Archean\" title=\"Archean\"><br><br><br>\nA<br>\nr<br>\nc<br>\nh<br>\ne<br>\na<br>\nn</a></span></span></center>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:31.955947136564em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-13em; width:7em;\">\n<center><span style=\"position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:80%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;\"><span style=\"display:block\"><a href=\"/wiki/Hadean\" title=\"Hadean\">H<br>\na<br>\nd<br>\ne<br>\na<br>\nn</a></span></span></center>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relativ
08-17 14:35:25.990 debug OkHttp e; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"a
08-17 14:35:25.990 debug OkHttp nnot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position
08-17 14:35:25.990 debug OkHttp :absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"annot-bar\" style=\"width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;\">\n<div class=\"annot-nudge\" style=\"text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div id=\"Legend\" class=\"toccolours\" style=\"margin-left:3.1em; border-style:none; float:left; clear:both;\"></div>\n<div id=\"Caption\" class=\"toccolours\" style=\"margin:0 0.5em; float:left; padding:0 auto; border-style:none; clear:both; text-align:center; width:20.5em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system#Two_dimensions\" title=\"Cartesian coordinate system\">Axis scale</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/Geologic_time_scale\" title=\"Geologic time scale\">millions of years</a>.<br><i><small>also see {<a href=\"/wiki/Template:Human_timeline\" title=\"Template:Human timeline\">{Human timeline}</a>} and {<a href=\"/wiki/Template:Nature_timeline\" title=\"Template:Nature timeline\">{Nature timeline}</a>}</small></i></div>\n</div>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_life\" title=\"Evolutionary history of life\">Evolutionary history of life</a></div>\n<p>Highly energetic <a href=\"/wiki/Chemical_reaction\" title=\"Chemical reaction\">chemical reactions</a> are thought to have produced self\u2013replicating molecules around four billion years ago. This was followed a half billion years later by the <a href=\"/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Last universal common ancestor\">last common ancestor of all life</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sa282_6_90_90-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sa282_6_90-90\">[76]</a></sup> The development of <a href=\"/wiki/Photosynthesis\" title=\"Photosynthesis\">photosynthesis</a> allowed the Sun's energy to be harvested directly by life forms; the resultant <a href=\"/wiki/Molecular_oxygen\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Molecular oxygen\">molecular oxygen</a> (O<sub>2</sub>) accumulated in the atmosphere and due to interaction with ultraviolet solar radiation, formed a protective <a href=\"/wiki/Ozone_layer\" title=\"Ozone layer\">ozone layer</a> (O<sub>3</sub>) in the upper atmosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20131003_91-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT-20131003-91\">[77]</a></sup> The incorporation of smaller cells within larger ones resulted in the <a href=\"/wiki/Endosymbiotic_theory\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Endosymbiotic theory\">development of complex cells</a> called <a href=\"/wiki/Eukaryotes\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Eukaryotes\">eukaryotes</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-jas22_3_225_92-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-jas22_3_225-92\">[78]</a></sup> True multicellular organisms formed as cells within <a href=\"/wiki/Colony_(biology)\" title=\"Colony (biology)\">colonies</a> became increasingly specialized. Aided by the absorption of harmful <a href=\"/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Ultraviolet radiation\">ultraviolet radiation</a> by the ozone layer, life colonized Earth's surface.<sup id=\"cite_ref-burton20021129_93-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-burton20021129-93\">[79]</a></sup> The earliest <a href=\"/wiki/Fossil\"
08-17 14:35:25.990 debug OkHttp title=\"Fossil\">fossil</a> evidence for <a href=\"/wiki/Life\" title=\"Life\">life</a> is <a href=\"/wiki/Microbial_mat\" title=\"Microbial mat\">microbial mat</a> fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old <a href=\"/wiki/Sandstone\" title=\"Sandstone\">sandstone</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Western_Australia\" title=\"Western Australia\">Western Australia</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Origin1_94-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Origin1-94\">[80]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Origin2_95-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Origin2-95\">[81]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-RavenJohnson2002_96-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RavenJohnson2002-96\">[82]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-AP-20131113_97-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AP-20131113-97\">[83]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-AST-20131108_98-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AST-20131108-98\">[84]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Biogenic_substance\" title=\"Biogenic substance\">biogenic</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Graphite\" title=\"Graphite\">graphite</a> found in 3.7 billion-year-old <a href=\"/wiki/Metasediment\" title=\"Metasediment\">metasedimentary rocks</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Western_Greenland\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Western Greenland\">Western Greenland</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-NG-20131208_99-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NG-20131208-99\">[85]</a></sup> as well as, remains of <a href=\"/wiki/Biotic_material\" title=\"Biotic material\">biotic material</a> found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia.<sup id=\"cite_ref-AP-20151019_41-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AP-20151019-41\">[34]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-PNAS-20151014-pdf_42-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PNAS-20151014-pdf-42\">[35]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PhylogeneticTree,_Woese_1990.PNG\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/PhylogeneticTree%2C_Woese_1990.PNG/220px-PhylogeneticTree%2C_Woese_1990.PNG\" width=\"220\" height=\"150\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/PhylogeneticTree%2C_Woese_1990.PNG/330px-PhylogeneticTree%2C_Woese_1990.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/PhylogeneticTree%2C_Woese_1990.PNG/440px-PhylogeneticTree%2C_Woese_1990.PNG 2x\" data-file-width=\"1842\" data-file-height=\"1257\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PhylogeneticTree,_Woese_1990.PNG\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nSpeculative <a href=\"/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree\" title=\"Phylogenetic tree\">phylogenetic tree</a> of life on Earth based on <a href=\"/wiki/RRNA\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"RRNA\">rRNA</a> analysis</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Since the 1960s, it has been hypothesized that severe glacial action between 750 and <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7016183034080000000\u2660</span>580\u00a0mya</span>, during the <a href=\"/wiki/Neoproterozoic\" title=\"Neoproterozoic\">Neoproterozoic</a>, covered much of Earth in ice. This hypothesis has been termed \"<a href=\"/wiki/Snowball_Earth\" title=\"Snowball Earth\">Snowball Earth</a>\", and it is of particular interest because it preceded the <a href=\"/wiki/Cambrian_explosion\" title=\"Cambrian explosion\">Cambrian explosion</a>, when multicellular life forms began to proliferate.<sup id=\"cite_ref-kirschvink1992_100-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-kirschvink1992-100\">[86]</a></sup> Following the Cambrian explosion, about <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7016168833160000000\u2660</span>535\u00a0mya</span>, there have been five <a href=\"/wiki/Extinction_event\" title=\"Extinction event\">major mass extinctions</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sci215_4539_1501_101-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sci215_4539_1501-101\">[87]</a></sup> The <a
08-17 14:35:25.990 debug OkHttp href=\"/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Tertiary_extinction_event\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cretaceous\u2013Tertiary extinction event\">most recent such event</a> was <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7015208280160000000\u2660</span>66\u00a0mya</span>, when <a href=\"/wiki/Chicxulub_impactor\" title=\"Chicxulub impactor\">an asteroid impact</a> triggered the extinction of the non-<a href=\"/wiki/Bird\" title=\"Bird\">avian</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Dinosaur\" title=\"Dinosaur\">dinosaurs</a> and other large reptiles, but spared some small animals such as <a href=\"/wiki/Mammal\" title=\"Mammal\">mammals</a>, which then resembled <a href=\"/wiki/Shrew\" title=\"Shrew\">shrews</a>. Over the past <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7015208280160000000\u2660</span>66\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Annum\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Annum\">Ma</a></span>, mammalian life has diversified, and several million years ago an African ape-like animal such as <i><a href=\"/wiki/Orrorin_tugenensis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Orrorin tugenensis\">Orrorin tugenensis</a></i> gained the ability to stand upright.<sup id=\"cite_ref-gould1994_102-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-gould1994-102\">[88]</a></sup> This facilitated tool use and encouraged communication that provided the nutrition and stimulation needed for a larger brain, which allowed the <a href=\"/wiki/Human_evolution\" title=\"Human evolution\">evolution of the human race</a>. The <a href=\"/wiki/History_of_agriculture\" title=\"History of agriculture\">development of agriculture</a>, and then <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_ancient_civilizations\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"List of ancient civilizations\">civilization</a>, led to humans having an influence on Earth and the nature and quantity of other life forms as no other species ever has.<sup id=\"cite_ref-bgsa119_1_140_103-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-bgsa119_1_140-103\">[89]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Predicted future","anchor":"Predicted_future","id":6,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Future_of_the_Earth\" title=\"Future of the Earth\">Future of the Earth</a></div>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk\" title=\"Global catastrophic risk\">Global catastrophic risk</a></div>\n<p>Estimates on how much longer Earth will be able to continue to support life range from <span class=\"nowrap\">500 million years (Myr)</span>, to as long as <span class=\"nowrap\">2.3 billion years (Ga)</span>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-britt2000_104-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-britt2000-104\">[90]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-carrington_105-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-carrington-105\">[91]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-pnas1_24_9576_106-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pnas1_24_9576-106\">[92]</a></sup> Earth's long-term future is closely tied to that of the Sun. As a result of the steady accumulation of helium at the Sun's core, the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_luminosity\" title=\"Solar luminosity\">Sun's total luminosity</a> will slowly increase. The luminosity of the Sun will grow by 10% over the next <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7016347133600000000\u2660</span>1.1\u00a0Ga</span> and by 40% over the next <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7017110451600000000\u2660</span>3.5\u00a0Ga</span>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sun_future_107-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sun_future-107\">[93]</a></sup> Climate models indicate that the rise in radiation reaching Earth is likely to have dire consequences, including the loss of the oceans.<sup id=\"cite_ref-icarus74_472_108-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-icarus74_472-108\">[94]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the <a href=\"/wiki/Inorganic\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\
08-17 14:35:25.990 debug OkHttp "Inorganic\">inorganic</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Carbon_cycle\" title=\"Carbon cycle\">CO<sub>2</sub> cycle</a>, reducing its concentration to levels lethally low for plants (<span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6995099999999999999\u2660</span>10\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Parts_per_million\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Parts per million\">ppm</a></span> for <a href=\"/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation\" title=\"C4 carbon fixation\">C4 photosynthesis</a>) in approximately 500\u2013<span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7016284018400000000\u2660</span>900\u00a0Ma</span>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-britt2000_104-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-britt2000-104\">[90]</a></sup> The lack of vegetation will result in the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere, so animal life will become extinct within several million more years.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ward_brownlee2002_109-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ward_brownlee2002-109\">[95]</a></sup> After another billion years all surface water will have disappeared<sup id=\"cite_ref-carrington_105-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-carrington-105\">[91]</a></sup> and the mean global temperature will reach <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7002343150000000000\u2660</span>70\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Celsius\" title=\"Celsius\">\u00b0C</a></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-ward_brownlee2002_109-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ward_brownlee2002-109\">[95]</a></sup> (<span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7002343150000000000\u2660</span>158\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Fahrenheit\" title=\"Fahrenheit\">\u00b0F</a></span>). Earth is expected to be effectively habitable for about another <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7016157788000000000\u2660</span>500\u00a0Ma</span> from that point,<sup id=\"cite_ref-britt2000_104-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-britt2000-104\">[90]</a></sup> although this may be extended up to <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7016725824800000000\u2660</span>2.3\u00a0Ga</span> if the nitrogen is removed from the atmosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-pnas1_24_9576_106-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pnas1_24_9576-106\">[92]</a></sup> Even if the Sun were eternal and stable, 27% of the water in the modern oceans will descend to the <a href=\"/wiki/Mantle_(geology)\" title=\"Mantle (geology)\">mantle</a> in one billion years, due to reduced steam venting from mid-ocean ridges.<sup id=\"cite_ref-hess5_4_569_110-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hess5_4_569-110\">[96]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The Sun will <a href=\"/wiki/Stellar_evolution\" title=\"Stellar evolution\">evolve</a> to become a <a href=\"/wiki/Red_giant\" title=\"Red giant\">red giant</a> in about <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7017157788000000000\u2660</span>5\u00a0Ga</span>. Models predict that the Sun will expand to roughly 1\u00a0AU (150,000,000\u00a0km), which is about 250 times its present radius.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sun_future_107-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sun_future-107\">[93]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-sun_future_schroder_111-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sun_future_schroder-111\">[97]</a></sup> Earth's fate is less clear. As a red giant, the Sun will lose roughly 30% of its mass, so, without tidal effects, Earth will move to an orbit 1.7\u00a0AU (250,000,000\u00a0km) from the Sun when it reaches its maximum radius. Earth was, therefore, once expected to escape envelopment by the expanded Sun's outer atmosphere, though most, if not all, remaining life would have been destroyed by the Sun's increased luminosity (peaking at about 5,000 times its present level).<sup id=\"cite_ref-sun_future_107-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sun_future-107\">[93]</a></sup> A 2008 simulation indicates that Earth's orbit will decay due
08-17 14:35:25.990 debug OkHttp to <a href=\"/wiki/Tidal_acceleration\" title=\"Tidal acceleration\">tidal effects</a> and drag, causing it to enter the red giant Sun's atmosphere and be vaporized.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sun_future_schroder_111-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sun_future_schroder-111\">[97]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Physical characteristics","anchor":"Physical_characteristics","id":7,"text":""},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Shape","anchor":"Shape","id":8,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Earth2014shape_SouthAmerica_small.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Earth2014shape_SouthAmerica_small.jpg/220px-Earth2014shape_SouthAmerica_small.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"200\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Earth2014shape_SouthAmerica_small.jpg/330px-Earth2014shape_SouthAmerica_small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Earth2014shape_SouthAmerica_small.jpg/440px-Earth2014shape_SouthAmerica_small.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1500\" data-file-height=\"1362\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Earth2014shape_SouthAmerica_small.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nShape of planet Earth. Shown are distances between surface relief and the geocentre. The South American Andes summits are visible as elevated areas. Data from the <a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Earth2014&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" class=\"new\" title=\"Earth2014 (page does not exist)\">Earth2014</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-Earth2014_112-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Earth2014-112\">[98]</a></sup> global relief model.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Figure_of_the_Earth\" title=\"Figure of the Earth\">Figure of the Earth</a></div>\n<p>The shape of Earth approximates an <a href=\"/wiki/Oblate_spheroid\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Oblate spheroid\">oblate spheroid</a>, a sphere flattened along the axis from pole to pole such that there is a <a href=\"/wiki/Equatorial_bulge\" title=\"Equatorial bulge\">bulge</a> around the <a href=\"/wiki/Equator\" title=\"Equator\">equator</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-milbert_smith96_113-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-milbert_smith96-113\">[99]</a></sup> This bulge results from the <a href=\"/wiki/Rotation\" title=\"Rotation\">rotation</a> of Earth, and causes the diameter at the equator to be 43 kilometres (27\u00a0mi) larger than the <a href=\"/wiki/Geographical_pole\" title=\"Geographical pole\">pole</a>-to-pole diameter.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ngdc2006_114-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ngdc2006-114\">[100]</a></sup> Thus the point on the surface farthest from Earth's <a href=\"/wiki/Center_of_mass\" title=\"Center of mass\">center of mass</a> is the summit of the equatorial <a href=\"/wiki/Chimborazo_(volcano)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Chimborazo (volcano)\">Chimborazo</a> volcano in <a href=\"/wiki/Ecuador\" title=\"Ecuador\">Ecuador</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ps20_5_16_115-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ps20_5_16-115\">[101]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-lancet365_9462_831_116-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-lancet365_9462_831-116\">[102]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-tall_tales_117-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-tall_tales-117\">[103]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-The_.27Highest.27_Spot_on_Earth_118-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-The_.27Highest.27_Spot_on_Earth-118\">[104]</a></sup> The average diameter of the reference spheroid is about 12,742 kilometres (7,918\u00a0mi), which is approximately (40,000\u00a0km)/<a href=\"/wiki/Pi\" title=\"Pi\"><span class=\"texhtml\">\u03c0</span></a>, because the <a href=\"/wiki/Meter#Meridional_definition\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Meter\">meter</a> was originally defined as 1/10,000,000 of the distance
08-17 14:35:25.990 debug OkHttp from the equator to the <a href=\"/wiki/North_Pole\" title=\"North Pole\">North Pole</a> through Paris, France.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nist_length2000_119-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nist_length2000-119\">[105]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Local <a href=\"/wiki/Topography\" title=\"Topography\">topography</a> deviates from this idealized spheroid, although on a global scale these deviations are small compared to Earth's radius: The maximum deviation of only 0.17% is at the <a href=\"/wiki/Mariana_Trench\" title=\"Mariana Trench\">Mariana Trench</a> (10,911 metres (35,797\u00a0ft) below local sea level), whereas <a href=\"/wiki/Mount_Everest\" title=\"Mount Everest\">Mount Everest</a> (8,848 metres (29,029\u00a0ft) above local sea level) represents a deviation of 0.14%. If Earth were shrunk to the size of a <a href=\"/wiki/Billiard_ball\" title=\"Billiard ball\">billiard ball</a>, some areas of Earth such as large mountain ranges and oceanic trenches would feel like tiny imperfections, whereas much of the planet, including the <a href=\"/wiki/Great_Plains\" title=\"Great Plains\">Great Plains</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Abyssal_plain\" title=\"Abyssal plain\">abyssal plains</a>, would feel smoother.<sup id=\"cite_ref-120\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-120\">[106]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Chemical composition","anchor":"Chemical_composition","id":9,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_on_Earth\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Abundance of elements on Earth\">Abundance of elements on Earth</a></div>\n<table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 2em;\"><caption>Chemical composition of the crust<sup id=\"cite_ref-brown_mussett1981_121-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-brown_mussett1981-121\">[107]</a></sup></caption>\n<tr><th rowspan=\"2\">Compound</th>\n<th rowspan=\"2\">Formula</th>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Composition</th>\n</tr><tr><th style=\"font-size: smaller;\">Continental</th>\n<th style=\"font-size: smaller;\">Oceanic</th>\n</tr><tr><td><a href=\"/wiki/Silica\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Silica\">silica</a></td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">SiO<sub>2</sub></td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">60.2%</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">48.6%</td>\n</tr><tr><td><a href=\"/wiki/Aluminum_oxide\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Aluminum oxide\">alumina</a></td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">15.2%</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">16.5%</td>\n</tr><tr><td><a href=\"/wiki/Calcium_oxide\" title=\"Calcium oxide\">lime</a></td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">CaO</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">5.5%</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">12.3%</td>\n</tr><tr><td><a href=\"/wiki/Magnesium_oxide\" title=\"Magnesium oxide\">magnesia</a></td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">MgO</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">3.1%</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">6.8%</td>\n</tr><tr><td><a href=\"/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide\" title=\"Iron(II) oxide\">iron(II) oxide</a></td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">FeO</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">3.8%</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">6.2%</td>\n</tr><tr><td><a href=\"/wiki/Sodium_oxide\" title=\"Sodium oxide\">sodium oxide</a></td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Na<sub>2</sub>O</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">3.0%</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">2.6%</td>\n</tr><tr><td><a href=\"/wiki/Potassium_oxide\" title=\"Potassium oxide\">potassium oxide</a></td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">K<sub>2</sub>O</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">2.8%</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0.4%</td>\n</tr><tr><td><a href=\"/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide\" title=\"Iron(III) oxide\">iron(III) oxide</a></td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">2.5%</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">2.3%</td>\n</tr><tr><
08-17 14:35:25.990 debug OkHttp td><a href=\"/wiki/Water_(molecule)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Water (molecule)\">water</a></td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">H<sub>2</sub>O</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">1.4%</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">1.1%</td>\n</tr><tr><td><a href=\"/wiki/Carbon_dioxide\" title=\"Carbon dioxide\">carbon dioxide</a></td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">CO<sub>2</sub></td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">1.2%</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">1.4%</td>\n</tr><tr><td><a href=\"/wiki/Titanium_dioxide\" title=\"Titanium dioxide\">titanium dioxide</a></td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">TiO<sub>2</sub></td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0.7%</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">1.4%</td>\n</tr><tr><td><a href=\"/wiki/Phosphorus_pentoxide\" title=\"Phosphorus pentoxide\">phosphorus pentoxide</a></td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0.2%</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0.3%</td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\">Total</th>\n<th style=\"text-align: right;\">99.6%</th>\n<th style=\"text-align: right;\">99.9%</th>\n</tr></table><p><a href=\"/wiki/Earth_mass\" title=\"Earth mass\">Earth's mass</a> is approximately <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7024597000000000000\u2660</span>5.97<span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">\u00d7</span>10<sup>24</sup>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Kilogram\" title=\"Kilogram\">kg</a></span> (5,970 <a href=\"/wiki/Yottagram\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Yottagram\">Yg</a>). It is composed mostly of <a href=\"/wiki/Iron\" title=\"Iron\">iron</a> (32.1%), <a href=\"/wiki/Oxygen\" title=\"Oxygen\">oxygen</a> (30.1%), <a href=\"/wiki/Silicon\" title=\"Silicon\">silicon</a> (15.1%), <a href=\"/wiki/Magnesium\" title=\"Magnesium\">magnesium</a> (13.9%), <a href=\"/wiki/Sulfur\" title=\"Sulfur\">sulfur</a> (2.9%), <a href=\"/wiki/Nickel\" title=\"Nickel\">nickel</a> (1.8%), <a href=\"/wiki/Calcium\" title=\"Calcium\">calcium</a> (1.5%), and <a href=\"/wiki/Aluminium\" title=\"Aluminium\">aluminium</a> (1.4%), with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements. Due to <a href=\"/wiki/Mass_segregation\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Mass segregation\">mass segregation</a>, the core region is estimated to be primarily composed of iron (88.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% trace elements.<sup id=\"cite_ref-pnas71_12_6973_122-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pnas71_12_6973-122\">[108]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The geochemist <a href=\"/wiki/Frank_Wigglesworth_Clarke\" title=\"Frank Wigglesworth Clarke\">F. W. Clarke</a> calculated that a little more than 47% of Earth's <a href=\"/wiki/Crust_(geology)\" title=\"Crust (geology)\">crust</a> consists of oxygen. The more common rock constituents of the crust are nearly all oxides: chlorine, sulfur and fluorine are the important exceptions to this and their total amount in any rock is usually much less than 1%. The principal oxides are silica, alumina, iron oxides, lime, magnesia, potash and soda. The silica functions principally as an acid, forming silicates, and all the most common minerals of <a href=\"/wiki/Igneous_rocks\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Igneous rocks\">igneous rocks</a> are of this nature. From a computation based on 1,672 analyses of all kinds of rocks, Clarke deduced that 99.22% was composed of 11 oxides (see the table at right), with the other constituents occurring in minute quantities.<sup id=\"cite_ref-123\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-123\">[109]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Internal structure","anchor":"Internal_structure","id":10,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Structure_of_the_Earth\" title=\"Structure of the Earth\">Structure of the Earth</a></div>\n<p>Earth's interior, like that of the other terrestrial planets, is divided into layers by their <a href=\"/wiki/Chemi
08-17 14:35:25.990 debug OkHttp cal\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Chemical\">chemical</a> or physical (<a href=\"/wiki/Rheology\" title=\"Rheology\">rheological</a>) properties, but unlike the other terrestrial planets, it has a distinct outer and inner core. The outer layer is a chemically distinct <a href=\"/wiki/Silicate_minerals\" title=\"Silicate minerals\">silicate</a> solid crust, which is underlain by a highly <a href=\"/wiki/Viscous\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Viscous\">viscous</a> solid mantle. The crust is separated from the mantle by the <a href=\"/wiki/Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity\" title=\"Mohorovi\u010di\u0107 discontinuity\">Mohorovi\u010di\u0107 discontinuity</a>, and the thickness of the crust varies: averaging <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7003600000000000000\u2660</span>6\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Kilometre\" title=\"Kilometre\">km</a></span> (kilometers) under the oceans and 30\u201350\u00a0km on the continents. The crust and the cold, rigid, top of the <a href=\"/wiki/Upper_mantle\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Upper mantle\">upper mantle</a> are collectively known as the lithosphere, and it is of the lithosphere that the tectonic plates are composed. Beneath the lithosphere is the <a href=\"/wiki/Asthenosphere\" title=\"Asthenosphere\">asthenosphere</a>, a relatively low-viscosity layer on which the lithosphere rides. Important changes in crystal structure within the mantle occur at 410 and <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7005660000000000000\u2660</span>660\u00a0km</span> below the surface, spanning a <a href=\"/wiki/Transition_zone_(Earth)\" title=\"Transition zone (Earth)\">transition zone</a> that separates the upper and lower mantle. Beneath the mantle, an extremely low viscosity liquid <a href=\"/wiki/Outer_core\" title=\"Outer core\">outer core</a> lies above a solid <a href=\"/wiki/Inner_core\" title=\"Inner core\">inner core</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-tanimoto_ahrens1995_124-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-tanimoto_ahrens1995-124\">[110]</a></sup> The inner core may rotate at a slightly higher <a href=\"/wiki/Angular_velocity\" title=\"Angular velocity\">angular velocity</a> than the remainder of the planet, advancing by 0.1\u20130.5\u00b0 per year.<sup id=\"cite_ref-science309_5739_1313_125-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-science309_5739_1313-125\">[111]</a></sup> The radius of the inner core is about one fifth of that of Earth.</p>\n<table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><caption>Geologic layers of Earth<sup id=\"cite_ref-pnas76_9_4192_126-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pnas76_9_4192-126\">[112]</a></sup></caption>\n<tr><th rowspan=\"8\" style=\"font-size:smaller; text-align:center;\">\n<div class=\"center\">\n<div class=\"floatnone\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Earth-cutaway-schematic-english.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Earth-cutaway-schematic-english.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Earth-cutaway-schematic-english.svg/220px-Earth-cutaway-schematic-english.svg.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"155\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Earth-cutaway-schematic-english.svg/330px-Earth-cutaway-schematic-english.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Earth-cutaway-schematic-english.svg/440px-Earth-cutaway-schematic-english.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1280\" data-file-height=\"900\"></a></div>\n</div>\n<br>\nEarth cutaway from core to exosphere. Not to scale.</th>\n<th>Depth<sup id=\"cite_ref-robertson2001_127-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-robertson2001-127\">[113]</a></sup><br><span style=\"font-size: smaller;\">km</span></th>\n<th style=\"vertical-align: bottom;\">Component layer</th>\n<th>Density<br><span style=\"font-size: smaller;\">g/cm<sup>3</sup></span></th>\n</tr><tr><td>0\u201360</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">Lithosphere<sup id=\"cite_ref-128\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note
08-17 14:35:25.990 debug OkHttp -128\">[n 15]</a></sup></td>\n<td>\u2014</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"background:#FEFEFE;\"><td>0\u201335</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">Crust<sup id=\"cite_ref-129\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-129\">[n 16]</a></sup></td>\n<td>2.2\u20132.9</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"background:#FEFEFE;\"><td>35\u201360</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">Upper mantle</td>\n<td>3.4\u20134.4</td>\n</tr><tr><td>\u00a0\u00a035\u20132890</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">Mantle</td>\n<td>3.4\u20135.6</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"background:#FEFEFE;\"><td>100\u2013700</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">Asthenosphere</td>\n<td>\u2014</td>\n</tr><tr><td>2890\u20135100</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">Outer core</td>\n<td>9.9\u201312.2</td>\n</tr><tr><td>5100\u20136378</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">Inner core</td>\n<td>12.8\u201313.1</td>\n</tr></table>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Heat","anchor":"Heat","id":11,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Earth%27s_internal_heat_budget\" title=\"Earth's internal heat budget\">Earth's internal heat budget</a></div>\n<p>Earth's <a href=\"/wiki/Internal_heat\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Internal heat\">internal heat</a> comes from a combination of residual heat from <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_accretion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Planetary accretion\">planetary accretion</a> (about 20%) and heat produced through <a href=\"/wiki/Radioactive_decay\" title=\"Radioactive decay\">radioactive decay</a> (80%).<sup id=\"cite_ref-turcotte_130-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-turcotte-130\">[114]</a></sup> The major heat-producing <a href=\"/wiki/Isotope\" title=\"Isotope\">isotopes</a> within Earth are <a href=\"/wiki/Potassium\" title=\"Potassium\">potassium-40</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Uranium\" title=\"Uranium\">uranium-238</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Uranium-235\" title=\"Uranium-235\">uranium-235</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Thorium\" title=\"Thorium\">thorium-232</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sanders20031210_131-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sanders20031210-131\">[115]</a></sup> At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000\u00a0\u00b0C (10,830\u00a0\u00b0F),<sup id=\"cite_ref-132\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-132\">[116]</a></sup> and the pressure could reach 360\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/GPa\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"GPa\">GPa</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ptrsl360_1795_1227_133-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ptrsl360_1795_1227-133\">[117]</a></sup> Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives had been depleted, Earth's heat production would have been much higher. This extra heat production, twice present-day at approximately <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7016946728000000000\u2660</span>3\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers\" title=\"Year\">Ga</a></span>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-turcotte_130-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-turcotte-130\">[114]</a></sup> would have increased temperature gradients with radius, increasing the rates of <a href=\"/wiki/Mantle_convection\" title=\"Mantle convection\">mantle convection</a> and plate tectonics, and allowing the production of uncommon igneous rocks such as <a href=\"/wiki/Komatiites\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Komatiites\">komatiites</a> that are rarely formed today.<sup id=\"cite_ref-epsl121_1_134-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-epsl121_1-134\">[118]</a></sup></p>\n<table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><caption>Present-day major heat-producing isotopes<sup id=\"cite_ref-T.26S_137_135-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-T.26S_137-135\">[119]</a></sup></caption>\n<tr><th>Isotope</th>\n<th>Heat release<br><span style=\"font-size: smaller;\"><span class=\"sfrac nowrap\" style=\"display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;\"><span style=\"display:block;
08-17 14:35:25.990 debug OkHttp line-height:1em; margin:0 0.1em;\">W</span><span class=\"visualhide\">/</span><span style=\"display:block; line-height:1em; margin:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;\">kg isotope</span></span></span></th>\n<th>Half-life<br><span style=\"font-size: smaller;\">years</span></th>\n<th>Mean mantle concentration<br><span style=\"font-size: smaller;\"><span class=\"sfrac nowrap\" style=\"display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;\"><span style=\"display:block; line-height:1em; margin:0 0.1em;\">kg isotope</span><span class=\"visualhide\">/</span><span style=\"display:block; line-height:1em; margin:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;\">kg mantle</span></span></span></th>\n<th>Heat release<br><span style=\"font-size: smaller;\"><span class=\"sfrac nowrap\" style=\"display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;\"><span style=\"display:block; line-height:1em; margin:0 0.1em;\">W</span><span class=\"visualhide\">/</span><span style=\"display:block; line-height:1em; margin:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;\">kg mantle</span></span></span></th>\n</tr><tr><td><sup>238</sup>U</td>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\">94.6 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126</sup></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\">4.47 \u00d7 10<sup>9</sup></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\">30.8 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22129</sup></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\">2.91 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221212</sup></span></td>\n</tr><tr><td><sup>235</sup>U</td>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\">569 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126</sup></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\">0.704 \u00d7 10<sup>9</sup></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\">0.22 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22129</sup></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\">0.125 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221212</sup></span></td>\n</tr><tr><td><sup>232</sup>Th</td>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\">26.4 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126</sup></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\">14.0 \u00d7 10<sup>9</sup></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\">124 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22129</sup></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\">3.27 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221212</sup></span></td>\n</tr><tr><td><sup>40</sup>K</td>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\">29.2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126</sup></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\">1.25 \u00d7 10<sup>9</sup></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\">36.9 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22129</sup></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\">1.08 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221212</sup></span></td>\n</tr></table><p>The mean heat loss from Earth is <span class=\"nowrap\">87 mW m<sup>\u22122</sup></span>, for a global heat loss of <span class=\"nowrap\">4.42 \u00d7 10<sup>13</sup> W</span>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-jg31_3_267_136-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-jg31_3_267-136\">[120]</a></sup> A portion of the core's thermal energy is transported toward the crust by <a href=\"/wiki/Mantle_plume\" title=\"Mantle plume\">mantle plumes</a>; a form of convection consisting of upwellings of higher-temperature rock. These plumes can produce <a href=\"/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)\" title=\"Hotspot (geology)\">hotspots</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Flood_basalt\" title=\"Flood basalt\">flood basalts</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-science246_4926_103_137-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-science246_4926_103-137\">[121]</a></sup> More of the heat in Earth is lost through plate tectonics, by mantle upwelling associated with <a href=\"/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge\" title=\"Mid-ocean ridge\">mid-ocean ridges</a>. The final major mode of heat loss is through conduction through the lithosphere, the majority of which occurs under the oceans because the crust there is much thinner than that of the continents.<sup id=\"cite_ref-heat_loss_138-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-heat_loss-138\">[122]</a></sup></p>\n<div style=\"clear:right;\"></div>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Tectonic plates","anchor":"Tectonic_plates","id":12,"text":"<table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"float:right; margin-left:1em;\"><caption><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates\" title=\"List of tectonic plates\">Earth's major pl
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp ates</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-brown_wohletz2005_139-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-brown_wohletz2005-139\">[123]</a></sup></caption>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"font-size: smaller; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Tectonic_plates_(empty).svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Shows the extent and boundaries of tectonic plates, with superimposed outlines of the continents they support\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tectonic_plates_%28empty%29.svg/220px-Tectonic_plates_%28empty%29.svg.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tectonic_plates_%28empty%29.svg/330px-Tectonic_plates_%28empty%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tectonic_plates_%28empty%29.svg/440px-Tectonic_plates_%28empty%29.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"681\" data-file-height=\"461\"></a></td>\n</tr><tr><th>Plate name</th>\n<th>Area<br><span style=\"font-size: smaller;\">10<sup>6</sup>\u00a0km<sup>2</sup></span></th>\n</tr><tr><td>\n<div class=\"legend\"><span class=\"legend-color\" style=\"display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #fee6aa; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;\">\u00a0</span>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Pacific_Plate\" title=\"Pacific Plate\">Pacific Plate</a></div>\n</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">103.3</td>\n</tr><tr><td>\n<div class=\"legend\"><span class=\"legend-color\" style=\"display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #fb9a7a; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;\">\u00a0</span>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/African_Plate\" title=\"African Plate\">African Plate</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-jaes41_3_379_140-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-jaes41_3_379-140\">[n 17]</a></sup></div>\n</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">78.0</td>\n</tr><tr><td>\n<div class=\"legend\"><span class=\"legend-color\" style=\"display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #ac8d7f; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;\">\u00a0</span>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/North_American_Plate\" title=\"North American Plate\">North American Plate</a></div>\n</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">75.9</td>\n</tr><tr><td>\n<div class=\"legend\"><span class=\"legend-color\" style=\"display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #7fa172; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;\">\u00a0</span>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Eurasian_Plate\" title=\"Eurasian Plate\">Eurasian Plate</a></div>\n</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">67.8</td>\n</tr><tr><td>\n<div class=\"legend\"><span class=\"legend-color\" style=\"display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #8a9dbe; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;\">\u00a0</span>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Antarctic_Plate\" title=\"Antarctic Plate\">Antarctic Plate</a></div>\n</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">60.9</td>\n</tr><tr><td>\n<div class=\"legend\"><span class=\"legend-color\" style=\"display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #fcb482; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;\">\u00a0</span>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate\" title=\"Indo-Australian Plate\">Indo-Australian Plate</a></div>\n</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">47.2</td>\n</tr><tr><td>\n<div class=\"legend\"><span class=\"legend-color\" style=\"display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #ad82b0; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;\">\u00a0</span>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/South_American_Plate\" title=\"South American Plate\">South American Plate</a></div>\n</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">43.6</td>\n</tr></table><div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Plate_tectonics\" title=\"Plate tectonics\">Plate tectonics</a></div>\n<p>The mechanically rigid outer layer of Earth, the lithosphere, is broken into pieces called tectonic plates. These plates are rigid segments that move in relation to one another at one of three types of plate boundaries: <a href=\"/wiki/Convergent_boundary\" title=\"Convergent boundary\">convergent boundaries</a>, at which two plates come together, <a href=\"/wiki/Divergent_boundary\" title=\"Divergent boundary\">divergent boundaries</a>, at which two plates are pulled apart, and <a href=\"/wiki/Transform_boundary\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Transform boundary\">transform boundaries</a>, in which two plates slide past one another laterally. <a href=\"/wiki/Earthquake\" title=\"Earthquake\">Earthquakes</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Volcanism\" title=\"Volcanism\">volcanic activity</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Orogeny\" title=\"Orogeny\">mountain-building</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Oceanic_trench\" title=\"Oceanic trench\">oceanic trench</a> formation can occur along these plate boundaries.<sup id=\"cite_ref-kious_tilling1999_141-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-kious_tilling1999-141\">[124]</a></sup> The tectonic plates ride on top of the asthenosphere, the solid but less-viscous part of the upper mantle that can flow and move along with the plates.<sup id=\"cite_ref-seligman2008_142-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-seligman2008-142\">[125]</a></sup></p>\n<p>As the tectonic plates migrate, the ocean floor is <a href=\"/wiki/Subduction\" title=\"Subduction\">subducted</a> under the leading edges of the plates at convergent boundaries. At the same time, the upwelling of mantle material at divergent boundaries creates mid-ocean ridges. The combination of these processes continually recycles the <a href=\"/wiki/Oceanic_crust\" title=\"Oceanic crust\">oceanic crust</a> back into the mantle. Due to this recycling, most of the ocean floor is less than <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7015315576000000000\u2660</span>100\u00a0Ma</span> old in age. The oldest oceanic crust is located in the Western Pacific, and has an estimated age of about <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7015631152000000000\u2660</span>200\u00a0Ma</span>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-duennebier1999_143-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-duennebier1999-143\">[126]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-noaa20070307_144-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-noaa20070307-144\">[127]</a></sup> By comparison, the oldest dated <a href=\"/wiki/Continental_crust\" title=\"Continental crust\">continental crust</a> is <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7017127177128000000\u2660</span>4030\u00a0Ma</span>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cmp134_3_145-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cmp134_3-145\">[128]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The seven major plates are the <a href=\"/wiki/Pacific_Plate\" title=\"Pacific Plate\">Pacific</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/North_American_Plate\" title=\"North American Plate\">North American</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Eurasian_Plate\" title=\"Eurasian Plate\">Eurasian</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/African_Plate\" title=\"African Plate\">African</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Antarctic_Plate\" title=\"Antarctic Plate\">Antarctic</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate\" title=\"Indo-Australian Plate\">Indo-Australian</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/South_American_Plate\" title=\"South American Plate\">South American</a>. Other notable plates include the <a href=\"/wiki/Arabian_Plate\" title=\"Arabian Plate\">Arabian Plate</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/Caribbean_Plate\" title=\"Caribbean Plate\">Caribbean Plate</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/Nazca_Plate\" title=\"Nazca Plate\">Nazca Plate</a> off the west coast of South America and the <a href=\"/wiki/Scotia_Plate\" title=\"Scotia Plate\">Scotia Plate</a> in the southern Atlantic Ocean. The Australian Plate fused with the Indian Plate between 50 and <
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7015173566800000000\u2660</span>55\u00a0mya</span>. The fastest-moving plates are the oceanic plates, with the <a href=\"/wiki/Cocos_Plate\" title=\"Cocos Plate\">Cocos Plate</a> advancing at a rate of 75\u00a0mm/year<sup id=\"cite_ref-podp2000_146-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-podp2000-146\">[129]</a></sup> and the Pacific Plate moving 52\u201369\u00a0mm/year. At the other extreme, the slowest-moving plate is the Eurasian Plate, progressing at a typical rate of about 21\u00a0mm/year.<sup id=\"cite_ref-gps_time_series_147-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-gps_time_series-147\">[130]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Surface","anchor":"Surface","id":13,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Lithosphere\" title=\"Lithosphere\">Lithosphere</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Landform\" title=\"Landform\">Landform</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Earth\" title=\"Extreme points of Earth\">Extreme points of Earth</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:AYool_topography_15min.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/AYool_topography_15min.png/220px-AYool_topography_15min.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"154\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/AYool_topography_15min.png/330px-AYool_topography_15min.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/AYool_topography_15min.png/440px-AYool_topography_15min.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1617\" data-file-height=\"1133\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:AYool_topography_15min.png\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nPresent-day Earth <a href=\"/wiki/Terrain\" title=\"Terrain\">altimetry</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Bathymetry\" title=\"Bathymetry\">bathymetry</a>. Data from the <a href=\"/wiki/National_Geophysical_Data_Center\" title=\"National Geophysical Data Center\">National Geophysical Data Center</a>.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Earth has a total <a href=\"/wiki/Spheroid#surface_area\" title=\"Spheroid\">surface area</a> of about <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7008501000000000000\u2660</span>501\u00a0million\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Square_kilometre\" title=\"Square kilometre\">km<sup>2</sup></a></span> (197 million sq mi).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Pidwirny_2006_8_16-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Pidwirny_2006_8-16\">[13]</a></sup> About 70.8%<sup id=\"cite_ref-Pidwirny_2006_8_16-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Pidwirny_2006_8-16\">[13]</a></sup> of the surface is covered by water, with much of the <a href=\"/wiki/Continental_shelf\" title=\"Continental shelf\">continental shelf</a> below sea level. This equates to <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7008361130000000000\u2660</span>361.13\u00a0million\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Square_kilometre\" title=\"Square kilometre\">km<sup>2</sup></a></span> (139.43 million sq mi).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Pidwirny_2006_8_16-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Pidwirny_2006_8-16\">[13]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-148\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-148\">[131]</a></sup> The submerged surface has mountainous features, including a globe-spanning mid-ocean ridge system, as well as undersea volcanoes,<sup id=\"cite_ref-ngdc2006_114-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ngdc2006-114\">[100]</a></sup> oceanic trenches, <a href=\"/wiki/Submarine_canyon\" title=\"Submarine canyon\">submarine canyons</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Oceanic_plateau\" title=\"Oceanic plateau\">oceanic plateaus</a> and abyssal plains. The remaining 29.2% (<span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7008148940000000000\u2660</span>148.94\u00a0million\u00a0km<sup>2</sup></span>, or 57.51 million sq mi) no
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp t covered by water has <a href=\"/wiki/Terrain\" title=\"Terrain\">terrain</a> that varies greatly from place to place and consists of mountains, deserts, plains, plateaus, and other <a href=\"/wiki/Landform\" title=\"Landform\">landforms</a>.</p>\n<p>Earth's surface undergoes reshaping over <a href=\"/wiki/Geological_time\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Geological time\">geological time</a> periods due to <a href=\"/wiki/Erosion_and_tectonics\" title=\"Erosion and tectonics\">tectonics and erosion</a>. The surface features built up or deformed through plate tectonics are subject to steady <a href=\"/wiki/Weathering\" title=\"Weathering\">weathering</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Erosion\" title=\"Erosion\">erosion</a> from <a href=\"/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Precipitation (meteorology)\">precipitation</a>, thermal cycles, and chemical effects. <a href=\"/wiki/Glaciation\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Glaciation\">Glaciation</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Coastal_erosion\" title=\"Coastal erosion\">coastal erosion</a>, the build-up of <a href=\"/wiki/Coral_reef\" title=\"Coral reef\">coral reefs</a>, and large meteorite impacts<sup id=\"cite_ref-kring_149-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-kring-149\">[132]</a></sup> also act to reshape the landscape.</p>\n<p>The continental crust consists of lower density material such as the igneous rocks <a href=\"/wiki/Granite\" title=\"Granite\">granite</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Andesite\" title=\"Andesite\">andesite</a>. Less common is <a href=\"/wiki/Basalt\" title=\"Basalt\">basalt</a>, a denser volcanic rock that is the primary constituent of the ocean floors.<sup id=\"cite_ref-layers_earth_150-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-layers_earth-150\">[133]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Sedimentary_rock\" title=\"Sedimentary rock\">Sedimentary rock</a> is formed from the accumulation of sediment that becomes buried and <a href=\"/wiki/Diagenesis\" title=\"Diagenesis\">compacted together</a>. Nearly 75% of the continental surfaces are covered by sedimentary rocks, although they form about 5% of the crust.<sup id=\"cite_ref-jessey_151-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-jessey-151\">[134]</a></sup> The third form of rock material found on Earth is <a href=\"/wiki/Metamorphic_rock\" title=\"Metamorphic rock\">metamorphic rock</a>, which is created from the transformation of pre-existing rock types through high pressures, high temperatures, or both. The most abundant <a href=\"/wiki/Silicate_mineral\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Silicate mineral\">silicate minerals</a> on Earth's surface include <a href=\"/wiki/Quartz\" title=\"Quartz\">quartz</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Feldspar\" title=\"Feldspar\">feldspars</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Amphibole\" title=\"Amphibole\">amphibole</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Mica\" title=\"Mica\">mica</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Pyroxene\" title=\"Pyroxene\">pyroxene</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Olivine\" title=\"Olivine\">olivine</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-de_pater_lissauer2010_152-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-de_pater_lissauer2010-152\">[135]</a></sup> Common <a href=\"/wiki/Carbonate_mineral\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Carbonate mineral\">carbonate minerals</a> include <a href=\"/wiki/Calcite\" title=\"Calcite\">calcite</a> (found in <a href=\"/wiki/Limestone\" title=\"Limestone\">limestone</a>) and <a href=\"/wiki/Dolomite\" title=\"Dolomite\">dolomite</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-wekn_bulakh2004_153-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-wekn_bulakh2004-153\">[136]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Pedosphere\" title=\"Pedosphere\">pedosphere</a> is the outermost layer of Earth's continental surface and is composed of <a href=\"/wiki/Soil\" title=\"Soil\">soil</a> and subject to <a href=\"/wiki/Pedogenesis\" title=\"Pedogenesis\">soil formation processes</a>. The total arable land is 10.9% of the land surface, with 1.3% being permanent cropland.<sup id=\"cite_ref-154\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-154\">[137]
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp </a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-155\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-155\">[138]</a></sup> Close to 40% of Earth's land surface is used for cropland and pasture, or an estimated 1.3<span style=\"margin:0 .15em 0 .25em\">\u00d7</span>10<sup><span style=\"white-space:nowrap\">7</span></sup>\u00a0km<sup>2</sup> of cropland and 3.4<span style=\"margin:0 .15em 0 .25em\">\u00d7</span>10<sup><span style=\"white-space:nowrap\">7</span></sup>\u00a0km<sup>2</sup> of pastureland.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fao1994_156-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fao1994-156\">[139]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The elevation of the land surface varies from the low point of \u2212418\u00a0m at the <a href=\"/wiki/Dead_Sea\" title=\"Dead Sea\">Dead Sea</a>, to a 2005-estimated maximum altitude of 8,848\u00a0m at the top of Mount Everest. The mean height of land above sea level is 840\u00a0m.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sverdrup_157-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sverdrup-157\">[140]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Besides being described in terms of <a href=\"/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere\" title=\"Northern Hemisphere\">Northern</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere\" title=\"Southern Hemisphere\">Southern</a> hemispheres centered on the poles, Earth is also often described in terms of <a href=\"/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere\" title=\"Eastern Hemisphere\">Eastern</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Western_Hemisphere\" title=\"Western Hemisphere\">Western</a> hemispheres. Earth's surface is traditionally divided into seven continents and various seas.</p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Hydrosphere","anchor":"Hydrosphere","id":14,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrosphere\" title=\"Hydrosphere\">Hydrosphere</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Earth_elevation_histogram_2.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Earth_elevation_histogram_2.svg/220px-Earth_elevation_histogram_2.svg.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"167\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Earth_elevation_histogram_2.svg/330px-Earth_elevation_histogram_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Earth_elevation_histogram_2.svg/440px-Earth_elevation_histogram_2.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"582\" data-file-height=\"441\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Earth_elevation_histogram_2.svg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nElevation histogram of Earth's surface</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The abundance of water on Earth's surface is a unique feature that distinguishes the \"Blue Planet\" from other planets in the Solar System. Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000\u00a0m. The deepest underwater location is <a href=\"/wiki/Challenger_Deep\" title=\"Challenger Deep\">Challenger Deep</a> of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean with a depth of 10,911.4\u00a0m.<sup id=\"cite_ref-trench_depth_158-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-trench_depth-158\">[n 18]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-kaiko7000_159-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-kaiko7000-159\">[141]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The mass of the oceans is approximately 1.35<span style=\"margin:0 .15em 0 .25em\">\u00d7</span>10<sup><span style=\"white-space:nowrap\">18</span></sup>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Metric_ton\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Metric ton\">metric tons</a>, or about 1/4400 of Earth's total mass. The oceans cover an area of <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7014361800000000000\u2660</span>3.618<span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">\u00d7</span>10<sup>8</sup>\u00a0km<sup>2</sup></span> with a mean depth of <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:non
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp e\" class=\"sortkey\">7003368200000000000\u2660</span>3682\u00a0m</span>, resulting in an estimated volume of <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7018133200000000000\u2660</span>1.332<span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">\u00d7</span>10<sup>9</sup>\u00a0km<sup>3</sup></span>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ocean23_2_112_160-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ocean23_2_112-160\">[142]</a></sup> If all of Earth's crustal surface was at the same elevation as a smooth sphere, the depth of the resulting world ocean would be 2.7 to 2.8\u00a0km.<sup id=\"cite_ref-161\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-161\">[143]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-162\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-162\">[144]</a></sup></p>\n<p>About 97.5% of the water is saline; the remaining 2.5% is fresh water. Most fresh water, about 68.7%, is present as ice in <a href=\"/wiki/Ice_cap\" title=\"Ice cap\">ice caps</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Glacier\" title=\"Glacier\">glaciers</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-163\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-163\">[145]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The average <a href=\"/wiki/Salinity\" title=\"Salinity\">salinity</a> of Earth's oceans is about 35\u00a0grams of salt per kilogram of sea water (3.5% salt).<sup id=\"cite_ref-kennish2001_164-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-kennish2001-164\">[146]</a></sup> Most of this salt was released from volcanic activity or extracted from cool igneous rocks.<sup id=\"cite_ref-mullen2002_165-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mullen2002-165\">[147]</a></sup> The oceans are also a reservoir of dissolved atmospheric gases, which are essential for the survival of many aquatic life forms.<sup id=\"cite_ref-natsci_oxy4_166-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-natsci_oxy4-166\">[148]</a></sup> Sea water has an important influence on the world's climate, with the oceans acting as a large <a href=\"/wiki/Heat_reservoir\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Heat reservoir\">heat reservoir</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-michon2006_167-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-michon2006-167\">[149]</a></sup> Shifts in the oceanic temperature distribution can cause significant weather shifts, such as the <a href=\"/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o-Southern_Oscillation\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"El Ni\u00f1o-Southern Oscillation\">El Ni\u00f1o-Southern Oscillation</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sample2005_168-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sample2005-168\">[150]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Atmosphere","anchor":"Atmosphere","id":15,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth\" title=\"Atmosphere of Earth\">Atmosphere of Earth</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:ISS-40_Typhoon_Halong.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/ISS-40_Typhoon_Halong.jpg/220px-ISS-40_Typhoon_Halong.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"146\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/ISS-40_Typhoon_Halong.jpg/330px-ISS-40_Typhoon_Halong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/ISS-40_Typhoon_Halong.jpg/440px-ISS-40_Typhoon_Halong.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4256\" data-file-height=\"2832\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:ISS-40_Typhoon_Halong.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nA typhoon as seen from low Earth orbit</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure\" title=\"Atmospheric pressure\">atmospheric pressure</a> on Earth's surface averages 101.325\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/KPa\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"KPa\">kPa</a>, with a <a href=\"/wiki/Scale_height\" title=\"Scale height\">scale height</a> of about 8.5\u00a0km.<sup id=\"cite_ref-earth_fact_sheet_5-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-5\">[3]</a></sup> It has a
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp composition of 78% <a href=\"/wiki/Nitrogen\" title=\"Nitrogen\">nitrogen</a> and 21% oxygen, with trace amounts of <a href=\"/wiki/Water_vapor\" title=\"Water vapor\">water vapor</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Carbon_dioxide\" title=\"Carbon dioxide\">carbon dioxide</a> and other gaseous molecules. The height of the <a href=\"/wiki/Troposphere\" title=\"Troposphere\">troposphere</a> varies with latitude, ranging between 8\u00a0km at the poles to 17\u00a0km at the equator, with some variation resulting from weather and seasonal factors.<sup id=\"cite_ref-geerts_linacre97_169-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-geerts_linacre97-169\">[151]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Earth's <a href=\"/wiki/Biosphere\" title=\"Biosphere\">biosphere</a> has significantly altered its <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth\" title=\"Atmosphere of Earth\">atmosphere</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Oxygen_evolution#Oxygen_evolution_in_nature\" title=\"Oxygen evolution\">Oxygenic photosynthesis</a> evolved <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000270000000000000\u2660</span>2.7\u00a0Gya</span>, <a href=\"/wiki/Oxygen_catastrophe\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Oxygen catastrophe\">forming</a> the primarily nitrogen\u2013oxygen atmosphere of today.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20131003_91-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT-20131003-91\">[77]</a></sup> This change enabled the proliferation of <a href=\"/wiki/Aerobic_organisms\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Aerobic organisms\">aerobic organisms</a> and, indirectly, the formation of the <a href=\"/wiki/Ozone_layer\" title=\"Ozone layer\">ozone layer</a> due to the subsequent <a href=\"/wiki/Ozone%E2%80%93oxygen_cycle\" title=\"Ozone\u2013oxygen cycle\">conversion of atmospheric O<sub>2</sub> into O<sub>3</sub></a>. The ozone layer blocks <a href=\"/wiki/Ultraviolet\" title=\"Ultraviolet\">ultraviolet</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_radiation\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Solar radiation\">solar radiation</a>, permitting life on land.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Harrison_2002_170-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Harrison_2002-170\">[152]</a></sup> Other atmospheric functions important to life include transporting water vapor, providing useful gases, causing small <a href=\"/wiki/Meteor\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Meteor\">meteors</a> to burn up before they strike the surface, and moderating temperature.<sup id=\"cite_ref-atmosphere_171-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-atmosphere-171\">[153]</a></sup> This last phenomenon is known as the <a href=\"/wiki/Greenhouse_effect\" title=\"Greenhouse effect\">greenhouse effect</a>: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture <a href=\"/wiki/Thermal_energy\" title=\"Thermal energy\">thermal energy</a> emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature. Water vapor, carbon dioxide, <a href=\"/wiki/Methane\" title=\"Methane\">methane</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Ozone\" title=\"Ozone\">ozone</a> are the primary <a href=\"/wiki/Greenhouse_gas\" title=\"Greenhouse gas\">greenhouse gases</a> in the atmosphere. Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be \u221218\u00a0\u00b0C, in contrast to the current +15\u00a0\u00b0C, and life would likely not exist.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Pidwirny2006_7_172-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Pidwirny2006_7-172\">[154]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Weather and climate","anchor":"Weather_and_climate","id":16,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Weather\" title=\"Weather\">Weather</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Climate\" title=\"Climate\">Climate</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:MODIS_Map.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/MODIS_Map.jpg/220px-MODIS_Map.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"110\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/MODIS_Map
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp .jpg/330px-MODIS_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/MODIS_Map.jpg/440px-MODIS_Map.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"5400\" data-file-height=\"2700\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:MODIS_Map.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nSatellite image of Earth <a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_cover\" title=\"Cloud cover\">cloud cover</a> using <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/Moderate-Resolution_Imaging_Spectroradiometer\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer\">Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer</a></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Earth's atmosphere has no definite boundary, slowly becoming thinner and fading into outer space. Three-quarters of the atmosphere's mass is contained within the first 11\u00a0km of the surface. This lowest layer is called the troposphere. Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air. This lower-density air then rises, and is replaced by cooler, higher-density air. The result is <a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation\" title=\"Atmospheric circulation\">atmospheric circulation</a> that drives the weather and climate through redistribution of thermal energy.<sup id=\"cite_ref-moran2005_173-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-moran2005-173\">[155]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The primary atmospheric circulation bands consist of the <a href=\"/wiki/Trade_winds\" title=\"Trade winds\">trade winds</a> in the equatorial region below 30\u00b0 latitude and the <a href=\"/wiki/Westerlies\" title=\"Westerlies\">westerlies</a> in the mid-latitudes between 30\u00b0 and 60\u00b0.<sup id=\"cite_ref-berger2002_174-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-berger2002-174\">[156]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Ocean_current\" title=\"Ocean current\">Ocean currents</a> are also important factors in determining climate, particularly the <a href=\"/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation\" title=\"Thermohaline circulation\">thermohaline circulation</a> that distributes thermal energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions.<sup id=\"cite_ref-rahmstorf2003_175-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-rahmstorf2003-175\">[157]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Water vapor generated through surface evaporation is transported by circulatory patterns in the atmosphere. When atmospheric conditions permit an uplift of warm, humid air, this water condenses and falls to the surface as precipitation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-moran2005_173-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-moran2005-173\">[155]</a></sup> Most of the water is then transported to lower elevations by river systems and usually returned to the oceans or deposited into lakes. This <a href=\"/wiki/Water_cycle\" title=\"Water cycle\">water cycle</a> is a vital mechanism for supporting life on land, and is a primary factor in the erosion of surface features over geological periods. Precipitation patterns vary widely, ranging from several meters of water per year to less than a millimeter. Atmospheric circulation, topographic features and temperature differences determine the average precipitation that falls in each region.<sup id=\"cite_ref-hydrologic_cycle_176-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hydrologic_cycle-176\">[158]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The amount of solar energy reaching Earth's surface decreases with increasing latitude. At higher latitudes the sunlight reaches the surface at lower angles and it must pass through thicker columns of the atmosphere. As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4\u00a0\u00b0C (0.7\u00a0\u00b0F) per degree of latitude from the equator.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sadava_heller2006_177-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sadava_heller2006-177\">[159]</a></sup> Earth's surface can be subdivided into specific latitudinal belts of approximately homogeneous climate. Ranging from the equator to the polar regions, these are th
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp e <a href=\"/wiki/Tropics\" title=\"Tropics\">tropical</a> (or equatorial), <a href=\"/wiki/Subtropics\" title=\"Subtropics\">subtropical</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Temperate\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Temperate\">temperate</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Polar_region\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Polar region\">polar</a> climates.<sup id=\"cite_ref-climate_zones_178-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-climate_zones-178\">[160]</a></sup> Climate can also be classified based on the temperature and precipitation, with the climate regions characterized by fairly uniform air masses. The commonly used <a href=\"/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification\" title=\"K\u00f6ppen climate classification\">K\u00f6ppen climate classification</a> system (as modified by <a href=\"/wiki/Wladimir_K%C3%B6ppen\" title=\"Wladimir K\u00f6ppen\">Wladimir K\u00f6ppen</a>'s student Rudolph Geiger) has five broad groups (<a href=\"/wiki/Tropical_climate\" title=\"Tropical climate\">humid tropics</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Desert\" title=\"Desert\">arid</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate\" title=\"Humid subtropical climate\">humid middle latitudes</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Continental_climate\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Continental climate\">continental</a> and cold <a href=\"/wiki/Polar_climate\" title=\"Polar climate\">polar</a>), which are further divided into more specific subtypes.<sup id=\"cite_ref-berger2002_174-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-berger2002-174\">[156]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Climate on Earth has latitudinal anomalies, namely the habitability of the Scandinavian peninsula very far north in sharp contrast to the polar climates of northern Canada as well as the cool summers expected at low latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere (for example on the west coast of South America). Another anomaly is the impact of landmass on temperature, manifested by the fact that Earth is much warmer at <a href=\"/wiki/Aphelion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Aphelion\">aphelion</a>, where the planet is at a more distant position from the Sun.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Earth_at_Aphelion_179-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Earth_at_Aphelion-179\">[161]</a></sup> When the Northern hemisphere is turned towards the sunlight even the increased distance to it does not hinder temperatures to be 2.3\u00a0\u00b0C (4\u00a0\u00b0F) warmer than at <a href=\"/wiki/Perihelion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Perihelion\">perihelion</a>\u2014when the marine southern hemisphere is turned towards the Sun.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Earth_at_Aphelion_179-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Earth_at_Aphelion-179\">[161]</a></sup></p>\n<p>At high latitudes, the western sides of continents tend to be milder than the eastern sides\u2014for example seen in North America and Western Europe where rough continental climates appear on the east coast on parallels with mild climates on the other side of the ocean.<sup id=\"cite_ref-180\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-180\">[162]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The highest air temperature ever measured on Earth was 56.7\u00a0\u00b0C (134.1\u00a0\u00b0F) in <a href=\"/wiki/Furnace_Creek,_California\" title=\"Furnace Creek, California\">Furnace Creek, California</a>, in <a href=\"/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park\" title=\"Death Valley National Park\">Death Valley</a>, in 1913.<sup id=\"cite_ref-181\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-181\">[163]</a></sup> The lowest air temperature ever directly measured on Earth was \u221289.2\u00a0\u00b0C (\u2212128.6\u00a0\u00b0F) at <a href=\"/wiki/Vostok_Station\" title=\"Vostok Station\">Vostok Station</a> in 1983,<sup id=\"cite_ref-182\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-182\">[164]</a></sup> but satellites have used remote sensing to measure temperatures as low as \u221294.7\u00a0\u00b0C (\u2212138.5\u00a0\u00b0F) in <a href=\"/wiki/East_Antarctica\" title=\"East Antarctica\">East Antarctica</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-183\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-183\">[
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp 165]</a></sup> These temperature records are only measurements made with modern instruments from the 20th century onwards and likely do not reflect the full range of temperature on Earth.</p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Upper atmosphere","anchor":"Upper_atmosphere","id":17,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Full_moon_partially_obscured_by_atmosphere.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Full_moon_partially_obscured_by_atmosphere.jpg/220px-Full_moon_partially_obscured_by_atmosphere.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Full_moon_partially_obscured_by_atmosphere.jpg/330px-Full_moon_partially_obscured_by_atmosphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Full_moon_partially_obscured_by_atmosphere.jpg/440px-Full_moon_partially_obscured_by_atmosphere.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3064\" data-file-height=\"2043\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Full_moon_partially_obscured_by_atmosphere.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nThis view from orbit shows the full Moon partially obscured by Earth's atmosphere. <i><a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a> image</i></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Above the troposphere, the atmosphere is usually divided into the <a href=\"/wiki/Stratosphere\" title=\"Stratosphere\">stratosphere</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Mesosphere\" title=\"Mesosphere\">mesosphere</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Thermosphere\" title=\"Thermosphere\">thermosphere</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-atmosphere_171-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-atmosphere-171\">[153]</a></sup> Each layer has a different <a href=\"/wiki/Lapse_rate\" title=\"Lapse rate\">lapse rate</a>, defining the rate of change in temperature with height. Beyond these, the <a href=\"/wiki/Exosphere\" title=\"Exosphere\">exosphere</a> thins out into the <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetosphere\" title=\"Magnetosphere\">magnetosphere</a>, where the geomagnetic fields interact with the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_wind\" title=\"Solar wind\">solar wind</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sciweek2004_184-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sciweek2004-184\">[166]</a></sup> Within the stratosphere is the ozone layer, a component that partially shields the surface from ultraviolet light and thus is important for life on Earth. The <a href=\"/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line\" title=\"K\u00e1rm\u00e1n line\">K\u00e1rm\u00e1n line</a>, defined as 100\u00a0km above Earth's surface, is a working definition for the boundary between the atmosphere and <a href=\"/wiki/Outer_space\" title=\"Outer space\">outer space</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cordoba2004_185-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cordoba2004-185\">[167]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Thermal energy causes some of the molecules at the outer edge of the atmosphere to increase their velocity to the point where they can escape from Earth's gravity. This causes a slow but steady <a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_escape\" title=\"Atmospheric escape\">leakage of the atmosphere into space</a>. Because unfixed <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen\" title=\"Hydrogen\">hydrogen</a> has a low <a href=\"/wiki/Molecular_mass\" title=\"Molecular mass\">molecular mass</a>, it can achieve <a href=\"/wiki/Escape_velocity\" title=\"Escape velocity\">escape velocity</a> more readily and it leaks into outer space at a greater rate than other gases.<sup id=\"cite_ref-jas31_4_1118_186-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-jas31_4_1118-186\">[168]</a></sup> The leakage of hydrogen into space contributes to the shifting of Earth's atmosphere and surface from an initially <a href=\"/wiki/Redox\" title=\"Redox\">reducing</a> state to its current <a href=\"/wiki/Redox\" title=\"Redox\">oxidizing</a> one. Photosynthesis provided a source of free oxygen, but the loss of reducing agents such as hydrogen is though
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp t to have been a necessary precondition for the widespread accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sci293_5531_839_187-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sci293_5531_839-187\">[169]</a></sup> Hence the ability of hydrogen to escape from the atmosphere may have influenced the nature of life that developed on Earth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-abedon1997_188-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-abedon1997-188\">[170]</a></sup> In the current, oxygen-rich atmosphere most hydrogen is converted into water before it has an opportunity to escape. Instead, most of the hydrogen loss comes from the destruction of methane in the upper atmosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-arwps4_265_189-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-arwps4_265-189\">[171]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Magnetic field","anchor":"Magnetic_field","id":18,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field\" title=\"Earth's magnetic field\">Earth's magnetic field</a></div>\n<p>The main part of <a href=\"/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field\" title=\"Earth's magnetic field\">Earth's magnetic field</a> is generated in the core, the site of a <a href=\"/wiki/Dynamo\" title=\"Dynamo\">dynamo</a> process that converts kinetic energy of fluid convective motion into electrical and magnetic field energy. The field extends outwards from the core, through the mantle, and up to Earth's surface, where it is, to rough approximation, a <a href=\"/wiki/Dipole\" title=\"Dipole\">dipole</a>. The poles of the dipole are located close to Earth's geographic poles. At the equator of the magnetic field, the magnetic-field strength at the surface is <span class=\"nowrap\">3.05 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22125</sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Tesla_(unit)\" title=\"Tesla (unit)\">T</a></span>, with global <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetic_dipole_moment\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Magnetic dipole moment\">magnetic dipole moment</a> of <span class=\"nowrap\">7.91 \u00d7 10<sup>15</sup> T m<sup>3</sup></span>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-lang2003_190-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-lang2003-190\">[172]</a></sup> The convection movements in the core are chaotic; the magnetic poles drift and periodically change alignment. This causes <a href=\"/wiki/Geomagnetic_reversal\" title=\"Geomagnetic reversal\">field reversals</a> at irregular intervals averaging a few times every million years. The most recent reversal occurred approximately 700,000 years ago.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fitzpatrick2006_191-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fitzpatrick2006-191\">[173]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-campbelwh_192-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-campbelwh-192\">[174]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Magnetosphere","anchor":"Magnetosphere","id":19,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Structure_of_the_magnetosphere-en.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Diagram showing the magnetic field lines of Earth's magnetosphere. The lines are swept back in the anti-solar direction under the influence of the solar wind.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Structure_of_the_magnetosphere-en.svg/220px-Structure_of_the_magnetosphere-en.svg.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"169\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Structure_of_the_magnetosphere-en.svg/330px-Structure_of_the_magnetosphere-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Structure_of_the_magnetosphere-en.svg/440px-Structure_of_the_magnetosphere-en.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"512\" data-file-height=\"393\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Structure_of_the_magnetosphere-en.svg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nSchematic of Earth's magnetosphere. The solar wind flows from left to right</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The extent of Earth's magnetic field in space defines the magnetosp
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp here. Ions and electrons of the solar wind are deflected by the magnetosphere; solar wind pressure compresses the dayside of the magnetosphere, to about 10 Earth radii, and extends the nightside magnetosphere into a long tail.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Britannica_193-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Britannica-193\">[175]</a></sup> Because the velocity of the solar wind is greater than the speed at which wave propagate through the solar wind, a supersonic bowshock precedes the dayside magnetosphere within the solar wind.<sup id=\"cite_ref-194\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-194\">[176]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Charged_particles\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Charged particles\">Charged particles</a> are contained within the magnetosphere; the plasmasphere is defined by low-energy particles that essentially follow magnetic field lines as Earth rotates;<sup id=\"cite_ref-195\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-195\">[177]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-196\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-196\">[178]</a></sup> the ring current is defined by medium-energy particles that drift relative to the geomagnetic field, but with paths that are still dominated by the magnetic field,<sup id=\"cite_ref-BaumjohannTreumann1997_197-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BaumjohannTreumann1997-197\">[179]</a></sup> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt\" title=\"Van Allen radiation belt\">Van Allen radiation belt</a> are formed by high-energy particles whose motion is essentially random, but otherwise contained by the magnetosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Britannica_193-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Britannica-193\">[175]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Van_Allen_198-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Van_Allen-198\">[180]</a></sup></p>\n<p>During a magnetic storm, charged particles can be deflected from the outer magnetosphere, directed along field lines into Earth's ionosphere, where atmospheric atoms can be excited and ionized, causing the <a href=\"/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Aurora (astronomy)\">aurora</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-stern2005_199-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stern2005-199\">[181]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Orbit and rotation","anchor":"Orbit_and_rotation","id":20,"text":""},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Rotation","anchor":"Rotation","id":21,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation\" title=\"Earth's rotation\">Earth's rotation</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:EpicEarth-Globespin(2016May29).gif\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/EpicEarth-Globespin%282016May29%29.gif/220px-EpicEarth-Globespin%282016May29%29.gif\" width=\"220\" height=\"220\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/EpicEarth-Globespin%282016May29%29.gif/330px-EpicEarth-Globespin%282016May29%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/EpicEarth-Globespin%282016May29%29.gif/440px-EpicEarth-Globespin%282016May29%29.gif 2x\" data-file-width=\"1500\" data-file-height=\"1500\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:EpicEarth-Globespin(2016May29).gif\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nEarth rotation imaged by <a href=\"/wiki/Deep_Space_Climate_Observatory\" title=\"Deep Space Climate Observatory\">DSCOVR EPIC</a> on 29 May 2016, a few weeks before the solstice</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Earth's rotation period relative to the Sun\u2014its mean solar day\u2014is 86,400\u00a0seconds of mean solar time (86,400.0025\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/SI\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"SI\">SI</a>\u00a0seconds).<sup id=\"cite_ref-aj136_5_1906_200-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-aj136_5_1906-200\">[182]</a></sup> Because Earth's solar day is now slightly longer than it was
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp during the 19th century due to <a href=\"/wiki/Tidal_acceleration\" title=\"Tidal acceleration\">tidal deceleration</a>, each day varies between 0 and 2 SI <a href=\"/wiki/Milliseconds\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Milliseconds\">ms</a> longer.<sup id=\"cite_ref-USNO_TSD_201-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-USNO_TSD-201\">[183]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-202\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-202\">[184]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Earth's rotation period relative to the <a href=\"/wiki/Fixed_star\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Fixed star\">fixed stars</a>, called its <i>stellar day</i> by the <a href=\"/wiki/International_Earth_Rotation_and_Reference_Systems_Service\" title=\"International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service\">International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service</a> (IERS), is <span class=\"nowrap\">86,164.098903691 seconds</span> of mean solar time (UT1), or <span class=\"nowrap\">23<sup><small>h</small></sup> 56<sup><small>m</small></sup> 4.098903691<sup><small>s</small></sup>.</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-IERS_4-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IERS-4\">[2]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Aoki_203-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Aoki-203\">[n 19]</a></sup> Earth's rotation period relative to the <a href=\"/wiki/Precession_(astronomy)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Precession (astronomy)\">precessing</a> or moving mean <a href=\"/wiki/Vernal_equinox\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Vernal equinox\">vernal equinox</a>, misnamed its <i><a href=\"/wiki/Sidereal_day\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Sidereal day\">sidereal day</a></i>, is <span class=\"nowrap\">86,164.09053083288 seconds</span> of mean solar time (UT1) <span class=\"nowrap\">(23<sup><small>h</small></sup> 56<sup><small>m</small></sup> 4.09053083288<sup><small>s</small></sup>)</span> as of 1982<sup class=\"plainlinks noprint asof-tag update\" style=\"display:none;\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth&amp;action=edit\">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-IERS_4-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IERS-4\">[2]</a></sup> Thus the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about 8.4\u00a0ms.<sup id=\"cite_ref-seidelmann1992_204-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-seidelmann1992-204\">[185]</a></sup> The length of the mean solar day in SI seconds is available from the IERS for the periods 1623\u20132005<sup id=\"cite_ref-iers1623_205-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-iers1623-205\">[186]</a></sup> and 1962\u20132005.<sup id=\"cite_ref-iers1962_206-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-iers1962-206\">[187]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Apart from meteors within the atmosphere and low-orbiting satellites, the main apparent motion of celestial bodies in Earth's sky is to the west at a rate of 15\u00b0/h = 15'/min. For bodies near the <a href=\"/wiki/Celestial_equator\" title=\"Celestial equator\">celestial equator</a>, this is equivalent to an apparent diameter of the Sun or the Moon every two minutes; from Earth's surface, the apparent sizes of the Sun and the Moon are approximately the same.<sup id=\"cite_ref-zeilik1998_207-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-zeilik1998-207\">[188]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-angular_208-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-angular-208\">[189]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Orbit","anchor":"Orbit","id":22,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit\" title=\"Earth's orbit\">Earth's orbit</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Pale_Blue_Dot.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pale_Blue_Dot.png/170px-Pale_Blue_Dot.png\" width=\"170\" height=\"230\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pale_Blue_Dot.png/255px-Pale_Blue_Dot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp /commons/thumb/7/73/Pale_Blue_Dot.png/340px-Pale_Blue_Dot.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"453\" data-file-height=\"614\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Pale_Blue_Dot.png\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nThe historic <a href=\"/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot\" title=\"Pale Blue Dot\">Pale Blue Dot</a> photo taken in 1990 by the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Voyager_1\" title=\"Voyager 1\">Voyager 1</a></i> spacecraft showing Earth (center right) from nearly 6.4\u00a0billion kilometers (4<span style=\"margin-left:0.2em\">\u00d7<span style=\"margin-left:0.1em\">10</span></span><s style=\"display:none\">^</s><sup>9</sup>\u00a0mi) away</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 150\u00a0million kilometres (93,000,000\u00a0mi) every 365.2564 mean solar days, or one <a href=\"/wiki/Sidereal_year\" title=\"Sidereal year\">sidereal year</a>. This gives an apparent movement of the Sun eastward with respect to the stars at a rate of about 1\u00b0/day, which is one apparent Sun or Moon diameter every 12\u00a0hours. Due to this motion, on average it takes 24\u00a0hours\u2014a <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_time\" title=\"Solar time\">solar day</a>\u2014for Earth to complete a full rotation about its axis so that the Sun returns to the <a href=\"/wiki/Meridian_(astronomy)\" title=\"Meridian (astronomy)\">meridian</a>. The orbital speed of Earth averages about 29.8\u00a0km/s (107,000\u00a0km/h), which is fast enough to travel a distance equal to Earth's diameter, about 12,742\u00a0km (7,918\u00a0mi), in seven minutes, and the distance to the Moon, 384,000\u00a0km (239,000\u00a0mi), in about 3.5 hours.<sup id=\"cite_ref-earth_fact_sheet_5-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-5\">[3]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The Moon and Earth orbit a common <a href=\"/wiki/Barycenter\" title=\"Barycenter\">barycenter</a> every 27.32\u00a0days relative to the background stars. When combined with the Earth\u2013Moon system's common orbit around the Sun, the period of the <a href=\"/wiki/Synodic_month\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Synodic month\">synodic month</a>, from new moon to new moon, is 29.53\u00a0days. Viewed from the <a href=\"/wiki/Celestial_pole\" title=\"Celestial pole\">celestial north pole</a>, the motion of Earth, the Moon, and their axial rotations are all <a href=\"/wiki/Counterclockwise\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Counterclockwise\">counterclockwise</a>. Viewed from a vantage point above the north poles of both the Sun and Earth, Earth orbits in a counterclockwise direction about the Sun. The orbital and axial planes are not precisely aligned: Earth's <a href=\"/wiki/Axial_tilt\" title=\"Axial tilt\">axis is tilted</a> some 23.4\u00a0degrees from the perpendicular to the Earth\u2013Sun plane (the <a href=\"/wiki/Ecliptic\" title=\"Ecliptic\">ecliptic</a>), and the Earth\u2013Moon plane is tilted up to \u00b15.1\u00a0degrees against the Earth\u2013Sun plane. Without this tilt, there would be an eclipse every two weeks, alternating between <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_eclipse\" title=\"Lunar eclipse\">lunar eclipses</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_eclipse\" title=\"Solar eclipse\">solar eclipses</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-earth_fact_sheet_5-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-5\">[3]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-moon_fact_sheet_209-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-moon_fact_sheet-209\">[190]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Hill_sphere\" title=\"Hill sphere\">Hill sphere</a>, or <a href=\"/wiki/Gravity\" title=\"Gravity\">gravitational</a> sphere of influence, of Earth is about 1.5\u00a0million kilometres (930,000\u00a0mi) in radius.<sup id=\"cite_ref-vazquez_etal2006_210-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-vazquez_etal2006-210\">[191]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-hill_radius_211-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hill_radius-211\">[n 20]</a></sup> This is the maximum distance at which the Earth's gravitation
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp al influence is stronger than the more distant Sun and planets. Objects must orbit Earth within this radius, or they can become unbound by the gravitational perturbation of the Sun.</p>\n<p>Earth, along with the Solar System, is situated in the <a href=\"/wiki/Milky_Way\" title=\"Milky Way\">Milky Way</a> and orbits about 28,000\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Light-year\" title=\"Light-year\">light-years</a> from its center. It is about 20\u00a0light-years above the <a href=\"/wiki/Galactic_plane\" title=\"Galactic plane\">galactic plane</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Orion_Arm\" title=\"Orion Arm\">Orion Arm</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nasa20051201_212-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nasa20051201-212\">[192]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Axial tilt and seasons","anchor":"Axial_tilt_and_seasons","id":23,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Axial_tilt#Earth\" title=\"Axial tilt\">Axial tilt \u00a7\u00a0Earth</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:AxialTiltObliquity.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/AxialTiltObliquity.png/220px-AxialTiltObliquity.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"171\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/AxialTiltObliquity.png/330px-AxialTiltObliquity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/AxialTiltObliquity.png/440px-AxialTiltObliquity.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"760\" data-file-height=\"590\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:AxialTiltObliquity.png\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nEarth's axial tilt (or <a href=\"/wiki/Obliquity\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Obliquity\">obliquity</a>) and its relation to the <a href=\"/wiki/Rotation\" title=\"Rotation\">rotation axis</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_plane_(astronomy)\" title=\"Orbital plane (astronomy)\">plane of orbit</a></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The axial tilt of the Earth is approximately 23.439281\u00b0.<sup id=\"cite_ref-IERS_4-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IERS-4\">[2]</a></sup> Due to Earth's axial tilt, the amount of sunlight reaching any given point on the surface varies over the course of the year. This causes seasonal change in climate, with <a href=\"/wiki/Summer\" title=\"Summer\">summer</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Northern_hemisphere\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Northern hemisphere\">northern hemisphere</a> occurring when the North Pole is pointing toward the Sun, and <a href=\"/wiki/Winter\" title=\"Winter\">winter</a> taking place when the pole is pointed away. During the summer, the day lasts longer and the Sun climbs higher in the sky. In winter, the climate becomes generally cooler and the days shorter. In northern temperate latitudes, the Sun rises north of true east during the summer solstice, and sets north of true west, reversing in the winter. The Sun rises south of true east in the summer for the southern temperate zone, and sets south of true west.</p>\n<p>Above the <a href=\"/wiki/Arctic_Circle\" title=\"Arctic Circle\">Arctic Circle</a>, an extreme case is reached where there is no daylight at all for part of the year, up to six months at the North Pole itself, a <a href=\"/wiki/Polar_night\" title=\"Polar night\">polar night</a>. In the <a href=\"/wiki/Southern_hemisphere\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Southern hemisphere\">southern hemisphere</a> the situation is exactly reversed, with the <a href=\"/wiki/South_Pole\" title=\"South Pole\">South Pole</a> oriented opposite the direction of the North Pole. Six months later, this pole will experience a <a href=\"/wiki/Midnight_sun\" title=\"Midnight sun\">midnight sun</a>, a day of 24 hours, again reversing with the South Pole.</p>\n<p>By astronomical convention, the four seasons can be determined by the <a href=\"/wiki/Solstice\" title=\"Solstice\">solstices</a>\u2014the
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp points in the orbit of maximum axial tilt toward or away from the Sun\u2014and the <a href=\"/wiki/Equinox\" title=\"Equinox\">equinoxes</a>, when the direction of the tilt and the direction to the Sun are perpendicular. In the northern hemisphere, <a href=\"/wiki/Winter_solstice\" title=\"Winter solstice\">winter solstice</a> currently occurs around 21 December, <a href=\"/wiki/Summer_solstice\" title=\"Summer solstice\">summer solstice</a> is near 21 June, <a href=\"/wiki/Spring_equinox\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Spring equinox\">spring equinox</a> is around 20 March and <a href=\"/wiki/Autumnal_equinox\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Autumnal equinox\">autumnal equinox</a> is about 22 or 23 September. In the southern hemisphere, the situation is reversed, with the summer and winter solstices exchanged and the spring and autumnal equinox dates swapped.<sup id=\"cite_ref-bromberg2008_213-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-bromberg2008-213\">[193]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The angle of Earth's axial tilt is relatively stable over long periods of time. Its axial tilt does undergo <a href=\"/wiki/Nutation\" title=\"Nutation\">nutation</a>; a slight, irregular motion with a main period of 18.6\u00a0years.<sup id=\"cite_ref-lin2006_214-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-lin2006-214\">[194]</a></sup> The orientation (rather than the angle) of Earth's axis also changes over time, <a href=\"/wiki/Precession\" title=\"Precession\">precessing</a> around in a complete circle over each 25,800\u00a0year cycle; this precession is the reason for the difference between a sidereal year and a <a href=\"/wiki/Tropical_year\" title=\"Tropical year\">tropical year</a>. Both of these motions are caused by the varying attraction of the Sun and the Moon on Earth's equatorial bulge. The poles also migrate a few meters across Earth's surface. This <a href=\"/wiki/Polar_motion\" title=\"Polar motion\">polar motion</a> has multiple, cyclical components, which collectively are termed <a href=\"/wiki/Quasiperiodic_motion\" title=\"Quasiperiodic motion\">quasiperiodic motion</a>. In addition to an annual component to this motion, there is a 14-month cycle called the <a href=\"/wiki/Chandler_wobble\" title=\"Chandler wobble\">Chandler wobble</a>. Earth's rotational velocity also varies in a phenomenon known as length-of-day variation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fisher19960205_215-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fisher19960205-215\">[195]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In modern times, Earth's <a href=\"/wiki/Perihelion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Perihelion\">perihelion</a> occurs around 3 January, and its <a href=\"/wiki/Aphelion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Aphelion\">aphelion</a> around 4 July. These dates change over time due to precession and other orbital factors, which follow cyclical patterns known as <a href=\"/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles\" title=\"Milankovitch cycles\">Milankovitch cycles</a>. The changing Earth\u2013Sun distance causes an increase of about 6.9%<sup id=\"cite_ref-solar_energy_216-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-solar_energy-216\">[n 21]</a></sup> in solar energy reaching Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion. Because the southern hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun, the southern hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year. This effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the southern hemisphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-williams20051230_217-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-williams20051230-217\">[196]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Habitability","anchor":"Habitability","id":24,"text":"<p>A planet that can sustain life is termed <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_habitability\" title=\"Planetary habitability\">habitable</a>, even if life did not originat
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp e there. Earth provides liquid water\u2014an environment where complex <a href=\"/wiki/Organic_compound\" title=\"Organic compound\">organic molecules</a> can assemble and interact, and sufficient energy to sustain <a href=\"/wiki/Metabolism\" title=\"Metabolism\">metabolism</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ab2003_218-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ab2003-218\">[197]</a></sup> The distance of Earth from the Sun, as well as its orbital eccentricity, rate of rotation, axial tilt, geological history, sustaining atmosphere and protective magnetic field all contribute to the current climatic conditions at the surface.<sup id=\"cite_ref-dole1970_219-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-dole1970-219\">[198]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Biosphere","anchor":"Biosphere","id":25,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Biosphere\" title=\"Biosphere\">Biosphere</a></div>\n<p>A planet's life forms inhabit ecosystems, whose total is sometimes said to form a \"biosphere\". Earth's biosphere is thought to have begun <a href=\"/wiki/Evolution\" title=\"Evolution\">evolving</a> about <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000350000000000000\u2660</span>3.5\u00a0Gya</span>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20131003_91-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT-20131003-91\">[77]</a></sup> The biosphere is divided into a number of <a href=\"/wiki/Biome\" title=\"Biome\">biomes</a>, inhabited by broadly similar plants and animals. On land, biomes are separated primarily by differences in latitude, <a href=\"/wiki/Elevation\" title=\"Elevation\">height above sea level</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Humidity\" title=\"Humidity\">humidity</a>. Terrestrial <a href=\"/wiki/Tundra\" title=\"Tundra\">biomes</a> lying within the Arctic or <a href=\"/wiki/Antarctic_Circle\" title=\"Antarctic Circle\">Antarctic Circles</a>, at <a href=\"/wiki/Alpine_tundra\" title=\"Alpine tundra\">high altitudes</a> or in <a href=\"/wiki/Desert\" title=\"Desert\">extremely arid areas</a> are relatively barren of plant and animal life; <a href=\"/wiki/Latitudinal_gradients_in_species_diversity\" title=\"Latitudinal gradients in species diversity\">species diversity</a> reaches a peak in <a href=\"/wiki/Tropical_rainforest\" title=\"Tropical rainforest\">humid lowlands at equatorial latitudes</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-amnat163_2_192_220-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-amnat163_2_192-220\">[199]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Natural resources and land use","anchor":"Natural_resources_and_land_use","id":26,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Natural_resource\" title=\"Natural resource\">Natural resource</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Land_use\" title=\"Land use\">Land use</a></div>\n<table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"float:right; margin-left:1em;\"><caption>Estimated human land use, 2000<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lambin2011_221-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lambin2011-221\">[200]</a></sup></caption>\n<tr><th>Land use</th>\n<th>Mha</th>\n</tr><tr><td>Cropland</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">1,510\u20131,611</td>\n</tr><tr><td>Pastures</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">2,500\u20133,410</td>\n</tr><tr><td>Natural forests</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">3,143\u20133,871</td>\n</tr><tr><td>Planted forests</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">126\u2013215</td>\n</tr><tr><td>Urban areas</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">66\u2013351</td>\n</tr><tr><td>Unused, productive land</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">356\u2013445</td>\n</tr></table><p>Earth has resources that have been exploited by humans. Those termed <a href=\"/wiki/Non-renewable_resources\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Non-renewable resources\">non-renewable resources</a>, such as <a href=\"/wiki/Fossil_fuel\" title=\"Fossil fuel\">fossil fuels</a>, only renew over geological timescales.</p>\n<p>Large deposits of fossil fuels are obtained from Earth's crust, consistin
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp g of <a href=\"/wiki/Coal\" title=\"Coal\">coal</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Petroleum\" title=\"Petroleum\">petroleum</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Natural_gas\" title=\"Natural gas\">natural gas</a>. These deposits are used by humans both for energy production and as feedstock for chemical production. Mineral <a href=\"/wiki/Ore\" title=\"Ore\">ore</a> bodies have also been formed within the crust through a process of <a href=\"/wiki/Ore_genesis\" title=\"Ore genesis\">ore genesis</a>, resulting from actions of <a href=\"/wiki/Magma\" title=\"Magma\">magmatism</a>, erosion and plate tectonics.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Ramdohr_222-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ramdohr-222\">[201]</a></sup> These bodies form concentrated sources for many metals and other useful <a href=\"/wiki/Chemical_element\" title=\"Chemical element\">elements</a>.</p>\n<p>Earth's biosphere produces many useful biological products for humans, including food, <a href=\"/wiki/Wood\" title=\"Wood\">wood</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Pharmaceutical\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Pharmaceutical\">pharmaceuticals</a>, oxygen, and the recycling of many organic wastes. The land-based <a href=\"/wiki/Ecosystem\" title=\"Ecosystem\">ecosystem</a> depends upon <a href=\"/wiki/Topsoil\" title=\"Topsoil\">topsoil</a> and fresh water, and the oceanic ecosystem depends upon dissolved nutrients washed down from the land.<sup id=\"cite_ref-science299_5607_673_223-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-science299_5607_673-223\">[202]</a></sup> In 1980, 5,053\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Hectare\" title=\"Hectare\">Mha</a> (50.53 million km<sup>2</sup>) of Earth's land surface consisted of forest and woodlands, 6,788\u00a0Mha (67.88 million km<sup>2</sup>) was grasslands and pasture, and 1,501\u00a0Mha (15.01 million km<sup>2</sup>) was cultivated as croplands.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Turner1990_224-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Turner1990-224\">[203]</a></sup> The estimated amount of <a href=\"/wiki/Irrigated_land\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Irrigated land\">irrigated land</a> in 1993 was 2,481,250 square kilometres (958,020\u00a0sq\u00a0mi).<sup id=\"cite_ref-cia_17-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cia-17\">[14]</a></sup> Humans also live on the land by using <a href=\"/wiki/Building_material\" title=\"Building material\">building materials</a> to construct shelters.</p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Natural and environmental hazards","anchor":"Natural_and_environmental_hazards","id":27,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Pavlof2014iss.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pavlof2014iss.jpg/220px-Pavlof2014iss.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pavlof2014iss.jpg/330px-Pavlof2014iss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pavlof2014iss.jpg/440px-Pavlof2014iss.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1440\" data-file-height=\"960\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Pavlof2014iss.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n<center>A volcano injecting hot ash into the atmosphere</center>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Large areas of Earth's surface are subject to extreme weather such as tropical <a href=\"/wiki/Cyclone\" title=\"Cyclone\">cyclones</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Hurricane\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Hurricane\">hurricanes</a>, or <a href=\"/wiki/Typhoon\" title=\"Typhoon\">typhoons</a> that dominate life in those areas. From 1980 to 2000, these events caused an average of 11,800 human deaths per year.<sup id=\"cite_ref-walsh2008_225-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-walsh2008-225\">[204]</a></sup> Many places are subject to earthquakes, <a href=\"/wiki/Landslide\" title=\"Landslide\">landslides</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Tsunami\" title=\"Tsunami\">tsunamis</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Volcano\" titl
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp e=\"Volcano\">volcanic eruptions</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Tornado\" title=\"Tornado\">tornadoes</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Sinkhole\" title=\"Sinkhole\">sinkholes</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Blizzard\" title=\"Blizzard\">blizzards</a>, floods, droughts, <a href=\"/wiki/Wildfire\" title=\"Wildfire\">wildfires</a>, and other calamities and disasters.</p>\n<p>Many localized areas are subject to human-made <a href=\"/wiki/Pollution\" title=\"Pollution\">pollution</a> of the air and water, <a href=\"/wiki/Acid_rain\" title=\"Acid rain\">acid rain</a> and toxic substances, loss of vegetation (<a href=\"/wiki/Overgrazing\" title=\"Overgrazing\">overgrazing</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Deforestation\" title=\"Deforestation\">deforestation</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Desertification\" title=\"Desertification\">desertification</a>), loss of wildlife, species <a href=\"/wiki/Extinction\" title=\"Extinction\">extinction</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Soils_retrogression_and_degradation\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Soils retrogression and degradation\">soil degradation</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Soil_depletion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Soil depletion\">soil depletion</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Erosion\" title=\"Erosion\">erosion</a>.</p>\n<p>According to the United Nations, a scientific consensus exists linking human activities to <a href=\"/wiki/Global_warming\" title=\"Global warming\">global warming</a> due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions. This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a <a href=\"/wiki/Sea_level_rise\" title=\"Sea level rise\">global rise in average sea levels</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-un20070202_226-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-un20070202-226\">[205]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Human geography","anchor":"Human_geography","id":28,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Human_geography\" title=\"Human geography\">Human geography</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/World\" title=\"World\">World</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:302px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Continents_vide_couleurs.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Continents_vide_couleurs.png/300px-Continents_vide_couleurs.png\" width=\"300\" height=\"152\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Continents_vide_couleurs.png/450px-Continents_vide_couleurs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Continents_vide_couleurs.png/600px-Continents_vide_couleurs.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1488\" data-file-height=\"755\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Continents_vide_couleurs.png\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n<span style=\"font-size:105%;\"><b>The seven <a href=\"/wiki/Continent\" title=\"Continent\">continents</a> of <strong class=\"selflink\">Earth</strong></b></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-NatlGeo_227-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NatlGeo-227\">[206]</a></sup><div>\n<table class=\"multicol\" role=\"presentation\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;\"><tr><td style=\"text-align: left; vertical-align: top;\">\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"margin:0; font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;\"><span class=\"legend-text\" style=\"border:none; padding:1px .6em; background-color:#0c0; color:black; font-size:95%; line-height:1.25; text-align:center;\">\u00a0</span> <a href=\"/wiki/North_America\" title=\"North America\">North America</a></span></li>\n<li><span style=\"margin:0; font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;\"><span class=\"legend-text\" style=\"border:none; padding:1px .6em; background-color:green; color:black; font-size:95%; line-height:1.25; text-align:center;\">\u00a0</span> <a href=\"/wiki/South_America\" title=\"South America\">South America</
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp a></span></li>\n<li><span style=\"margin:0; font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;\"><span class=\"legend-text\" style=\"border:none; padding:1px .6em; background-color:#0040ff; color:black; font-size:95%; line-height:1.25; text-align:center;\">\u00a0</span> <a href=\"/wiki/Antarctica\" title=\"Antarctica\">Antarctica</a></span></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left; vertical-align: top;\">\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"margin:0; font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;\"><span class=\"legend-text\" style=\"border:none; padding:1px .6em; background-color:#c10000; color:black; font-size:95%; line-height:1.25; text-align:center;\">\u00a0</span> <a href=\"/wiki/Europe\" title=\"Europe\">Europe</a></span></li>\n<li><span style=\"margin:0; font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;\"><span class=\"legend-text\" style=\"border:none; padding:1px .6em; background-color:#fed52e; color:black; font-size:95%; line-height:1.25; text-align:center;\">\u00a0</span> <a href=\"/wiki/Africa\" title=\"Africa\">Africa</a></span></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left; vertical-align: top;\">\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"margin:0; font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;\"><span class=\"legend-text\" style=\"border:none; padding:1px .6em; background-color:#f33e01; color:black; font-size:95%; line-height:1.25; text-align:center;\">\u00a0</span> <a href=\"/wiki/Asia\" title=\"Asia\">Asia</a></span></li>\n<li><span style=\"margin:0; font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;\"><span class=\"legend-text\" style=\"border:none; padding:1px .6em; background-color:#c04080; color:black; font-size:95%; line-height:1.25; text-align:center;\">\u00a0</span> <a href=\"/wiki/Oceania\" title=\"Oceania\">Oceania</a></span></li>\n</ul></div>\n<div class=\"plainlinks hlist navbar mini\" style=\"float:right;\">\n<ul><li class=\"nv-view\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template:World_map_indicating_continents\" title=\"Template:World map indicating continents\"><abbr title=\"View this template\">v</abbr></a></li>\n<li class=\"nv-talk\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:World_map_indicating_continents\" title=\"Template talk:World map indicating continents\"><abbr title=\"Discuss this template\">t</abbr></a></li>\n<li class=\"nv-edit\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:World_map_indicating_continents&amp;action=edit\"><abbr title=\"Edit this template\">e</abbr></a></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr></table></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Cartography\" title=\"Cartography\">Cartography</a>, the study and practice of map-making, and <a href=\"/wiki/Geography\" title=\"Geography\">geography</a>, the study of the lands, features, inhabitants and phenomena on Earth, have historically been the disciplines devoted to depicting Earth. <a href=\"/wiki/Surveying\" title=\"Surveying\">Surveying</a>, the determination of locations and distances, and to a lesser extent <a href=\"/wiki/Navigation\" title=\"Navigation\">navigation</a>, the determination of position and direction, have developed alongside cartography and geography, providing and suitably quantifying the requisite information.</p>\n<p>Earth's human population reached approximately seven billion on 31 October 2011.<sup id=\"cite_ref-228\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-228\">[207]</a></sup> Projections indicate that the <a href=\"/wiki/World_population\" title=\"World population\">world's human population</a> will reach 9.2\u00a0billion in 2050.<sup id=\"cite_ref-un2006_229-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-un2006-229\">[208]</a></sup> Most of the growth is expected to take place in <a href=\"/wiki/Developing_nations\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Developing nations\">developing nations</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Population_density#Human_population_density\" title=\"Population density\">Human population density</a> varies widely around the world, but a majority live in Asia. By 2020, 60% of the world's population is expec
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp ted to be living in urban, rather than rural, areas.<sup id=\"cite_ref-prb2007_230-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-prb2007-230\">[209]</a></sup></p>\n<p>It is estimated that one-eighth of Earth's surface is suitable for humans to live on\u00a0\u2013 three-quarters of Earth's surface is covered by oceans, leaving one quarter as land. Half of that land area is desert (14%),<sup id=\"cite_ref-hessd4_439_231-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hessd4_439-231\">[210]</a></sup> high mountains (27%),<sup id=\"cite_ref-biodiv_232-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-biodiv-232\">[211]</a></sup> or other unsuitable terrain. The northernmost permanent settlement in the world is <a href=\"/wiki/Alert,_Nunavut\" title=\"Alert, Nunavut\">Alert</a>, on <a href=\"/wiki/Ellesmere_Island\" title=\"Ellesmere Island\">Ellesmere Island</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Nunavut\" title=\"Nunavut\">Nunavut</a>, Canada.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cfsa2006_233-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cfsa2006-233\">[212]</a></sup> (82\u00b028\u2032N) The southernmost is the <a href=\"/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station\" title=\"Amundsen\u2013Scott South Pole Station\">Amundsen\u2013Scott South Pole Station</a>, in Antarctica, almost exactly at the South Pole. (90\u00b0S)</p>\n<p>Independent sovereign nations claim the planet's entire land surface, except for some parts of Antarctica, a few <a href=\"/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Serbia_border_dispute\" title=\"Croatia\u2013Serbia border dispute\">land parcels along the Danube</a> river's western bank, and the odd <a href=\"/wiki/Terra_nullius\" title=\"Terra nullius\">unclaimed area</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Bir_Tawil\" title=\"Bir Tawil\">Bir Tawil</a> between Egypt and Sudan. As of 2015<sup class=\"plainlinks noprint asof-tag update\" style=\"display:none;\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth&amp;action=edit\">[update]</a></sup>, there are 193 <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states\" title=\"List of sovereign states\">sovereign states</a> that are <a href=\"/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations\" title=\"Member states of the United Nations\">member states of the United Nations</a>, plus two <a href=\"/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers\" title=\"United Nations General Assembly observers\">observer states</a> and 72 <a href=\"/wiki/Dependent_territory\" title=\"Dependent territory\">dependent territories</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition\" title=\"List of states with limited recognition\">states with limited recognition</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cia_17-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cia-17\">[14]</a></sup> Historically, Earth has never had a <a href=\"/wiki/Sovereignty\" title=\"Sovereignty\">sovereign</a> government with authority over the entire globe although a number of nation-states have striven for <a href=\"/wiki/Hyperpower\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Hyperpower\">world domination</a> and failed.<sup id=\"cite_ref-kennedy1989_234-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-kennedy1989-234\">[213]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/United_Nations\" title=\"United Nations\">United Nations</a> is a worldwide <a href=\"/wiki/International_organization\" title=\"International organization\">intergovernmental organization</a> that was created with the goal of intervening in the disputes between nations, thereby avoiding armed conflict.<sup id=\"cite_ref-uncharter_235-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-uncharter-235\">[214]</a></sup> The U.N. serves primarily as a forum for international diplomacy and <a href=\"/wiki/International_law\" title=\"International law\">international law</a>. When the consensus of the membership permits, it provides a mechanism for armed intervention.<sup id=\"cite_ref-un_int_law_236-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-un_int_law-236\">[215]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The first human to orbit Earth was <a href=\"/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin\" title=
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp \"Yuri Gagarin\">Yuri Gagarin</a> on 12 April 1961.<sup id=\"cite_ref-kuhn2006_237-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-kuhn2006-237\">[216]</a></sup> In total, about 487 people have visited outer space and reached orbit as of 30 July 2010<sup class=\"plainlinks noprint asof-tag update\" style=\"display:none;\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth&amp;action=edit\">[update]</a></sup>, and, of these, <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_program\" title=\"Apollo program\">twelve</a> have walked on the Moon.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ellis2004_238-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ellis2004-238\">[217]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-shayler_vis2005_239-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-shayler_vis2005-239\">[218]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-wade2008_240-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-wade2008-240\">[219]</a></sup> Normally, the only humans in space are those on the <a href=\"/wiki/International_Space_Station\" title=\"International Space Station\">International Space Station</a>. The station's <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_International_Space_Station_expeditions\" title=\"List of International Space Station expeditions\">crew</a>, made up of six people, is usually replaced every six months.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nasa_rg_iss2007_241-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nasa_rg_iss2007-241\">[220]</a></sup> The farthest that humans have travelled from Earth is 400,171\u00a0km, achieved during the <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_13\" title=\"Apollo 13\">Apollo 13</a> mission in 1970.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Apollo13History_242-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Apollo13History-242\">[221]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Moon","anchor":"Moon","id":29,"text":"<table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"float: right; margin-left: 0.5em;\"><caption>Characteristics</caption>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\n<div class=\"center\">\n<div class=\"floatnone\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:FullMoon2010.jpg\" class=\"image\" title=\"Full moon as seen from Earth's Northern Hemisphere\"><img alt=\"Full moon as seen from Earth's Northern Hemisphere\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/200px-FullMoon2010.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"190\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/300px-FullMoon2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/400px-FullMoon2010.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2580\" data-file-height=\"2452\"></a></div>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><td><b>Diameter</b></td>\n<td>3,474.8\u00a0km</td>\n</tr><tr><td><b>Mass</b></td>\n<td>7.349<span style=\"margin:0 .15em 0 .25em\">\u00d7</span>10<sup><span style=\"white-space:nowrap\">22</span></sup>\u00a0kg</td>\n</tr><tr><td><b><a href=\"/wiki/Semi-major_axis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Semi-major axis\">Semi-major axis</a></b></td>\n<td>384,400\u00a0km</td>\n</tr><tr><td><b>Orbital period</b></td>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\">27 d 7 h 43.7 m</span></td>\n</tr></table><div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Moon\" title=\"Moon\">Moon</a></div>\n<p>The Moon is a relatively large, <a href=\"/wiki/Terrestrial_planet\" title=\"Terrestrial planet\">terrestrial</a>, planet-like <a href=\"/wiki/Natural_satellite\" title=\"Natural satellite\">natural satellite</a>, with a diameter about one-quarter of Earth's. It is the largest moon in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet, although <a href=\"/wiki/Charon_(moon)\" title=\"Charon (moon)\">Charon</a> is larger relative to the <a href=\"/wiki/Dwarf_planet\" title=\"Dwarf planet\">dwarf planet</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Pluto\" title=\"Pluto\">Pluto</a>. The natural satellites of other planets are also referred to as \"moons\", after Earth's.</p>\n<p>The gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon causes <a href=\"/wiki/Tides\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Tides\">tides</a> on Earth. The same effect on the Moon has led to its <a href=\"/wiki/Tidal_locking\" title=\"Tida
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp l locking\">tidal locking</a>: its rotation period is the same as the time it takes to orbit Earth. As a result, it always presents the same face to the planet. As the Moon orbits Earth, different parts of its face are illuminated by the Sun, leading to the <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_phase\" title=\"Lunar phase\">lunar phases</a>; the dark part of the face is separated from the light part by the <a href=\"/wiki/Terminator_(solar)\" title=\"Terminator (solar)\">solar terminator</a>.</p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Earth-Moon.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Earth-Moon.svg/220px-Earth-Moon.svg.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"138\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Earth-Moon.svg/330px-Earth-Moon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Earth-Moon.svg/440px-Earth-Moon.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"512\" data-file-height=\"320\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Earth-Moon.svg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nDetails of the Earth\u2013Moon system, showing the radius of each object and the Earth\u2013Moon <a href=\"/wiki/Barycenter\" title=\"Barycenter\">barycenter</a>. The Moon's axis is located by <a href=\"/wiki/Cassini%27s_laws\" title=\"Cassini's laws\">Cassini's third law</a>.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Due to their <a href=\"/wiki/Tidal_acceleration\" title=\"Tidal acceleration\">tidal interaction</a>, the Moon recedes from Earth at the rate of approximately 38\u00a0mm/yr. Over millions of years, these tiny modifications\u2014and the lengthening of Earth's day by about 23\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Microsecond\" title=\"Microsecond\">\u00b5s</a>/yr\u2014add up to significant changes.<sup id=\"cite_ref-espenak_meeus20070207_243-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-espenak_meeus20070207-243\">[222]</a></sup> During the <a href=\"/wiki/Devonian\" title=\"Devonian\">Devonian</a> period, for example, (approximately <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7016129386160000000\u2660</span>410\u00a0mya</span>) there were 400 days in a year, with each day lasting 21.8 hours.<sup id=\"cite_ref-hannu_poropudas19911216_244-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hannu_poropudas19911216-244\">[223]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The Moon may have dramatically affected the development of life by moderating the planet's climate. <a href=\"/wiki/Paleontology\" title=\"Paleontology\">Paleontological</a> evidence and computer simulations show that Earth's axial tilt is stabilized by tidal interactions with the Moon.<sup id=\"cite_ref-aaa428_261_38-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-aaa428_261-38\">[31]</a></sup> Some theorists think that without this stabilization against the <a href=\"/wiki/Torque\" title=\"Torque\">torques</a> applied by the Sun and planets to Earth's equatorial bulge, the rotational axis might be chaotically unstable, exhibiting chaotic changes over millions of years, as appears to be the case for Mars.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nature410_6830_773_245-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nature410_6830_773-245\">[224]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Viewed from Earth, the Moon is just far enough away to have almost the same apparent-sized disk as the Sun. The <a href=\"/wiki/Angular_size\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Angular size\">angular size</a> (or <a href=\"/wiki/Solid_angle\" title=\"Solid angle\">solid angle</a>) of these two bodies match because, although the Sun's diameter is about 400 times as large as the Moon's, it is also 400 times more distant.<sup id=\"cite_ref-angular_208-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-angular-208\">[189]</a></sup> This allows total and annular solar eclipses to occur on Earth.</p>\n<p>The most widely accepted theory of the Moon's origin, the <a href=\"/wiki/Giant_impact_hypothesis\" class=\"mw-redi
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp rect\" title=\"Giant impact hypothesis\">giant impact theory</a>, states that it formed from the collision of a Mars-size protoplanet called Theia with the early Earth. This hypothesis explains (among other things) the Moon's relative lack of iron and volatile elements, and the fact that its composition is nearly identical to that of Earth's crust.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nature412_708_246-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nature412_708-246\">[225]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Asteroids and artificial satellites","anchor":"Asteroids_and_artificial_satellites","id":30,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:STS-133_International_Space_Station_after_undocking_9.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/STS-133_International_Space_Station_after_undocking_9.jpg/220px-STS-133_International_Space_Station_after_undocking_9.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"146\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/STS-133_International_Space_Station_after_undocking_9.jpg/330px-STS-133_International_Space_Station_after_undocking_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/STS-133_International_Space_Station_after_undocking_9.jpg/440px-STS-133_International_Space_Station_after_undocking_9.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4288\" data-file-height=\"2848\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:STS-133_International_Space_Station_after_undocking_9.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nThe <a href=\"/wiki/International_Space_Station\" title=\"International Space Station\">International Space Station</a> is an artificial satellite in orbit around Earth.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Earth has at least five <a href=\"/wiki/Quasi-satellite\" title=\"Quasi-satellite\">co-orbital asteroids</a>, including <a href=\"/wiki/3753_Cruithne\" title=\"3753 Cruithne\">3753 Cruithne</a> and <span class=\"nowrap\"><a href=\"/wiki/2002_AA29\" title=\"2002 AA29\">2002 AA<span style=\"position: relative; top: 0.3em;\"><span style=\"font-size:80%;\">29</span></span></a></span>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-whitehouse20021021_247-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-whitehouse20021021-247\">[226]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-christou_asher2011_248-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-christou_asher2011-248\">[227]</a></sup> A <a href=\"/wiki/Earth_trojan\" title=\"Earth trojan\">trojan asteroid</a> companion, <span class=\"nowrap\"><a href=\"/wiki/2010_TK7\" title=\"2010 TK7\">2010 TK<span style=\"position: relative; top: 0.3em;\"><span style=\"font-size:80%;\">7</span></span></a></span>, is librating around the leading <a href=\"/wiki/Lagrange_point\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Lagrange point\">Lagrange triangular point</a>, L4, in the <a href=\"/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit\" title=\"Earth's orbit\">Earth's orbit</a> around the <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Connors_249-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Connors-249\">[228]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Choi_250-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Choi-250\">[229]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The tiny <a href=\"/wiki/Near-Earth_asteroid\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Near-Earth asteroid\">near-Earth asteroid</a> <span class=\"nowrap\"><a href=\"/wiki/2006_RH120\" title=\"2006 RH120\">2006 RH<span style=\"position: relative; top: 0.3em;\"><span style=\"font-size:80%;\">120</span></span></a></span> makes close approaches to the Earth\u2013Moon system roughly every twenty years. During these approaches, it can orbit Earth for brief periods of time.<sup id=\"cite_ref-251\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-251\">[230]</a></sup></p>\n<p>As of September 2015<sup class=\"plainlinks noprint asof-tag update\" style=\"display:none;\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth&amp;action=edit\">[update]</a></sup>, there
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp were 1,305 operational, human-made <a href=\"/wiki/Satellite\" title=\"Satellite\">satellites</a> orbiting Earth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ucs_7-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ucs-7\">[5]</a></sup> There are also inoperative satellites, including <a href=\"/wiki/Vanguard_1\" title=\"Vanguard 1\">Vanguard 1</a>, the oldest satellite currently in orbit, and over 300,000 pieces of <a href=\"/wiki/Space_debris\" title=\"Space debris\">space debris</a>. Earth's largest artificial satellite is the International Space Station.</p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Cultural and historical viewpoint","anchor":"Cultural_and_historical_viewpoint","id":31,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Earth_in_culture\" title=\"Earth in culture\">Earth in culture</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/220px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"220\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/330px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/440px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2400\" data-file-height=\"2400\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n\"<a href=\"/wiki/Earthrise\" title=\"Earthrise\">Earthrise</a>\", the first photograph of Earth as a celestial body, taken by astronauts on board <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_8\" title=\"Apollo 8\">Apollo\u00a08</a>.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The standard astronomical symbol of Earth consists of a cross circumscribed by a circle, <a href=\"/wiki/File:Earth_symbol.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Earth symbol.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Earth_symbol.svg/18px-Earth_symbol.svg.png\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Earth_symbol.svg/27px-Earth_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Earth_symbol.svg/36px-Earth_symbol.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"50\" data-file-height=\"50\"></a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-liungman2004_252-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-liungman2004-252\">[231]</a></sup> representing the <a href=\"/wiki/Four_corners_of_the_world_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-disambig\" title=\"Four corners of the world (disambiguation)\">four quadrants of the world</a>.</p>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Culture\" title=\"Culture\">Human cultures</a> have developed many views of the planet. Earth is sometimes <a href=\"/wiki/Anthropomorphism\" title=\"Anthropomorphism\">personified</a> as a <a href=\"/wiki/Deity\" title=\"Deity\">deity</a>. In many cultures it is a <a href=\"/wiki/Mother_goddess\" title=\"Mother goddess\">mother goddess</a> that is also the primary <a href=\"/wiki/Fertility_deity\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Fertility deity\">fertility deity</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_253-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-253\">[232]</a></sup> and by the mid-20th century the <a href=\"/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis\" title=\"Gaia hypothesis\">Gaia Principle</a> compared Earth's environments and life as a single self-regulating organism leading to broad stabilization of the conditions of habitability.<sup id=\"cite_ref-vanishing255_254-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-vanishing255-254\">[233]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-J1972_255-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-J1972-255\">[234]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-lovelock1974_256-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-lovelock1974-256\">[235]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Creation_myth\" title=\"Creation myth\">Creation myths</a> in many religio
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp ns involve the creation of Earth by a supernatural deity or deities.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_253-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-253\">[232]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Scientific investigation has resulted in several culturally transformative shifts in our view of the planet. In the West, belief in a <a href=\"/wiki/Flat_Earth\" title=\"Flat Earth\">flat Earth</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-russell1997_257-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-russell1997-257\">[236]</a></sup> was displaced by the idea of <a href=\"/wiki/Spherical_Earth\" title=\"Spherical Earth\">spherical Earth</a>, credited to <a href=\"/wiki/Pythagoras\" title=\"Pythagoras\">Pythagoras</a> in the 6th century BC.<sup id=\"cite_ref-258\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-258\">[237]</a></sup> Earth was further believed to be <a href=\"/wiki/Geocentric_model\" title=\"Geocentric model\">the center of the universe</a> until the 16th century, when scientists first theorized that it was <a href=\"/wiki/Heliocentrism\" title=\"Heliocentrism\">a moving object</a>, comparable to the other planets in the Solar System.<sup id=\"cite_ref-arnett20060716_259-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-arnett20060716-259\">[238]</a></sup> Due to the efforts of influential Christian scholars and clerics such as <a href=\"/wiki/James_Ussher\" title=\"James Ussher\">James Ussher</a>, who sought to determine the age of Earth through analysis of genealogies in Scripture, Westerners prior to the 19th century generally believed Earth to be a few thousand years old at most. It was only during the 19th century that geologists realized <a href=\"/wiki/Earth%27s_age\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Earth's age\">Earth's age</a> was at least many millions of years.<sup id=\"cite_ref-260\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-260\">[239]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin\" title=\"William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin\">Lord Kelvin</a> used <a href=\"/wiki/Thermodynamics\" title=\"Thermodynamics\">thermodynamics</a> to estimate the age of Earth to be between 20 million and 400 million years in 1864, sparking a vigorous debate on the subject; it was only when radioactivity and <a href=\"/wiki/Radiometric_dating\" title=\"Radiometric dating\">radioactive dating</a> were discovered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that a reliable mechanism for determining Earth's age was established, proving the planet to be billions of years old.<sup id=\"cite_ref-261\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-261\">[240]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-262\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-262\">[241]</a></sup> The perception of Earth shifted again in the 20th century when humans first viewed it from orbit, and especially with photographs of Earth returned by the <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_program\" title=\"Apollo program\">Apollo program</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-263\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-263\">[242]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"See also","anchor":"See_also","id":32,"text":"<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Celestial_sphere\" title=\"Celestial sphere\">Celestial sphere</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Earth_physical_characteristics_tables\" title=\"Earth physical characteristics tables\">Earth physical characteristics tables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Earth_science\" title=\"Earth science\">Earth science</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Earth_system_science\" title=\"Earth system science\">Earth system science</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_the_far_future\" title=\"Timeline of the far future\">Timeline of the far future</a></li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Notes","anchor":"Notes","id":33,"text":"<div class=\"reflist columns references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<ol class=\"references\"><li id=\"cite_note-epoch-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-epoch_1-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">All
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp astronomical quantities vary, both <a href=\"/wiki/Secular_phenomena\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Secular phenomena\">secularly</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Frequency\" title=\"Frequency\">periodically</a>. The quantities given are the values at the instant <a href=\"/wiki/J2000.0\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"J2000.0\">J2000.0</a> of the secular variation, ignoring all periodic variations.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-apsis-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-apsis_2-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-apsis_2-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">aphelion = <i>a</i> \u00d7 (1 + <i>e</i>); perihelion = <i>a</i> \u00d7 (1\u00a0\u2013 <i>e</i>), where <i>a</i> is the semi-major axis and <i>e</i> is the eccentricity. The difference between Earth's perihelion and aphelion is 5 million kilometers.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-space_debris-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-space_debris_8-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">United States Strategic Command tracks about 15,000 other artificial objects, mostly debris. See: <cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.stratcom.mil/factsheets/11/Space_Control_and_Space_Surveillance\">\"USSTRATCOM Space Control and Space Surveillance\"</a>. January 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">17 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.btitle=USSTRATCOM+Space+Control+and+Space+Surveillance&amp;rft.date=2014-01&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stratcom.mil%2Ffactsheets%2F11%2FSpace_Control_and_Space_Surveillance&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-surfacecover-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-surfacecover_18-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Due to natural fluctuations, ambiguities surrounding <a href=\"/wiki/Ice_shelf\" title=\"Ice shelf\">ice shelves</a>, and mapping conventions for <a href=\"/wiki/Vertical_datum\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Vertical datum\">vertical datums</a>, exact values for land and ocean coverage are not meaningful. Based on data from the <a href=\"/wiki/Vector_Map\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Vector Map\">Vector Map</a> and <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.landcover.org/\">Global Landcover</a> datasets, extreme values for coverage of lakes and streams are 0.6% and 1.0% of Earth's surface. The ice shields of <a href=\"/wiki/Antarctica\" title=\"Antarctica\">Antarctica</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Greenland\" title=\"Greenland\">Greenland</a> are counted as land, even though much of the rock that supports them lies below sea level.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-29\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Particularly as the setting for human <a href=\"/wiki/Civilization\" title=\"Civilization\">civilization</a> and experience.<sup id=\"cite_ref-28\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-28\">[24]</a></sup></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-31\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">From the name of the <a href=\"/wiki/Gaia_(goddess)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Gaia (goddess)\">Greek earth goddess</a>, but now particularly used for the global <a href=\"/wiki/Ecosystem\" title=\"Ecosystem\">ecosystem</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-30\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-30\">[25]</a></sup></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-sidereal_solar-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-sidereal_solar_36-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">The number of solar days is one less than the number of <a href=\"/wiki/Sid
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp ereal_day\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Sidereal day\">sidereal days</a> because the orbital motion of Earth around the Sun causes one additional revolution of the planet about its axis.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-54\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-54\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Including <i>eor\u00fee</i>, <i>er\u00fee</i>, <i>erde</i>, and <i>erthe</i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-oedearth_53-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-oedearth-53\">[46]</a></sup></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-56\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-56\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">As in <i><a href=\"/wiki/Beowulf\" title=\"Beowulf\">Beowulf</a></i> (1531\u201333):<br><i>Wearp \u00f0a wundelm\u00e6l\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0wr\u00e6ttum gebunden<br>\nyrre oretta,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00fe\u00e6t hit on <b>eor\u00f0an</b> l\u00e6g,<br>\nsti\u00f0 ond stylecg.</i><sup id=\"cite_ref-oedearth_53-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-oedearth-53\">[46]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-beo_55-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-beo-55\">[47]</a></sup><br>\n\"He threw the artfully-wound sword so that it lay upon the <b>earth</b>, firm and sharp-edged.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-beo_55-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-beo-55\">[47]</a></sup></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-58\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-58\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">As in the Old English glosses of the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Lindisfarne_Gospels\" title=\"Lindisfarne Gospels\">Lindisfarne Gospels</a></i> (<a href=\"/wiki/Luke_13\" title=\"Luke 13\">Luke 13</a>:7):<br>\nSuccidite ergo illam ut quid etiam <b>terram</b> occupat: <i>hrendas</i> uel <i>scearfa\u00f0 for\u00f0on \u00f0ailca</i> uel <i>hia to huon uutedlice <b>eor\u00f0o</b> gioneta\u00f0</i> uel <i>gemerras.</i><sup id=\"cite_ref-oedearth_53-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-oedearth-53\">[46]</a></sup><br>\n\"Remove it. Why should it use up the <b>soil</b>?\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-57\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-57\">[48]</a></sup></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-61\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-61\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">As in <a href=\"/wiki/%C3%86lfric_of_Eynsham\" title=\"\u00c6lfric of Eynsham\">\u00c6lfric</a>'s <i><a href=\"/wiki/Heptateuch\" title=\"Heptateuch\">Heptateuch</a></i> (<a href=\"/wiki/Book_of_Genesis\" title=\"Book of Genesis\">Gen. 1</a>:10):<br><i>Ond God gecygde \u00f0a drignysse <b>eor\u00f0an</b> ond \u00f0\u00e6re w\u00e6tera gegaderunge he het s\u00e6</i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-oedearth_53-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-oedearth-53\">[46]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-59\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-59\">[49]</a></sup><br>\n\"And God called the dry land <b>Earth</b>; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-60\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-60\">[50]</a></sup></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-63\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-63\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">As in the <a href=\"/wiki/Wessex_Gospels\" title=\"Wessex Gospels\">Wessex Gospels</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Matthew_28\" title=\"Matthew 28\">Matt. 28</a>:18):<br><i>Me is geseald \u00e6lc anweald on heofonan &amp; on <b>eor\u00f0an</b></i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-oedearth_53-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-oedearth-53\">[46]</a></sup><br>\n\"All authority in heaven and on <b>earth</b> has been given to me.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-62\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-62\">[51]</a></sup></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-66\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-66\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">As in the <a href=\"/wiki/Codex_Junius\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Codex Junius\">Codex Junius</a>'s <i><a href=\"/wiki/Genesis_A\" title=\"Genesis A\">Genesis</a></i> (112
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp \u201316):<br><i>her \u00e6rest gesceop\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0ece drihten,<br>\nhelm eallwihta,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0heofon and <b>eor\u00f0an</b>,<br>\nrodor ar\u00e6rde\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0and \u00feis rume land<br>\ngesta\u00feelode\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0strangum mihtum,<br>\nfrea \u00e6lmihtig.</i><sup id=\"cite_ref-oedearth_53-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-oedearth-53\">[46]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-64\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-64\">[52]</a></sup><br>\n\"Here first with mighty power the Everlasting Lord, the Helm of all created things, Almighty King, made <b>earth</b> and heaven, raised up the sky and founded the spacious land.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-65\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-65\">[53]</a></sup></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-68\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-68\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">As in <a href=\"/wiki/%C3%86lfric_of_Eynsham\" title=\"\u00c6lfric of Eynsham\">\u00c6lfric</a>'s <i>On the Seasons of the Year</i> <span class=\"nowrap\">(Ch. 6,</span> \u00a79):<br><i>Seo <b>eor\u00f0e</b> stent on gelicnysse anre pinnhnyte, &amp; seo sunne glit onbutan be Godes gesetnysse.</i><sup id=\"cite_ref-oedearth_53-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-oedearth-53\">[46]</a></sup><br>\n\"The <b>earth</b> can be compared to a pine cone, and the Sun glides around it by God's decree.<sup id=\"cite_ref-67\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-67\">[54]</a></sup></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-128\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-128\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Locally varies between 5 and 200\u00a0km.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-129\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-129\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Locally varies between 5 and 70\u00a0km.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-jaes41_3_379-140\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-jaes41_3_379_140-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Including the <a href=\"/wiki/Somali_Plate\" title=\"Somali Plate\">Somali Plate</a>, which is being formed out of the African Plate. See: <cite class=\"citation journal\">Chorowicz, Jean (October 2005). \"The East African rift system\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Journal_of_African_Earth_Sciences\" title=\"Journal of African Earth Sciences\">Journal of African Earth Sciences</a></i>. <b>43</b> (1\u20133): 379\u2013410. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JAfES..43..379C\">2005JAfES..43..379C</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jafrearsci.2005.07.019\">10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.019</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=The+East+African+rift+system&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean&amp;rft.aulast=Chorowicz&amp;rft.date=2005-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JAfES..43..379C&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jafrearsci.2005.07.019&amp;rft.issue=1%933&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Earth+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=379-410&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=43\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-trench_depth-158\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-trench_depth_158-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">This is the measurement taken by the vessel <i><a href=\"/wiki/Kaik%C5%8D\" title=\"Kaik\u014d\">Kaik\u014d</a></i> in March 1995 and is considered the most accurate measurement to date. See the <a href=\"/wiki/Challenger_Deep\" title=\"Challenger Deep\">Challenger Deep</a> article for more details.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Aoki-203\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-A
08-17 14:35:25.995 debug OkHttp oki_203-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">The ultimate source of these figures, uses the term \"seconds of UT1\" instead of \"seconds of mean solar time\".\u2014<cite class=\"citation journal\">Aoki, S.; Kinoshita, H.; Guinot, B.; Kaplan, G. H.; McCarthy, D. D.; Seidelmann, P. K. (1982). \"The new definition of universal time\". <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. <b>105</b> (2): 359\u201361. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982A&amp;A...105..359A\">1982A&amp;A...105..359A</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=The+new+definition+of+universal+time&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Guinot%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Kaplan%2C+G.+H.&amp;rft.au=Kinoshita%2C+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Aoki&amp;rft.au=McCarthy%2C+D.+D.&amp;rft.au=Seidelmann%2C+P.+K.&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982A%26A...105..359A&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&amp;rft.pages=359-61&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=105\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-hill_radius-211\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-hill_radius_211-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">For Earth, the <a href=\"/wiki/Hill_radius\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Hill radius\">Hill radius</a> is <span><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\" style=\"display: none;\"><math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">\n <semantics>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mstyle displaystyle=\"true\" scriptlevel=\"0\">\n <msub>\n <mi>R</mi>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mi>H</mi>\n </mrow>\n </msub>\n <mo>=</mo>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <msup>\n <mrow>\n <mo>(</mo>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mfrac>\n <mi>m</mi>\n <mrow>\n <mn>3</mn>\n <mi>M</mi>\n </mrow>\n </mfrac>\n </mrow>\n <mo>)</mo>\n </mrow>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mfrac>\n <mn>1</mn>\n <mn>3</mn>\n </mfrac>\n </mrow>\n </msup>\n </mstyle>\n </mrow>\n <annotation encoding=\"application/x-tex\">{\\displaystyle R_{H}=a\\left({\\frac {m}{3M}}\\right)^{\\frac {1}{3}}}</annotation>\n </semantics></math></span><img src=\"https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/596f8baf206a81478afd4194b44138715dc1a05c\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:16.822ex; height:6.176ex;\" alt=\"R_{H}=a\\left({\\frac {m}{3M}}\\right)^{\\frac {1}{3}}\"></span>, where <i>m</i> is the mass of Earth, <i>a</i> is an astronomical unit, and <i>M</i> is the mass of the Sun. So the radius in AU is about <span><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\" style=\"display: none;\"><math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">\n <semantics>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mstyle displaystyle=\"true\" scriptlevel=\"0\">\n <msup>\n <mrow>\n <mo>(</mo>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mfrac>\n <mn>1</mn>\n <mrow>\n <mn>3</mn>\n <mo>\u22c5</mo>\n <mn>332</mn>\n <mo>,</mo>\n <mn>946</mn>\n </mrow>\n </mfrac>\n </mrow>\n <mo>)</mo>\n </mrow>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mfrac>\n <mn>1</mn>\n <mn>3</mn>\n </mfrac>\n </mrow>\n </msup>\n
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp <mo>=</mo>\n <mn>0.01</mn>\n </mstyle>\n </mrow>\n <annotation encoding=\"application/x-tex\">{\\displaystyle \\left({\\frac {1}{3\\cdot 332,946}}\\right)^{\\frac {1}{3}}=0.01}</annotation>\n </semantics></math></span><img src=\"https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7ab5412b4744a2163206868fe8ec2726455c4785\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:24.249ex; height:7.343ex;\" alt=\"\\left({\\frac {1}{3\\cdot 332,946}}\\right)^{\\frac {1}{3}}=0.01\"></span>.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-solar_energy-216\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-solar_energy_216-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Aphelion is 103.4% of the distance to perihelion. Due to the inverse square law, the radiation at perihelion is about 106.9% the energy at aphelion.</span></li>\n</ol></div>","references":""},{"toclevel":1,"line":"References","anchor":"References","id":34,"text":"<div class=\"reflist columns references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<ol class=\"references\"><li id=\"cite_note-VSOP87-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-VSOP87_3-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-VSOP87_3-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Simon, J.L.; Bretagnon, P.; Chapront, J.; Chapront-Touz\u00e9, M.; Francou, G.; Laskar, J. (February 1994). \"Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets\". <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. <b>282</b> (2): 663\u2013683. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994A&amp;A...282..663S\">1994A&amp;A...282..663S</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Numerical+expressions+for+precession+formulae+and+mean+elements+for+the+Moon+and+planets&amp;rft.au=Bretagnon%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Chapront%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Chapront-Touz%C3%A9%2C+M.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.L.&amp;rft.au=Francou%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Laskar%2C+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Simon&amp;rft.date=1994-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994A%26A...282..663S&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&amp;rft.pages=663-683&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=282\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-IERS-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-IERS_4-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-IERS_4-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-IERS_4-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-IERS_4-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-IERS_4-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Staff (7 August 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/models/constants.html\">\"Useful Constants\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Earth_Rotation_and_Reference_Systems_Service\" title=\"International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service\">International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.au=Staff&amp;rft.btitle=Useful+Constants&amp;rft.date=2007-08-07&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhpiers.obspm.fr%2Feop-pc%2Fmodels%2Fconstants.html&amp;rft.pub=International+Earth+Rotation+and+Reference+Systems+Service&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp =\"cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-earth_fact_sheet_5-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-earth_fact_sheet_5-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-earth_fact_sheet_5-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-earth_fact_sheet_5-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-earth_fact_sheet_5-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-earth_fact_sheet_5-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-earth_fact_sheet_5-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-earth_fact_sheet_5-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-earth_fact_sheet_5-8\"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-earth_fact_sheet_5-9\"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-earth_fact_sheet_5-10\"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-earth_fact_sheet_5-11\"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Williams, David R. (1 September 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html\">\"Earth Fact Sheet\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">9 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=David+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.btitle=Earth+Fact+Sheet&amp;rft.date=2004-09-01&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Fearthfact.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Allen294-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Allen294_6-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Allen, Clabon Walter; Cox, Arthur N. (2000). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&amp;pg=PA294\"><i>Allen's Astrophysical Quantities</i></a>. Springer. p.\u00a0294. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-98746-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-387-98746-0\">0-387-98746-0</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.au=Cox%2C+Arthur+N.&amp;rft.aufirst=Clabon+Walter&amp;rft.aulast=Allen&amp;rft.btitle=Allen%27s+Astrophysical+Quantities&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dw8PK2XFLLH8C%26pg%3DPA294&amp;rft.isbn=0-387-98746-0&amp;rft.pages=294&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ucs-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-ucs_7-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ucs_7-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_weapons_and_global_security/space_weapons/technical_issues/ucs-satellite-database.html\">\"UCS Satellite Database\"</a>. <i>Nuclear Weapons &amp; Global Security</i>. Union of Concerned Scientists. 1 September 2015<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">4 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=UCS+Satellite+Database&amp;rft.date=2015-09-01&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucsusa.org%2Fnuclear_weapons_and_global_security%2Fspace_weapons%2Ftechnical_issues%2Fucs-satellite-database.html&amp;rft.jtitle=
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp Nuclear+Weapons+%26+Global+Security&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-hbcp2000-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-hbcp2000_9-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Various (2000). David R. Lide, ed. <i>Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i> (81st ed.). CRC. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0481-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-8493-0481-4\">0-8493-0481-4</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.au=Various&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.edition=81st&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8493-0481-4&amp;rft.pub=CRC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-usno-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-usno_10-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130826043456/http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecK/2011/Astronomical_Constants_2011.txt\">\"Selected Astronomical Constants, 2011\"</a>. <i>The Astronomical Almanac</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecK/2011/Astronomical_Constants_2011.txt\">the original</a> on 26 August 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">25 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Selected+Astronomical+Constants%2C+2011&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasa.usno.navy.mil%2FSecK%2F2011%2FAstronomical_Constants_2011.txt&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Almanac&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WGS-84-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-WGS-84_11-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-WGS-84_11-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"/wiki/World_Geodetic_System\" title=\"World Geodetic System\">World Geodetic System</a> (<i>WGS-84</i>). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/\">Available online</a> from <a href=\"/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency\" title=\"National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency\">National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a>.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cazenave_ahrens1995-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-cazenave_ahrens1995_12-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\"><a href=\"/wiki/Anny_Cazenave\" title=\"Anny Cazenave\">Cazenave, Anny</a> (1995). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20061016024803/http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys/5_cazenave.pdf\">\"Geoid, Topography and Distribution of Landforms\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. In Ahrens, Thomas J. <i>Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants</i>. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87590-851-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-87590-851-9\">0-87590-851-9</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys/5_cazenave.pdf\">the original</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span> on 16 October 2006<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">3 August</span> 200
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp 8</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Geoid%2C+Topography+and+Distribution+of+Landforms&amp;rft.aufirst=Anny&amp;rft.aulast=Cazenave&amp;rft.btitle=Global+Earth+Physics%3A+A+Handbook+of+Physical+Constants&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agu.org%2Freference%2Fgephys%2F5_cazenave.pdf&amp;rft.isbn=0-87590-851-9&amp;rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&amp;rft.pub=American+Geophysical+Union&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-IERS2004-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-IERS2004_13-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) Working Group (2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.iers.org/SharedDocs/Publikationen/EN/IERS/Publications/tn/TechnNote32/tn32_009.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&amp;v=1\">\"General Definitions and Numerical Standards\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. In McCarthy, Dennis D.; Petit, G\u00e9rard. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.iers.org/SharedDocs/Publikationen/EN/IERS/Publications/tn/TechnNote32/tn32.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&amp;v=1\"><i>IERS Conventions (2003)</i></a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>IERS Technical Note No. 32</i>. Frankfurt am Main: Verlag des Bundesamts f\u00fcr Kartographie und Geod\u00e4sie. p.\u00a012. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89888-884-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/3-89888-884-3\">3-89888-884-3</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=General+Definitions+and+Numerical+Standards&amp;rft.au=International+Earth+Rotation+and+Reference+Systems+Service+%28IERS%29+Working+Group&amp;rft.btitle=IERS+Conventions+%282003%29&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iers.org%2FSharedDocs%2FPublikationen%2FEN%2FIERS%2FPublications%2Ftn%2FTechnNote32%2Ftn32_009.pdf%3F__blob%3DpublicationFile%26v%3D1&amp;rft.isbn=3-89888-884-3&amp;rft.pages=12&amp;rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&amp;rft.pub=Verlag+des+Bundesamts+f%C3%BCr+Kartographie+und+Geod%C3%A4sie&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WGS-84-2-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-WGS-84-2_14-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Humerfelt, Sigurd (26 October 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://home.online.no/~sigurdhu/WGS84_Eng.html\">\"How WGS 84 defines Earth\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Sigurd&amp;rft.aulast=Humerfelt&amp;rft.btitle=How+WGS+84+defines+Earth&amp;rft.date=2010-10-26&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.online.no%2F~sigurdhu%2FWGS84_Eng.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-circ-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-circ_15-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Earth's <a href=\"/wiki/Circumference\" title=\"Circumference\">circumference</a> is almost exactly 40,000 km because the metre was calibrated on this measurement\u2014more specifically, 1/10-millionth of the distance between the poles and the equator.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp _note-Pidwirny_2006_8-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Pidwirny_2006_8_16-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Pidwirny_2006_8_16-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Pidwirny_2006_8_16-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Pidwirny_2006_8_16-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Pidwirny, Michael (2 February 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8o.html\">\"Surface area of our planet covered by oceans and continents.(Table 8o-1)\"</a>. University of British Columbia, Okanagan<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Surface+area+of+our+planet+covered+by+oceans+and+continents.%28Table+8o-1%29&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Pidwirny&amp;rft.date=2006-02-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physicalgeography.net%2Ffundamentals%2F8o.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cia-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-cia_17-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-cia_17-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-cia_17-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Staff (24 July 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html\">\"World\"</a>. <i>The World Factbook</i>. Central Intelligence Agency<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=World&amp;rft.au=Staff&amp;rft.date=2008-07-24&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fxx.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Luzum2011-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Luzum2011_19-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Luzum, Brian; Capitaine, Nicole; Fienga, Agn\u00e8s; Folkner, William; Fukushima, Toshio; et al. (August 2011). \"The IAU 2009 system of astronomical constants: The report of the IAU working group on numerical standards for Fundamental Astronomy\". <i>Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy</i>. <b>110</b> (4): 293\u2013304. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011CeMDA.110..293L\">2011CeMDA.110..293L</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10569-011-9352-4\">10.1007/s10569-011-9352-4</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=The+IAU+2009+system+of+astronomical+constants%3A+The+report+of+the+IAU+working+group+on+numerical+standards+for+Fundamental+Astronomy&amp;rft.au=Capitaine%2C+Nicole&amp;rft.au=Fienga%2C+Agn%C3%A8s&amp;rft.aufirst=Brian&amp;rft.au=Folkner%2C+William&amp;rft.au=Fukushima%2C+Toshio&amp;rft.au=Hilton%2C+James&amp;rft.au=Hohenkerk%2C+Catherine&amp;rft.au=Krasinsky%2C+George&amp;rft.aulast=Luzum&amp;rft.au=Petit%2C+G%C3%A9rard&amp;rft.au=Pitjeva%2C+Elena&amp;rft.au=Soffel%2C+Michael&amp;rft.au=Wallace%2C+Patrick&amp;rft.date=2011-08&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011CeMDA.110..293L&amp;rft_id=in
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp fo%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10569-011-9352-4&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Celestial+Mechanics+and+Dynamical+Astronomy&amp;rft.pages=293-304&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=110\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NIST2008-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NIST2008_20-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP330/sp330.pdf\"><i>The international system of units (SI)</i></a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span> (2008 ed.). <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce\" title=\"United States Department of Commerce\">United States Department of Commerce</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology\" title=\"National Institute of Standards and Technology\">NIST</a> Special Publication 330. p.\u00a052.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.btitle=The+international+system+of+units+%28SI%29&amp;rft.edition=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2FPubs%2FSP330%2Fsp330.pdf&amp;rft.pages=52&amp;rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Commerce%2C+NIST+Special+Publication+330&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Williams1994-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Williams1994_21-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Williams, James G. (1994). \"Contributions to the Earth's obliquity rate, precession, and nutation\". <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>108</b>: 711. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994AJ....108..711W\">1994AJ....108..711W</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F117108\">10.1086/117108</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6256\">0004-6256</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Contributions+to+the+Earth%27s+obliquity+rate%2C+precession%2C+and+nutation&amp;rft.aufirst=James+G.&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994AJ....108..711W&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F117108&amp;rft.issn=0004-6256&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=711&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=108\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Allen296-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Allen296_22-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Allen, Clabon Walter; Cox, Arthur N. (2000). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&amp;pg=PA296\"><i>Allen's Astrophysical Quantities</i></a>. Springer. p.\u00a0296. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-98746-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-387-98746-0\">0-387-98746-0</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">17 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.au=Cox%2C+Arthur+N.&amp;rft.aufirst=Clabon+Walter&amp;rft.aulast=Allen&amp;rft.btitle=Allen%27s+Astrophysical+Quantities&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&am
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp p;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dw8PK2XFLLH8C%26pg%3DPA296&amp;rft.isbn=0-387-98746-0&amp;rft.pages=296&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Cox2000-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Cox2000_23-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Arthur N. Cox, ed. (2000). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&amp;pg=PA244\"><i>Allen's Astrophysical Quantities</i></a> (4th ed.). New York: AIP Press. p.\u00a0244. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-98746-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-387-98746-0\">0-387-98746-0</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">17 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.btitle=Allen%27s+Astrophysical+Quantities&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dw8PK2XFLLH8C%26pg%3DPA244&amp;rft.isbn=0-387-98746-0&amp;rft.pages=244&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=AIP+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-asu_lowest_temp-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-asu_lowest_temp_24-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://wmo.asu.edu/world-lowest-temperature\">\"World: Lowest Temperature\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/WMO\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"WMO\">WMO</a> Weather and Climate Extremes Archive</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/Arizona_State_University\" title=\"Arizona State University\">Arizona State University</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">7 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=World%3A+Lowest+Temperature&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwmo.asu.edu%2Fworld-lowest-temperature&amp;rft.jtitle=WMO+Weather+and+Climate+Extremes+Archive&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-kinver20091210-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-kinver20091210_25-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Kinver, Mark (10 December 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8406839.stm\">\"Global average temperature may hit record level in 2010\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/BBC_Online\" title=\"BBC Online\">BBC Online</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">22 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Global+average+temperature+may+hit+record+level+in+2010&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft.aulast=Kinver&amp;rft.date=2009-12-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F8406839.stm&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+Online&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-asu_highest_temp-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-asu_highest_temp_26-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature\">\"World: Highest Temperature\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/WMO\" class=\"mw-redir
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp ect\" title=\"WMO\">WMO</a> Weather and Climate Extremes Archive</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/Arizona_State_University\" title=\"Arizona State University\">Arizona State University</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">7 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=World%3A+Highest+Temperature&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwmo.asu.edu%2Fworld-highest-temperature&amp;rft.jtitle=WMO+Weather+and+Climate+Extremes+Archive&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NOAA-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NOAA_27-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a href=\"/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration\" title=\"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (5 December 2014). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/#mlo\">\"Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Earth_System_Research_Laboratory\" title=\"Earth System Research Laboratory\">Earth System Research Laboratory</a></i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Trends+in+Atmospheric+Carbon+Dioxide&amp;rft.au=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&amp;rft.date=2014-12-05&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esrl.noaa.gov%2Fgmd%2Fccgg%2Ftrends%2F%23mlo&amp;rft.jtitle=Earth+System+Research+Laboratory&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-28\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><i><a href=\"/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary\" title=\"Oxford English Dictionary\">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, <span class=\"nowrap\">3rd ed.</span> \"world, <i>n.</i>\" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2010.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-30\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><i><a href=\"/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary\" title=\"Oxford English Dictionary\">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, <span class=\"nowrap\">3rd ed.</span> \"Gaia, <i>n.</i>\" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2007.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-32\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><i><a href=\"/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary\" title=\"Oxford English Dictionary\">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>), \"terra, <i>n.</i>, used in Science Fiction\" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1989.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-USGS1997-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-USGS1997_33-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html\">\"Age of the Earth\"</a>. U.S. Geological Survey. 1997. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20051223072700/http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html\">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2005<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">10 January</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.btitle=Age+of+the+Earth&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fgip%2Fgeotime%2Fage.html&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp ><a href=\"#cite_ref-34\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). \"The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved\". <i>Special Publications, Geological Society of London</i>. <b>190</b> (1): 205\u2013221. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001GSLSP.190..205D\">2001GSLSP.190..205D</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FGSL.SP.2001.190.01.14\">10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=The+age+of+the+Earth+in+the+twentieth+century%3A+a+problem+%28mostly%29+solved&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+Brent&amp;rft.aulast=Dalrymple&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001GSLSP.190..205D&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2FGSL.SP.2001.190.01.14&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Special+Publications%2C+Geological+Society+of+London&amp;rft.pages=205-221&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=190\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-35\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Manhesa, G\u00e9rard; All\u00e8gre, Claude J.; Dupr\u00e9a, Bernard &amp; Hamelin, Bruno (1980). \"Lead isotope study of basic-ultrabasic layered complexes: Speculations about the age of the earth and primitive mantle characteristics\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Earth_and_Planetary_Science_Letters\" title=\"Earth and Planetary Science Letters\">Earth and Planetary Science Letters</a></i>. <b>47</b> (3): 370\u2013382. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980E&amp;PSL..47..370M\">1980E&amp;PSL..47..370M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0012-821X%2880%2990024-2\">10.1016/0012-821X(80)90024-2</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Lead+isotope+study+of+basic-ultrabasic+layered+complexes%3A+Speculations+about+the+age+of+the+earth+and+primitive+mantle+characteristics&amp;rft.au=All%C3%A8gre%2C+Claude+J.&amp;rft.au=Dupr%C3%A9a%2C+Bernard&amp;rft.au=Hamelin%2C+Bruno&amp;rft.au=Manhesa%2C+G%C3%A9rard&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980E%26PSL..47..370M&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0012-821X%2880%2990024-2&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&amp;rft.pages=370-382&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=47\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-yoder1995-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-yoder1995_37-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Yoder, Charles F. (1995). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090707224616/http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys/4_yoder.pdf\">\"Astrometric and Geodetic Properties of Earth and the Solar System\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. In T. J. Ahrens. <i>Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants</i>. Washington: American Geophysical Union. p.\u00a08. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87590-851-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-87590-851-9\">0-87590-851-9</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asi
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp d%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Astrometric+and+Geodetic+Properties+of+Earth+and+the+Solar+System&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles+F.&amp;rft.aulast=Yoder&amp;rft.btitle=Global+Earth+Physics%3A+A+Handbook+of+Physical+Constants&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20090707224616%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.agu.org%2Freference%2Fgephys%2F4_yoder.pdf&amp;rft.isbn=0-87590-851-9&amp;rft.pages=8&amp;rft.place=Washington&amp;rft.pub=American+Geophysical+Union&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-aaa428_261-38\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-aaa428_261_38-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-aaa428_261_38-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Laskar, J.; et al. (2004). \"A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth\". <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. <b>428</b> (1): 261\u201385. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004A&amp;A...428..261L\">2004A&amp;A...428..261L</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20041335\">10.1051/0004-6361:20041335</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=A+long-term+numerical+solution+for+the+insolation+quantities+of+the+Earth&amp;rft.au=Correia%2C+A.C.M.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.au=Gastineau%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Joutel%2C+F.&amp;rft.aulast=Laskar&amp;rft.au=Levrard%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Robutel%2C+P.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004A%26A...428..261L&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20041335&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&amp;rft.pages=261-85&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=428\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-39\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-39\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/ocean.html\">\"Ocean\"</a>. <i>NOAA.gov</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">3 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Ocean&amp;rft.au=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noaa.gov%2Focean.html&amp;rft.jtitle=NOAA.gov&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-age_earth1-40\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-age_earth1_40-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-age_earth1_40-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">See:</span>\n<ul><li><span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Dalrymple, G.B. (1991). <i>The Age of the Earth</i>. California: Stanford University Press. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-1569-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-8047-1569-6\">0-8047-1569-6</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=G.B.&amp;rft.aulast=Dalrymple&amp;rft.btitle=The+Age+of+the+Earth&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8047-1569-6&amp;rft.place=California&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&amp;r
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp ft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\">Newman, William L. (9 July 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html\">\"Age of the Earth\"</a>. Publications Services, USGS<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=William+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Newman&amp;rft.btitle=Age+of+the+Earth&amp;rft.date=2007-07-09&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fgip%2Fgeotime%2Fage.html&amp;rft.pub=Publications+Services%2C+USGS&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation journal\">Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://sp.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/190/1/205\">\"The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved\"</a>. <i>Geological Society, London, Special Publications</i>. <b>190</b> (1): 205\u201321. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001GSLSP.190..205D\">2001GSLSP.190..205D</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FGSL.SP.2001.190.01.14\">10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=The+age+of+the+Earth+in+the+twentieth+century%3A+a+problem+%28mostly%29+solved&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+Brent&amp;rft.aulast=Dalrymple&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsp.lyellcollection.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F190%2F1%2F205&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001GSLSP.190..205D&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2FGSL.SP.2001.190.01.14&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Geological+Society%2C+London%2C+Special+Publications&amp;rft.pages=205-21&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=190\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\">Stassen, Chris (10 September 2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-age-of-earth.html\">\"The Age of the Earth\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/TalkOrigins_Archive\" title=\"TalkOrigins Archive\">TalkOrigins Archive</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">30 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Chris&amp;rft.aulast=Stassen&amp;rft.btitle=The+Age+of+the+Earth&amp;rft.date=2005-09-10&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkorigins.org%2Ffaqs%2Ffaq-age-of-earth.html&amp;rft.pub=TalkOrigins+Archive&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AP-20151019-41\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-AP-20151019_41-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-AP-20151019_41-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Borenstein, Seth (19 October 2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://apnews.excite.com/article/20151019/us-sci--earliest_life-a400435d0d.html\">\"Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Excite\" title=\"Excite\">Excite</a></i>. Yonkers, NY: <a href=\"/wiki/Mindspark_Interactive_Network\" title=\"Mindspark Inte
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp ractive Network\">Mindspark Interactive Network</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Associated_Press\" title=\"Associated Press\">Associated Press</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Hints+of+life+on+what+was+thought+to+be+desolate+early+Earth&amp;rft.aufirst=Seth&amp;rft.aulast=Borenstein&amp;rft.date=2015-10-19&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapnews.excite.com%2Farticle%2F20151019%2Fus-sci--earliest_life-a400435d0d.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Excite&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PNAS-20151014-pdf-42\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-PNAS-20151014-pdf_42-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-PNAS-20151014-pdf_42-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Bell, Elizabeth A.; Boehnike, Patrick; Harrison, T. Mark; et al. (19 October 2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/10/14/1517557112.full.pdf\">\"Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</i>. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. <b>112</b>: 14518\u201321. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..11214518B\">2015PNAS..11214518B</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1517557112\">10.1073/pnas.1517557112</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/1091-6490\">1091-6490</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Central\" title=\"PubMed Central\">PMC</a>\u00a0<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4664351\">4664351</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26483481\">26483481</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Potentially+biogenic+carbon+preserved+in+a+4.1+billion-year-old+zircon&amp;rft.au=Boehnike%2C+Patrick&amp;rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&amp;rft.au=Harrison%2C+T.+Mark&amp;rft.aulast=Bell&amp;rft.au=Mao%2C+Wendy+L.&amp;rft.date=2015-10-19&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4664351&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2Fearly%2F2015%2F10%2F14%2F1517557112.full.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PNAS..11214518B&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1517557112&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26483481&amp;rft.issn=1091-6490&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&amp;rft.pages=14518-21&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=112\" class=\"Z3988\"><span s
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp tyle=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> Early edition, published online before print.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SahneyBentonFerry2010-43\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-SahneyBentonFerry2010_43-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J.; Ferry, P.A. (27 January 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/6/4/544.full.pdf\">\"Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Biology Letters</i>. <b>6</b> (4): 544\u201347. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.1024\">10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Central\" title=\"PubMed Central\">PMC</a>\u00a0<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2936204\">2936204</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20106856\">20106856</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Links+between+global+taxonomic+diversity%2C+ecological+diversity+and+the+expansion+of+vertebrates+on+land&amp;rft.au=Benton%2C+M.J.&amp;rft.au=Ferry%2C+P.A.&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.aulast=Sahney&amp;rft.date=2010-01-27&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2936204&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org%2Fcontent%2F6%2F4%2F544.full.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.1024&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20106856&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&amp;rft.pages=544-47&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=6\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Book-Biology-44\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Book-Biology_44-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Kunin, W.E.; Gaston, Kevin, eds. (31 December 1996). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=4LHnCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA110&amp;lpg=PA110&amp;dq#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><i>The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare\u2014common differences</i></a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0412633805\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0412633805\">978-0412633805</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+Rarity%3A+Causes+and+consequences+of+rare%94common+differences&amp;rft.date=1996-12-31&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4LHnCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA110%26lpg%3DPA110%26dq%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.isbn=978-0412633805&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span><
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp /li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-StearnsStearns2000-45\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-StearnsStearns2000_45-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Stearns, Beverly Peterson; Stearns, S. C.; Stearns, Stephen C. (1 August 2000). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=0BHeC-tXIB4C&amp;pg=PA1921\"><i>Watching, from the Edge of Extinction</i></a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Yale_University_Press\" title=\"Yale University Press\">Yale University Press</a>. p.\u00a01921. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08469-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08469-6\">978-0-300-08469-6</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">27 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Beverly+Peterson&amp;rft.aulast=Stearns&amp;rft.au=Stearns%2C+S.+C.&amp;rft.au=Stearns%2C+Stephen+C.&amp;rft.btitle=Watching%2C+from+the+Edge+of+Extinction&amp;rft.date=2000-08-01&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0BHeC-tXIB4C%26pg%3DPA1921&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-300-08469-6&amp;rft.pages=1921&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NYT-20141108-MJN-46\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NYT-20141108-MJN_46-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Novacek, Michael J. (8 November 2014). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/opinion/sunday/prehistorys-brilliant-future.html\">\"Prehistory's Brilliant Future\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/New_York_Times\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"New York Times\">New York Times</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">25 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Prehistory%27s+Brilliant+Future&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Novacek&amp;rft.date=2014-11-08&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F11%2F09%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fprehistorys-brilliant-future.html&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-science_241_4872_1441-47\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-science_241_4872_1441_47-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">May, Robert M. (1988). \"How many species are there on earth?\". <i>Science</i>. <b>241</b> (4872): 1441\u20131449. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Sci...241.1441M\">1988Sci...241.1441M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.241.4872.1441\">10.1126/science.241.4872.1441</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17790039\">17790039</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=How+many+species+are+there+on+earth%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&amp;rft.aulast=May&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988Sci...241.1441M&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.241.4872.1441&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17790039&amp;rft.issue=4872&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp .pages=1441-1449&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=241\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MillerSpoolman2012-48\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-MillerSpoolman2012_48-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Miller, G.; Spoolman, Scott (1 January 2012). \"Biodiversity and Evolution\". <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=NYEJAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA62\"><i>Environmental Science</i></a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Cengage_Learning\" title=\"Cengage Learning\">Cengage Learning</a>. p.\u00a062. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-133-70787-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/1-133-70787-4\">1-133-70787-4</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">27 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Biodiversity+and+Evolution&amp;rft.aufirst=G.&amp;rft.aulast=Miller&amp;rft.au=Spoolman%2C+Scott&amp;rft.btitle=Environmental+Science&amp;rft.date=2012-01-01&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNYEJAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA62&amp;rft.isbn=1-133-70787-4&amp;rft.pages=62&amp;rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PLoS-20110823-49\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-PLoS-20110823_49-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Mora, C.; Tittensor, D.P.; Adl, S.; Simpson, A.G.; Worm, B. (23 August 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21886479\">\"How many species are there on Earth and in the ocean?\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/PLOS_Biology\" title=\"PLOS Biology\">PLOS Biology</a></i>. <b>9</b>: e1001127. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001127\">10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Central\" title=\"PubMed Central\">PMC</a>\u00a0<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160336\">3160336</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21886479\">21886479</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=How+many+species+are+there+on+Earth+and+in+the+ocean%3F&amp;rft.au=Adl%2C+S.&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.aulast=Mora&amp;rft.au=Simpson%2C+A.G.&amp;rft.au=Tittensor%2C+D.P.&amp;rft.au=Worm%2C+B.&amp;rft.date=2011-08-23&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3160336&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F21886479&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001127&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21886479&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&amp;rft.p
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp ages=e1001127&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=9\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NSF-2016002-50\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NSF-2016002_50-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Staff (2 May 2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=138446\">\"Researchers find that Earth may be home to 1 trillion species\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/National_Science_Foundation\" title=\"National Science Foundation\">National Science Foundation</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">6 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Researchers+find+that+Earth+may+be+home+to+1+trillion+species&amp;rft.au=Staff&amp;rft.date=2016-05-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews_summ.jsp%3Fcntn_id%3D138446&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Science+Foundation&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NYT-20160725-51\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NYT-20160725_51-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a href=\"/wiki/Nicholas_Wade\" title=\"Nicholas Wade\">Wade, Nicholas</a> (25 July 2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/26/science/last-universal-ancestor.html\">\"Meet Luca, the Ancestor of All Living Things\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/New_York_Times\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"New York Times\">New York Times</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">25 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Meet+Luca%2C+the+Ancestor+of+All+Living+Things&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft.aulast=Wade&amp;rft.date=2016-07-25&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F07%2F26%2Fscience%2Flast-universal-ancestor.html&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PopCounter-52\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-PopCounter_52-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/\">\"Current World Population\"</a>. <i>worldometers</i>. n.d<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">30 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Current+World+Population&amp;rft.chron=n.d.&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldometers.info%2Fworld-population%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=worldometers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-oedearth-53\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-oedearth_53-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-oedearth_53-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-oedearth_53-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-oedearth_53-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-oedearth_53-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-oedearth_53-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-oedearth_53-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-oedearth_53-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-oedearth_53-8\"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Oxford Eng
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp lish Dictionary, <span class=\"nowrap\">3rd ed.</span> \"earth, <i>n.\u00b9</i>\" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2010.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-beo-55\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-beo_55-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-beo_55-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><i>Beowulf</i>. Trans. Chad Matlick in <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.as.wvu.edu/english/oeoe/english311/1799.html\">\"<i>Beowulf</i>: Lines 1399 to 1799\"</a>. West Virginia University. Accessed 5 August 2014. <span class=\"languageicon\" style=\"font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;\">(Old English)</span> &amp; <span class=\"languageicon\" style=\"font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;\">(English)</span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-57\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-57\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><i>Mounce Reverse-Intralinear New Testament</i>: \"<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke%2013:7&amp;version=MOUNCE\">Luke 13:7</a>\". Hosted at <i>Bible Gateway</i>. 2014. Accessed 5 August 2014. <span class=\"languageicon\" style=\"font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;\">(Ancient Greek)</span> &amp; <span class=\"languageicon\" style=\"font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;\">(English)</span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-59\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-59\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">\u00c6lfric of Eynsham. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://wordhord.org/nasb/genesis.html\"><i>Heptateuch</i>. Reprinted by S.J. Crawford as <i>The Old English Version of the Heptateuch, \u00c6lfric\u2019s Treatise on the Old and New Testament and his Preface to Genesis</i>. Humphrey Milford (London), 1922.</a> Hosted at <i>Wordhord</i>. Accessed 5 August 2014. <span class=\"languageicon\" style=\"font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;\">(Old English)</span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-60\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-60\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"/wiki/King_James_Version\" title=\"King James Version\">King James Version</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/The_Bible\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"The Bible\">the Bible</a>: \"<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%201:10&amp;version=KJV\">Genesis 1:10</a>\". Hosted at <i>Bible Gateway</i>. 2014. Accessed 5 August 2014.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-62\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-62\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><i>Mounce Reverse-Intralinear New Testament</i>: \"<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+28%3A18&amp;version=MOUNCE\">Matthew 28:18</a>\". Hosted at <i>Bible Gateway</i>. 2014. Accessed 5 August 2014. <span class=\"languageicon\" style=\"font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;\">(Ancient Greek)</span> &amp; <span class=\"languageicon\" style=\"font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;\">(English)</span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-64\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-64\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">\"<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.maldura.unipd.it/dllags/brunetti/OE/TESTI/GenesisA/DATI/testo.html\">Genesis A</a>\". Hosted at the Dept. of Linguistic Studies at the University of Padua. Accessed 5 August 2014. <span class=\"languageicon\" style=\"font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;\">(Old English)</span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-65\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-65\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Killings, Douglas. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.gutenberg.org/files/
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp 618/618-h/618-h.htm\"><i>Codex Junius 11</i>, I.ii</a>. 1996. Hosted at Project Gutenberg. Accessed 5 August 2014.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-67\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-67\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">\u00c6lfric, Abbot of Eynsham. \"<i>De temporibus annis</i>\" Trans. <span class=\"nowrap\">P. Baker</span> as \"<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://faculty.virginia.edu/OldEnglish/aelfric/detemp.html\">On the Seasons of the Year</a>\". Hosted at Old English at the University of Virginia, 1998. Accessed 6 August 2014.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-69\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-69\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"/wiki/Tacitus\" title=\"Tacitus\">Tacitus</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Germania_(Tacitus)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Germania (Tacitus)\">Germania</a></i>, <span class=\"nowrap\">Ch. 40</span>.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SIMEK179-70\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-SIMEK179_70-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"/wiki/Rudolf_Simek\" title=\"Rudolf Simek\">Simek, Rudolf</a>. Trans. Angela Hall as <i>Dictionary of Northern Mythology</i>, <span class=\"nowrap\">p. 179.</span> <a href=\"/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer\" title=\"Boydell &amp; Brewer\">D.S. Brewer</a>, 2007. <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0859915131\" class=\"internal mw-magiclink-isbn\">ISBN 0-85991-513-1</a>.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-oxford-71\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-oxford_71-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><i>The New Oxford Dictionary of English</i>, <span class=\"nowrap\">1st ed.</span> \"earth\". Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1998. <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/019861263X\" class=\"internal mw-magiclink-isbn\">ISBN 0-19-861263-X</a>.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-bowring_housch1995-72\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-bowring_housch1995_72-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Bowring, S.; Housh, T. (1995). \"The Earth's early evolution\". <i>Science</i>. <b>269</b> (5230): 1535\u201340. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...269.1535B\">1995Sci...269.1535B</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7667634\">10.1126/science.7667634</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7667634\">7667634</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=The+Earth%27s+early+evolution&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Housh%2C+T.&amp;rft.aulast=Bowring&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995Sci...269.1535B&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.7667634&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7667634&amp;rft.issue=5230&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1535-40&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=269\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nature418_6901_949-73\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nature418_6901_949_73-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Yin, Qingzhu; Jacobsen, S. B.; Yamashita, K.; Blichert-Toft, J.; T\u00e9louk, P.; Albar\u00e8de, F. (2002). \"A short timescale for terrestrial planet formation from Hf-W chronometry of meteorites\". <i>Nature</i>. <b>418</b> (6901): 949\u201352. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp .edu/abs/2002Natur.418..949Y\">2002Natur.418..949Y</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature00995\">10.1038/nature00995</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12198540\">12198540</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=A+short+timescale+for+terrestrial+planet+formation+from+Hf-W+chronometry+of+meteorites&amp;rft.au=Albar%C3%A8de%2C+F.&amp;rft.au=Blichert-Toft%2C+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=Qingzhu&amp;rft.au=Jacobsen%2C+S.+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Yin&amp;rft.au=T%C3%A9louk%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Yamashita%2C+K.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Natur.418..949Y&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature00995&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12198540&amp;rft.issue=6901&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=949-52&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=418\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-science310_5754_1671-74\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-science310_5754_1671_74-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Kleine, Thorsten; Palme, Herbert; Mezger, Klaus; Halliday, Alex N. (24 November 2005). \"Hf-W Chronometry of Lunar Metals and the Age and Early Differentiation of the Moon\". <i>Science</i>. <b>310</b> (5754): 1671\u201374. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...310.1671K\">2005Sci...310.1671K</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1118842\">10.1126/science.1118842</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16308422\">16308422</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Hf-W+Chronometry+of+Lunar+Metals+and+the+Age+and+Early+Differentiation+of+the+Moon&amp;rft.aufirst=Thorsten&amp;rft.au=Halliday%2C+Alex+N.&amp;rft.aulast=Kleine&amp;rft.au=Mezger%2C+Klaus&amp;rft.au=Palme%2C+Herbert&amp;rft.date=2005-11-24&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Sci...310.1671K&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1118842&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16308422&amp;rft.issue=5754&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1671-74&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=310\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-reilly20091022-75\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-reilly20091022_75-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Reilly, Michael (22 October 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100109042800/http://news.discovery.com/space/moon-earth-formation.html\">\"Controversial Moon Origin Theory Rewrites History\"</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.discovery.com/space/moon-earth-formation.html\">the original</a> on 9 January 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">30 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Controversial+Moon+Origin+Theory+Rewrites+History&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Reilly&amp;rft.date=2009-10-22&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.discovery.com%2Fspace%2Fmoon-earth-form
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp ation.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-canup_asphaug2001a-76\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-canup_asphaug2001a_76-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation conference\">Canup, R. M.; Asphaug, E. (2001). <i>An impact origin of the Earth-Moon system</i>. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2001. <i>Abstract #U51A-02</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AGUFM.U51A..02C\">2001AGUFM.U51A..02C</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=An+impact+origin+of+the+Earth-Moon+system&amp;rft.au=Asphaug%2C+E.&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Canup&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001AGUFM.U51A..02C&amp;rft.jtitle=Abstract+%23U51A-02&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-canup_asphaug2001b-77\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-canup_asphaug2001b_77-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Canup, R.; Asphaug, E. (2001). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6848/abs/412708a0.html\">\"Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation\"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>412</b> (6848): 708\u201312. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.412..708C\">2001Natur.412..708C</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35089010\">10.1038/35089010</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11507633\">11507633</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Origin+of+the+Moon+in+a+giant+impact+near+the+end+of+the+Earth%27s+formation&amp;rft.au=Asphaug%2C+E.&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.aulast=Canup&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv412%2Fn6848%2Fabs%2F412708a0.html&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Natur.412..708C&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35089010&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11507633&amp;rft.issue=6848&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=708-12&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=412\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-watersource-78\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-watersource_78-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Morbidelli, A.; et al. (2000). \"Source regions and time scales for the delivery of water to Earth\". <i>Meteoritics &amp; Planetary Science</i>. <b>35</b> (6): 1309\u201320. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000M&amp;PS...35.1309M\">2000M&amp;PS...35.1309M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x\">10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Source+regions+and+time+scales+for+the+delivery+of+water+to+Earth&amp;rft.au=Chambers%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Cyr%2C+K.+E.&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp amp;rft.aulast=Morbidelli&amp;rft.au=Lunine%2C+J.+I.&amp;rft.au=Petit%2C+J.+M.&amp;rft.au=Robert%2C+F.&amp;rft.au=Valsecchi%2C+G.+B.&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000M%26PS...35.1309M&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.jtitle=Meteoritics+%26+Planetary+Science&amp;rft.pages=1309-20&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=35\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-asp2002-79\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-asp2002_79-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation conference\">Guinan, E. F.; Ribas, I. Benjamin Montesinos, Alvaro Gimenez and Edward F. Guinan, ed. <i>Our Changing Sun: The Role of Solar Nuclear Evolution and Magnetic Activity on Earth's Atmosphere and Climate</i>. <i>ASP Conference Proceedings: The Evolving Sun and its Influence on Planetary Environments</i>. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ASPC..269...85G\">2002ASPC..269...85G</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58381-109-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/1-58381-109-5\">1-58381-109-5</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Our+Changing+Sun%3A+The+Role+of+Solar+Nuclear+Evolution+and+Magnetic+Activity+on+Earth%27s+Atmosphere+and+Climate&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+F.&amp;rft.aulast=Guinan&amp;rft.au=Ribas%2C+I.&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002ASPC..269...85G&amp;rft.isbn=1-58381-109-5&amp;rft.jtitle=ASP+Conference+Proceedings%3A+The+Evolving+Sun+and+its+Influence+on+Planetary+Environments&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-physorg20100304-80\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-physorg20100304_80-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Staff (4 March 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.physorg.com/news186922627.html\">\"Oldest measurement of Earth's magnetic field reveals battle between Sun and Earth for our atmosphere\"</a>. <i>Physorg.news</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">27 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Oldest+measurement+of+Earth%27s+magnetic+field+reveals+battle+between+Sun+and+Earth+for+our+atmosphere&amp;rft.au=Staff&amp;rft.date=2010-03-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physorg.com%2Fnews186922627.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Physorg.news&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-williams_santosh2004-81\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-williams_santosh2004_81-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Rogers, John James William; Santosh, M. (2004). <i>Continents and Supercontinents</i>. Oxford University Press US. p.\u00a048. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516589-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-19-516589-6\">0-19-516589-6</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=John+James+William&amp;rft.aulast=Rogers&amp;rft.au=Santosh%2C+M.&amp;rft.btitle=Continents+and+Supercontinents&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-516589-6&amp;rft.page
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp s=48&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-science164_1229-82\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-science164_1229_82-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Hurley, P. M.; Rand, J. R. (Jun 1969). \"Pre-drift continental nuclei\". <i>Science</i>. <b>164</b> (3885): 1229\u201342. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969Sci...164.1229H\">1969Sci...164.1229H</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.164.3885.1229\">10.1126/science.164.3885.1229</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17772560\">17772560</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Pre-drift+continental+nuclei&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Hurley&amp;rft.au=Rand%2C+J.+R.&amp;rft.date=1969-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969Sci...164.1229H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.164.3885.1229&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17772560&amp;rft.issue=3885&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1229-42&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=164\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-tp322_19-83\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-tp322_19_83-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">De Smet, J.; Van Den Berg, A.P.; Vlaar, N.J. (2000). \"Early formation and long-term stability of continents resulting from decompression melting in a convecting mantle\". <i>Tectonophysics</i>. <b>322</b> (1\u20132): 19\u201333. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Tectp.322...19D\">2000Tectp.322...19D</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0040-1951%2800%2900055-X\">10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00055-X</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Early+formation+and+long-term+stability+of+continents+resulting+from+decompression+melting+in+a+convecting+mantle&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.aulast=De+Smet&amp;rft.au=Van+Den+Berg%2C+A.P.&amp;rft.au=Vlaar%2C+N.J.&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Tectp.322...19D&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0040-1951%2800%2900055-X&amp;rft.issue=1%932&amp;rft.jtitle=Tectonophysics&amp;rft.pages=19-33&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=322\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-rg6_175-84\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-rg6_175_84-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Armstrong, R. L. (1968). \"A model for the evolution of strontium and lead isotopes in a dynamic earth\". <i>Reviews of Geophysics</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 175\u201399. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968RvGSP...6..175A\">1968RvGSP...6..175A</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2FRG006i002p00175\">10.1029/RG006i002p00175</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z3
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp 9.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=A+model+for+the+evolution+of+strontium+and+lead+isotopes+in+a+dynamic+earth&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Armstrong&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1968RvGSP...6..175A&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FRG006i002p00175&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Geophysics&amp;rft.pages=175-99&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=6\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-science310_5756_1947-85\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-science310_5756_1947_85-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Harrison, T.; et al. (December 2005). \"Heterogeneous Hadean hafnium: evidence of continental crust at 4.4 to 4.5 ga\". <i>Science</i>. <b>310</b> (5756): 1947\u201350. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...310.1947H\">2005Sci...310.1947H</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1117926\">10.1126/science.1117926</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16293721\">16293721</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Heterogeneous+Hadean+hafnium%3A+evidence+of+continental+crust+at+4.4+to+4.5+ga&amp;rft.au=Albarede%2C+F.&amp;rft.au=Blichert-Toft%2C+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=T.&amp;rft.au=Holden%2C+P.&amp;rft.aulast=Harrison&amp;rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Mojzsis%2C+S.&amp;rft.date=2005-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Sci...310.1947H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1117926&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16293721&amp;rft.issue=5756&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1947-50&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=310\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-jaes23_799-86\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-jaes23_799_86-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Hong, D.; Zhang, Jisheng; Wang, Tao; Wang, Shiguang; Xie, Xilin (2004). \"Continental crustal growth and the supercontinental cycle: evidence from the Central Asian Orogenic Belt\". <i>Journal of Asian Earth Sciences</i>. <b>23</b> (5): 799\u2013813. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JAESc..23..799H\">2004JAESc..23..799H</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1367-9120%2803%2900134-2\">10.1016/S1367-9120(03)00134-2</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Continental+crustal+growth+and+the+supercontinental+cycle%3A+evidence+from+the+Central+Asian+Orogenic+Belt&amp;rft.aufirst=D.&amp;rft.aulast=Hong&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C+Shiguang&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C+Tao&amp;rft.au=Xie%2C+Xilin&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+Jisheng&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JAESc..23..799H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1367-9120%2803%2900134-2&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Earth+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=799-813&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=23\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ajes38_613-87\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ajes38_613_87-0\">^</
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08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp 91\">10710791</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://shiva.msu.montana.edu/courses/mb437_537_2005_fall/docs/uprooting.pdf\">the original</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span> on 31 January 2011.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Uprooting+the+tree+of+life&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+Ford&amp;rft.aulast=Doolittle&amp;rft.au=Worm%2C+Boris&amp;rft.date=2000-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshiva.msu.montana.edu%2Fcourses%2Fmb437_537_2005_fall%2Fdocs%2Fuprooting.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0200-90&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10710791&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&amp;rft.pages=90-95&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=282\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NYT-20131003-91\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-NYT-20131003_91-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-NYT-20131003_91-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-NYT-20131003_91-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a href=\"/wiki/Carl_Zimmer\" title=\"Carl Zimmer\">Zimmer, Carl</a> (3 October 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/03/science/earths-oxygen-a-mystery-easy-to-take-for-granted.html\">\"Earth's Oxygen: A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/New_York_Times\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"New York Times\">New York Times</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">3 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Earth%99s+Oxygen%3A+A+Mystery+Easy+to+Take+for+Granted&amp;rft.aufirst=Carl&amp;rft.aulast=Zimmer&amp;rft.date=2013-10-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F10%2F03%2Fscience%2Fearths-oxygen-a-mystery-easy-to-take-for-granted.html&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-jas22_3_225-92\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-jas22_3_225_92-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Berkner, L. V.; Marshall, L. C. (1965). \"On the Origin and Rise of Oxygen Concentration in the Earth's Atmosphere\". <i>Journal of Atmospheric Sciences</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 225\u201361. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965JAtS...22..225B\">1965JAtS...22..225B</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281965%29022%3C0225%3AOTOARO%3E2.0.CO%3B2\">10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022&lt;0225:OTOARO&gt;2.0.CO;2</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+Origin+and+Rise+of+Oxygen+Concentration+in+the+Earth%27s+Atmosphere&amp;rft.aufirst=L.+V.&amp;rft.aulast=Berkner&amp;rft.au=Marshall%2C+L.+C.&amp;rft.date=1965&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965JAtS...22..225B&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0469%281965%29022%3C0225%3AOTOARO%3E2.0.CO%3B2&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Atmospheric+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=225-61&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=22\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-burton20021129-93\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-burton20021129_93-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation we
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp b\">Burton, Kathleen (29 November 2002). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2000/00_79AR.html\">\"Astrobiologists Find Evidence of Early Life on Land\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Kathleen&amp;rft.aulast=Burton&amp;rft.btitle=Astrobiologists+Find+Evidence+of+Early+Life+on+Land&amp;rft.date=2002-11-29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Fames%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2000%2F00_79AR.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Origin1-94\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Origin1_94-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Schopf, JW, Kudryavtsev, AB, Czaja, AD, and Tripathi, AB. (2007). <i>Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils.</i> Precambrian Research 158:141\u2013155.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Origin2-95\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Origin2_95-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Schopf, JW (2006). <i>Fossil evidence of Archaean life.</i> Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 29;361(1470) 869-85.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RavenJohnson2002-96\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-RavenJohnson2002_96-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Hamilton Raven, Peter; Brooks Johnson, George (2002). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=GtlqPwAACAAJ\"><i>Biology</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Education. p.\u00a068. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-112261-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-07-112261-0\">978-0-07-112261-0</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">7 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.au=Brooks+Johnson%2C+George&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.aulast=Hamilton+Raven&amp;rft.btitle=Biology&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGtlqPwAACAAJ&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-07-112261-0&amp;rft.pages=68&amp;rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AP-20131113-97\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-AP-20131113_97-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Borenstein, Seth (13 November 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://apnews.excite.com/article/20131113/DAA1VSC01.html\">\"Oldest fossil found: Meet your microbial mom\"</a>. Associated Press<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">15 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Oldest+fossil+found%3A+Meet+your+microbial+mom&amp;rft.aufirst=Seth&amp;rft.aulast=Borenstein&amp;rft.date=2013-11-13&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapnews.excite.com%2Farticle%2F20131113%2FDAA1VSC01.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AST-20131108-98\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-AST-20131108_98-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Noffke, Nora; Christian, Daniel; Wacey, David; Hazen, Robert M. (8 November 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"ht
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp tp://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ast.2013.1030\">\"Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Astrobiology_(journal)\" title=\"Astrobiology (journal)\">Astrobiology (journal)</a></i>. <b>13</b> (12): 1103\u201324. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AsBio..13.1103N\">2013AsBio..13.1103N</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1089%2Fast.2013.1030\">10.1089/ast.2013.1030</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Central\" title=\"PubMed Central\">PMC</a>\u00a0<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3870916\">3870916</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24205812\">24205812</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">15 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Microbially+Induced+Sedimentary+Structures+Recording+an+Ancient+Ecosystem+in+the+ca.+3.48+Billion-Year-Old+Dresser+Formation%2C+Pilbara%2C+Western+Australia&amp;rft.au=Christian%2C+Daniel&amp;rft.aufirst=Nora&amp;rft.au=Hazen%2C+Robert+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Noffke&amp;rft.au=Wacey%2C+David&amp;rft.date=2013-11-08&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3870916&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.liebertpub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1089%2Fast.2013.1030&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013AsBio..13.1103N&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fast.2013.1030&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24205812&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.jtitle=Astrobiology+%28journal%29&amp;rft.pages=1103-24&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=13\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NG-20131208-99\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NG-20131208_99-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Ohtomo, Yoko; Kakegawa, Takeshi; Ishida, Akizumi; et al. (January 2014). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ngeo2025.html\">\"Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Nature_Geoscience\" title=\"Nature Geoscience\">Nature Geoscience</a></i>. London: <a href=\"/wiki/Nature_Publishing_Group\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Nature Publishing Group\">Nature Publishing Group</a>. <b>7</b> (1): 25\u201328. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatGe...7...25O\">2014NatGe...7...25O</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo2025\">10.1038/ngeo2025</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" clas
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08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp "><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-gould1994_102-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Gould, Stephan J. (October 1994). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://brembs.net/gould.html\">\"The Evolution of Life on Earth\"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>271</b> (4): 84\u201391. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican1094-84\">10.1038/scientificamerican1094-84</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7939569\">7939569</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Life+on+Earth&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephan+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Gould&amp;rft.date=1994-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrembs.net%2Fgould.html&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican1094-84&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7939569&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&amp;rft.pages=84-91&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=271\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-bgsa119_1_140-103\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-bgsa119_1_140_103-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Wilkinson, B. H.; McElroy, B. J. (2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://bulletin.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/119/1-2/140\">\"The impact of humans on continental erosion and sedimentation\"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Geological Society of America</i>. <b>119</b> (1\u20132): 140\u201356. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GSAB..119..140W\">2007GSAB..119..140W</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1130%2FB25899.1\">10.1130/B25899.1</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">22 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=The+impact+of+humans+on+continental+erosion+and+sedimentation&amp;rft.aufirst=B.+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Wilkinson&amp;rft.au=McElroy%2C+B.+J.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbulletin.geoscienceworld.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F119%2F1-2%2F140&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007GSAB..119..140W&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FB25899.1&amp;rft.issue=1%932&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Geological+Society+of+America&amp;rft.pages=140-56&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=119\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-britt2000-104\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-britt2000_104-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-britt2000_104-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-britt2000_104-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Britt, Robert (25 February 2000). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090605231345/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/death_of_earth_000224.html\">\"Freeze, Fry or Dry: How Long Has the Earth Got?\"</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/death_of_earth_000224.html\">the original</a> on 5 June 2009.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ve
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08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp 009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2701016&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gps.caltech.edu%2F~kfl%2Fpaper%2FLi_PNAS2009.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PNAS..106.9576L&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0809436106&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19487662&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=9576-79&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=106\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-sun_future-107\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-sun_future_107-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-sun_future_107-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-sun_future_107-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Sackmann, I.-J.; Boothroyd, A. I.; Kraemer, K. E. (1993). \"Our Sun. III. Present and Future\". <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>418</b>: 457\u201368. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993ApJ...418..457S\">1993ApJ...418..457S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F173407\">10.1086/173407</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Our+Sun.+III.+Present+and+Future&amp;rft.au=Boothroyd%2C+A.+I.&amp;rft.aufirst=I.-J.&amp;rft.au=Kraemer%2C+K.+E.&amp;rft.aulast=Sackmann&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993ApJ...418..457S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F173407&amp;rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=457-68&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=418\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-icarus74_472-108\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-icarus74_472_108-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Kasting, J.F. (1988). \"Runaway and Moist Greenhouse Atmospheres and the Evolution of Earth and Venus\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>74</b> (3): 472\u201394. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Icar...74..472K\">1988Icar...74..472K</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2888%2990116-9\">10.1016/0019-1035(88)90116-9</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11538226\">11538226</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Runaway+and+Moist+Greenhouse+Atmospheres+and+the+Evolution+of+Earth+and+Venus&amp;rft.aufirst=J.F.&amp;rft.aulast=Kasting&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988Icar...74..472K&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-1035%2888%2990116-9&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11538226&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=472-94&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=74\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ward_brownlee2002-109\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-ward_brownlee2002_109-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ward_brownlee2002_109-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Ward, Peter D.; Brownlee, Donald (2002). <i>The Life and Death of Planet Earth: How the New Science
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp of Astrobiology Charts the Ultimate Fate of Our World</i>. New York: Times Books, Henry Holt and Company. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-6781-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-8050-6781-7\">0-8050-6781-7</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.au=Brownlee%2C+Donald&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Ward&amp;rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Death+of+Planet+Earth%3A+How+the+New+Science+of+Astrobiology+Charts+the+Ultimate+Fate+of+Our+World&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8050-6781-7&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Times+Books%2C+Henry+Holt+and+Company&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-hess5_4_569-110\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-hess5_4_569_110-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Bounama, Christine; Franck, S.; Von Bloh, W. (2001). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/5/569/2001/hess-5-569-2001.pdf\">\"The fate of Earth's ocean\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences</i>. Germany: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. <b>5</b> (4): 569\u201375. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001HESS....5..569B\">2001HESS....5..569B</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-5-569-2001\">10.5194/hess-5-569-2001</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">3 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=The+fate+of+Earth%27s+ocean&amp;rft.aufirst=Christine&amp;rft.au=Franck%2C+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Bounama&amp;rft.au=Von+Bloh%2C+W.&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net%2F5%2F569%2F2001%2Fhess-5-569-2001.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001HESS....5..569B&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fhess-5-569-2001&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Hydrology+and+Earth+System+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=569-75&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=5\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-sun_future_schroder-111\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-sun_future_schroder_111-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-sun_future_schroder_111-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Schr\u00f6der, K.-P.; Connon Smith, Robert (2008). \"Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society\" title=\"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society\">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></i>. <b>386</b> (1): 155\u2013163. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv\" title=\"ArXiv\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//arxiv.org/abs/0801.4031\">0801.4031</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.386..155S\">2008MNRAS.386..155S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2008.13022.x\">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Distant+future+of+the+Sun+and+Earth+revisited&amp;rft.au=Connon+Smith%2C+Robert&amp;rft.aufirst=K.-P.&amp;rft.aulast=Schr%C3%B6der&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0801.4031&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008MNRAS.386..155S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2008.13022.x&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft.pages=155-163&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=386\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span><br>\nSee also <cite class=\"citation news\">Palmer, Jason (22 February 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20120415105707/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13369\">\"Hope dims that Earth will survive Sun's death\"</a>. <i>NewScientist.com news service</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13369\">the original</a> on 15 April 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">24 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Hope+dims+that+Earth+will+survive+Sun%27s+death&amp;rft.aufirst=Jason&amp;rft.aulast=Palmer&amp;rft.date=2008-02-22&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn13369&amp;rft.jtitle=NewScientist.com+news+service&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Earth2014-112\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Earth2014_112-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.iapg.bgu.tum.de/9321785--~iapg~forschung~Topographie~Earth2014.html\">\"Earth2014 global topography (relief) model\"</a>. Institut f\u00fcr Astronomische und Physikalische Geod\u00e4sie<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">4 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.btitle=Earth2014+global+topography+%28relief%29+model&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iapg.bgu.tum.de%2F9321785--~iapg~forschung~Topographie~Earth2014.html&amp;rft.pub=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Astronomische+und+Physikalische+Geod%C3%A4sie&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-milbert_smith96-113\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-milbert_smith96_113-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Milbert, D. G.; Smith, D. A. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/gislis96.html\">\"Converting GPS Height into NAVD88 Elevation with the GEOID96 Geoid Height Model\"</a>. National Geodetic Survey, NOAA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">7 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+G.&amp;rft.aulast=Milbert&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C+D.+A&amp;rft.btitle=Converting+GPS+Height+into+NAVD88+Elevation+with+the+GEOID96+Geoid+Height+Model&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngs.noaa.gov%2FPUB
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp S_LIB%2Fgislis96.html&amp;rft.pub=National+Geodetic+Survey%2C+NOAA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ngdc2006-114\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-ngdc2006_114-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ngdc2006_114-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Sandwell, D. T.; Smith, W. H. F. (7 July 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/bathymetry/predicted/explore.HTML\">\"Exploring the Ocean Basins with Satellite Altimeter Data\"</a>. NOAA/NGDC<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">21 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+T.&amp;rft.aulast=Sandwell&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C+W.+H.+F.&amp;rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Ocean+Basins+with+Satellite+Altimeter+Data&amp;rft.date=2006-07-07&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngdc.noaa.gov%2Fmgg%2Fbathymetry%2Fpredicted%2Fexplore.HTML&amp;rft.pub=NOAA%2FNGDC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ps20_5_16-115\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ps20_5_16_115-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Senne, Joseph H. (2000). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://archives.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=589\">\"Did Edmund Hillary Climb the Wrong Mountain\"</a>. <i>Professional Surveyor</i>. <b>20</b> (5): 16\u201321.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Did+Edmund+Hillary+Climb+the+Wrong+Mountain&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Senne&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.profsurv.com%2Fmagazine%2Farticle.aspx%3Fi%3D589&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=Professional+Surveyor&amp;rft.pages=16-21&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=20\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-lancet365_9462_831-116\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-lancet365_9462_831_116-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Sharp, David (5 March 2005). \"Chimborazo and the old kilogram\". <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>365</b> (9462): 831\u201332. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2805%2971021-7\">10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71021-7</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15752514\">15752514</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Chimborazo+and+the+old+kilogram&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Sharp&amp;rft.date=2005-03-05&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2805%2971021-7&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15752514&amp;rft.issue=9462&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&amp;rft.pages=831-32&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=365\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-tall_tales-117\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-tall_tales_117-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.abc.net.au/science/k2/moments/s1086384.htm\">\"Tall Tales about Highest Peaks\"</a>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation<span class=
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp \"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.btitle=Tall+Tales+about+Highest+Peaks&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fscience%2Fk2%2Fmoments%2Fs1086384.htm&amp;rft.pub=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-The_.27Highest.27_Spot_on_Earth-118\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-The_.27Highest.27_Spot_on_Earth_118-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9428163\">\"The 'Highest' Spot on Earth\"</a>. Npr.org. 7 April 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">31 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.btitle=The+%27Highest%27+Spot+on+Earth&amp;rft.date=2007-04-07&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D9428163&amp;rft.pub=Npr.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nist_length2000-119\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nist_length2000_119-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Mohr, P. J.; Taylor, B. N. (October 2000). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/meter.html\">\"Unit of length (meter)\"</a>. <i>NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty</i>. NIST Physics Laboratory<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Unit+of+length+%28meter%29&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Mohr&amp;rft.au=Taylor%2C+B.+N.&amp;rft.date=2000-10&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2Fcuu%2FUnits%2Fmeter.html&amp;rft.jtitle=NIST+Reference+on+Constants%2C+Units%2C+and+Uncertainty&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-120\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-120\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://billiards.colostate.edu/bd_articles/2013/june13.pdf\">\"Is a Pool Ball Smoother than the Earth?\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. Billiards Digest. 1 June 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.btitle=Is+a+Pool+Ball+Smoother+than+the+Earth%3F&amp;rft.date=2013-06-01&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbilliards.colostate.edu%2Fbd_articles%2F2013%2Fjune13.pdf&amp;rft.pub=Billiards+Digest&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-brown_mussett1981-121\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-brown_mussett1981_121-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Brown, Geoff C.; Mussett, Alan E. (1981). <i>The Inaccessible Earth</i> (2nd ed.). Taylor &amp; Francis. p.\u00a0166. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-550028-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-04-550028-2\">0-04-550028-2</a>.</ci
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp te><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Geoff+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.au=Mussett%2C+Alan+E.&amp;rft.btitle=The+Inaccessible+Earth&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-04-550028-2&amp;rft.pages=166&amp;rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> Note: After Ronov and Yaroshevsky (1969).</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-pnas71_12_6973-122\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-pnas71_12_6973_122-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Morgan, J. W.; Anders, E. (1980). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC350422\">\"Chemical composition of Earth, Venus, and Mercury\"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>77</b> (12): 6973\u201377. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980PNAS...77.6973M\">1980PNAS...77.6973M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.77.12.6973\">10.1073/pnas.77.12.6973</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Central\" title=\"PubMed Central\">PMC</a>\u00a0<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC350422\">350422</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16592930\">16592930</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Chemical+composition+of+Earth%2C+Venus%2C+and+Mercury&amp;rft.au=Anders%2C+E.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Morgan&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC350422&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC350422&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980PNAS...77.6973M&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.77.12.6973&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16592930&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=6973-77&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=77\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-123\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-123\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PD-icon.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Public Domain\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"196\" data-file-height=\"196\"></a>\u00a0One or more of the preceding sentences\u00a0incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href=\"/wiki/Public_domain\" title=\"Public domain\">public domain</a>:\u00a0<cite id=\"CITEREFChisholm1911\" class=\"citation encyclopaedia\">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Petrology\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp _Britannica_Eleventh_Edition\" title=\"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica Eleventh Edition\">Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Petrology&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.date=1911&amp;rft.edition=11th&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-tanimoto_ahrens1995-124\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-tanimoto_ahrens1995_124-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Tanimoto, Toshiro (1995). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20061016194153/http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys/15_tanimoto.pdf\">\"Crustal Structure of the Earth\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. In Thomas J. Ahrens. <i>Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants</i>. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87590-851-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-87590-851-9\">0-87590-851-9</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys/15_tanimoto.pdf\">the original</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span> on 16 October 2006<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">3 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Crustal+Structure+of+the+Earth&amp;rft.aufirst=Toshiro&amp;rft.aulast=Tanimoto&amp;rft.btitle=Global+Earth+Physics%3A+A+Handbook+of+Physical+Constants&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agu.org%2Freference%2Fgephys%2F15_tanimoto.pdf&amp;rft.isbn=0-87590-851-9&amp;rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&amp;rft.pub=American+Geophysical+Union&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-science309_5739_1313-125\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-science309_5739_1313_125-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Kerr, Richard A. (26 September 2005). \"Earth's Inner Core Is Running a Tad Faster Than the Rest of the Planet\". <i>Science</i>. <b>309</b> (5739): 1313. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.309.5739.1313a\">10.1126/science.309.5739.1313a</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16123276\">16123276</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Earth%27s+Inner+Core+Is+Running+a+Tad+Faster+Than+the+Rest+of+the+Planet&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Kerr&amp;rft.date=2005-09-26&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.309.5739.1313a&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16123276&amp;rft.issue=5739&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1313&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=309\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-pnas76_9_4192-126\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-pnas76_9_4192_126-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Jordan, T. H. (1979). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC411539\">\"Structural geology of the
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp Earth's interior\"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>76</b> (9): 4192\u20134200. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979PNAS...76.4192J\">1979PNAS...76.4192J</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.76.9.4192\">10.1073/pnas.76.9.4192</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Central\" title=\"PubMed Central\">PMC</a>\u00a0<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC411539\">411539</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16592703\">16592703</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Structural+geology+of+the+Earth%27s+interior&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Jordan&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC411539&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC411539&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979PNAS...76.4192J&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.76.9.4192&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16592703&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&amp;rft.pages=4192-4200&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=76\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-robertson2001-127\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-robertson2001_127-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Robertson, Eugene C. (26 July 2001). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/interior/\">\"The Interior of the Earth\"</a>. USGS<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">24 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Eugene+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Robertson&amp;rft.btitle=The+Interior+of+the+Earth&amp;rft.date=2001-07-26&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fgip%2Finterior%2F&amp;rft.pub=USGS&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-turcotte-130\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-turcotte_130-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-turcotte_130-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Turcotte, D. L.; Schubert, G. (2002). \"4\". <i>Geodynamics</i> (2 ed.). Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp.\u00a0136\u201337. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66624-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66624-4\">978-0-521-66624-4</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=4&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Turcotte&amp;rft.au=Schubert%2C+G
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp .&amp;rft.btitle=Geodynamics&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-66624-4&amp;rft.pages=136-37&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England%2C+UK&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-sanders20031210-131\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-sanders20031210_131-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Sanders, Robert (10 December 2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2003/12/10_heat.shtml\">\"Radioactive potassium may be major heat source in Earth's core\"</a>. UC Berkeley News<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Radioactive+potassium+may+be+major+heat+source+in+Earth%27s+core&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.aulast=Sanders&amp;rft.date=2003-12-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berkeley.edu%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Freleases%2F2003%2F12%2F10_heat.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-132\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-132\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.esrf.eu/news/general/Earth-Center-Hotter\">\"The Earth's Centre is 1000 Degrees Hotter than Previously Thought\"</a>. <i>The European Synchrotron (ESRF)</i>. 25 April 2013. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/6HKckNXMF\">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=The+Earth%27s+Centre+is+1000+Degrees+Hotter+than+Previously+Thought&amp;rft.date=2013-04-25&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esrf.eu%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2FEarth-Center-Hotter&amp;rft.jtitle=The+European+Synchrotron+%28ESRF%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ptrsl360_1795_1227-133\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ptrsl360_1795_1227_133-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Alf\u00e8, D.; Gillan, M. J.; Vocadlo, L.; Brodholt, J.; Price, G. D. (2002). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://chianti.geol.ucl.ac.uk/~dario/pubblicazioni/PTRSA2002.pdf\">\"The <i>ab initio</i> simulation of the Earth's core\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</i>. <b>360</b> (1795): 1227\u201344. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002RSPTA.360.1227A\">2002RSPTA.360.1227A</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2002.0992\">10.1098/rsta.2002.0992</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=The+ab+initio+simulation+of+the+Earth%27s+core&amp;rft.au=Brodholt%2C+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=D.&amp;rft.au=Gillan%2C+M.+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Alf%C3%A8&amp;rft.au=Price%2C+G.+D.&amp;rft.au=Vocadlo%2C+L.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchianti.geol.ucl.ac.uk%2F~dario%2Fpu
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08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp u/drjessey/class/Gsc101/Weathering.html\">the original</a> on 21 July 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Jessey&amp;rft.btitle=Weathering+and+Sedimentary+Rocks&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeology.csupomona.edu%2Fdrjessey%2Fclass%2FGsc101%2FWeathering.html&amp;rft.pub=Cal+Poly+Pomona&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-de_pater_lissauer2010-152\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-de_pater_lissauer2010_152-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">de Pater, Imke; Lissauer, Jack J. (2010). <i>Planetary Sciences</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a0154. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85371-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-521-85371-0\">0-521-85371-0</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Imke&amp;rft.aulast=de+Pater&amp;rft.au=Lissauer%2C+Jack+J.&amp;rft.btitle=Planetary+Sciences&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-85371-0&amp;rft.pages=154&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-wekn_bulakh2004-153\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-wekn_bulakh2004_153-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Wenk, Hans-Rudolf; Bulakh, Andre\u012d Glebovich (2004). <i>Minerals: their constitution and origin</i>. Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a0359. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52958-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-521-52958-1\">0-521-52958-1</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.au=Bulakh%2C+Andre%C4+Glebovich&amp;rft.aufirst=Hans-Rudolf&amp;rft.aulast=Wenk&amp;rft.btitle=Minerals%3A+their+constitution+and+origin&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-52958-1&amp;rft.pages=359&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-154\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-154\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.ARBL.ZS/countries/1W?display=graph\">\"World Bank arable land\"</a>. <i>worldbank.org</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=World+Bank+arable+land&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FAG.LND.ARBL.ZS%2Fcountries%2F1W%3Fdisplay%3Dgraph&amp;rft.jtitle=worldbank.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-155\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-155\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.CROP.ZS/countries?display=graph\">\"World Bank permanent cropland\"</a>. <i>worldbank.org</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <sp
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp an class=\"nowrap\">19 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=World+Bank+permanent+cropland&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FAG.LND.CROP.ZS%2Fcountries%3Fdisplay%3Dgraph&amp;rft.jtitle=worldbank.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-fao1994-156\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-fao1994_156-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">FAO Staff (1995). <i>FAO Production Yearbook 1994</i> (Volume 48 ed.). Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-5-003844-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/92-5-003844-5\">92-5-003844-5</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.au=FAO+Staff&amp;rft.btitle=FAO+Production+Yearbook+1994&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.edition=Volume+48&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=92-5-003844-5&amp;rft.place=Rome%2C+Italy&amp;rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-sverdrup-157\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-sverdrup_157-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Sverdrup, H. U.; Fleming, Richard H. (1 January 1942). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://repositories.cdlib.org/sio/arch/oceans/\"><i>The oceans, their physics, chemistry, and general biology</i></a>. Scripps Institution of Oceanography Archives. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-630350-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-13-630350-1\">0-13-630350-1</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+U.&amp;rft.au=Fleming%2C+Richard+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Sverdrup&amp;rft.btitle=The+oceans%2C+their+physics%2C+chemistry%2C+and+general+biology&amp;rft.date=1942-01-01&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositories.cdlib.org%2Fsio%2Farch%2Foceans%2F&amp;rft.isbn=0-13-630350-1&amp;rft.pub=Scripps+Institution+of+Oceanography+Archives&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-kaiko7000-159\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-kaiko7000_159-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/equipment/ships/kaiko7000.html\">\"7,000\u00a0m Class Remotely Operated Vehicle <i>KAIKO 7000</i>\"</a>. Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">7 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.btitle=7%2C000+m+Class+Remotely+Operated+Vehicle+KAIKO+7000&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamstec.go.jp%2Fe%2Fabout%2Fequipment%2Fships%2Fkaiko7000.html&amp;rft.pub=Japan+Agency+for+Marine-Earth+Science+and+Technology+%28JAMSTEC%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ocean23_2_112-160\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ocean23_2_112_160-0\">^</
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Charette, Matthew A.; Smith, Walter H. F. (June 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/6IZIkxZNa\">\"The Volume of Earth's Ocean\"</a>. <i>Oceanography</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 112\u201314. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.5670%2Foceanog.2010.51\">10.5670/oceanog.2010.51</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.tos.org/oceanography/archive/23-2_charette.pdf\">the original</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span> on 2 August 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">6 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=The+Volume+of+Earth%27s+Ocean&amp;rft.aufirst=Matthew+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Charette&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C+Walter+H.+F.&amp;rft.date=2010-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tos.org%2Foceanography%2Farchive%2F23-2_charette.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5670%2Foceanog.2010.51&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Oceanography&amp;rft.pages=112-14&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=23\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-161\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-161\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation encyclopaedia\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/559627/sphere-depth-of-the-ocean\">\"sphere depth of the ocean\u00a0\u2013 hydrology\"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=sphere+depth+of+the+ocean+%93+hydrology&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F559627%2Fsphere-depth-of-the-ocean&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-162\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-162\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ase.tufts.edu/cosmos/print_chapter.asp?id=4\">\"Third rock from the Sun\u00a0\u2013 restless Earth\"</a>. <i>NASA's Cosmos</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Third+rock+from+the+Sun+%93+restless+Earth&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fase.tufts.edu%2Fcosmos%2Fprint_chapter.asp%3Fid%3D4&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA%27s+Cosmos&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-163\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-163\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Perlman, Howard (17 March 2014). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html\">\"The World's Water\"</a>. <i>USGS Water-Science School</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Water&amp;rft.aufirst=Howard&amp;rft.aulast=Perlman&amp;rft.date=2014-03-17&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwater.usgs.gov%2Fedu%2Fearthwherewater.html&amp;rft.jtitle=USGS+Water-Scie
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp nce+School&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-kennish2001-164\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-kennish2001_164-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Kennish, Michael J. (2001). <i>Practical handbook of marine science</i>. Marine science series (3rd ed.). CRC Press. p.\u00a035. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-2391-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-8493-2391-6\">0-8493-2391-6</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Kennish&amp;rft.btitle=Practical+handbook+of+marine+science&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8493-2391-6&amp;rft.pages=35&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft.series=Marine+science+series&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-mullen2002-165\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-mullen2002_165-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Mullen, Leslie (11 June 2002). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/5QVie9nX9\">\"Salt of the Early Earth\"</a>. NASA Astrobiology Magazine. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.astrobio.net/news/article223.html\">the original</a> on 22 July 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">14 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Leslie&amp;rft.aulast=Mullen&amp;rft.btitle=Salt+of+the+Early+Earth&amp;rft.date=2002-06-11&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrobio.net%2Fnews%2Farticle223.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA+Astrobiology+Magazine&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-natsci_oxy4-166\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-natsci_oxy4_166-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Morris, Ron M. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090415082741/http://seis.natsci.csulb.edu/rmorris/oxy/oxy4.html\">\"Oceanic Processes\"</a>. NASA Astrobiology Magazine. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://seis.natsci.csulb.edu/rmorris/oxy/oxy4.html\">the original</a> on 15 April 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">14 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Ron+M&amp;rft.aulast=Morris&amp;rft.btitle=Oceanic+Processes&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseis.natsci.csulb.edu%2Frmorris%2Foxy%2Foxy4.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA+Astrobiology+Magazine&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-michon2006-167\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-michon2006_167-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Scott, Michon (24 April 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/HeatBucket/\">\"Earth's Big heat Bucket\"</a>. NASA Earth Observatory<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">14 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Michon&amp;rft.aulast=Scott&amp;rft.btitle=Earth%27s+Big+heat+Bucket&
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp amp;rft.date=2006-04-24&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FStudy%2FHeatBucket%2F&amp;rft.pub=NASA+Earth+Observatory&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-sample2005-168\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-sample2005_168-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Sample, Sharron (21 June 2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/oceans/physical/SST.html\">\"Sea Surface Temperature\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">21 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Sharron&amp;rft.aulast=Sample&amp;rft.btitle=Sea+Surface+Temperature&amp;rft.date=2005-06-21&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.hq.nasa.gov%2Foceans%2Fphysical%2FSST.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-geerts_linacre97-169\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-geerts_linacre97_169-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Geerts, B.; Linacre, E. (November 1997). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap01/tropo.html\">\"The height of the tropopause\"</a>. <i>Resources in Atmospheric Sciences</i>. University of Wyoming<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">10 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=The+height+of+the+tropopause&amp;rft.aufirst=B.&amp;rft.aulast=Geerts&amp;rft.au=Linacre%2C+E.&amp;rft.date=1997-11&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-das.uwyo.edu%2F~geerts%2Fcwx%2Fnotes%2Fchap01%2Ftropo.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Resources+in+Atmospheric+Sciences&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Harrison_2002-170\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Harrison_2002_170-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Harrison, Roy M.; Hester, Ronald E. (2002). <i>Causes and Environmental Implications of Increased UV-B Radiation</i>. Royal Society of Chemistry. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85404-265-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-85404-265-2\">0-85404-265-2</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Roy+M.&amp;rft.au=Hester%2C+Ronald+E.&amp;rft.aulast=Harrison&amp;rft.btitle=Causes+and+Environmental+Implications+of+Increased+UV-B+Radiation&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-85404-265-2&amp;rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-atmosphere-171\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-atmosphere_171-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-atmosphere_171-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Staff (8 October 2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/9-12/features/912_liftoff_atm.html\">\"Earth's Atmosphere\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">21 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.au=Staff&amp;rft
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp .btitle=Earth%27s+Atmosphere&amp;rft.date=2003-10-08&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Faudience%2Fforstudents%2F9-12%2Ffeatures%2F912_liftoff_atm.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Pidwirny2006_7-172\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Pidwirny2006_7_172-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Pidwirny, Michael (2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7h.html\">\"Fundamentals of Physical Geography (2nd Edition)\"</a>. PhysicalGeography.net<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Pidwirny&amp;rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Physical+Geography+%282nd+Edition%29&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physicalgeography.net%2Ffundamentals%2F7h.html&amp;rft.pub=PhysicalGeography.net&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-moran2005-173\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-moran2005_173-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-moran2005_173-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Moran, Joseph M. (2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/6F17zeqFy\">\"Weather\"</a>. <i>World Book Online Reference Center</i>. NASA/World Book, Inc. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/weather_worldbook.html\">the original</a> on 10 March 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">17 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Weather&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Moran&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fworldbook%2Fweather_worldbook.html&amp;rft.jtitle=World+Book+Online+Reference+Center&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-berger2002-174\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-berger2002_174-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-berger2002_174-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Berger, Wolfgang H. (2002). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/climatechange1/cc1syllabus.shtml\">\"The Earth's Climate System\"</a>. University of California, San Diego<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">24 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Wolfgang+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Berger&amp;rft.btitle=The+Earth%27s+Climate+System&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthguide.ucsd.edu%2Fvirtualmuseum%2Fclimatechange1%2Fcc1syllabus.shtml&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+San+Diego&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-rahmstorf2003-175\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-rahmstorf2003_175-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Rahmstorf, Stefan (2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.pik-potsdam.de/~stefan/thc_fact_sheet.html\">\"The Thermohaline Ocean Circulation\"</a>. Potsdam
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp Institute for Climate Impact Research<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">21 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Stefan&amp;rft.aulast=Rahmstorf&amp;rft.btitle=The+Thermohaline+Ocean+Circulation&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pik-potsdam.de%2F~stefan%2Fthc_fact_sheet.html&amp;rft.pub=Potsdam+Institute+for+Climate+Impact+Research&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-hydrologic_cycle-176\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-hydrologic_cycle_176-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Various (21 July 1997). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/hyd/home.rxml\">\"The Hydrologic Cycle\"</a>. University of Illinois<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">24 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.au=Various&amp;rft.btitle=The+Hydrologic+Cycle&amp;rft.date=1997-07-21&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu%2F%28Gh%29%2Fguides%2Fmtr%2Fhyd%2Fhome.rxml&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Illinois&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-sadava_heller2006-177\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-sadava_heller2006_177-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Sadava, David E.; Heller, H. Craig; Orians, Gordon H. (2006). <i>Life, the Science of Biology</i> (8th ed.). MacMillan. p.\u00a01114. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-7671-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-7167-7671-5\">0-7167-7671-5</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=David+E.&amp;rft.au=Heller%2C+H.+Craig&amp;rft.aulast=Sadava&amp;rft.au=Orians%2C+Gordon+H.&amp;rft.btitle=Life%2C+the+Science+of+Biology&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=8th&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-7167-7671-5&amp;rft.pages=1114&amp;rft.pub=MacMillan&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-climate_zones-178\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-climate_zones_178-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Staff. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100808131632/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/climate/older/Climate_Zones.html\">\"Climate Zones\"</a>. UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/climate/older/Climate_Zones.html\">the original</a> on 8 August 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">24 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.au=Staff&amp;rft.btitle=Climate+Zones&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ace.mmu.ac.uk%2Feae%2Fclimate%2Folder%2FClimate_Zones.html&amp;rft.pub=UK+Department+for+Environment%2C+Food+and+Rural+Affairs&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Earth_at_Aphelion-179\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Earth_at_Aphelion_179-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Earth_at_Aphelion_179-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b><
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08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp \"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ea.04.050176.001405\">10.1146/annurev.ea.04.050176.001405</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Hydrogen+loss+from+the+terrestrial+planets&amp;rft.au=Donahue%2C+T.+M&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Hunten&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1976AREPS...4..265H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ea.04.050176.001405&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Earth+and+Planetary+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=265-92&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=4\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-lang2003-190\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-lang2003_190-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Lang, Kenneth R. (2003). <i>The Cambridge guide to the solar system</i>. Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a092. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81306-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-521-81306-9\">0-521-81306-9</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Kenneth+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Lang&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+guide+to+the+solar+system&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-81306-9&amp;rft.pages=92&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-fitzpatrick2006-191\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-fitzpatrick2006_191-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Fitzpatrick, Richard (16 February 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/plasma/lectures/node69.html\">\"MHD dynamo theory\"</a>. NASA WMAP<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">27 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&amp;rft.btitle=MHD+dynamo+theory&amp;rft.date=2006-02-16&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffarside.ph.utexas.edu%2Fteaching%2Fplasma%2Flectures%2Fnode69.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA+WMAP&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-campbelwh-192\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-campbelwh_192-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Campbell, Wallace Hall (2003). <i>Introduction to Geomagnetic Fields</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a057. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-82206-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-521-82206-8\">0-521-82206-8</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Wallace+Hall&amp;rft.aulast=Campbell&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Geomagnetic+Fields&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-82206-8&amp;rft.pages=57&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Britannica-193\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Britannica_193-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Britannica_193-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation encyclopaedia\">McElroy, Mich
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp ael B. (2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.britannica.com/science/ionosphere-and-magnetosphere/Magnetosphere\">\"Ionosphere and magnetosphere\"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Ionosphere+and+magnetosphere&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+B.&amp;rft.aulast=McElroy&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fionosphere-and-magnetosphere%2FMagnetosphere&amp;rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-194\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-194\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Masson, Arnaud (11 May 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://sci.esa.int/jump.cfm?oid=40994\">\"Cluster reveals the reformation of the Earth's bow shock\"</a>. European Space Agency<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Arnaud&amp;rft.aulast=Masson&amp;rft.btitle=Cluster+reveals+the+reformation+of+the+Earth%27s+bow+shock&amp;rft.date=2007-05-11&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsci.esa.int%2Fjump.cfm%3Foid%3D40994&amp;rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-195\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-195\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Gallagher, Dennis L. (14 August 2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://plasmasphere.nasa.gov/\">\"The Earth's Plasmasphere\"</a>. NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Dennis+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Gallagher&amp;rft.btitle=The+Earth%27s+Plasmasphere&amp;rft.date=2015-08-14&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplasmasphere.nasa.gov%2F&amp;rft.pub=NASA%2FMarshall+Space+Flight+Center&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-196\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-196\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Gallagher, Dennis L. (27 May 2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://plasmasphere.nasa.gov/formed.html\">\"How the Plasmasphere is Formed\"</a>. NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Dennis+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Gallagher&amp;rft.btitle=How+the+Plasmasphere+is+Formed&amp;rft.date=2015-05-27&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplasmasphere.nasa.gov%2Fformed.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA%2FMarshall+Space+Flight+Center&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BaumjohannTreumann1997-197\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-BaumjohannTreumann1997_197-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Baumjohann, Wolfgang; Treumann, Rudolf A. (1997). <i>Basic Space Plasma Physics</i>. World Scientific. pp.\u00a08, 31. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"Inter
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp national Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-079-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-079-8\">978-1-86094-079-8</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&amp;rft.aulast=Baumjohann&amp;rft.au=Treumann%2C+Rudolf+A.&amp;rft.btitle=Basic+Space+Plasma+Physics&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-86094-079-8&amp;rft.pages=8%2C+31&amp;rft.pub=World+Scientific&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Van_Allen-198\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Van_Allen_198-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Van Allen, James Alfred (2004). <i>Origins of Magnetospheric Physics</i>. University of Iowa Press. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87745-921-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-87745-921-7\">978-0-87745-921-7</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/OCLC\" title=\"OCLC\">OCLC</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/oclc/646887856\">646887856</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=James+Alfred&amp;rft.aulast=Van+Allen&amp;rft.btitle=Origins+of+Magnetospheric+Physics&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F646887856&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-87745-921-7&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Iowa+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-stern2005-199\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-stern2005_199-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Stern, David P. (8 July 2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/Education/wmap.html\">\"Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">21 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=David+P.&amp;rft.aulast=Stern&amp;rft.btitle=Exploration+of+the+Earth%27s+Magnetosphere&amp;rft.date=2005-07-08&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov%2FEducation%2Fwmap.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-aj136_5_1906-200\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-aj136_5_1906_200-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">McCarthy, Dennis D.; Hackman, Christine; Nelson, Robert A. (November 2008). \"The Physical Basis of the Leap Second\". <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>136</b> (5): 1906\u201308. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AJ....136.1906M\">2008AJ....136.1906M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-6256%2F136%2F5%2F1906\">10.1088/0004-6256/136/5/1906</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=The+Physical+Basis+of+the+Leap+Second&amp;rft.aufirst=Dennis+D.&amp;rft.au=Hackman%2C+Christine&amp;rft.aulast=McCarthy&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C+Robert+A.&amp;rft.date=2008-11&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008AJ....136.1906M&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-6256%2F136%2F5%2F1906&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=1906-08&am
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp p;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=136\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-USNO_TSD-201\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-USNO_TSD_201-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20150312003149/http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/leapsec.html\">\"Leap seconds\"</a>. Time Service Department, USNO. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/leapsec.html\">the original</a> on 12 March 2015<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.btitle=Leap+seconds&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftycho.usno.navy.mil%2Fleapsec.html&amp;rft.pub=Time+Service+Department%2C+USNO&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-202\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-202\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://maia.usno.navy.mil/ser7/ser7.dat\">\"Rapid Service/Prediction of Earth Orientation\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(.DAT file (displays as plaintext in browser))</span>. <i>IERS Bulletin-A</i>. <b>28</b> (15). 9 April 2015<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Rapid+Service%2FPrediction+of+Earth+Orientation&amp;rft.date=2015-04-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaia.usno.navy.mil%2Fser7%2Fser7.dat&amp;rft.issue=15&amp;rft.jtitle=IERS+Bulletin-A&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=28\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-seidelmann1992-204\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-seidelmann1992_204-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (1992). <i>Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac</i>. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books. p.\u00a048. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-935702-68-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-935702-68-7\">0-935702-68-7</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+Kenneth&amp;rft.aulast=Seidelmann&amp;rft.btitle=Explanatory+Supplement+to+the+Astronomical+Almanac&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-935702-68-7&amp;rft.pages=48&amp;rft.place=Mill+Valley%2C+CA&amp;rft.pub=University+Science+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-iers1623-205\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-iers1623_205-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Staff. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/earthor/ut1lod/lod-1623.html\">\"IERS Excess of the duration of the day to 86400s\u00a0... since 1623\"</a>. International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS)<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.au=Staff&amp;rft.btitle=IERS+Excess+of+the+duration+of+the+day+to+86400s+...+since+1623&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp A%2F%2Fhpiers.obspm.fr%2Feop-pc%2Fearthor%2Fut1lod%2Flod-1623.html&amp;rft.pub=International+Earth+Rotation+and+Reference+Systems+Service+%28IERS%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span>\u2014Graph at end.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-iers1962-206\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-iers1962_206-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Staff. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20070813203913/http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/earthor/ut1lod/figure3.html\">\"IERS Variations in the duration of the day 1962\u20132005\"</a>. International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS). Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/earthor/ut1lod/figure3.html\">the original</a> on 13 August 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.au=Staff&amp;rft.btitle=IERS+Variations+in+the+duration+of+the+day+1962%932005&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhpiers.obspm.fr%2Feop-pc%2Fearthor%2Fut1lod%2Ffigure3.html&amp;rft.pub=International+Earth+Rotation+and+Reference+Systems+Service+%28IERS%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-zeilik1998-207\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-zeilik1998_207-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Zeilik, M.; Gregory, S. A. (1998). <i>Introductory Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics</i> (4th ed.). Saunders College Publishing. p.\u00a056. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-006228-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-03-006228-4\">0-03-006228-4</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.au=Gregory%2C+S.+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Zeilik&amp;rft.btitle=Introductory+Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-03-006228-4&amp;rft.pages=56&amp;rft.pub=Saunders+College+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-angular-208\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-angular_208-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-angular_208-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Williams, David R. (10 February 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planetfact.html\">\"Planetary Fact Sheets\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=David+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.btitle=Planetary+Fact+Sheets&amp;rft.date=2006-02-10&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Fplanetfact.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span>\u2014See the apparent diameters on the Sun and Moon pages.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-moon_fact_sheet-209\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-moon_fact_sheet_209-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Williams, David R. (1 September 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.html\">\"Moon F
08-17 14:35:26.000 debug OkHttp act Sheet\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">21 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=David+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.btitle=Moon+Fact+Sheet&amp;rft.date=2004-09-01&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Fmoonfact.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-vazquez_etal2006-210\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-vazquez_etal2006_210-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">V\u00e1zquez, M.; Rodr\u00edguez, P. Monta\u00f1\u00e9s; Palle, E. (2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.iac.es/folleto/research/preprints/files/PP06024.pdf\">\"The Earth as an Object of Astrophysical Interest in the Search for Extrasolar Planets\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Canarias<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">21 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.aulast=V%C3%A1zquez&amp;rft.au=Palle%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Rodr%C3guez%2C+P.+Monta%C3%B1%C3%A9s&amp;rft.btitle=The+Earth+as+an+Object+of+Astrophysical+Interest+in+the+Search+for+Extrasolar+Planets&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iac.es%2Ffolleto%2Fresearch%2Fpreprints%2Ffiles%2FPP06024.pdf&amp;rft.pub=Instituto+de+Astrof%C3sica+de+Canarias&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nasa20051201-212\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nasa20051201_212-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Astrophysicist team (1 December 2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/030827a.html\">\"Earth's location in the Milky Way\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">11 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.au=Astrophysicist+team&amp;rft.btitle=Earth%27s+location+in+the+Milky+Way&amp;rft.date=2005-12-01&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimagine.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2Fask_astro%2Fanswers%2F030827a.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-bromberg2008-213\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-bromberg2008_213-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Bromberg, Irv (1 May 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sym454.org/seasons/\">\"The Lengths of the Seasons (on Earth)\"</a>. University of Toronto<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">8 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Irv&amp;rft.aulast=Bromberg&amp;rft.btitle=The+Lengths+of+the+Seasons+%28on+Earth%29&amp;rft.date=2008-05-01&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sym454.org%2Fseasons%2F&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Toronto&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-lin2006-214\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-lin2006_214-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Lin, Haosheng (2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\"
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08-17 14:35:26.005 debug OkHttp ion book\">Dole, Stephen H. (1970). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/R414/\"><i>Habitable Planets for Man</i></a> (2nd ed.). American Elsevier Publishing Co. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-444-00092-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-444-00092-5\">0-444-00092-5</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">11 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Dole&amp;rft.btitle=Habitable+Planets+for+Man&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Freports%2FR414%2F&amp;rft.isbn=0-444-00092-5&amp;rft.pub=American+Elsevier+Publishing+Co&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-amnat163_2_192-220\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-amnat163_2_192_220-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Hillebrand, Helmut (2004). \"On the Generality of the Latitudinal Gradient\". <i>American Naturalist</i>. <b>163</b> (2): 192\u2013211. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F381004\">10.1086/381004</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14970922\">14970922</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+Generality+of+the+Latitudinal+Gradient&amp;rft.aufirst=Helmut&amp;rft.aulast=Hillebrand&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F381004&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14970922&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Naturalist&amp;rft.pages=192-211&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=163\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Lambin2011-221\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Lambin2011_221-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Lambin, Eric F.; Meyfroidt, Patrick (1 March 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/108/9/3465.full.pdf\">\"Global land use change, economic globalization, and the looming land scarcity\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. National Academy of Sciences. <b>108</b> (9): 3465\u201372. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..108.3465L\">2011PNAS..108.3465L</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1100480108\">10.1073/pnas.1100480108</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">30 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Global+land+use+change%2C+economic+globalization%2C+and+the+looming+land+scarcity&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric+F.&amp;rft.aulast=Lambin&amp;rft.au=Meyfroidt%2C+Patrick&amp;rft.date=2011-03-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2F108%2F9%2F3465.full.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PNAS..108.3465L&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1100480108&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+
08-17 14:35:26.005 debug OkHttp United+States+of+America&amp;rft.pages=3465-72&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=108\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> See Table 1.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Ramdohr-222\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Ramdohr_222-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Ramdohr, Paul (1969). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780080116358\"><i>The Ore Minerals and their Intergrowths</i></a>. <i>AKADEMIE-VERLAG GmbH</i>. Elsevier Ltd. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-08-011635-8.50004-8\">10.1016/B978-0-08-011635-8.50004-8</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-011635-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-08-011635-8\">978-0-08-011635-8</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.aulast=Ramdohr&amp;rft.btitle=The+Ore+Minerals+and+their+Intergrowths&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Fbook%2F9780080116358&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-08-011635-8.50004-8&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-08-011635-8&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier+Ltd.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-science299_5607_673-223\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-science299_5607_673_223-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Rona, Peter A. (2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/299/5607/673?ijkey=AHVbRrqUsmdHY&amp;keytype=ref&amp;siteid=sci\">\"Resources of the Sea Floor\"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>299</b> (5607): 673\u201374. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1080679\">10.1126/science.1080679</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12560541\">12560541</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">4 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Resources+of+the+Sea+Floor&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Rona&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F299%2F5607%2F673%3Fijkey%3DAHVbRrqUsmdHY%26keytype%3Dref%26siteid%3Dsci&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1080679&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12560541&amp;rft.issue=5607&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=673-74&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=299\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Turner1990-224\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Turner1990_224-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Turner, B. L., II (1990). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=7GI0AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA164\"><i>The Earth As Transformed by Human Action: Global And Regional Changes in the Biosphere Over the Past 300 Years</i></a>. CUP Archive. p.\u00a0164. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\
08-17 14:35:26.005 debug OkHttp "/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521363578\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0521363578\">0521363578</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=B.+L.%2C+II&amp;rft.aulast=Turner&amp;rft.btitle=The+Earth+As+Transformed+by+Human+Action%3A+Global+And+Regional+Changes+in+the+Biosphere+Over+the+Past+300+Years&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7GI0AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA164&amp;rft.isbn=0521363578&amp;rft.pages=164&amp;rft.pub=CUP+Archive&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-walsh2008-225\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-walsh2008_225-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Walsh, Patrick J. (16 May 1997). Sharon L. Smith, Lora E. Fleming, eds. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=c6J5hlcjFaAC&amp;pg=PA212\"><i>Oceans and human health: risks and remedies from the seas</i></a>. Academic Press, 2008. p.\u00a0212. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-372584-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-12-372584-4\">0-12-372584-4</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Patrick+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Walsh&amp;rft.btitle=Oceans+and+human+health%3A+risks+and+remedies+from+the+seas&amp;rft.date=1997-05-16&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc6J5hlcjFaAC%26pg%3DPA212&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-372584-4&amp;rft.pages=212&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press%2C+2008&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> <span class=\"citation-comment\" style=\"display:none; color:#33aa33\">CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (<a href=\"/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Uses_editors_parameter\" title=\"Category:CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter\">link</a>)</span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-un20070202-226\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-un20070202_226-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Staff (2 February 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081221031717/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=21429&amp;Cr=climate&amp;Cr1=change\">\"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming\u00a0\u2013 UN report\"</a>. United Nations. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=21429&amp;Cr=climate&amp;Cr1=change\">the original</a> on 21 December 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">7 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.au=Staff&amp;rft.btitle=Evidence+is+now+%27unequivocal%27+that+humans+are+causing+global+warming+%93+UN+report&amp;rft.date=2007-02-02&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fapps%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3FNewsID%3D21429%26Cr%3Dclimate%26Cr1%3Dchange&amp;rft.pub=United+Nations&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NatlGeo-227\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NatlGeo_227-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=world&amp;Mode=d&amp;SubMode=w\">World</a> at the <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/\">Xpeditions Atlas</a><i>, <a href=\"/wiki/National_Geographic_Society\" title=\"National
08-17 14:35:26.005 debug OkHttp Geographic Society\">National Geographic Society</a>, Washington D.C., 2006.</i></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-228\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-228\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.yahoo.com/various-7-billionth-babies-celebrated-worldwide-064439018.html\">\"Various '7 billionth' babies celebrated worldwide\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">31 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.btitle=Various+%277+billionth%27+babies+celebrated+worldwide&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fvarious-7-billionth-babies-celebrated-worldwide-064439018.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-un2006-229\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-un2006_229-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Staff. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090905200753/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/wpp2006.htm\">\"World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision\"</a>. United Nations. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/wpp2006.htm\">the original</a> on 5 September 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">7 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.au=Staff&amp;rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects%3A+The+2006+Revision&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fesa%2Fpopulation%2Fpublications%2Fwpp2006%2Fwpp2006.htm&amp;rft.pub=United+Nations&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-prb2007-230\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-prb2007_230-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Staff (2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/6EKxj3SWs\">\"Human Population: Fundamentals of Growth: Growth\"</a>. Population Reference Bureau. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/PopulationGrowth/QuestionAnswer.aspx\">the original</a> on 10 February 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">31 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.au=Staff&amp;rft.btitle=Human+Population%3A+Fundamentals+of+Growth%3A+Growth&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prb.org%2FEducators%2FTeachersGuides%2FHumanPopulation%2FPopulationGrowth%2FQuestionAnswer.aspx&amp;rft.pub=Population+Reference+Bureau&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-hessd4_439-231\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-hessd4_439_231-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/439/2007/hessd-4-439-2007.html\">\"Updated world map of the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification\"</a>. <i>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 439\u201373. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.5194%2Fhessd-4-
08-17 14:35:26.005 debug OkHttp 439-2007\">10.5194/hessd-4-439-2007</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">31 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Updated+world+map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger+climate+classification&amp;rft.au=Finlayson%2C+B.+L.&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Peel&amp;rft.au=McMahon%2C+T.+A.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net%2F4%2F439%2F2007%2Fhessd-4-439-2007.html&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fhessd-4-439-2007&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Hydrology+and+Earth+System+Sciences+Discussions&amp;rft.pages=439-73&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=4\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-biodiv-232\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-biodiv_232-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Staff. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/default.shtml\">\"Themes &amp; Issues\"</a>. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.au=Staff&amp;rft.btitle=Themes+%26+Issues&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiv.org%2Fprogrammes%2Fdefault.shtml&amp;rft.pub=Secretariat+of+the+Convention+on+Biological+Diversity&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cfsa2006-233\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-cfsa2006_233-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Staff (15 August 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.tscm.com/alert.html\">\"Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Alert\"</a>. Information Management Group<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">31 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.au=Staff&amp;rft.btitle=Canadian+Forces+Station+%28CFS%29+Alert&amp;rft.date=2006-08-15&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tscm.com%2Falert.html&amp;rft.pub=Information+Management+Group&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-kennedy1989-234\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-kennedy1989_234-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\"><a href=\"/wiki/Paul_Kennedy\" title=\"Paul Kennedy\">Kennedy, Paul</a> (1989). <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Great_Powers\" title=\"The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers\">The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers</a></i> (1st ed.). Vintage. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-72019-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-679-72019-7\">0-679-72019-7</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.aulast=Kennedy&amp;rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Great+Powers&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.edition=1st&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-679-72019-7&amp;rft.pub=Vintage&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-uncharter-235\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-uncharter_235-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.
08-17 14:35:26.005 debug OkHttp archive.org/web/20090220011242/http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/\">\"U.N. Charter Index\"</a>. United Nations. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/\">the original</a> on 20 February 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.btitle=U.N.+Charter+Index&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Faboutun%2Fcharter%2F&amp;rft.pub=United+Nations&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-un_int_law-236\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-un_int_law_236-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Staff. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081231055149/http://www.un.org/law/\">\"International Law\"</a>. United Nations. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.un.org/law/\">the original</a> on 31 December 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">27 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.au=Staff&amp;rft.btitle=International+Law&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Flaw%2F&amp;rft.pub=United+Nations&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-kuhn2006-237\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-kuhn2006_237-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Kuhn, Betsy (2006). <i>The race for space: the United States and the Soviet Union compete for the new frontier</i>. Twenty-First Century Books. p.\u00a034. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8225-5984-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-8225-5984-6\">0-8225-5984-6</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Betsy&amp;rft.aulast=Kuhn&amp;rft.btitle=The+race+for+space%3A+the+United+States+and+the+Soviet+Union+compete+for+the+new+frontier&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8225-5984-6&amp;rft.pages=34&amp;rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ellis2004-238\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ellis2004_238-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Ellis, Lee (2004). <i>Who's who of NASA Astronauts</i>. Americana Group Publishing. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9667961-4-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-9667961-4-4\">0-9667961-4-4</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Lee&amp;rft.aulast=Ellis&amp;rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+of+NASA+Astronauts&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-9667961-4-4&amp;rft.pub=Americana+Group+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-shayler_vis2005-239\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-shayler_vis2005_239-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Shayler, David; Vis, Bert (2005). <i>Russia's Cosmonauts: Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center</i>. Birkh\u00e4user. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_
08-17 14:35:26.005 debug OkHttp Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-21894-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-387-21894-7\">0-387-21894-7</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Shayler&amp;rft.au=Vis%2C+Bert&amp;rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Cosmonauts%3A+Inside+the+Yuri+Gagarin+Training+Center&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-387-21894-7&amp;rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-wade2008-240\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-wade2008_240-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Wade, Mark (30 June 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.astronautix.com/articles/aststics.htm\">\"Astronaut Statistics\"</a>. Encyclopedia Astronautica<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft.aulast=Wade&amp;rft.btitle=Astronaut+Statistics&amp;rft.date=2008-06-30&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Farticles%2Faststics.htm&amp;rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Astronautica&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nasa_rg_iss2007-241\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nasa_rg_iss2007_241-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/ISS_Reference_Guide.html\">\"Reference Guide to the International Space Station\"</a>. NASA. 16 January 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.btitle=Reference+Guide+to+the+International+Space+Station&amp;rft.date=2007-01-16&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fstation%2Fnews%2FISS_Reference_Guide.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Apollo13History-242\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Apollo13History_242-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_13a_Summary.htm\">\"Apollo 13 The Seventh Mission: The Third Lunar Landing Attempt 11 April\u201317 April 1970\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">7 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.btitle=Apollo+13+The+Seventh+Mission%3A+The+Third+Lunar+Landing+Attempt+11+April%9317+April+1970&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4029%2FApollo_13a_Summary.htm&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-espenak_meeus20070207-243\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-espenak_meeus20070207_243-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Espenak, F.; Meeus, J. (7 February 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/617EmcCjR\">\"Secular acceleration of the Moon\"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEcat5/secular.html\">
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08-17 14:35:26.005 debug OkHttp /wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.412..708C\">2001Natur.412..708C</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35089010\">10.1038/35089010</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11507633\">11507633</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Origin+of+the+Moon+in+a+giant+impact+near+the+end+of+the+Earth%27s+formation&amp;rft.au=Asphaug%2C+E.&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.aulast=Canup&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Natur.412..708C&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35089010&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11507633&amp;rft.issue=6848&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=708-12&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=412\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-whitehouse20021021-247\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-whitehouse20021021_247-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Whitehouse, David (21 October 2002). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2347663.stm\">\"Earth's little brother found\"</a>. BBC News<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">31 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Earth%27s+little+brother+found&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Whitehouse&amp;rft.date=2002-10-21&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F2347663.stm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-christou_asher2011-248\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-christou_asher2011_248-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation arxiv\">Christou, Apostolos A.; Asher, David J. (31 March 2011). \"A long-lived horseshoe companion to the Earth\". <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv\" title=\"ArXiv\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//arxiv.org/abs/1104.0036\">1104.0036</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span> [<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//arxiv.org/archive/astro-ph.EP\">astro-ph.EP</a>].</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=A+long-lived+horseshoe+companion+to+the+Earth&amp;rft.au=Asher%2C+David+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=Apostolos+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Christou&amp;rft.date=2011-03-31&amp;rft.genre=preprint&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1104.0036&amp;rft.jtitle=arXiv&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> See table 2, p. 5.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Connors-249\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Connors_249-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Connors, Martin; Wiegert, Paul; Veillet, Christian (27 July 2011).
08-17 14:35:26.005 debug OkHttp <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v475/n7357/full/nature10233.html\">\"Earth's Trojan asteroid\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Nature_(journal)\" title=\"Nature (journal)\">Nature</a></i>. <b>475</b> (7357): 481\u201383. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Natur.475..481C\">2011Natur.475..481C</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10233\">10.1038/nature10233</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21796207\">21796207</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">27 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Earth%27s+Trojan+asteroid&amp;rft.aufirst=Martin&amp;rft.aulast=Connors&amp;rft.au=Veillet%2C+Christian&amp;rft.au=Wiegert%2C+Paul&amp;rft.date=2011-07-27&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv475%2Fn7357%2Ffull%2Fnature10233.html&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Natur.475..481C&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature10233&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21796207&amp;rft.issue=7357&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=481-83&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=475\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Choi-250\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Choi_250-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Choi, Charles Q. (27 July 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.space.com/12443-earth-asteroid-companion-discovered-2010-tk7.html\">\"First Asteroid Companion of Earth Discovered at Last\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Space.com\" title=\"Space.com\">Space.com</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">27 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles+Q.&amp;rft.aulast=Choi&amp;rft.btitle=First+Asteroid+Companion+of+Earth+Discovered+at+Last&amp;rft.date=2011-07-27&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F12443-earth-asteroid-companion-discovered-2010-tk7.html&amp;rft.pub=Space.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-251\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-251\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20150206154817/http://www.birtwhistle.org/Gallery6R10DB9.htm\">\"2006 RH120 ( = 6R10DB9) (A second moon for the Earth?)\"</a>. <i>Great Shefford Observatory</i>. Great Shefford Observatory. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.birtwhistle.org/Gallery6R10DB9.htm\">the original</a> on 6 February 2015<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">17 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=2006+RH120+%28+%3D+6R10DB9%29+%28A+second+moon+for+the+Earth%3F%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birtwhistle.org%2FGallery6R10DB9.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=Great+Shefford+Observatory&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-liungman2004-252\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-liungman2004_252-0\">^</a></b></span> <s
08-17 14:35:26.005 debug OkHttp pan class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Liungman, Carl G. (2004). \"Group 29: Multi-axes symmetric, both soft and straight-lined, closed signs with crossing lines\". <i>Symbols\u00a0\u2013 Encyclopedia of Western Signs and Ideograms</i>. New York: Ionfox AB. pp.\u00a0281\u201382. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-972705-0-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/91-972705-0-4\">91-972705-0-4</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Group+29%3A+Multi-axes+symmetric%2C+both+soft+and+straight-lined%2C+closed+signs+with+crossing+lines&amp;rft.aufirst=Carl+G.&amp;rft.aulast=Liungman&amp;rft.btitle=Symbols+%93+Encyclopedia+of+Western+Signs+and+Ideograms&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=91-972705-0-4&amp;rft.pages=281-82&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Ionfox+AB&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:0-253\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_253-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_253-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Stookey, Lorena Laura (2004). <i>Thematic Guide to World Mythology</i>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp.\u00a0114\u2013115. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31505-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31505-3\">978-0-313-31505-3</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Lorena+Laura&amp;rft.aulast=Stookey&amp;rft.btitle=Thematic+Guide+to+World+Mythology&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-313-31505-3&amp;rft.pages=114-115&amp;rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-vanishing255-254\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-vanishing255_254-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Lovelock, James. <i>The Vanishing Face of Gaia</i>. Basic Books, 2009, p. 255. <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465015498\" class=\"internal mw-magiclink-isbn\">ISBN 978-0-465-01549-8</a></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-J1972-255\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-J1972_255-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFLovelock1972\" class=\"citation journal\">Lovelock, J.E. (1972). \"Gaia as seen through the atmosphere\". <i>Atmospheric Environment</i>. Elsevier. <b>6</b> (8): 579\u2013580. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972AtmEn...6..579L\">1972AtmEn...6..579L</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0004-6981%2872%2990076-5\">10.1016/0004-6981(72)90076-5</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/1352-2310\">1352-2310</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Gaia+as+seen+through+the+atmosphere&amp;rft.aufirst=J.E.&amp;rft.aulast=Lovelock&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1972AtmEn...6..579L&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0004-6981%2872%2990076-5&amp;rft.issn=1352-2310&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Environment&amp;rft.pages=579-580&amp;rft_val_f
08-17 14:35:26.005 debug OkHttp mt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=6\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-lovelock1974-256\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-lovelock1974_256-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFLovelockMargulis1974\" class=\"citation journal\">Lovelock, J.E.; Margulis, L. (1974). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/9731\">\"Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere: the Gaia hypothesis\"</a>. <i>Tellus</i>. Series A. Stockholm: International Meteorological Institute. <b>26</b> (1\u20132): 2\u201310. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974Tell...26....2L\">1974Tell...26....2L</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2153-3490.1974.tb01946.x\">10.1111/j.2153-3490.1974.tb01946.x</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/1600-0870\">1600-0870</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Atmospheric+homeostasis+by+and+for+the+biosphere%3A+the+Gaia+hypothesis&amp;rft.aufirst=J.E.&amp;rft.aulast=Lovelock&amp;rft.au=Margulis%2C+L.&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftellusa.net%2Findex.php%2Ftellusa%2Farticle%2Fview%2F9731&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974Tell...26....2L&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2153-3490.1974.tb01946.x&amp;rft.issn=1600-0870&amp;rft.issue=1%932&amp;rft.jtitle=Tellus&amp;rft.pages=2-10&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=26\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-russell1997-257\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-russell1997_257-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Russell, Jeffrey B. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/history/1997Russell.html\">\"The Myth of the Flat Earth\"</a>. American Scientific Affiliation<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">14 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+B&amp;rft.aulast=Russell&amp;rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+Flat+Earth&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asa3.org%2FASA%2Ftopics%2Fhistory%2F1997Russell.html&amp;rft.pub=American+Scientific+Affiliation&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span>; but see also <a href=\"/wiki/Cosmas_Indicopleustes\" title=\"Cosmas Indicopleustes\">Cosmas Indicopleustes</a>.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-258\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-258\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Godwin, William (1876). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/livesnecromance04godwgoog\">\"Lives of the Necromancers\"</a>. p.\u00a049.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=William&amp;rft.aulast=Godwin&amp;rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Necromancers&amp;rft.date=1876&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesnecromance04godwgoog&amp;rft.pages=49&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\
08-17 14:35:26.005 debug OkHttp n<li id=\"cite_note-arnett20060716-259\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-arnett20060716_259-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Arnett, Bill (16 July 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nineplanets.org/earth.html\">\"Earth\"</a>. <i>The Nine Planets, A Multimedia Tour of the Solar System: one star, eight planets, and more</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">9 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Earth&amp;rft.aufirst=Bill&amp;rft.aulast=Arnett&amp;rft.date=2006-07-16&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnineplanets.org%2Fearth.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Nine+Planets%2C+A+Multimedia+Tour+of+the+Solar+System%3A+one+star%2C+eight+planets%2C+and+more&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-260\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-260\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Monroe, James; Wicander, Reed; Hazlett, Richard (2007). <i>Physical Geology: Exploring the Earth</i>. Thomson Brooks/Cole. pp.\u00a0263\u2013265. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-01148-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-495-01148-4\">978-0-495-01148-4</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft.au=Hazlett%2C+Richard&amp;rft.aulast=Monroe&amp;rft.au=Wicander%2C+Reed&amp;rft.btitle=Physical+Geology%3A+Exploring+the+Earth&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-495-01148-4&amp;rft.pages=263-265&amp;rft.pub=Thomson+Brooks%2FCole&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-261\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-261\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Henshaw, John M. (2014). <i>An Equation for Every Occasion: Fifty-Two Formulas and Why They Matter</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.\u00a0117\u2013118. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-421-41491-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-421-41491-1\">978-1-421-41491-1</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=John+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Henshaw&amp;rft.btitle=An+Equation+for+Every+Occasion%3A+Fifty-Two+Formulas+and+Why+They+Matter&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-421-41491-1&amp;rft.pages=117-118&amp;rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-262\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-262\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Burchfield, Joe D. (1990). <i>Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth</i>. University of Chicago Press. pp.\u00a013\u201318. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-08043-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-226-08043-7\">978-0-226-08043-7</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Joe+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Burchfield&amp;rft.btitle=Lord+Kelvin+and+the+Age+of+the+Earth&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-226-08043-7&amp;rft.pages=13-18&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info
08-17 14:35:26.005 debug OkHttp %3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-263\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-263\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Cahalan, Rose (5 June 2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://alcalde.texasexes.org/2012/06/neil-degrasse-tyson-on-why-space-matters-watch/\">\"Neil deGrasse Tyson: Why Space Matters\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Alcalde\" title=\"The Alcalde\">The Alcalde</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">21 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.atitle=Neil+deGrasse+Tyson%3A+Why+Space+Matters&amp;rft.aufirst=Rose&amp;rft.aulast=Cahalan&amp;rft.date=2012-06-05&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falcalde.texasexes.org%2F2012%2F06%2Fneil-degrasse-tyson-on-why-space-matters-watch%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Alcalde&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n</ol></div>","references":""},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Further reading","anchor":"Further_reading","id":35,"text":"<ul><li><cite class=\"citation book\">Comins, Neil F. (2001). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=xwjlZjFNFlAC#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><i>Discovering the Essential Universe</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003deu..book.....C\">2003deu..book.....C</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-5804-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-7167-5804-0\">0-7167-5804-0</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/OCLC\" title=\"OCLC\">OCLC</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/oclc/52082611\">52082611</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&amp;rft.aufirst=Neil+F.&amp;rft.aulast=Comins&amp;rft.btitle=Discovering+the+Essential+Universe&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxwjlZjFNFlAC%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003deu..book.....C&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52082611&amp;rft.isbn=0-7167-5804-0&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"External links","anchor":"External_links","id":36,"text":"<table class=\"metadata plainlinks mbox-small\" style=\"padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.5em 0.75em;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#f9f9f9;\"><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"padding-bottom:0.75em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;\">\n<div style=\"clear:both;\">Find more about<br><b>Earth</b><br>\nat Wikipedia's <a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects\" title=\"Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects\">sister projects</a></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td style=\"padding-top:0.75em;\"><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Earth\" title=\"Search Wiktionary\"><img alt=\"Search Wiktionary\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/25px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"391\" data-file-height=\"391\"></a></td>\n<td style=\"padding-top:0.75em;\"><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Spec
08-17 14:35:26.005 debug OkHttp ial:Search/Earth\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikt:Special:Search/Earth\">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Earth\" title=\"Search Commons\"><img alt=\"Search Commons\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png\" width=\"18\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1024\" data-file-height=\"1376\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Earth\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"c:Category:Earth\">Media</a> from Commons</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Earth\" title=\"Search Wikinews\"><img alt=\"Search Wikinews\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"759\" data-file-height=\"415\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Earth\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"n:Special:Search/Earth\">News</a> from Wikinews</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Earth\" title=\"Search Wikiquote\"><img alt=\"Search Wikiquote\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png\" width=\"21\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"355\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Earth\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"q:Special:Search/Earth\">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Earth\" title=\"Search Wikisource\"><img alt=\"Search Wikisource\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png\" width=\"24\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"410\" data-file-height=\"430\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Earth\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"s:Special:Search/Earth\">Texts</a> from Wikisource</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Earth\" title=\"Search Wikibooks\"><img alt=\"Search Wikibooks\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"300\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Earth\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"b:Special:Search/Earth\">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Earth\" title=\"Search Wikiversity\"><img alt=\"Search Wikiversity\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"23\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia
08-17 14:35:26.005 debug OkHttp /commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/38px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1000\" data-file-height=\"900\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Earth\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"v:Special:Search/Earth\">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</td>\n</tr></table><div id=\"section_SpokenWikipedia\" class=\"infobox sisterproject noprint\">\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><b>Listen to this article (4 parts)\u00a0</b>\u00b7 <a href=\"/wiki/File:EARTH_-_WIKIPEDIA_SPOKEN_ARTICLE_(Part_01).ogg\" title=\"File:EARTH - WIKIPEDIA SPOKEN ARTICLE (Part 01).ogg\">(info)</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%; margin-bottom:.4em;\"><i><a href=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/EARTH_-_WIKIPEDIA_SPOKEN_ARTICLE_%28Part_01%29.ogg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"EARTH - WIKIPEDIA SPOKEN ARTICLE (Part 01).ogg\">Part 1</a>\u00a0\u2022 <a href=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/EARTH_-_WIKIPEDIA_SPOKEN_ARTICLE_%28Part_02%29.ogg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"EARTH - WIKIPEDIA SPOKEN ARTICLE (Part 02).ogg\">Part 2</a>\u00a0\u2022 <a href=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/EARTH_-_WIKIPEDIA_SPOKEN_ARTICLE_%28Part_03%29.ogg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"EARTH - WIKIPEDIA SPOKEN ARTICLE (Part 03).ogg\">Part 3</a>\u00a0\u2022 <a href=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/EARTH_-_WIKIPEDIA_SPOKEN_ARTICLE_%28Part_04%29.ogg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"EARTH - WIKIPEDIA SPOKEN ARTICLE (Part 04).ogg\">Part 4</a></i></div>\n<div style=\"float: left; margin-left: 5px;\">\n<div class=\"floatnone\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png\" title=\"Spoken Wikipedia\" width=\"45\" height=\"34\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"128\" data-file-height=\"96\"></div>\n</div>\n<div style=\"font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1.6em; margin-left: 60px;\">This audio file was created from a revision of the \"<span class=\"fn\">Earth</span>\" article dated 2012-06-13, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (<a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help\" title=\"Wikipedia:Media help\">Audio help</a>)</div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center; clear: both\"><b><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles\" title=\"Wikipedia:Spoken articles\">More spoken articles</a></b></div>\n</div>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/earth/?ar_a=1\"><i>National Geographic</i> encyclopedic entry about Earth</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Earth\">Earth\u00a0\u2013 Profile</a>\u00a0\u2013 <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/\">Solar System Exploration</a> \u2013 <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/earthandsun/earthshape.html\">Earth\u00a0\u2013 Climate Changes Cause Shape to Change</a> \u2013 <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/\">United States Geological Survey</a> \u2013 <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey\" title=\"United States Geological Survey\">USGS</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://wayback.archive.org/web/20090430041323/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/Coll/weekly.htm\">Earth\u00a0\u2013 Astronaut Photography Gateway</a> \u2013 <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://earthobs
08-17 14:35:26.005 debug OkHttp ervatory.nasa.gov/\">Earth Observatory</a> \u2013 <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.astronomycast.com/stars/episode-51-earth/\">Earth\u00a0\u2013 Audio (29:28)\u00a0\u2013 Cain/Gay\u00a0\u2013 Astronomy Cast (2007)</a></li>\n<li>Earth\u00a0\u2013 Videos\u00a0\u2013 International Space Station:\n<ul><li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74mhQyuyELQ\">Video (01:02)</a>\u00a0\u2013 Earth (time-lapse)</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6ahFFFQBZY\">Video (00:27)</a>\u00a0\u2013 Earth and <a href=\"/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Aurora (astronomy)\">Auroras</a> (time-lapse)</li>\n</ul></li>\n</ul>"}]}}
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08-17 14:35:33.225 debug OkHttp {"mobileview":{"ns":0,"lastmodified":"2016-08-14T07:22:07Z","revision":734424122,"languagecount":195,"displaytitle":"Mars","id":14640471,"description":"fourth planet from the Sun","image":{"file":"Mars 23 aug 2003 hubble.jpg","width":1600,"height":1600},"thumb":{"url":"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mars_23_aug_2003_hubble.jpg/640px-Mars_23_aug_2003_hubble.jpg","width":640,"height":640},"sections":[{"id":0,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">This article is about the planet. For the deity, see <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_(mythology)\" title=\"Mars (mythology)\">Mars (mythology)</a>. For other uses, see <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-disambig\" title=\"Mars (disambiguation)\">Mars (disambiguation)</a>.</div>\n<table class=\"infobox\" style=\"width:22em\"><caption class=\"fn org\">Mars <a href=\"/wiki/File:Mars_symbol.svg\" class=\"image\" title=\"Astronomical symbol of Mars\"><img alt=\"Astronomical symbol of Mars\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/25px-Mars_symbol.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/38px-Mars_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/50px-Mars_symbol.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"50\" data-file-height=\"50\"></a></caption>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Mars_23_aug_2003_hubble.jpg\" class=\"image\" title=\"The planet Mars\"><img alt=\"The planet Mars\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mars_23_aug_2003_hubble.jpg/275px-Mars_23_aug_2003_hubble.jpg\" width=\"275\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mars_23_aug_2003_hubble.jpg/413px-Mars_23_aug_2003_hubble.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mars_23_aug_2003_hubble.jpg/550px-Mars_23_aug_2003_hubble.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1600\" data-file-height=\"1600\"></a>\n<div>Mars imaged by the<br><i><a href=\"/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope\" title=\"Hubble Space Telescope\">Hubble Space Telescope</a></i> in 2003</div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0\">Designations</th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">Pronunciation</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/UK_English\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"UK English\">UK English</a>: /mɑːz/<br><a href=\"/wiki/US_English\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"US English\">US English</a>: <span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"noexcerpt\"><a href=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/En-us-Mars.ogg\" title=\"Listen\"><img alt=\"Listen\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/11px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png\" width=\"11\" height=\"11\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/17px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/22px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"11\" data-file-height=\"11\"></a><sup><span class=\"IPA\" style=\"color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;padding:0 .1em\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:En-us-Mars.ogg\" title=\"File:En-us-Mars.ogg\">i</a></span></sup></span><span class=\"IPA nopopups\"><a href=\"/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English\" title=\"Help:IPA for English\">/<span style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted\"><span title=\"/ˈ/ primary stress follows\">ˈ</span><span title=\"'m' in 'my'\">m</span><span title=\"/ɑːr/ 'ar' in 'bard'\">ɑːr</span><span title=\"'z' in 'Zion'\">z</span></span>/</a></span></span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_adjectivals_and_demonyms_of_astronomical_bodies\" title=\"List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies\">Adjectives</a></th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Martian\" title=\"Martian\">Martian</a></td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0\"><a href=\"/wiki/Osculating_orbi
08-17 14:35:33.225 debug OkHttp t\" title=\"Osculating orbit\">Orbital characteristics</a> <sup id=\"cite_ref-VSOP87_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-VSOP87-2\">[2]</a></sup></th>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)\" title=\"Epoch (astronomy)\">Epoch</a> <a href=\"/wiki/J2000\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"J2000\">J2000</a></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Aphelion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Aphelion\">Aphelion</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7011249230052586199♠</span>1.6660 <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_unit\" title=\"Astronomical unit\">AU</a></span><br><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7011249200000000000♠</span>249.2 Gm</span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Perihelion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Perihelion\">Perihelion</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7011206654498584979♠</span>1.3814 AU</span><br><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7011206700000000000♠</span>206.7 Gm</span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Semi-major_axis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Semi-major axis\">Semi-major axis</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7011227939134030305♠</span>1.523679 AU</span><br><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7011227939200000000♠</span>227.9392 Gm</span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity\" title=\"Orbital eccentricity\">Eccentricity</a></th>\n<td>0.0934</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_period\" title=\"Orbital period\">Orbital period</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000188080000000000♠</span>1.8808 <a href=\"/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)\" title=\"Julian year (astronomy)\">Julian years</a></span><br><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7007593542944000000♠</span>686.971 d</span><br><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7002668599100000000♠</span>668.5991</span> <a href=\"/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars\" title=\"Timekeeping on Mars\">sols</a></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_period\" title=\"Orbital period\">Synodic period</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>779.96 days<br>\n2.135 Julian years</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Average <a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_speed\" title=\"Orbital speed\">orbital speed</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7004240770000000000♠</span>24.077 km/s</span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Mean_anomaly\" title=\"Mean anomaly\">Mean anomaly</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6999338122635988862♠</span>19.373°</span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_inclination\" title=\"Orbital inclination\">Inclination</a></th>\n<td>1.850° to <a href=\"/wiki/Ecliptic\" title=\"Ecliptic\">ecliptic</a><br>\n5.65° to <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/Equator\" title=\"Equator\">equator</a><br>\n1.67° to <a href=\"/wiki/Invariable_plane\" title=\"Invariable plane\">invariable plane</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-meanplane_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-meanplane-1\">[1]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" s
08-17 14:35:33.225 debug OkHttp tyle=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Longitude_of_the_ascending_node\" title=\"Longitude of the ascending node\">Longitude of ascending node</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>49.558°</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis\" title=\"Argument of periapsis\">Argument of perihelion</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>286.502°</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Natural_satellite\" title=\"Natural satellite\">Satellites</a></th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Moons_of_Mars\" title=\"Moons of Mars\">2</a></td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0\">Physical characteristics</th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Mean radius</div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7006338950000000000♠</span>3,389.5<span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">±</span>0.2 km</span></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-best-fit_ellipsoid_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-best-fit_ellipsoid-3\">[a]</a></sup> <sup id=\"cite_ref-Seidelmann2007_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Seidelmann2007-4\">[3]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Equator\" title=\"Equator\">Equatorial</a> radius</div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<p><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7006339620000000000♠</span>3,396.2<span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">±</span>0.1 km</span></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-best-fit_ellipsoid_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-best-fit_ellipsoid-3\">[a]</a></sup> <sup id=\"cite_ref-Seidelmann2007_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Seidelmann2007-4\">[3]</a></sup><br></p>\n0.533 Earths</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Geographical_pole\" title=\"Geographical pole\">Polar</a> radius</div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<p><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7006337620000000000♠</span>3,376.2<span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">±</span>0.1 km</span></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-best-fit_ellipsoid_3-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-best-fit_ellipsoid-3\">[a]</a></sup> <sup id=\"cite_ref-Seidelmann2007_4-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Seidelmann2007-4\">[3]</a></sup><br></p>\n0.531 Earths</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Flattening\" title=\"Flattening\">Flattening</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6997589000000000000♠</span>0.00589<span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">±</span>0.00015</span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Spheroid#Surface_area\" title=\"Spheroid\">Surface area</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<p><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7014144798500000000♠</span>144,798,500 km<sup>2</sup></span><br></p>\n0.284 Earths</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Volume\" title=\"Volume\">Volume</a></th>\n<td>\n<p><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7020163180000000000♠</span>1.6318<span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">×</span>10<sup>11</sup> km<sup>3</sup></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-lodders1998_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-lodders1998-5\">[4]</a></sup><br></p>\n0.151 Earths</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Mass\" title=\"Mass\">Mass</a></th>\n<td>\n<p><span class=\"no
08-17 14:35:33.225 debug OkHttp wrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7023641710000000000♠</span>6.4171<span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">×</span>10<sup>23</sup> kg</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-konopliv2011_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-konopliv2011-6\">[5]</a></sup><br></p>\n0.107 Earths</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Mean <a href=\"/wiki/Density\" title=\"Density\">density</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000393350000000000♠</span>3.9335<span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">±</span>0.0004 g/cm³</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-lodders1998_5-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-lodders1998-5\">[4]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Surface_gravity\" title=\"Surface gravity\">Surface gravity</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<p><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000371100000000000♠</span>3.711 <a href=\"/wiki/M/s%C2%B2\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"M/s²\">m/s²</a></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-lodders1998_5-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-lodders1998-5\">[4]</a></sup><br></p>\n0.376 <i><a href=\"/wiki/G-force\" title=\"G-force\">g</a></i></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Moment_of_inertia_factor\" title=\"Moment of inertia factor\">Moment of inertia factor</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6999366200000000000♠</span>0.3662<span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">±</span>0.0017</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-Folkner1997_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Folkner1997-7\">[6]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Escape_velocity\" title=\"Escape velocity\">Escape velocity</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>5.027 km/s</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Sidereal <a href=\"/wiki/Rotation_period\" title=\"Rotation period\">rotation period</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<p><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7004886426848000000♠</span>1.025957 d</span><br></p>\n24<sup>h</sup> 37<sup>m</sup> 22<sup>s</sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-lodders1998_5-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-lodders1998-5\">[4]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Equatorial rotation velocity</div>\n</th>\n<td>868.22 km/h (241.17 m/s)</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Axial_tilt\" title=\"Axial tilt\">Axial tilt</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>25.19° to its orbital plane<sup id=\"cite_ref-nssdc_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nssdc-8\">[7]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">North pole <span class=\"nowrap\"><a href=\"/wiki/Right_ascension\" title=\"Right ascension\">right ascension</a></span></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<p>21<sup>h</sup> 10<sup>m</sup> 44<sup>s</sup><br></p>\n<span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000554458692594390♠</span>317.68143°</span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">North pole <a href=\"/wiki/Declination\" title=\"Declination\">declination</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6999923043554855983♠</span>52.88650°</span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Albedo\" title=\"Albedo\">Albedo</a></th>\n<td>0.170 (<a href=\"/wiki
08-17 14:35:33.225 debug OkHttp /Geometric_albedo\" title=\"Geometric albedo\">geometric</a>)<sup id=\"cite_ref-MallamaMars_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MallamaMars-9\">[8]</a></sup><br>\n0.25 (<a href=\"/wiki/Bond_albedo\" title=\"Bond albedo\">Bond</a>)<sup id=\"cite_ref-nssdc_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nssdc-8\">[7]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; border:none; background-color:#f9f9f9; margin:0; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em; white-space:nowrap\"><tr><th style=\"width:33%; padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">Surface <a href=\"/wiki/Temperature\" title=\"Temperature\">temp.</a></th>\n<th style=\"padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">min</th>\n<th style=\"padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">mean</th>\n<th style=\"padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">max</th>\n</tr><tr><th style=\"padding-left:1.0em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Kelvin\" title=\"Kelvin\">Kelvin</a></th>\n<td>130 K</td>\n<td>210 K<sup id=\"cite_ref-nssdc_8-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nssdc-8\">[7]</a></sup></td>\n<td>308 K</td>\n</tr><tr><th style=\"padding-left:1.0em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Celsius\" title=\"Celsius\">Celsius</a></th>\n<td>−143 °C<sup id=\"cite_ref-cold_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cold-11\">[10]</a></sup></td>\n<td>−63 °C</td>\n<td>35 °C<sup id=\"cite_ref-hot_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hot-12\">[11]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th style=\"padding-left:1.0em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Farenheit\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Farenheit\">Farenheit</a></th>\n<td>−226 °F<sup id=\"cite_ref-cold_11-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cold-11\">[10]</a></sup></td>\n<td>−82 °F</td>\n<td>95 °F<sup id=\"cite_ref-hot_12-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hot-12\">[11]</a></sup></td>\n</tr></table></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Apparent_magnitude\" title=\"Apparent magnitude\">Apparent magnitude</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\">+1.6 to −3.0</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-MallamaSky_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MallamaSky-10\">[9]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Angular_diameter\" title=\"Angular diameter\">Angular diameter</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>3.5–25.1″<sup id=\"cite_ref-nssdc_8-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nssdc-8\">[7]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0\">Atmosphere<sup id=\"cite_ref-nssdc_8-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nssdc-8\">[7]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-barlow08_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-barlow08-13\">[12]</a></sup></th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Surface <a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure\" title=\"Atmospheric pressure\">pressure</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>0.636 (0.4–0.87) <a href=\"/wiki/Pascal_(unit)\" title=\"Pascal (unit)\">kPa</a><br>\n0.00628 atm</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry#Atmospheric_composition\" title=\"Atmospheric chemistry\">Composition by volume</a></th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li>95.97% <a href=\"/wiki/Carbon_dioxide\" title=\"Carbon dioxide\">carbon dioxide</a></li>\n<li>1.93% <a href=\"/wiki/Argon\" title=\"Argon\">argon</a></li>\n<li>1.89% <a href=\"/wiki/Nitrogen\" title=\"Nitrogen\">nitrogen</a></li>\n<li>0.146% <a href=\"/wiki/Oxygen\" title=\"Oxygen\">oxygen</a></li>\n<li>0.0557% <a href=\"/wiki/Carbon_monoxide\" title=\"Carbon monoxide\">carbon monoxide</a></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\"></div>\n</td>\n</tr></table><p><b>Mars</b> is the fourth <a href=\"/wiki/Plane
08-17 14:35:33.225 debug OkHttp t\" title=\"Planet\">planet</a> from the <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a> and the second-smallest planet in the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_System\" title=\"Solar System\">Solar System</a>, after <a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(planet)\" title=\"Mercury (planet)\">Mercury</a>. Named after the <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_(mythology)\" title=\"Mars (mythology)\">Roman god of war</a>, it is often referred to as the \"Red Planet\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-Zubrin1997_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Zubrin1997-14\">[13]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Rees2012_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Rees2012-15\">[14]</a></sup> because the <a href=\"/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide\" title=\"Iron(III) oxide\">iron oxide</a> prevalent on its surface gives it a <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_surface_color\" title=\"Mars surface color\">reddish appearance</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nasa_hematite_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nasa_hematite-16\">[15]</a></sup> Mars is a <a href=\"/wiki/Terrestrial_planet\" title=\"Terrestrial planet\">terrestrial planet</a> with a thin <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere\" title=\"Atmosphere\">atmosphere</a>, having surface features reminiscent both of the <a href=\"/wiki/Impact_crater\" title=\"Impact crater\">impact craters</a> of the <a href=\"/wiki/Moon\" title=\"Moon\">Moon</a> and the valleys, deserts, and <a href=\"/wiki/Polar_ice_caps\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Polar ice caps\">polar ice caps</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Earth\" title=\"Earth\">Earth</a>.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Rotational_period\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Rotational period\">rotational period</a> and seasonal cycles of Mars are likewise similar to those of Earth, as is the tilt that produces the seasons. Mars is the site of <a href=\"/wiki/Olympus_Mons\" title=\"Olympus Mons\">Olympus Mons</a>, the largest <a href=\"/wiki/Volcano\" title=\"Volcano\">volcano</a> and second-highest known mountain in the Solar System, and of <a href=\"/wiki/Valles_Marineris\" title=\"Valles Marineris\">Valles Marineris</a>, one of the largest canyons in the Solar System. The smooth <a href=\"/wiki/Borealis_basin\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Borealis basin\">Borealis basin</a> in the northern hemisphere covers 40% of the planet and may be a giant impact feature.<sup id=\"cite_ref-northcratersn_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-northcratersn-17\">[16]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-northcraterguard_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-northcraterguard-18\">[17]</a></sup> Mars has two <a href=\"/wiki/Moons_of_Mars\" title=\"Moons of Mars\">moons</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Phobos_(moon)\" title=\"Phobos (moon)\">Phobos</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Deimos_(moon)\" title=\"Deimos (moon)\">Deimos</a>, which are small and irregularly shaped. These may be captured <a href=\"/wiki/Asteroid\" title=\"Asteroid\">asteroids</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\">[18]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-adler_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-adler-20\">[19]</a></sup> similar to <a href=\"/wiki/5261_Eureka\" title=\"5261 Eureka\">5261 Eureka</a>, a <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_trojan\" title=\"Mars trojan\">Mars trojan</a>.</p>\n<p>Until the first successful Mars flyby in 1965 by <i><a href=\"/wiki/Mariner_4\" title=\"Mariner 4\">Mariner 4</a></i>, many speculated about the presence of liquid water on the planet's surface. This was based on observed periodic variations in light and dark patches, particularly in the polar <a href=\"/wiki/Latitude\" title=\"Latitude\">latitudes</a>, which appeared to be seas and continents; long, dark <a href=\"/wiki/Striation_(geology)\" title=\"Striation (geology)\">striations</a> were interpreted by some as irrigation channels for liquid water. These straight line features were later explained as <a href=\"/wiki/Optical_illusion\" title=\"Optical illusion\">optical illusions</a>, though geological evidence gathered by uncrewed missions suggests that Mars once had large-scale water cover
08-17 14:35:33.225 debug OkHttp age on its surface at an earlier stage of its existence.<sup id=\"cite_ref-marswater_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-marswater-21\">[20]</a></sup> In 2005, radar data revealed the presence of large quantities of water ice at the poles<sup id=\"cite_ref-specials1_22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-specials1-22\">[21]</a></sup> and at mid-latitudes.<sup id=\"cite_ref-jsg.utexas.edu_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-jsg.utexas.edu-23\">[22]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-esa050221_24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-esa050221-24\">[23]</a></sup> The Mars rover <i><a href=\"/wiki/Spirit_rover\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Spirit rover\">Spirit</a></i> sampled chemical compounds containing water molecules in March 2007. The <i><a href=\"/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)\" title=\"Phoenix (spacecraft)\">Phoenix</a></i> lander directly sampled water ice in shallow Martian soil on July 31, 2008.<sup id=\"cite_ref-spacecraft1_25-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-spacecraft1-25\">[24]</a></sup> On September 28, 2015, NASA <a href=\"/wiki/Chronology_of_discoveries_of_water_on_Mars\" title=\"Chronology of discoveries of water on Mars\">announced the presence of</a> briny flowing <a href=\"/wiki/Saline_water\" title=\"Saline water\">salt water</a> on the Martian surface.<sup id=\"cite_ref-26\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-26\">[25]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Mars is host to seven functioning <a href=\"/wiki/Spacecraft\" title=\"Spacecraft\">spacecraft</a>: five in orbit—<i><a href=\"/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey\" title=\"2001 Mars Odyssey\">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i>, <i><a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Express\" title=\"Mars Express\">Mars Express</a></i>, <i><a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter\" title=\"Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i>, <a href=\"/wiki/MAVEN\" title=\"MAVEN\">MAVEN</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission\" title=\"Mars Orbiter Mission\">Mars Orbiter Mission</a>—and two on the surface—<a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover\" title=\"Mars Exploration Rover\">Mars Exploration Rover</a> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)\" title=\"Opportunity (rover)\">Opportunity</a></i> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory\" title=\"Mars Science Laboratory\">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)\" title=\"Curiosity (rover)\">Curiosity</a></i>. Observations by the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter\" title=\"Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> have revealed possible flowing water during the warmest months on Mars.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA.C2.A0.E2.80.93_NASA_Spacecraft_Data_Suggest_Water_Flowing_on_Mars_27-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NASA.C2.A0.E2.80.93_NASA_Spacecraft_Data_Suggest_Water_Flowing_on_Mars-27\">[26]</a></sup> In 2013, NASA's <i>Curiosity</i> rover discovered that Mars's soil contains between 1.5% and 3% water by mass (albeit attached to other compounds and thus not freely accessible).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Guardian_28-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Guardian-28\">[27]</a></sup></p>\n<p>There are ongoing investigations assessing the past <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_habitability\" title=\"Planetary habitability\">habitability</a> potential of Mars, as well as <a href=\"/wiki/Life_on_Mars\" title=\"Life on Mars\">the possibility of extant life</a>. <i>In situ</i> investigations have been performed by the <a href=\"/wiki/Viking_program#Viking_landers\" title=\"Viking program\"><i>Viking</i> landers</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Spirit_(rover)\" title=\"Spirit (rover)\"><i>Spirit</i></a> and <i>Opportunity</i> rovers, <a href=\"/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)\" title=\"Phoenix (spacecraft)\"><i>Phoenix</i></a> lander, and <i>Curiosity</i> rover. Future astrobiology missions are planned, including the <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_2020\" title=\"Mars 2020\">Mars 2020</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/ExoMars_rover\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ExoMars rover\">ExoMars</a>
08-17 14:35:33.225 debug OkHttp rovers.<sup id=\"cite_ref-curiosity_search_for_life_29-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-curiosity_search_for_life-29\">[28]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-MER_Search_for_Life_30-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MER_Search_for_Life-30\">[29]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-ExoMars.27s_search_for_life_31-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ExoMars.27s_search_for_life-31\">[30]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Mars_2020_search_for_life_32-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Mars_2020_search_for_life-32\">[31]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Mars can easily be seen from Earth with the naked eye, as can its reddish coloring. Its <a href=\"/wiki/Apparent_magnitude\" title=\"Apparent magnitude\">apparent magnitude</a> reaches −2.91,<sup id=\"cite_ref-nssdc_8-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nssdc-8\">[7]</a></sup> which is surpassed only by <a href=\"/wiki/Jupiter\" title=\"Jupiter\">Jupiter</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Venus\" title=\"Venus\">Venus</a>, the Moon, and the Sun. Optical ground-based telescopes are typically limited to resolving features about 300 kilometers (190 mi) across when Earth and Mars are closest because of Earth's atmosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-usra_33-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-usra-33\">[32]</a></sup></p>\n<p></p>"}],"protection":{"edit":["autoconfirmed"],"move":["sysop"]},"editable":false}}
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08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp {"mobileview":{"sections":[{"toclevel":1,"line":"Physical characteristics","anchor":"Physical_characteristics","id":1,"text":"<p>Mars is approximately half the diameter of Earth, and its surface area is only slightly less than the total area of Earth's dry land.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nssdc_8-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nssdc-8\">[7]</a></sup> Mars is less dense than Earth, having about 15% of Earth's volume and 11% of Earth's <a href=\"/wiki/Mass\" title=\"Mass\">mass</a>, resulting in about 38% of Earth's surface gravity. The red-orange appearance of the Martian surface is caused by <a href=\"/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide\" title=\"Iron(III) oxide\">iron(III) oxide</a>, or rust.<sup id=\"cite_ref-rust_34-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-rust-34\">[33]</a></sup> It can look like butterscotch,<sup id=\"cite_ref-ismars_35-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ismars-35\">[34]</a></sup> and other common surface colors include golden, brown, tan, and greenish, depending on the <a href=\"/wiki/Mineral\" title=\"Mineral\">minerals</a> present.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ismars_35-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ismars-35\">[34]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tmulti tnone center\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:587px;max-width:587px\">\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"float:left;margin:1px;width:177px;max-width:177px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Mars,_Earth_size_comparison.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Mars%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg/175px-Mars%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg\" width=\"175\" height=\"114\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Mars%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg/263px-Mars%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Mars%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg/350px-Mars%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2399\" data-file-height=\"1562\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\">Comparison: <a href=\"/wiki/Earth\" title=\"Earth\">Earth</a> and Mars.</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"float:left;margin:1px;width:202px;max-width:202px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\">\n<div id=\"mwe_player_0\" class=\"PopUpMediaTransform\" style=\"width:200px;\" videopayload='&lt;div class=\"mediaContainer\" style=\"width:854px\"&gt;&lt;video id=\"mwe_player_1\" poster=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mars.ogv/854px--Mars.ogv.jpg\" controls=\"\" preload=\"none\" autoplay=\"\" style=\"width:854px;height:480px\" class=\"kskin\" data-durationhint=\"40.033333333333\" data-startoffset=\"0\" data-mwtitle=\"Mars.ogv\" data-mwprovider=\"wikimediacommons\"&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Mars.ogv/Mars.ogv.720p.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&amp;quot;vp8, vorbis&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"HD WebM (720P)\" data-shorttitle=\"WebM 720P\" data-transcodekey=\"720p.webm\" data-width=\"1280\" data-height=\"720\" data-bandwidth=\"618360\" data-framerate=\"30\"/&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Mars.ogv/Mars.ogv.480p.ogv\" type=\"video/ogg; codecs=&amp;quot;theora, vorbis&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"SD Ogg video (480P)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg 480P\" data-transcodekey=\"480p.ogv\" data-width=\"854\" data-height=\"480\" data-bandwidth=\"977800\" data-framerate=\"30\"/&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Mars.ogv/Mars.ogv.480p.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&amp;quot;vp8, vorbis&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"SD WebM (480P)\" data-shorttitle=\"WebM 480P\" data-transcodekey=\"480p.webm\" data-width=\"854\" data-height=\"480\" data-bandwidth=\"990952\" data-framerate=\"30\"/&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Mars.ogv/Mars.ogv.1080p.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&amp;quot;vp8, vorbis&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"Full HD WebM (1080P)\" data-shorttitle=\"WebM
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp 1080P\" data-transcodekey=\"1080p.webm\" data-width=\"1920\" data-height=\"1080\" data-bandwidth=\"1251328\" data-framerate=\"30\"/&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Mars.ogv\" type=\"video/ogg; codecs=&amp;quot;theora&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"Original Ogg file, 1,920 \u00d7 1,080 (2.83 Mbps)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg source\" data-width=\"1920\" data-height=\"1080\" data-bandwidth=\"2834669\" data-framerate=\"30\"/&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Mars.ogv/Mars.ogv.160p.ogv\" type=\"video/ogg; codecs=&amp;quot;theora, vorbis&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"Low bandwidth Ogg video (160P)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg 160P\" data-transcodekey=\"160p.ogv\" data-width=\"284\" data-height=\"160\" data-bandwidth=\"122488\" data-framerate=\"15\"/&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Mars.ogv/Mars.ogv.360p.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&amp;quot;vp8, vorbis&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"WebM (360P)\" data-shorttitle=\"WebM 360P\" data-transcodekey=\"360p.webm\" data-width=\"640\" data-height=\"360\" data-bandwidth=\"491056\" data-framerate=\"30\"/&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Mars.ogv/Mars.ogv.360p.ogv\" type=\"video/ogg; codecs=&amp;quot;theora, vorbis&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"Ogg video (360P)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg 360P\" data-transcodekey=\"360p.ogv\" data-width=\"640\" data-height=\"360\" data-bandwidth=\"493416\" data-framerate=\"30\"/&gt;&lt;/video&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'><img alt=\"File:Mars.ogv\" style=\"width:200px;height:113px\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mars.ogv/200px--Mars.ogv.jpg\"><a href=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Mars.ogv\" title=\"Play media\" target=\"new\"><span class=\"play-btn-large\"><span class=\"mw-tmh-playtext\">Play media</span></span></a></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Mars.ogv\" title=\"File:Mars.ogv\">Animation (00:40)</a> showing major features of Mars.</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"float:left;margin:1px;width:202px;max-width:202px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\">\n<div id=\"mwe_player_2\" class=\"PopUpMediaTransform\" style=\"width:200px;\" videopayload='&lt;div class=\"mediaContainer\" style=\"width:854px\"&gt;&lt;video id=\"mwe_player_3\" poster=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/GMM-3_Mars_Gravity.webm/854px--GMM-3_Mars_Gravity.webm.jpg\" controls=\"\" preload=\"none\" autoplay=\"\" style=\"width:854px;height:480px\" class=\"kskin\" data-durationhint=\"88.341\" data-startoffset=\"0\" data-mwtitle=\"GMM-3_Mars_Gravity.webm\" data-mwprovider=\"wikimediacommons\"&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/GMM-3_Mars_Gravity.webm/GMM-3_Mars_Gravity.webm.480p.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&amp;quot;vp8, vorbis&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"SD WebM (480P)\" data-shorttitle=\"WebM 480P\" data-transcodekey=\"480p.webm\" data-width=\"854\" data-height=\"480\" data-bandwidth=\"1101592\" data-framerate=\"29.97\"/&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/GMM-3_Mars_Gravity.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&amp;quot;vp8, opus&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"Original WebM file, 1,280 \u00d7 720 (1.29 Mbps)\" data-shorttitle=\"WebM source\" data-width=\"1280\" data-height=\"720\" data-bandwidth=\"1287369\" data-framerate=\"29.97\"/&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/GMM-3_Mars_Gravity.webm/GMM-3_Mars_Gravity.webm.720p.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&amp;quot;vp8, vorbis&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"HD WebM (720P)\" data-shorttitle=\"WebM 720P\" data-transcodekey=\"720p.webm\" data-width=\"1280\" data-height=\"720\" data-bandwidth=\"1492760\" data-framerate=\"29.97\"/&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/GMM-3_Mars_Gravity.webm/GMM-3_Mars_Gravity.webm.480p.ogv\" type=\"video/ogg; codecs=&amp;quot;theora, vorbis&a
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp mp;quot;\" data-title=\"SD Ogg video (480P)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg 480P\" data-transcodekey=\"480p.ogv\" data-width=\"854\" data-height=\"480\" data-bandwidth=\"2098160\" data-framerate=\"29.97\"/&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/GMM-3_Mars_Gravity.webm/GMM-3_Mars_Gravity.webm.160p.ogv\" type=\"video/ogg; codecs=&amp;quot;theora, vorbis&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"Low bandwidth Ogg video (160P)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg 160P\" data-transcodekey=\"160p.ogv\" data-width=\"284\" data-height=\"160\" data-bandwidth=\"198504\" data-framerate=\"15\"/&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/GMM-3_Mars_Gravity.webm/GMM-3_Mars_Gravity.webm.240p.ogv\" type=\"video/ogg; codecs=&amp;quot;theora, vorbis&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"Small Ogg video (240P)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg 240P\" data-transcodekey=\"240p.ogv\" data-width=\"426\" data-height=\"240\" data-bandwidth=\"563600\" data-framerate=\"29.97\"/&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/GMM-3_Mars_Gravity.webm/GMM-3_Mars_Gravity.webm.360p.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&amp;quot;vp8, vorbis&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"WebM (360P)\" data-shorttitle=\"WebM 360P\" data-transcodekey=\"360p.webm\" data-width=\"640\" data-height=\"360\" data-bandwidth=\"584920\" data-framerate=\"29.97\"/&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/GMM-3_Mars_Gravity.webm/GMM-3_Mars_Gravity.webm.360p.ogv\" type=\"video/ogg; codecs=&amp;quot;theora, vorbis&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"Ogg video (360P)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg 360P\" data-transcodekey=\"360p.ogv\" data-width=\"640\" data-height=\"360\" data-bandwidth=\"1080312\" data-framerate=\"29.97\"/&gt;&lt;/video&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'><img alt=\"File:GMM-3 Mars Gravity.webm\" style=\"width:200px;height:113px\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/GMM-3_Mars_Gravity.webm/200px--GMM-3_Mars_Gravity.webm.jpg\"><a href=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/GMM-3_Mars_Gravity.webm\" title=\"Play media\" target=\"new\"><span class=\"play-btn-large\"><span class=\"mw-tmh-playtext\">Play media</span></span></a></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:GMM-3_Mars_Gravity.webm\" title=\"File:GMM-3 Mars Gravity.webm\">Video (01:28)</a> showing how three NASA orbiters mapped the gravity field of Mars.</div>\n</div>\n<div style=\"clear:left\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Internal structure","anchor":"Internal_structure","id":2,"text":"<p>Like Earth, Mars has <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_differentiation\" title=\"Planetary differentiation\">differentiated</a> into a dense metallic core overlaid by less dense materials.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Nimmo_2005_36-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Nimmo_2005-36\">[35]</a></sup> Current models of its interior imply a core region about 1,794\u00a0\u00b1\u00a065 kilometers (1,115\u00a0\u00b1\u00a040\u00a0mi) in radius, consisting primarily of <a href=\"/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93nickel_alloy\" title=\"Iron\u2013nickel alloy\">iron and nickel</a> with about 16\u201317% <a href=\"/wiki/Sulfur\" title=\"Sulfur\">sulfur</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-icarus213_2_451_37-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-icarus213_2_451-37\">[36]</a></sup> This <a href=\"/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfide\" title=\"Iron(II) sulfide\">iron(II) sulfide</a> core is thought to be twice as rich in lighter elements than Earth's core.<sup id=\"cite_ref-jacque03_38-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-jacque03-38\">[37]</a></sup> The core is surrounded by a silicate <a href=\"/wiki/Mantle_(geology)\" title=\"Mantle (geology)\">mantle</a> that formed many of the tectonic and volcanic features on the planet, but it appears to be dormant. Besides silicon and oxygen, the most abundant elements in the Martian crust are iron, <a href=\"/wiki/Magnesium\" title=\"Magnesium\">magnesium</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Aluminum\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Aluminum
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp \">aluminum</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Calcium\" title=\"Calcium\">calcium</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Potassium\" title=\"Potassium\">potassium</a>. The average thickness of the planet's crust is about 50\u00a0km (31\u00a0mi), with a maximum thickness of 125\u00a0km (78\u00a0mi).<sup id=\"cite_ref-jacque03_38-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-jacque03-38\">[37]</a></sup> Earth's crust, averaging 40\u00a0km (25\u00a0mi), is only one third as thick as Mars', in ratio to the sizes of the two planets.</p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Surface geology","anchor":"Surface_geology","id":3,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Geology_of_Mars\" title=\"Geology of Mars\">Geology of Mars</a></div>\n<p>Mars is a <a href=\"/wiki/Terrestrial_planet\" title=\"Terrestrial planet\">terrestrial planet</a> that consists of minerals containing <a href=\"/wiki/Silicon\" title=\"Silicon\">silicon</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Oxygen\" title=\"Oxygen\">oxygen</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Metal\" title=\"Metal\">metals</a>, and other elements that typically make up <a href=\"/wiki/Rock_(geology)\" title=\"Rock (geology)\">rock</a>. The surface of Mars is primarily composed of <a href=\"/wiki/Tholeiitic_magma_series\" title=\"Tholeiitic magma series\">tholeiitic</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Basalt\" title=\"Basalt\">basalt</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-science324_5928_736_39-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-science324_5928_736-39\">[38]</a></sup> although parts are more <a href=\"/wiki/Silica\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Silica\">silica</a>-rich than typical basalt and may be similar to <a href=\"/wiki/Andesitic\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Andesitic\">andesitic</a> rocks on Earth or silica glass. Regions of low <a href=\"/wiki/Albedo\" title=\"Albedo\">albedo</a> show concentrations of <a href=\"/wiki/Plagioclase_feldspar\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Plagioclase feldspar\">plagioclase feldspar</a>, with northern low albedo regions displaying higher than normal concentrations of sheet silicates and high-silicon glass. Parts of the southern highlands include detectable amounts of high-calcium <a href=\"/wiki/Pyroxenes\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Pyroxenes\">pyroxenes</a>. Localized concentrations of <a href=\"/wiki/Hematite\" title=\"Hematite\">hematite</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Olivine\" title=\"Olivine\">olivine</a> have been found.<sup id=\"cite_ref-jgr107_E6_40-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-jgr107_E6-40\">[39]</a></sup> Much of the surface is deeply covered by finely grained <a href=\"/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide\" title=\"Iron(III) oxide\">iron(III) oxide</a> dust.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sci300a_41-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sci300a-41\">[40]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-sci300b_42-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sci300b-42\">[41]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:USGS-MarsMap-sim3292-20140714-crop.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/USGS-MarsMap-sim3292-20140714-crop.png/220px-USGS-MarsMap-sim3292-20140714-crop.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"248\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/USGS-MarsMap-sim3292-20140714-crop.png/330px-USGS-MarsMap-sim3292-20140714-crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/USGS-MarsMap-sim3292-20140714-crop.png/440px-USGS-MarsMap-sim3292-20140714-crop.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"3773\" data-file-height=\"4249\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:USGS-MarsMap-sim3292-20140714-crop.png\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Geology_of_Mars\" title=\"Geology of Mars\">Geologic map</a> of Mars (<a href=\"/wiki/USGS\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"USGS\">USGS</a>, 2014)<sup id=\"cite_ref-USGS-20140714_43-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-USGS-20140714-43\">[42]</a></sup></div>\n</div
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp >\n</div>\n<p>Although Mars has no evidence of a structured global <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetic_field\" title=\"Magnetic field\">magnetic field</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-magnetosphere_44-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-magnetosphere-44\">[43]</a></sup> observations show that parts of the planet's crust have been magnetized, and that alternating polarity reversals of its dipole field have occurred in the past. This <a href=\"/wiki/Paleomagnetism\" title=\"Paleomagnetism\">paleomagnetism</a> of magnetically susceptible minerals has properties that are similar to the <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetic_striping\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Magnetic striping\">alternating bands found on the ocean floors of Earth</a>. One theory, published in 1999 and re-examined in October 2005 (with the help of the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor\" title=\"Mars Global Surveyor\">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i>), is that these bands demonstrate <a href=\"/wiki/Plate_tectonics\" title=\"Plate tectonics\">plate tectonics</a> on Mars four <a href=\"/wiki/1000000000_(number)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"1000000000 (number)\">billion</a> years ago, before the planetary <a href=\"/wiki/Dynamo_theory\" title=\"Dynamo theory\">dynamo</a> ceased to function and the planet's magnetic field faded away.<sup id=\"cite_ref-plates_45-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-plates-45\">[44]</a></sup></p>\n<p>During the <a href=\"/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System\" title=\"Formation and evolution of the Solar System\">Solar System's formation</a>, Mars was created as the result of a <a href=\"/wiki/Stochastic_process\" title=\"Stochastic process\">stochastic process</a> of run-away accretion out of the <a href=\"/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk\" title=\"Protoplanetary disk\">protoplanetary disk</a> that orbited the Sun. Mars has many distinctive chemical features caused by its position in the Solar System. Elements with comparatively low boiling points, such as <a href=\"/wiki/Chlorine\" title=\"Chlorine\">chlorine</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Phosphorus\" title=\"Phosphorus\">phosphorus</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Sulphur\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Sulphur\">sulphur</a>, are much more common on Mars than Earth; these elements were probably removed from areas closer to the Sun by the young star's energetic <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_wind\" title=\"Solar wind\">solar wind</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ssr96_1_4_197_46-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ssr96_1_4_197-46\">[45]</a></sup></p>\n<p>After the formation of the planets, all were subjected to the so-called \"<a href=\"/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment\" title=\"Late Heavy Bombardment\">Late Heavy Bombardment</a>\". About 60% of the surface of Mars shows a record of impacts from that era,<sup id=\"cite_ref-zharkov93_47-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-zharkov93-47\">[46]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-icarus165_1_48-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-icarus165_1-48\">[47]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-barlow88_49-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-barlow88-49\">[48]</a></sup> whereas much of the remaining surface is probably underlain by immense impact basins caused by those events. There is evidence of an enormous impact basin in the northern hemisphere of Mars, spanning 10,600 by 8,500\u00a0km (6,600 by 5,300\u00a0mi), or roughly four times larger than the Moon's <a href=\"/wiki/South_Pole_%E2%80%93_Aitken_basin\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"South Pole \u2013 Aitken basin\">South Pole \u2013 Aitken basin</a>, the largest impact basin yet discovered.<sup id=\"cite_ref-northcratersn_17-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-northcratersn-17\">[16]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-northcraterguard_18-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-northcraterguard-18\">[17]</a></sup> This theory suggests that Mars was struck by a <a href=\"/wiki/Pluto\" title=\"Pluto\">Pluto</a>-sized body about four billion years ago. The event, thought to be the cause of the <a href=\"/wik
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp i/Martian_hemispheric_dichotomy\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Martian hemispheric dichotomy\">Martian hemispheric dichotomy</a>, created the smooth <a href=\"/wiki/Borealis_basin\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Borealis basin\">Borealis basin</a> that covers 40% of the planet.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sciam080627_50-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sciam080627-50\">[49]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-nyt080626_51-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nyt080626-51\">[50]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Eso1509a_-_Mars_planet.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Eso1509a_-_Mars_planet.jpg/220px-Eso1509a_-_Mars_planet.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"135\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Eso1509a_-_Mars_planet.jpg/330px-Eso1509a_-_Mars_planet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Eso1509a_-_Mars_planet.jpg/440px-Eso1509a_-_Mars_planet.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"7683\" data-file-height=\"4717\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Eso1509a_-_Mars_planet.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nArtist's impression of how Mars may have looked four billion years ago<sup id=\"cite_ref-52\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-52\">[51]</a></sup></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The geological history of Mars can be split into many periods, but the following are the three primary periods:<sup id=\"cite_ref-jog91_53-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-jog91-53\">[52]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-ssr_96_1_4_54-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ssr_96_1_4-54\">[53]</a></sup></p>\n<ul><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Noachian\" title=\"Noachian\">Noachian</a> period</b> (named after <a href=\"/wiki/Noachis_Terra\" title=\"Noachis Terra\">Noachis Terra</a>): Formation of the oldest extant surfaces of Mars, 4.5 billion years ago to 3.5 billion years ago. Noachian age surfaces are scarred by many large impact craters. The <a href=\"/wiki/Tharsis\" title=\"Tharsis\">Tharsis</a> bulge, a volcanic upland, is thought to have formed during this period, with extensive flooding by liquid water late in the period.</li>\n<li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Hesperian\" title=\"Hesperian\">Hesperian</a> period</b> (named after <a href=\"/wiki/Hesperia_Planum\" title=\"Hesperia Planum\">Hesperia Planum</a>): 3.5 billion years ago to 2.9\u20133.3 billion years ago. The Hesperian period is marked by the formation of extensive lava plains.</li>\n<li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Amazonian_(Mars)\" title=\"Amazonian (Mars)\">Amazonian period</a></b> (named after <a href=\"/wiki/Amazonis_Planitia\" title=\"Amazonis Planitia\">Amazonis Planitia</a>): 2.9\u20133.3 billion years ago to present. Amazonian regions have few <a href=\"/wiki/Impact_event\" title=\"Impact event\">meteorite impact</a> craters, but are otherwise quite varied. <a href=\"/wiki/Olympus_Mons\" title=\"Olympus Mons\">Olympus Mons</a> formed during this period, along with lava flows elsewhere on Mars.</li>\n</ul><p>Geological activity is still taking place on Mars. The <a href=\"/wiki/Athabasca_Valles\" title=\"Athabasca Valles\">Athabasca Valles</a> is home to sheet-like lava flows up to about 200 <a href=\"/wiki/Mya_(unit)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Mya (unit)\">Mya</a>. Water flows in the <a href=\"/wiki/Graben\" title=\"Graben\">grabens</a> called the <a href=\"/wiki/Cerberus_Fossae\" title=\"Cerberus Fossae\">Cerberus Fossae</a> occurred less than 20 Mya, indicating equally recent volcanic intrusions.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ag44_4_55-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ag44_4-55\">[54]</a></sup> On February 19, 2008, images from the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter\" title=\"Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> showed evidence of an avalanche from a 700\u00a0m high cliff.<sup id=\"
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp cite_ref-dc080304_56-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-dc080304-56\">[55]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Soil","anchor":"Soil","id":4,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Martian_soil\" title=\"Martian soil\">Martian soil</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Spirit_Mars_Silica_April_20_2007.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Spirit_Mars_Silica_April_20_2007.jpg/220px-Spirit_Mars_Silica_April_20_2007.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"220\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Spirit_Mars_Silica_April_20_2007.jpg/330px-Spirit_Mars_Silica_April_20_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Spirit_Mars_Silica_April_20_2007.jpg/440px-Spirit_Mars_Silica_April_20_2007.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"512\" data-file-height=\"512\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Spirit_Mars_Silica_April_20_2007.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nExposure of silica-rich dust uncovered by the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Spirit_(rover)\" title=\"Spirit (rover)\">Spirit</a></i> rover</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The <i><a href=\"/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)\" title=\"Phoenix (spacecraft)\">Phoenix</a></i> lander returned data showing Martian soil to be slightly alkaline and containing elements such as <a href=\"/wiki/Magnesium\" title=\"Magnesium\">magnesium</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Sodium\" title=\"Sodium\">sodium</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Potassium\" title=\"Potassium\">potassium</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Chlorine\" title=\"Chlorine\">chlorine</a>. These nutrients are found in gardens on Earth, and they are necessary for growth of plants.<sup id=\"cite_ref-bbc080627_57-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-bbc080627-57\">[56]</a></sup> Experiments performed by the lander showed that the Martian soil has a <a href=\"/wiki/Base_(chemistry)\" title=\"Base (chemistry)\">basic</a> <a href=\"/wiki/PH\" title=\"PH\">pH</a> of 7.7, and contains 0.6% of the <a href=\"/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)\" title=\"Salt (chemistry)\">salt</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Perchlorate\" title=\"Perchlorate\">perchlorate</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-marssalt_58-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-marssalt-58\">[57]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-jpl_soil_59-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-jpl_soil-59\">[58]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-60\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-60\">[59]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-61\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-61\">[60]</a></sup></p>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Dark_slope_streak\" title=\"Dark slope streak\">Streaks</a> are common across Mars and new ones appear frequently on steep slopes of craters, troughs, and valleys. The streaks are dark at first and get lighter with age. The streaks can start in a tiny area which then spread out for hundreds of metres. They have been seen to follow the edges of boulders and other obstacles in their path. The commonly accepted theories include that they are dark underlying layers of soil revealed after avalanches of bright dust or <a href=\"/wiki/Dust_devil\" title=\"Dust devil\">dust devils</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-jpl_dust_devil_62-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-jpl_dust_devil-62\">[61]</a></sup> Several explanations have been put forward, including those that involve water or even the growth of organisms.<sup id=\"cite_ref-gpl29_23_41_63-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-gpl29_23_41-63\">[62]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-oleb33_4_515_64-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-oleb33_4_515-64\">[63]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Hydrology","anchor":"Hydrology","id":5,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Water_on_Mars\" title=\"Water on Mars\">Water on Mars</a></div>\n<p>Liquid water cannot exist on the surface of Mars due to low atm
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp ospheric pressure, which is about 100 times thinner than Earth's,<sup id=\"cite_ref-65\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-65\">[64]</a></sup> except at the lowest elevations for short periods.<sup id=\"cite_ref-h_66-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-h-66\">[65]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-jgr110_67-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-jgr110-67\">[66]</a></sup> The two polar ice caps appear to be made largely of water.<sup id=\"cite_ref-kostama_68-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-kostama-68\">[67]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-sci299_69-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sci299-69\">[68]</a></sup> The volume of water ice in the south polar ice cap, if melted, would be sufficient to cover the entire planetary surface to a depth of 11 meters (36\u00a0ft).<sup id=\"cite_ref-nasa070315_70-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nasa070315-70\">[69]</a></sup> A <a href=\"/wiki/Permafrost\" title=\"Permafrost\">permafrost</a> mantle stretches from the pole to latitudes of about 60\u00b0.<sup id=\"cite_ref-kostama_68-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-kostama-68\">[67]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Water_on_terrestrial_planets_of_the_Solar_System\" title=\"Water on terrestrial planets of the Solar System\">Large quantities of water ice</a> are thought to be trapped within the thick <a href=\"/wiki/Cryosphere\" title=\"Cryosphere\">cryosphere</a> of Mars. Radar data from <i><a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Express\" title=\"Mars Express\">Mars Express</a></i> and the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter\" title=\"Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> show large quantities of water ice both at the poles (July 2005)<sup id=\"cite_ref-specials1_22-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-specials1-22\">[21]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-bbc040124_71-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-bbc040124-71\">[70]</a></sup> and at middle latitudes (November 2008).<sup id=\"cite_ref-jsg.utexas.edu_23-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-jsg.utexas.edu-23\">[22]</a></sup> The Phoenix lander directly sampled water ice in shallow Martian soil on July 31, 2008.<sup id=\"cite_ref-spacecraft1_25-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-spacecraft1-25\">[24]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Nasa_mars_opportunity_rock_water_150_eng_02mar04.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Nasa_mars_opportunity_rock_water_150_eng_02mar04.jpg/220px-Nasa_mars_opportunity_rock_water_150_eng_02mar04.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"218\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Nasa_mars_opportunity_rock_water_150_eng_02mar04.jpg/330px-Nasa_mars_opportunity_rock_water_150_eng_02mar04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Nasa_mars_opportunity_rock_water_150_eng_02mar04.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"431\" data-file-height=\"428\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Nasa_mars_opportunity_rock_water_150_eng_02mar04.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nPhotomicrograph by <i><a href=\"/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)\" title=\"Opportunity (rover)\">Opportunity</a></i> showing a gray <a href=\"/wiki/Hematite\" title=\"Hematite\">hematite</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Concretion\" title=\"Concretion\">concretion</a>, nicknamed \"blueberries\", indicative of the past presence of liquid water</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Geomorphology\" title=\"Geomorphology\">Landforms</a> visible on Mars strongly suggest that liquid water has existed on the planet's surface. Huge linear swathes of scoured ground, known as <a href=\"/wiki/Outflow_channels\" title=\"Outflow channels\">outflow channels</a>, cut across the surface in around 25 places. These are thought to record erosion which occurred during the catastrophic release of water from subsur
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp face aquifers, though some of these structures have been hypothesized to result from the action of glaciers or lava.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Kerr2005_72-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Kerr2005-72\">[71]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Jaeger2007_73-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Jaeger2007-73\">[72]</a></sup> One of the larger examples, <a href=\"/wiki/Ma%27adim_Vallis\" title=\"Ma'adim Vallis\">Ma'adim Vallis</a> is 700\u00a0km (430\u00a0mi) long and much bigger than the Grand Canyon with a width of 20\u00a0km (12\u00a0mi) and a depth of 2\u00a0km (1.2\u00a0mi) in places. It is thought to have been carved by flowing water early in Mars's history.<sup id=\"cite_ref-lucchita_rosanova_74-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-lucchita_rosanova-74\">[73]</a></sup> The youngest of these channels are thought to have formed as recently as only a few million years ago.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nature434_75-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nature434-75\">[74]</a></sup> Elsewhere, particularly on the oldest areas of the Martian surface, finer-scale, dendritic <a href=\"/wiki/Valley_networks_(Mars)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Valley networks (Mars)\">networks of valleys</a> are spread across significant proportions of the landscape. Features of these valleys and their distribution strongly imply that they were carved by <a href=\"/wiki/Surface_runoff\" title=\"Surface runoff\">runoff</a> resulting from rain or snow fall in early Mars history. Subsurface water flow and <a href=\"/wiki/Groundwater_sapping\" title=\"Groundwater sapping\">groundwater sapping</a> may play important subsidiary roles in some networks, but precipitation was probably the root cause of the incision in almost all cases.<sup id=\"cite_ref-CraddockHoward2002_76-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CraddockHoward2002-76\">[75]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Along crater and canyon walls, there are thousands of features that appear similar to terrestrial <a href=\"/wiki/Gullies\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Gullies\">gullies</a>. The gullies tend to be in the highlands of the southern hemisphere and to face the Equator; all are poleward of 30\u00b0 latitude. A number of authors have suggested that their formation process involves liquid water, probably from melting ice,<sup id=\"cite_ref-sci288_77-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sci288-77\">[76]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-nasa061206_78-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nasa061206-78\">[77]</a></sup> although others have argued for formation mechanisms involving carbon dioxide frost or the movement of dry dust.<sup id=\"cite_ref-bbc061206_79-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-bbc061206-79\">[78]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-nasa061206b_80-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nasa061206b-80\">[79]</a></sup> No partially degraded gullies have formed by weathering and no superimposed impact craters have been observed, indicating that these are young features, possibly still active.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nasa061206_78-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nasa061206-78\">[77]</a></sup> Other geological features, such as <a href=\"/wiki/River_delta\" title=\"River delta\">deltas</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Alluvial_fans\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Alluvial fans\">alluvial fans</a> preserved in craters, are further evidence for warmer, wetter conditions at an interval or intervals in earlier Mars history.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lewis2006_81-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lewis2006-81\">[80]</a></sup> Such conditions necessarily require the widespread presence of <a href=\"/wiki/Crater_lake\" title=\"Crater lake\">crater lakes</a> across a large proportion of the surface, for which there is independent mineralogical, sedimentological and geomorphological evidence.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Matsubara2011_82-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Matsubara2011-82\">[81]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp "width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA16791-MarsCuriosityRover-Composition-YellowknifeBayRocks.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PIA16791-MarsCuriosityRover-Composition-YellowknifeBayRocks.png/220px-PIA16791-MarsCuriosityRover-Composition-YellowknifeBayRocks.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"138\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PIA16791-MarsCuriosityRover-Composition-YellowknifeBayRocks.png/330px-PIA16791-MarsCuriosityRover-Composition-YellowknifeBayRocks.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PIA16791-MarsCuriosityRover-Composition-YellowknifeBayRocks.png/440px-PIA16791-MarsCuriosityRover-Composition-YellowknifeBayRocks.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1883\" data-file-height=\"1179\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA16791-MarsCuriosityRover-Composition-YellowknifeBayRocks.png\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nComposition of <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars#2012_.E2.80.93_Curiosity_rover_.28Mars_Science_Laboratory.29\" title=\"List of rocks on Mars\">\"Yellowknife Bay\" rocks</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Vein_(geology)\" title=\"Vein (geology)\">Rock veins</a> are higher in <a href=\"/wiki/Calcium\" title=\"Calcium\">calcium</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Sulfur\" title=\"Sulfur\">sulfur</a> than \"portage\" soil (<a href=\"/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)\" title=\"Curiosity (rover)\"><i>Curiosity</i></a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)#Alpha_Particle_X-ray_Spectrometer_.28APXS.29\" title=\"Curiosity (rover)\">APXS</a>, 2013).</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Further evidence that liquid water once existed on the surface of Mars comes from the detection of specific minerals such as <a href=\"/wiki/Hematite\" title=\"Hematite\">hematite</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Goethite\" title=\"Goethite\">goethite</a>, both of which sometimes form in the presence of water.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nasa040303_83-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nasa040303-83\">[82]</a></sup> In 2004, <i>Opportunity</i> detected the mineral <a href=\"/wiki/Jarosite\" title=\"Jarosite\">jarosite</a>. This forms only in the presence of acidic water, which demonstrates that water once existed on Mars.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nasa101001_84-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nasa101001-84\">[83]</a></sup> More recent evidence for liquid water comes from the finding of the mineral <a href=\"/wiki/Gypsum\" title=\"Gypsum\">gypsum</a> on the surface by NASA's Mars rover Opportunity in December 2011.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nasa_85-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nasa-85\">[84]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-nationalgeographic_86-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nationalgeographic-86\">[85]</a></sup> The study leader Francis McCubbin, a planetary scientist at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque looking at hydroxals in crystalline minerals from Mars, states that the amount of water in the upper mantle of Mars is equal to or greater than that of Earth at 50\u2013300 parts per million of water, which is enough to cover the entire planet to a depth of 200\u20131,000\u00a0m (660\u20133,280\u00a0ft).<sup id=\"cite_ref-nationalgeographic1_87-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nationalgeographic1-87\">[86]</a></sup></p>\n<p>On March 18, 2013, <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a> reported evidence from instruments on the <a href=\"/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)\" title=\"Curiosity (rover)\"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Mineral_hydration\" title=\"Mineral hydration\">mineral hydration</a>, likely hydrated <a href=\"/wiki/Calcium_sulfate\" title=\"Calcium sulfate\">calcium sulfate</a>, in several <a href=\"/wiki/Rock_(geology)\" title=\"Rock (geology)\">rock samples</a> including the broken fragments of <a href=\"/wiki/Tintina_(rock)\" title=\"Tintina (rock)\">\"Tintina\" rock</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars#Curiosity\" title=\"List of ro
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp cks on Mars\">\"Sutton Inlier\" rock</a> as well as in <a href=\"/wiki/Vein_(geology)\" title=\"Vein (geology)\">veins</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Nodule_(geology)\" title=\"Nodule (geology)\">nodules</a> in other rocks like <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars#Curiosity\" title=\"List of rocks on Mars\">\"Knorr\" rock</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars#Curiosity\" title=\"List of rocks on Mars\">\"Wernicke\" rock</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-20130318_88-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NASA-20130318-88\">[87]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-BBC-20130319_89-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BBC-20130319-89\">[88]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-MSN-20130120_90-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MSN-20130120-90\">[89]</a></sup> Analysis using the rover's <a href=\"/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)#Dynamic_Albedo_of_Neutrons_.28DAN.29\" title=\"Curiosity (rover)\">DAN instrument</a> provided evidence of subsurface water, amounting to as much as 4% water content, down to a depth of 60\u00a0cm (24\u00a0in), in the rover's traverse from the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Bradbury_Landing\" title=\"Bradbury Landing\">Bradbury Landing</a></i> site to the <i>Yellowknife Bay</i> area in the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Glenelg,_Mars\" title=\"Glenelg, Mars\">Glenelg</a></i> terrain.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-20130318_88-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NASA-20130318-88\">[87]</a></sup> On September 28, 2015, NASA announced that they had found conclusive evidence of hydrated <a href=\"/wiki/Brine\" title=\"Brine\">brine</a> flows on <a href=\"/wiki/Recurring_slope_lineae\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Recurring slope lineae\">recurring slope lineae</a>, based on spectrometer readings of the darkened areas of slopes.<sup id=\"cite_ref-91\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-91\">[90]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-92\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-92\">[91]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Ojhaetal2015_93-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ojhaetal2015-93\">[92]</a></sup> These observations provided confirmation of earlier hypotheses based on timing of formation and rate of growth that these dark streaks resulted from water flowing in the very shallow subsurface.<sup id=\"cite_ref-SeasonalFlows_94-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SeasonalFlows-94\">[93]</a></sup> The streaks contain hydrated salts, perchlorates, which have water molecules in their crystal structure.<sup id=\"cite_ref-95\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-95\">[94]</a></sup> The streaks flow downhill in Martian summer, when the temperature is above \u201323 degrees Celsius, and freeze at lower temperatures.<sup id=\"cite_ref-96\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-96\">[95]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Researchers think that much of the low northern plains of the planet were <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_ocean_hypothesis\" title=\"Mars ocean hypothesis\">covered with an ocean</a> hundreds of meters deep, though this remains controversial.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Head1999_97-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Head1999-97\">[96]</a></sup> In March 2015, scientists stated that such an ocean might have been the size of Earth's <a href=\"/wiki/Arctic_Ocean\" title=\"Arctic Ocean\">Arctic Ocean</a>. This finding was derived from the ratio of water and <a href=\"/wiki/Deuterium\" title=\"Deuterium\">deuterium</a> in the modern Martian atmosphere compared to the ratio found on Earth. Eight times as much deuterium was found at Mars than exists on Earth, suggesting that ancient Mars had significantly higher levels of water. Results from the <i>Curiosity</i> rover had previously found a high ratio of deuterium in <a href=\"/wiki/Gale_Crater\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Gale Crater\">Gale Crater</a>, though not significantly high enough to suggest the presence of an ocean. Other scientists caution that this new study has not been confirmed, and point out that Martian climate models have not yet shown that the planet was warm enough in the pa
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp st to support bodies of liquid water.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20150305_98-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT-20150305-98\">[97]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Polar caps","anchor":"Polar_caps","id":6,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Martian_polar_ice_caps\" title=\"Martian polar ice caps\">Martian polar ice caps</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tmulti tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:154px;max-width:154px\">\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"margin:1px;width:152px;max-width:152px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Martian_north_polar_cap.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Martian_north_polar_cap.jpg/150px-Martian_north_polar_cap.jpg\" width=\"150\" height=\"145\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Martian_north_polar_cap.jpg/225px-Martian_north_polar_cap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Martian_north_polar_cap.jpg/300px-Martian_north_polar_cap.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1368\" data-file-height=\"1319\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\">North polar early summer ice cap (1999)</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"margin:1px;width:152px;max-width:152px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg/150px-South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg\" width=\"150\" height=\"110\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg/225px-South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg/300px-South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1690\" data-file-height=\"1234\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\">South polar midsummer ice cap (2000)</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Mars has two permanent polar ice caps. During a pole's winter, it lies in continuous darkness, chilling the surface and causing the <a href=\"/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)\" title=\"Deposition (phase transition)\">deposition</a> of 25\u201330% of the atmosphere into slabs of <a href=\"/wiki/Carbon_dioxide\" title=\"Carbon dioxide\">CO<sub>2</sub></a> ice (<a href=\"/wiki/Dry_ice\" title=\"Dry ice\">dry ice</a>).<sup id=\"cite_ref-icarus169_99-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-icarus169-99\">[98]</a></sup> When the poles are again exposed to sunlight, the frozen CO<sub>2</sub> <a href=\"/wiki/Sublimation_(physics)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Sublimation (physics)\">sublimes</a>, creating enormous winds that sweep off the poles as fast as 400\u00a0km/h (250\u00a0mph). These seasonal actions transport large amounts of dust and water vapor, giving rise to Earth-like frost and large <a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrus cloud\">cirrus clouds</a>. Clouds of water-ice were photographed by the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Opportunity_rover\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Opportunity rover\">Opportunity</a></i> rover in 2004.<sup id=\"cite_ref-clouds_100-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-clouds-100\">[99]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The polar caps at both poles consist primarily (70%) of water ice. Frozen carbon dioxide accumulates as a comparatively thin layer about one metre thick on the north cap in the northern winter only, whereas the south cap has a permanent dry ice cover about eight metres thick. This permanent dry ice cover at the south pole is peppered by <a href=\"/wiki/Swiss_cheese_features\" title=\"Swiss cheese features\">flat floored, shallow, roughly circular pits</a>, which repeat imaging shows are expanding by me
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp ters per year; this suggests that the permanent CO<sub>2</sub> cover over the south pole water ice is degrading over time.<sup id=\"cite_ref-malin2001_101-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-malin2001-101\">[100]</a></sup> The northern polar cap has a diameter of about 1,000\u00a0km (620\u00a0mi) during the northern Mars summer,<sup id=\"cite_ref-mira_102-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mira-102\">[101]</a></sup> and contains about 1.6\u00a0million cubic kilometres (380,000\u00a0cu\u00a0mi) of ice, which, if spread evenly on the cap, would be 2\u00a0km (1.2\u00a0mi) thick.<sup id=\"cite_ref-brown_103-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-brown-103\">[102]</a></sup> (This compares to a volume of 2.85\u00a0million cubic kilometres (680,000\u00a0cu\u00a0mi) for the <a href=\"/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet\" title=\"Greenland ice sheet\">Greenland ice sheet</a>.) The southern polar cap has a diameter of 350\u00a0km (220\u00a0mi) and a thickness of 3\u00a0km (1.9\u00a0mi).<sup id=\"cite_ref-phillips_104-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-phillips-104\">[103]</a></sup> The total volume of ice in the south polar cap plus the adjacent layered deposits has been estimated at 1.6 million cubic km.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sci315_105-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sci315-105\">[104]</a></sup> Both polar caps show spiral troughs, which recent analysis of <a href=\"/wiki/SHARAD\" title=\"SHARAD\">SHARAD</a> ice penetrating radar has shown are a result of <a href=\"/wiki/Katabatic_wind\" title=\"Katabatic wind\">katabatic winds</a> that spiral due to the <a href=\"/wiki/Coriolis_Effect\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Coriolis Effect\">Coriolis Effect</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Onset_and_migration_of_spiral_troughs_on_Mars_revealed_by_orbital_radar_106-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Onset_and_migration_of_spiral_troughs_on_Mars_revealed_by_orbital_radar-106\">[105]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Mystery_Spirals_on_Mars_Finally_Explained_107-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Mystery_Spirals_on_Mars_Finally_Explained-107\">[106]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The seasonal frosting of areas near the southern ice cap results in the formation of transparent 1-metre-thick slabs of dry ice above the ground. With the arrival of spring, sunlight warms the subsurface and pressure from subliming CO<sub>2</sub> builds up under a slab, elevating and ultimately rupturing it. This leads to <a href=\"/wiki/Martian_geyser\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Martian geyser\">geyser-like eruptions</a> of CO<sub>2</sub> gas mixed with dark basaltic sand or dust. This process is rapid, observed happening in the space of a few days, weeks or months, a rate of change rather unusual in geology \u2013 especially for Mars. The gas rushing underneath a slab to the site of a geyser carves a spiderweb-like pattern of radial channels under the ice, the process being the inverted equivalent of an erosion network formed by water draining through a single plughole.<sup id=\"cite_ref-2006-100_108-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-2006-100-108\">[107]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Kieffer2000_109-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Kieffer2000-109\">[108]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Portyankina_110-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Portyankina-110\">[109]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Hugh2006_111-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hugh2006-111\">[110]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Geography and naming of surface features","anchor":"Geography_and_naming_of_surface_features","id":7,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Geography_of_Mars\" title=\"Geography of Mars\">Geography of Mars</a></div>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/Category:Surface_features_of_Mars\" title=\"Category:Surface features of Mars\">Category:Surface features of Mars</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp ><a href=\"/wiki/File:Mars_topography_(MOLA_dataset)_with_poles_HiRes.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mars_topography_%28MOLA_dataset%29_with_poles_HiRes.jpg/220px-Mars_topography_%28MOLA_dataset%29_with_poles_HiRes.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"99\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mars_topography_%28MOLA_dataset%29_with_poles_HiRes.jpg/330px-Mars_topography_%28MOLA_dataset%29_with_poles_HiRes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mars_topography_%28MOLA_dataset%29_with_poles_HiRes.jpg/440px-Mars_topography_%28MOLA_dataset%29_with_poles_HiRes.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"15400\" data-file-height=\"6940\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Mars_topography_(MOLA_dataset)_with_poles_HiRes.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nA <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Laser_Altimeter\" title=\"Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter\">MOLA</a>-based topographic map showing highlands (red and orange) dominating the southern hemisphere of Mars, lowlands (blue) the northern. Volcanic plateaus delimit regions of the northern plains, whereas the highlands are punctuated by several large impact basins.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Although better remembered for mapping the Moon, <a href=\"/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_M%C3%A4dler\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Johann Heinrich M\u00e4dler\">Johann Heinrich M\u00e4dler</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Wilhelm_Beer\" title=\"Wilhelm Beer\">Wilhelm Beer</a> were the first \"areographers\". They began by establishing that most of Mars's surface features were permanent and by more precisely determining the planet's rotation period. In 1840, M\u00e4dler combined ten years of observations and drew the first map of Mars. Rather than giving names to the various markings, Beer and M\u00e4dler simply designated them with letters; Meridian Bay (Sinus Meridiani) was thus feature \"<i>a</i>\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-sheehan_ch04_112-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sheehan_ch04-112\">[111]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Today, features on Mars are named from a variety of sources. Albedo features are named for classical mythology. Craters larger than 60\u00a0km are named for deceased scientists and writers and others who have contributed to the study of Mars. Craters smaller than 60\u00a0km are named for towns and villages of the world with populations of less than 100,000. Large valleys are named for the word \"Mars\" or \"star\" in various languages; small valleys are named for rivers.<sup id=\"cite_ref-usgs_113-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-usgs-113\">[112]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Large <a href=\"/wiki/Albedo\" title=\"Albedo\">albedo</a> features retain many of the older names, but are often updated to reflect new knowledge of the nature of the features. For example, <i>Nix Olympica</i> (the snows of Olympus) has become <i>Olympus Mons</i> (Mount Olympus).<sup id=\"cite_ref-viking_1950_2000_114-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-viking_1950_2000-114\">[113]</a></sup> The surface of Mars as seen from Earth is divided into two kinds of areas, with differing albedo. The paler plains covered with dust and sand rich in reddish iron oxides were once thought of as Martian \"continents\" and given names like <a href=\"/wiki/Arabia_Terra\" title=\"Arabia Terra\">Arabia Terra</a> (<i>land of Arabia</i>) or <a href=\"/wiki/Amazonis_Planitia\" title=\"Amazonis Planitia\">Amazonis Planitia</a> (<i>Amazonian plain</i>). The dark features were thought to be seas, hence their names <a href=\"/wiki/Mare_Erythraeum\" title=\"Mare Erythraeum\">Mare Erythraeum</a>, Mare Sirenum and <a href=\"/wiki/Aurorae_Sinus\" title=\"Aurorae Sinus\">Aurorae Sinus</a>. The largest dark feature seen from Earth is <a href=\"/wiki/Syrtis_Major_Planum\" title=\"Syrtis Major Planum\">Syrtis Major Planum</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-seds_huygens_115-0\" class=\"reference\"><a hre
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp f=\"#cite_note-seds_huygens-115\">[114]</a></sup> The permanent northern polar ice cap is named <a href=\"/wiki/Planum_Boreum\" title=\"Planum Boreum\">Planum Boreum</a>, whereas the southern cap is called <a href=\"/wiki/Planum_Australe\" title=\"Planum Australe\">Planum Australe</a>.</p>\n<p>Mars's equator is defined by its rotation, but the location of its <a href=\"/wiki/Prime_Meridian\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Prime Meridian\">Prime Meridian</a> was specified, as was Earth's (at <a href=\"/wiki/Greenwich\" title=\"Greenwich\">Greenwich</a>), by choice of an arbitrary point; M\u00e4dler and Beer selected a line in 1830 for their first maps of Mars. After the spacecraft <a href=\"/wiki/Mariner_9\" title=\"Mariner 9\">Mariner 9</a> provided extensive imagery of Mars in 1972, a small crater (later called <a href=\"/wiki/Airy-0\" title=\"Airy-0\">Airy-0</a>), located in the <a href=\"/wiki/Sinus_Meridiani\" title=\"Sinus Meridiani\">Sinus Meridiani</a> (\"Middle Bay\" or \"Meridian Bay\"), was chosen for the definition of 0.0\u00b0 longitude to coincide with the original selection.<sup id=\"cite_ref-archinal_caplinger_116-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-archinal_caplinger-116\">[115]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Because Mars has no oceans and hence no \"sea level\", a zero-elevation surface had to be selected as a reference level; this is called the <i>areoid</i><sup id=\"cite_ref-NASAMola2007_117-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NASAMola2007-117\">[116]</a></sup> of Mars, analogous to the terrestrial <a href=\"/wiki/Geoid\" title=\"Geoid\">geoid</a>. Zero altitude was defined by the height at which there is 610.5\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Pascal_(unit)\" title=\"Pascal (unit)\">Pa</a> (6.105\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Bar_(unit)\" title=\"Bar (unit)\">mbar</a>) of atmospheric pressure.<sup id=\"cite_ref-pers66_118-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pers66-118\">[117]</a></sup> This pressure corresponds to the <a href=\"/wiki/Triple_point\" title=\"Triple point\">triple point</a> of water, and it is about 0.6% of the sea level surface pressure on Earth (0.006 atm).<sup id=\"cite_ref-lunine99_119-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-lunine99-119\">[118]</a></sup> In practice, today this surface is defined directly from satellite gravity measurements.</p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Map of quadrangles","anchor":"Map_of_quadrangles","id":8,"text":"<p>For mapping purposes, the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey\" title=\"United States Geological Survey\">United States Geological Survey</a> divides the surface of Mars into thirty \"<a href=\"/wiki/Quadrangle_(geography)\" title=\"Quadrangle (geography)\">quadrangles</a>\", each named for a prominent physiographic feature within that quadrangle.<sup id=\"cite_ref-mapping_mars_120-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mapping_mars-120\">[119]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-121\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-121\">[120]</a></sup> The quadrangles can be seen and explored via the interactive image map below.</p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"></div>\n<div style=\"position: relative; width: 620px; height: 380px; margin: 0 auto;\">\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:622px;\">\n<div class=\"noresize\"><img alt=\"Mars Quad Map\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MGS_MOC_Wide_Angle_Map_of_Mars_PIA03467.jpg/620px-MGS_MOC_Wide_Angle_Map_of_Mars_PIA03467.jpg\" width=\"620\" height=\"399\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MGS_MOC_Wide_Angle_Map_of_Mars_PIA03467.jpg/930px-MGS_MOC_Wide_Angle_Map_of_Mars_PIA03467.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MGS_MOC_Wide_Angle_Map_of_Mars_PIA03467.jpg/1240px-MGS_MOC_Wide_Angle_Map_of_Mars_PIA03467.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2000\" data-file-height=\"1288\"></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:MGS_MOC_Wide_Angle_Map_of_Mars_PIA03467.j
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp pg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nThe thirty cartographic <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_Mars\" title=\"List of quadrangles on Mars\">quadrangles</a> of Mars, defined by the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey\" title=\"United States Geological Survey\">United States Geological Survey</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-mapping_mars_120-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mapping_mars-120\">[119]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-122\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-122\">[121]</a></sup> The quadrangles are numbered with the prefix \"MC\" for \"Mars Chart.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-123\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-123\">[122]</a></sup> Click on a quadrangle name link and you will be taken to the corresponding article. North is at the top; <span class=\"plainlinks nourlexpansion\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Mars&amp;params=0_N_180_W_globe:Mars\"><span class=\"geo-default\"><span class=\"geo-dms\" title=\"Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location\"><span class=\"latitude\">0\u00b0N</span> <span class=\"longitude\">180\u00b0W</span></span></span><span class=\"geo-multi-punct\">\ufeff / \ufeff</span><span class=\"geo-nondefault\"><span class=\"geo-dec\" title=\"Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location\">0\u00b0N 180\u00b0W</span><span style=\"display:none\">\ufeff / <span class=\"geo\">0; -180</span></span></span></a></span> is at the far left on the <a href=\"/wiki/Mars#Geography\" title=\"Mars\">equator</a>. The map images were taken by the <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor\" title=\"Mars Global Surveyor\">Mars Global Surveyor</a>.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 184px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FF0000;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><span class=\"plainlinks nourlexpansion\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Mars&amp;params=0_N_180_W_globe:Mars\"><span class=\"geo-default\"><span class=\"geo-dms\" title=\"Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location\"><span class=\"latitude\">0\u00b0N</span> <span class=\"longitude\">180\u00b0W</span></span></span><span class=\"geo-multi-punct\">\ufeff / \ufeff</span><span class=\"geo-nondefault\"><span class=\"geo-dec\" title=\"Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location\">0\u00b0N 180\u00b0W</span><span style=\"display:none\">\ufeff / <span class=\"geo\">0; -180</span></span></span></a></span></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 285px; top: 184px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FF0000;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><span class=\"plainlinks nourlexpansion\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Mars&amp;params=0_N_0_W_globe:Mars\"><span class=\"geo-default\"><span class=\"geo-dms\" title=\"Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location\"><span class=\"latitude\">0\u00b0N</span> <span class=\"longitude\">0\u00b0W</span></span></span><span class=\"geo-multi-punct\">\ufeff / \ufeff</span><span class=\"geo-nondefault\"><span class=\"geo-dec\" title=\"Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location\">0\u00b0N -0\u00b0E</span><span style=\"display:none\">\ufeff / <span class=\"geo\">0; -0</span></span></span></a></span></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 282px; top: 45px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FF0000;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><span class=\"plainlinks nourlexpansion\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Mars&amp;params=90_N_0_W_globe:Mars\"><span class=\"geo-default\"><span class=\"geo-dms\" title=\"Maps,
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp aerial photos, and other data for this location\"><span class=\"latitude\">90\u00b0N</span> <span class=\"longitude\">0\u00b0W</span></span></span><span class=\"geo-multi-punct\">\ufeff / \ufeff</span><span class=\"geo-nondefault\"><span class=\"geo-dec\" title=\"Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location\">90\u00b0N -0\u00b0E</span><span style=\"display:none\">\ufeff / <span class=\"geo\">90; -0</span></span></span></a></span></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 290px; top: 10px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Mare_Boreum_quadrangle\" title=\"Mare Boreum quadrangle\">MC-01</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 278px; top: 33px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Mare_Boreum_quadrangle\" title=\"Mare Boreum quadrangle\">Mare Boreum</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 58px; top: 88px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Diacria_quadrangle\" title=\"Diacria quadrangle\">MC-02</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 58px; top: 117px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Diacria_quadrangle\" title=\"Diacria quadrangle\">Diacria</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 153px; top: 88px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Arcadia_quadrangle\" title=\"Arcadia quadrangle\">MC-03</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 150px; top: 117px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Arcadia_quadrangle\" title=\"Arcadia quadrangle\">Arcadia</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 245px; top: 88px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Mare_Acidalium_quadrangle\" title=\"Mare Acidalium quadrangle\">MC-04</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 229px; top: 117px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Mare_Acidalium_quadrangle\" title=\"Mare Acidalium quadrangle\">Mare Acidalium</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 337px; top: 88px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Ismenius_Lacus_quadrangle\" title=\"Ismenius Lacus quadrangle\">MC-05</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 322px; top: 117px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Ismenius_Lacus_quadrangle\" title=\"Ismenius Lacus quadrangle\">Ismenius Lacus</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 432px; top: 88px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Casius_quadrangle\" title=\"Casius quadrangle\">MC-06</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 432px; top: 117px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Casius_quadrangle\" title=\"Casius quadrangle\">Casius</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 524px; top: 88px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cebrenia_quadrangle\" title=\"Cebrenia quadrangle\">MC-07</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 520px; top: 117px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cebrenia_quadrangle\" title=\"Cebrenia quadrangle\">Cebrenia</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 62px; top: 147px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Amazonis_quadrangle\" title=\"Amazonis quadrangle\">MC-08</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 57px; top: 173px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Amazonis_quadrangle\" title=\"Amazonis quadrangle\">Amazonis</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 129px; top: 147px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Tharsis_quadrangle\" title=\"Tharsis quadrangle\">MC-09</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 128px; top: 173px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Tharsis_quadrangle\" title=\"Tharsis quadrangle\">Tharsis</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 193px; top: 147px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Lunae_Palus_quadrangle\" title=\"Lunae Palus quadrangle\">MC-10</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 183px; top: 173px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Lunae_Palus_quadrangle\" title=\"Lunae Palus quadrangle\">Lunae Palus</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 258px; top: 147px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Oxia_Palus_quadrangle\" title=\"Oxia Palus quadrangle\">MC-11</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 252px; top: 173px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Oxia_Palus_quadrangle\" title=\"Oxia Palus quadrangle\">Oxia Palus</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 325px; top: 147px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Arabia_quadrangle\" title=\"Arabia quadrangle\">M
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp C-12</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 325px; top: 173px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Arabia_quadrangle\" title=\"Arabia quadrangle\">Arabia</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 390px; top: 147px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Syrtis_Major_quadrangle\" title=\"Syrtis Major quadrangle\">MC-13</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 380px; top: 173px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Syrtis_Major_quadrangle\" title=\"Syrtis Major quadrangle\">Syrtis Major</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 457px; top: 147px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Amenthes_quadrangle\" title=\"Amenthes quadrangle\">MC-14</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 450px; top: 173px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Amenthes_quadrangle\" title=\"Amenthes quadrangle\">Amenthes</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 523px; top: 147px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Elysium_quadrangle\" title=\"Elysium quadrangle\">MC-15</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 520px; top: 173px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Elysium_quadrangle\" title=\"Elysium quadrangle\">Elysium</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 62px; top: 194px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Memnonia_quadrangle\" title=\"Memnonia quadrangle\">MC-16</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 57px; top: 220px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Memnonia_quadrangle\" title=\"Memnonia quadrangle\">Memnonia</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 129px; top: 194px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Phoenicis_Lacus_quadrangle\" title=\"Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle\">MC-17</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 122px; top: 220px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Phoenicis_Lacus_quadrangle\" title=\"Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle\">Phoenicis</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 193px; top: 194px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Coprates_quadrangle\" title=\"Coprates quadrangle\">MC-18</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 189px; top: 220px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Coprates_quadrangle\" title=\"Coprates quadrangle\">Coprates</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 260px; top: 194px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Margaritifer_Sinus_quadrangle\" title=\"Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle\">MC-19</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 250px; top: 220px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Margaritifer_Sinus_quadrangle\" title=\"Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle\">Margaritifer</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 323px; top: 194px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Sinus_Sabaeus_quadrangle\" title=\"Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle\">MC-20</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 321px; top: 220px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Sinus_Sabaeus_quadrangle\" title=\"Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle\">Sabaeus</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 388px; top: 194px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Iapygia_quadrangle\" title=\"Iapygia quadrangle\">MC-21</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 388px; top: 220px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Iapygia_quadrangle\" title=\"Iapygia quadrangle\">Iapygia</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 455px; top: 194px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Mare_Tyrrhenum_quadrangle\" title=\"Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle\">MC-22</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 448px; top: 220px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Mare_Tyrrhenum_quadrangle\" title=\"Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle\">Tyrrhenum</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 523px; top: 194px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Aeolis_quadrangle\" title=\"Aeolis quadrangle\">MC-23</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 524px; top: 220px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Aeolis_quadrangle\" title=\"Aeolis quadrangle\">Aeolis</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 60px; top: 248px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Phaethontis_quadrangle\" title=\"Phaethontis quadrangle\">MC-24</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp ; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 50px; top: 276px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Phaethontis_quadrangle\" title=\"Phaethontis quadrangle\">Phaethontis</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 153px; top: 248px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Thaumasia_quadrangle\" title=\"Thaumasia quadrangle\">MC-25</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 145px; top: 276px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Thaumasia_quadrangle\" title=\"Thaumasia quadrangle\">Thaumasia</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 245px; top: 248px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Argyre_quadrangle\" title=\"Argyre quadrangle\">MC-26</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 245px; top: 276px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Argyre_quadrangle\" title=\"Argyre quadrangle\">Argyre</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 338px; top: 248px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Noachis_quadrangle\" title=\"Noachis quadrangle\">MC-27</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 336px; top: 276px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Noachis_quadrangle\" title=\"Noachis quadrangle\">Noachis</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 432px; top: 248px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Hellas_quadrangle\" title=\"Hellas quadrangle\">MC-28</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 433px; top: 276px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Hellas_quadrangle\" title=\"Hellas quadrangle\">Hellas</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 524px; top: 248px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Eridania_quadrangle\" title=\"Eridania quadrangle\">MC-29</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 523px; top: 276px\"><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Eridania_quadrangle\" title=\"Eridania quadrangle\">Eridania</a></span></div>\n<div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 290px; top: 320px\"><span style=\"font:bold 09px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Mare_Australe_quadrangle\" title=\"Mare Australe quadrangle\">MC-30</a></span></div>\n<br><div style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; position: absolute; left: 278px; top: 343px\"
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp ><span style=\"font:bold 08px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:0 4px 0 4px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Mare_Australe_quadrangle\" title=\"Mare Australe quadrangle\">Mare Australe</a></span></div>\n</div>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"></div>\n<p><br></p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"></div>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Impact topography","anchor":"Impact_topography","id":9,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA15038_-_Spirit_lander_and_Bonneville_Crater_on_Mars.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PIA15038_-_Spirit_lander_and_Bonneville_Crater_on_Mars.jpg/220px-PIA15038_-_Spirit_lander_and_Bonneville_Crater_on_Mars.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PIA15038_-_Spirit_lander_and_Bonneville_Crater_on_Mars.jpg/330px-PIA15038_-_Spirit_lander_and_Bonneville_Crater_on_Mars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PIA15038_-_Spirit_lander_and_Bonneville_Crater_on_Mars.jpg/440px-PIA15038_-_Spirit_lander_and_Bonneville_Crater_on_Mars.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2080\" data-file-height=\"1393\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA15038_-_Spirit_lander_and_Bonneville_Crater_on_Mars.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nBonneville crater and <i>Spirit</i> rover's lander</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Martian_dichotomy\" title=\"Martian dichotomy\">dichotomy</a> of Martian topography is striking: northern plains flattened by lava flows contrast with the southern highlands, pitted and cratered by ancient impacts. Research in 2008 has presented evidence regarding a theory proposed in 1980 postulating that, four billion years ago, the northern hemisphere of Mars was struck by an object one-tenth to two-thirds the size of Earth's <a href=\"/wiki/Moon\" title=\"Moon\">Moon</a>. If validated, this would make the northern hemisphere of Mars the site of an <a href=\"/wiki/Impact_crater\" title=\"Impact crater\">impact crater</a> 10,600 by 8,500\u00a0km (6,600 by 5,300\u00a0mi) in size, or roughly the area of Europe, Asia, and Australia combined, surpassing the <a href=\"/wiki/South_Pole%E2%80%93Aitken_basin\" title=\"South Pole\u2013Aitken basin\">South Pole\u2013Aitken basin</a> as the largest impact crater in the Solar System.<sup id=\"cite_ref-northcratersn_17-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-northcratersn-17\">[16]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-northcraterguard_18-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-northcraterguard-18\">[17]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA18381-Mars-FreshAsteroidImpact2012-Before27March-After28March.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/PIA18381-Mars-FreshAsteroidImpact2012-Before27March-After28March.jpg/220px-PIA18381-Mars-FreshAsteroidImpact2012-Before27March-After28March.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"57\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/PIA18381-Mars-FreshAsteroidImpact2012-Before27March-After28March.jpg/330px-PIA18381-Mars-FreshAsteroidImpact2012-Before27March-After28March.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/PIA18381-Mars-FreshAsteroidImpact2012-Before27March-After28March.jpg/440px-PIA18381-Mars-FreshAsteroidImpact2012-Before27March-After28March.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"928\" data-file-height=\"242\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA18381-Mars-FreshAsteroidImpact2012-Before27March-After28March.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nFresh <a href=\"/wiki/Asteroid\" title=\"Asteroid\">asteroid</a> impact on Mars at <span class=\"plainlinks nourlexpansion\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//to
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp ols.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Mars&amp;params=3.34_N_219.38_E_globe:Mars\"><span class=\"geo-nondefault\"><span class=\"geo-dms\" title=\"Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location\"><span class=\"latitude\">3\u00b020\u2032N</span> <span class=\"longitude\">219\u00b023\u2032E</span></span></span><span class=\"geo-multi-punct\">\ufeff / \ufeff</span><span class=\"geo-default\"><span class=\"geo-dec\" title=\"Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location\">3.34\u00b0N 219.38\u00b0E</span><span style=\"display:none\">\ufeff / <span class=\"geo\">3.34; 219.38</span></span></span></a></span> \u2013 <i>before</i>/March 27 &amp; <i>after</i>/March 28, 2012 (<a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter\" title=\"Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\">MRO</a>)<sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-20140522_124-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NASA-20140522-124\">[123]</a></sup></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Mars is scarred by a number of impact craters: a total of 43,000 craters with a diameter of 5\u00a0km (3.1\u00a0mi) or greater have been found.<sup id=\"cite_ref-wright03_125-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-wright03-125\">[124]</a></sup> The largest confirmed of these is the <a href=\"/wiki/Hellas_Planitia\" title=\"Hellas Planitia\">Hellas impact basin</a>, a light <a href=\"/wiki/Albedo_feature\" title=\"Albedo feature\">albedo feature</a> clearly visible from Earth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ucar_geography_126-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ucar_geography-126\">[125]</a></sup> Due to the smaller mass of Mars, the probability of an object colliding with the planet is about half that of Earth. Mars is located closer to the <a href=\"/wiki/Asteroid_belt\" title=\"Asteroid belt\">asteroid belt</a>, so it has an increased chance of being struck by materials from that source. Mars is more likely to be struck by short-period <a href=\"/wiki/Comet\" title=\"Comet\">comets</a>, <i>i.e.</i>, those that lie within the orbit of Jupiter.<sup id=\"cite_ref-emp9_127-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-emp9-127\">[126]</a></sup> In spite of this, there are far fewer craters on Mars compared with the Moon, because the atmosphere of Mars provides protection against small meteors. Craters can have a morphology that suggests the ground became wet after the meteor impacted.<sup id=\"cite_ref-emp45_128-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-emp45-128\">[127]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Volcanoes","anchor":"Volcanoes","id":10,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg/220px-Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"205\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg/330px-Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg/440px-Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2020\" data-file-height=\"1883\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Viking_1\" title=\"Viking 1\">Viking 1</a> image of <a href=\"/wiki/Olympus_Mons\" title=\"Olympus Mons\">Olympus Mons</a>. The volcano and related terrain are approximately 550\u00a0km (340\u00a0mi) across.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Volcanology_of_Mars\" title=\"Volcanology of Mars\">Volcanology of Mars</a></div>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Shield_volcano\" title=\"Shield volcano\">shield volcano</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Olympus_Mons\" title=\"Olympus Mons\">Olympus Mons</a> (<i>Mount Olympus</i>) is an extinct volcano in the vast upland region <a href=\"/wiki/Tharsis\" title=\"Tharsis\">Tharsis</a>, which contains several other large volcanoes. Olympus Mons is roughly thr
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp ee times the height of <a href=\"/wiki/Mount_Everest\" title=\"Mount Everest\">Mount Everest</a>, which in comparison stands at just over 8.8\u00a0km (5.5\u00a0mi).<sup id=\"cite_ref-scsdes49_129-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-scsdes49-129\">[128]</a></sup> It is either the tallest or second-tallest mountain in the Solar System, depending on how it is measured, with various sources giving figures ranging from about 21 to 27\u00a0km (13 to 17\u00a0mi) high.<sup id=\"cite_ref-130\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-130\">[129]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-glenday09_131-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-glenday09-131\">[130]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Tectonic sites","anchor":"Tectonic_sites","id":11,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:016vallesmarineris_reduced0.25.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/016vallesmarineris_reduced0.25.jpg/220px-016vallesmarineris_reduced0.25.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"95\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/016vallesmarineris_reduced0.25.jpg/330px-016vallesmarineris_reduced0.25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/016vallesmarineris_reduced0.25.jpg/440px-016vallesmarineris_reduced0.25.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"6000\" data-file-height=\"2600\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:016vallesmarineris_reduced0.25.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Valles_Marineris\" title=\"Valles Marineris\">Valles Marineris</a> (<i><a href=\"/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey\" title=\"2001 Mars Odyssey\">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i>)</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The large canyon, <a href=\"/wiki/Valles_Marineris\" title=\"Valles Marineris\">Valles Marineris</a> (Latin for \"<a href=\"/wiki/Mariner_program\" title=\"Mariner program\">Mariner</a> Valleys\", also known as Agathadaemon in the old canal maps), has a length of 4,000\u00a0km (2,500\u00a0mi) and a depth of up to 7\u00a0km (4.3\u00a0mi). The length of Valles Marineris is equivalent to the length of Europe and extends across one-fifth the circumference of Mars. By comparison, the <a href=\"/wiki/Grand_Canyon\" title=\"Grand Canyon\">Grand Canyon</a> on Earth is only 446\u00a0km (277\u00a0mi) long and nearly 2\u00a0km (1.2\u00a0mi) deep. Valles Marineris was formed due to the swelling of the <a href=\"/wiki/Tharsis\" title=\"Tharsis\">Tharsis</a> area, which caused the crust in the area of Valles Marineris to collapse. In 2012, it was proposed that Valles Marineris is not just a <a href=\"/wiki/Graben\" title=\"Graben\">graben</a>, but a plate boundary where 150\u00a0km (93\u00a0mi) of <a href=\"/wiki/Transform_fault\" title=\"Transform fault\">transverse motion</a> has occurred, making Mars a planet with possibly a two-<a href=\"/wiki/Tectonic_plate\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Tectonic plate\">tectonic plate</a> arrangement.<sup id=\"cite_ref-tectonic_132-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-tectonic-132\">[131]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Lin.2C_An_133-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lin.2C_An-133\">[132]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Holes","anchor":"Holes","id":12,"text":"<p>Images from the <a href=\"/wiki/Thermal_Emission_Imaging_System\" title=\"Thermal Emission Imaging System\">Thermal Emission Imaging System</a> (THEMIS) aboard NASA's <a href=\"/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey\" title=\"2001 Mars Odyssey\">Mars Odyssey orbiter</a> have revealed seven possible <a href=\"/wiki/Cave\" title=\"Cave\">cave</a> entrances on the flanks of the volcano <a href=\"/wiki/Arsia_Mons\" title=\"Arsia Mons\">Arsia Mons</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cushing_titus_wynn07_134-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cushing_titus_wynn07-134\">[133]</a></sup> The caves, named after loved ones of their discoverers, are collectively known as the \"seve
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp n sisters\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-nau070328_135-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nau070328-135\">[134]</a></sup> Cave entrances measure from 100 to 252\u00a0m (328 to 827\u00a0ft) wide and they are estimated to be at least 73 to 96\u00a0m (240 to 315\u00a0ft) deep. Because light does not reach the floor of most of the caves, it is possible that they extend much deeper than these lower estimates and widen below the surface. \"Dena\" is the only exception; its floor is visible and was measured to be 130\u00a0m (430\u00a0ft) deep. The interiors of these caverns may be protected from micrometeoroids, UV radiation, <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_flare\" title=\"Solar flare\">solar flares</a> and high energy particles that bombard the planet's surface.<sup id=\"cite_ref-bbc070317_136-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-bbc070317-136\">[135]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Atmosphere","anchor":"Atmosphere","id":13,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars\" title=\"Atmosphere of Mars\">Atmosphere of Mars</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tnone\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto; width:99%; max-width:608px;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"\">\n<div class=\"overflowbugx\" style=\"overflow:auto;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA18613-MarsMAVEN-Atmosphere-3UV-Views-20141014.jpg\" class=\"image\" title=\"Escaping atmosphere on Mars (carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen) by MAVEN in UV\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PIA18613-MarsMAVEN-Atmosphere-3UV-Views-20141014.jpg/600px-PIA18613-MarsMAVEN-Atmosphere-3UV-Views-20141014.jpg\" width=\"600\" height=\"237\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PIA18613-MarsMAVEN-Atmosphere-3UV-Views-20141014.jpg/900px-PIA18613-MarsMAVEN-Atmosphere-3UV-Views-20141014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PIA18613-MarsMAVEN-Atmosphere-3UV-Views-20141014.jpg/1200px-PIA18613-MarsMAVEN-Atmosphere-3UV-Views-20141014.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"5170\" data-file-height=\"2045\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA18613-MarsMAVEN-Atmosphere-3UV-Views-20141014.jpg\" title=\"File:PIA18613-MarsMAVEN-Atmosphere-3UV-Views-20141014.jpg\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"center\" style=\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars\" title=\"Atmosphere of Mars\">Escaping atmosphere</a> on Mars (<a href=\"/wiki/Carbon\" title=\"Carbon\">carbon</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Oxygen\" title=\"Oxygen\">oxygen</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen\" title=\"Hydrogen\">hydrogen</a>) by <a href=\"/wiki/MAVEN\" title=\"MAVEN\">MAVEN</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible_spectroscopy\" title=\"Ultraviolet\u2013visible spectroscopy\">UV</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-20141014-NJ_137-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NASA-20141014-NJ-137\">[136]</a></sup></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Mars lost its <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetosphere\" title=\"Magnetosphere\">magnetosphere</a> 4 billion years ago,<sup id=\"cite_ref-swind_138-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-swind-138\">[137]</a></sup> possibly because of numerous asteroid strikes,<sup id=\"cite_ref-139\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-139\">[138]</a></sup> so the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_wind\" title=\"Solar wind\">solar wind</a> interacts directly with the Martian <a href=\"/wiki/Ionosphere\" title=\"Ionosphere\">ionosphere</a>, lowering the atmospheric density by stripping away atoms from the outer layer. Both <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor\" title=\"Mars Global Surveyor\">Mars Global Surveyor</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Express\" title=\"Mars Express\">Mars Express</a> have detected ionised atmospheric particles trailing off into space behind Mars,<sup id=\"cite_ref-swind_138-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-swind-138\">[137]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-swind2_140-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cit
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp e_note-swind2-140\">[139]</a></sup> and this atmospheric loss is being studied by the <a href=\"/wiki/MAVEN\" title=\"MAVEN\">MAVEN</a> orbiter. Compared to Earth, the <a href=\"/wiki/Celestial_body_atmosphere\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Celestial body atmosphere\">atmosphere</a> of Mars is quite rarefied. <a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure\" title=\"Atmospheric pressure\">Atmospheric pressure</a> on the surface today ranges from a low of 30\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Pascal_(unit)\" title=\"Pascal (unit)\">Pa</a> (0.030\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Pascal_(unit)\" title=\"Pascal (unit)\">kPa</a>) on <a href=\"/wiki/Olympus_Mons\" title=\"Olympus Mons\">Olympus Mons</a> to over 1,155\u00a0Pa (1.155\u00a0kPa) in <a href=\"/wiki/Hellas_Planitia\" title=\"Hellas Planitia\">Hellas Planitia</a>, with a mean pressure at the surface level of 600\u00a0Pa (0.60\u00a0kPa).<sup id=\"cite_ref-bolonkin09_141-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-bolonkin09-141\">[140]</a></sup> The highest atmospheric density on Mars is equal to that found 35\u00a0km (22\u00a0mi)<sup id=\"cite_ref-atkinson07_142-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-atkinson07-142\">[141]</a></sup> above Earth's surface. The resulting mean surface pressure is only 0.6% of that of Earth (101.3 kPa). The <a href=\"/wiki/Scale_height\" title=\"Scale height\">scale height</a> of the atmosphere is about 10.8\u00a0km (6.7\u00a0mi),<sup id=\"cite_ref-carr06_143-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-carr06-143\">[142]</a></sup> which is higher than Earth's (6\u00a0km (3.7\u00a0mi)) because the surface gravity of Mars is only about 38% of Earth's, an effect offset by both the lower temperature and 50% higher average molecular weight of the atmosphere of Mars.</p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Mars_atmosphere_2.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Mars_atmosphere_2.jpg/170px-Mars_atmosphere_2.jpg\" width=\"170\" height=\"190\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Mars_atmosphere_2.jpg/255px-Mars_atmosphere_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Mars_atmosphere_2.jpg/340px-Mars_atmosphere_2.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1205\" data-file-height=\"1349\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Mars_atmosphere_2.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nThe tenuous <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars\" title=\"Atmosphere of Mars\">atmosphere of Mars</a> visible on the horizon</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The atmosphere of Mars consists of about 96% <a href=\"/wiki/Carbon_dioxide\" title=\"Carbon dioxide\">carbon dioxide</a>, 1.93% <a href=\"/wiki/Argon\" title=\"Argon\">argon</a> and 1.89% <a href=\"/wiki/Nitrogen\" title=\"Nitrogen\">nitrogen</a> along with traces of <a href=\"/wiki/Oxygen\" title=\"Oxygen\">oxygen</a> and water.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nssdc_8-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nssdc-8\">[7]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Abundance_144-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Abundance-144\">[143]</a></sup> The atmosphere is quite dusty, containing particulates about 1.5\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/%CE%9Cm\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u039cm\">\u00b5m</a> in diameter which give the Martian sky a <a href=\"/wiki/Tawny_(color)\" title=\"Tawny (color)\">tawny</a> color when seen from the surface.<sup id=\"cite_ref-dusty_145-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-dusty-145\">[144]</a></sup> It may take on a <a href=\"/wiki/Pink_(color)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Pink (color)\">pink</a> hue due to <a href=\"/wiki/Iron_oxide\" title=\"Iron oxide\">iron oxide</a> particles suspended in it.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Rees2012_15-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Rees2012-15\">[14]</a></sup></p>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Methane\" title=\"Methane\">Methane</a> has been detected in the <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Ma
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp rs#Methane\" title=\"Atmosphere of Mars\">Martian atmosphere</a> with a <a href=\"/wiki/Mole_fraction\" title=\"Mole fraction\">mole fraction</a> of about 30\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Parts_per_billion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Parts per billion\">ppb</a>;<sup id=\"cite_ref-methane-me_146-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-methane-me-146\">[145]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-methane_147-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-methane-147\">[146]</a></sup> it occurs in extended plumes, and the profiles imply that the methane was released from discrete regions. In northern midsummer, the principal plume contained 19,000\u00a0metric tons of methane, with an estimated source strength of 0.6\u00a0kilograms per second.<sup id=\"cite_ref-plumes_148-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-plumes-148\">[147]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-hand08_149-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hand08-149\">[148]</a></sup> The profiles suggest that there may be two local source regions, the first centered near <span class=\"plainlinks nourlexpansion\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Mars&amp;params=30_N_260_W_globe:Mars\"><span class=\"geo-default\"><span class=\"geo-dms\" title=\"Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location\"><span class=\"latitude\">30\u00b0N</span> <span class=\"longitude\">260\u00b0W</span></span></span><span class=\"geo-multi-punct\">\ufeff / \ufeff</span><span class=\"geo-nondefault\"><span class=\"geo-dec\" title=\"Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location\">30\u00b0N 260\u00b0W</span><span style=\"display:none\">\ufeff / <span class=\"geo\">30; -260</span></span></span></a></span> and the second near <span class=\"plainlinks nourlexpansion\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Mars&amp;params=0_N_310_W_globe:Mars\"><span class=\"geo-default\"><span class=\"geo-dms\" title=\"Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location\"><span class=\"latitude\">0\u00b0N</span> <span class=\"longitude\">310\u00b0W</span></span></span><span class=\"geo-multi-punct\">\ufeff / \ufeff</span><span class=\"geo-nondefault\"><span class=\"geo-dec\" title=\"Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location\">0\u00b0N 310\u00b0W</span><span style=\"display:none\">\ufeff / <span class=\"geo\">0; -310</span></span></span></a></span>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-plumes_148-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-plumes-148\">[147]</a></sup> It is estimated that Mars must produce 270 tonnes per year of methane.<sup id=\"cite_ref-plumes_148-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-plumes-148\">[147]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-results_150-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-results-150\">[149]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Methane can exist in the Martian atmosphere for only a limited period before it is destroyed\u2014estimates of its lifetime range from 0.6\u20134 years.<sup id=\"cite_ref-plumes_148-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-plumes-148\">[147]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-nature460_151-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nature460-151\">[150]</a></sup> Its presence despite this short lifetime indicates that an active source of the gas must be present. <a href=\"/wiki/Volcanism\" title=\"Volcanism\">Volcanic</a> activity, <a href=\"/wiki/Comet\" title=\"Comet\">cometary</a> impacts, and the presence of <a href=\"/wiki/Methanogen\" title=\"Methanogen\">methanogenic</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Microorganism\" title=\"Microorganism\">microbial</a> life forms are among possible sources. Methane could be produced by a non-biological process called <i><a href=\"/wiki/Serpentinite\" title=\"Serpentinite\">serpentinization</a></i><sup id=\"cite_ref-serpentinization_152-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-serpentinization-152\">[b]</a></sup> involving water, carbon dioxide, and the mineral <a href=\"/wiki/Olivine\" title=\"Olivine\">olivine</a>, which is known to be common on Mars.<s
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp up id=\"cite_ref-olivine_153-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-olivine-153\">[151]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA19088-MarsCuriosityRover-MethaneSource-20141216.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PIA19088-MarsCuriosityRover-MethaneSource-20141216.png/220px-PIA19088-MarsCuriosityRover-MethaneSource-20141216.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PIA19088-MarsCuriosityRover-MethaneSource-20141216.png/330px-PIA19088-MarsCuriosityRover-MethaneSource-20141216.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PIA19088-MarsCuriosityRover-MethaneSource-20141216.png/440px-PIA19088-MarsCuriosityRover-MethaneSource-20141216.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1440\" data-file-height=\"1080\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA19088-MarsCuriosityRover-MethaneSource-20141216.png\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nPotential sources and sinks of <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars#Methane\" title=\"Atmosphere of Mars\">methane</a> (CH<span style=\"display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;\"><br>\n4</span>) on Mars</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)\" title=\"Curiosity (rover)\"><i>Curiosity</i></a> rover, which landed on Mars in August 2012, is able to make measurements that distinguish between different isotopologues of methane,<sup id=\"cite_ref-154\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-154\">[152]</a></sup> but even if the mission is to determine that microscopic Martian life is the source of the methane, the life forms likely reside far below the surface, outside of the rover's reach.<sup id=\"cite_ref-155\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-155\">[153]</a></sup> The first measurements with the <a href=\"/wiki/Sample_Analysis_at_Mars\" title=\"Sample Analysis at Mars\">Tunable Laser Spectrometer (TLS)</a> indicated that there is less than 5 ppb of methane at the landing site at the point of the measurement.<sup id=\"cite_ref-156\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-156\">[154]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Science-20121102_157-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Science-20121102-157\">[155]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Space-20121102_158-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Space-20121102-158\">[156]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20121102_159-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT-20121102-159\">[157]</a></sup> On September 19, 2013, NASA scientists, from further measurements by <i>Curiosity</i>, reported no detection of <a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_methane\" title=\"Atmospheric methane\">atmospheric methane</a> with a measured value of <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6999180000000000000\u2660</span>0.18<span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">\u00b1</span>0.67</span> ppbv corresponding to an upper limit of only 1.3 ppbv (95% confidence limit) and, as a result, conclude that the probability of current methanogenic microbial activity on Mars is reduced.<sup id=\"cite_ref-SJ-20130919_160-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SJ-20130919-160\">[158]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-SCI-20130919_161-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SCI-20130919-161\">[159]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20130919_162-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT-20130919-162\">[160]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission\" title=\"Mars Orbiter Mission\">Mars Orbiter Mission</a> by <a href=\"/wiki/India\" title=\"India\">India</a> is searching for methane in the atmosphere,<sup id=\"cite_ref-payload_163-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-payload-163\">[161]</a></sup> while the <a href=\"/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter\"
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp title=\"ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter\">ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</a>, planned to launch in 2016, would further study the methane as well as its decomposition products, such as <a href=\"/wiki/Formaldehyde\" title=\"Formaldehyde\">formaldehyde</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Methanol\" title=\"Methanol\">methanol</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Mustard_164-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Mustard-164\">[162]</a></sup></p>\n<p>On December 16, 2014, NASA reported the <i>Curiosity</i> rover detected a \"tenfold spike\", likely localized, in the amount of <a href=\"/wiki/Methane\" title=\"Methane\">methane</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars\" title=\"Atmosphere of Mars\">Martian atmosphere</a>. Sample measurements taken \"a dozen times over 20 months\" showed increases in late 2013 and early 2014, averaging \"7 parts of methane per billion in the atmosphere.\" Before and after that, readings averaged around one-tenth that level.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-20141216-GW_165-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NASA-20141216-GW-165\">[163]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20141216-KC_166-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT-20141216-KC-166\">[164]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Ammonia was tentatively detected on Mars by the Mars Express satellite, but with its relatively short lifetime, it is not clear what produced it.<sup id=\"cite_ref-davidw_167-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-davidw-167\">[165]</a></sup> Ammonia is not stable in the Martian atmosphere and breaks down after a few hours. One possible source is volcanic activity.<sup id=\"cite_ref-davidw_167-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-davidw-167\">[165]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Aurora","anchor":"Aurora","id":14,"text":"<p>In 1994 the European Space Agency's <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Express\" title=\"Mars Express\">Mars Express</a> found an ultraviolet glow coming from \"magnetic umbrellas\" in the southern hemisphere. Mars does not have a global magnetic field which guides charged particles entering the atmosphere. Mars has multiple umbrella-shaped magnetic fields mainly in the southern hemisphere, which are remnants of a global field that decayed billions of years ago.</p>\n<p>In late December 2014, NASA's MAVEN spacecraft detected evidence of widespread auroras in Mars's northern hemisphere and descended to approximately 20\u201330 degrees North latitude of Mars's equator. The particles causing the aurora penetrated into the Martian atmosphere, creating auroras below 100\u00a0km above the surface, Earth's auroras range from 100\u00a0km to 500\u00a0km above the surface. Magnetic fields in the solar wind drape over Mars, into the atmosphere, and the charged particles follow the solar wind magnetic field lines into the atmosphere, causing auroras to occur outside the magnetic umbrellas.<sup id=\"cite_ref-168\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-168\">[166]</a></sup></p>\n<p>On March 18, 2015, NASA reported the detection of an <a href=\"/wiki/Aurora\" title=\"Aurora\">aurora</a> that is not fully understood and an unexplained dust cloud in the <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars\" title=\"Atmosphere of Mars\">atmosphere of Mars</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-20150318_169-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NASA-20150318-169\">[167]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Climate","anchor":"Climate","id":15,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Climate_of_Mars\" title=\"Climate of Mars\">Climate of Mars</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tmulti tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:154px;max-width:154px\">\n<div style=\"clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;background-color:transparent\"><a href=\"/wiki/Dust_storm\" title=\"Dust storm\">Dust storm</a> on Mars</div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"margin:1px;width:152px;max-width:152px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA16450-MarsDustStorm-20121118.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wi
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp kipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PIA16450-MarsDustStorm-20121118.jpg/150px-PIA16450-MarsDustStorm-20121118.jpg\" width=\"150\" height=\"75\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PIA16450-MarsDustStorm-20121118.jpg/225px-PIA16450-MarsDustStorm-20121118.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PIA16450-MarsDustStorm-20121118.jpg/300px-PIA16450-MarsDustStorm-20121118.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2881\" data-file-height=\"1441\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\">November 18, 2012</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"margin:1px;width:152px;max-width:152px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA16454-MarsDustStorm-20121125.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/PIA16454-MarsDustStorm-20121125.jpg/150px-PIA16454-MarsDustStorm-20121125.jpg\" width=\"150\" height=\"75\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/PIA16454-MarsDustStorm-20121125.jpg/225px-PIA16454-MarsDustStorm-20121125.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/PIA16454-MarsDustStorm-20121125.jpg/300px-PIA16454-MarsDustStorm-20121125.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2881\" data-file-height=\"1441\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\">November 25, 2012</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left;text-align:left;background-color:transparent\"><a href=\"/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)\" title=\"Opportunity (rover)\"><i>Opportunity</i></a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)\" title=\"Curiosity (rover)\"><i>Curiosity</i></a> rovers are noted.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Of all the planets in the Solar System, the seasons of Mars are the most Earth-like, due to the similar tilts of the two planets' rotational axes. The lengths of the Martian seasons are about twice those of Earth's because Mars's greater distance from the Sun leads to the Martian year being about two Earth years long. Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about \u2212143\u00a0\u00b0C (\u2212225\u00a0\u00b0F) at the winter polar caps<sup id=\"cite_ref-cold_11-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cold-11\">[10]</a></sup> to highs of up to 35\u00a0\u00b0C (95\u00a0\u00b0F) in equatorial summer.<sup id=\"cite_ref-hot_12-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hot-12\">[11]</a></sup> The wide range in temperatures is due to the thin atmosphere which cannot store much solar heat, the low atmospheric pressure, and the low <a href=\"/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacity\" title=\"Volumetric heat capacity\">thermal inertia</a> of Martian soil.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nasa_surface_170-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nasa_surface-170\">[168]</a></sup> The planet is 1.52 times as far from the Sun as Earth, resulting in just 43% of the amount of sunlight.<sup id=\"cite_ref-disc920901_171-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-disc920901-171\">[169]</a></sup></p>\n<p>If Mars had an Earth-like orbit, its seasons would be similar to Earth's because its <a href=\"/wiki/Axial_tilt\" title=\"Axial tilt\">axial tilt</a> is similar to Earth's. The comparatively large <a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity\" title=\"Orbital eccentricity\">eccentricity</a> of the Martian orbit has a significant effect. Mars is near <a href=\"/wiki/Apsis\" title=\"Apsis\">perihelion</a> when it is summer in the southern hemisphere and winter in the north, and near <a href=\"/wiki/Apsis\" title=\"Apsis\">aphelion</a> when it is winter in the southern hemisphere and summer in the north. As a result, the seasons in the southern hemisphere are more extreme and the seasons in the northern are milder than would otherwise be the case. The summer temperatures in the south can be up to 30\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Kelvin\" title=\"Kelvin\">K</a> (30\u00a0\u00b0C; 54\u00a0\u00b0F) warmer than the equivalent summer temperatures in the north.<sup id=\"cite_ref-goodman97_172-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-goodman97-172\
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp ">[170]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Mars has the largest <a href=\"/wiki/Dust_storm\" title=\"Dust storm\">dust storms</a> in the Solar System. These can vary from a storm over a small area, to gigantic storms that cover the entire planet. They tend to occur when Mars is closest to the Sun, and have been shown to increase the global temperature.<sup id=\"cite_ref-philips01_173-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-philips01-173\">[171]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Orbit and rotation","anchor":"Orbit_and_rotation","id":16,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Orbit_of_Mars\" title=\"Orbit of Mars\">Orbit of Mars</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Marsorbitsolarsystem.gif\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Marsorbitsolarsystem.gif/170px-Marsorbitsolarsystem.gif\" width=\"170\" height=\"170\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Marsorbitsolarsystem.gif 1.5x\" data-file-width=\"250\" data-file-height=\"250\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Marsorbitsolarsystem.gif\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nMars is about 230\u00a0million kilometres (143,000,000\u00a0mi) from the Sun; its orbital period is 687 (Earth) days, depicted in red. Earth's orbit is in blue.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Mars's average distance from the Sun is roughly 230\u00a0million kilometres (143,000,000\u00a0mi), and its orbital period is 687 (Earth) days. The solar day (or <a href=\"/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars\" title=\"Timekeeping on Mars\">sol</a>) on Mars is only slightly longer than an Earth day: 24 hours, 39 minutes, and 35.244 seconds.<sup id=\"cite_ref-174\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-174\">[172]</a></sup> A Martian year is equal to 1.8809 Earth years, or 1 year, 320 days, and 18.2 hours.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nssdc_8-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nssdc-8\">[7]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The axial tilt of Mars is 25.19 degrees relative to its <a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_plane\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Orbital plane\">orbital plane</a>, which is similar to the axial tilt of Earth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nssdc_8-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nssdc-8\">[7]</a></sup> As a result, Mars has seasons like Earth, though on Mars, they are nearly twice as long because its orbital period is that much longer. In the present day epoch, the orientation of the <a href=\"/wiki/North_pole\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"North pole\">north pole</a> of Mars is close to the star <a href=\"/wiki/Deneb\" title=\"Deneb\">Deneb</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-barlow08_13-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-barlow08-13\">[12]</a></sup> Mars passed an <a href=\"/wiki/Aphelion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Aphelion\">aphelion</a> in March 2010<sup id=\"cite_ref-mars2010_175-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mars2010-175\">[173]</a></sup> and its <a href=\"/wiki/Perihelion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Perihelion\">perihelion</a> in March 2011.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Mars2011_176-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Mars2011-176\">[174]</a></sup> The next aphelion came in February 2012<sup id=\"cite_ref-Mars2011_176-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Mars2011-176\">[174]</a></sup> and the next perihelion came in January 2013.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Mars2011_176-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Mars2011-176\">[174]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Mars has a relatively pronounced <a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity\" title=\"Orbital eccentricity\">orbital eccentricity</a> of about 0.09; of the seven other planets in the Solar System, only <a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(planet)\" title=\"Mercury (planet)\">Mercury</a> has a larger orbital eccentricity. It is known that in the past, Mars has had a much more circular orbit. At one point, 1.35 million Earth years ago, Mars had
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp an eccentricity of roughly 0.002, much less than that of Earth today.<sup id=\"cite_ref-mars_eccentricity_177-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mars_eccentricity-177\">[175]</a></sup> Mars's cycle of eccentricity is 96,000 Earth years compared to Earth's cycle of 100,000 years.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Meeus2003_178-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Meeus2003-178\">[176]</a></sup> Mars has a much longer cycle of eccentricity with a period of 2.2 million Earth years, and this overshadows the 96,000-year cycle in the eccentricity graphs. For the last 35,000 years, the orbit of Mars has been getting slightly more eccentric because of the gravitational effects of the other planets. The closest distance between Earth and Mars will continue to mildly decrease for the next 25,000 years.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Baalke2003_179-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Baalke2003-179\">[177]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Habitability and search for life","anchor":"Habitability_and_search_for_life","id":17,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars\" title=\"Colonization of Mars\">Colonization of Mars</a></div>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Search for life","anchor":"Search_for_life","id":18,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Life_on_Mars\" title=\"Life on Mars\">Life on Mars</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Viking_lander_biological_experiments\" title=\"Viking lander biological experiments\">Viking lander biological experiments</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Mars_Viking_11d128.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mars_Viking_11d128.png/220px-Mars_Viking_11d128.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"108\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mars_Viking_11d128.png/330px-Mars_Viking_11d128.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mars_Viking_11d128.png/440px-Mars_Viking_11d128.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1042\" data-file-height=\"512\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Mars_Viking_11d128.png\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nViking 1 lander's sampling arm scooped up soil samples for tests (<a href=\"/wiki/Chryse_Planitia\" title=\"Chryse Planitia\">Chryse Planitia</a>)</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The current understanding of <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_habitability\" title=\"Planetary habitability\">planetary habitability</a>\u2014the ability of a world to develop environmental conditions favorable to the emergence of life\u2014favors planets that have liquid water on their surface. Most often this requires the orbit of a planet to lie within the <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_Habitability_Index\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Planetary Habitability Index\">habitable zone</a>, which for the Sun extends from just beyond Venus to about the <a href=\"/wiki/Semi-major_axis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Semi-major axis\">semi-major axis</a> of Mars.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Nowack_180-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Nowack-180\">[178]</a></sup> During perihelion, Mars dips inside this region, but Mars's thin (low-pressure) atmosphere prevents liquid water from existing over large regions for extended periods. The past flow of liquid water demonstrates the planet's potential for habitability. Recent evidence has suggested that any water on the Martian surface may have been too salty and acidic to support regular terrestrial life.<sup id=\"cite_ref-saltlife_181-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-saltlife-181\">[179]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The lack of a magnetosphere and the extremely thin atmosphere of Mars are a challenge: the planet has little <a href=\"/wiki/Heat_transfer\" title=\"Heat transfer\">heat transfer</a> across its surface, poor insulation against bombardment of the <a href=\"/wiki
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp /Solar_wind\" title=\"Solar wind\">solar wind</a> and insufficient atmospheric pressure to retain water in a liquid form (water instead <a href=\"/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)\" title=\"Sublimation (phase transition)\">sublimes</a> to a gaseous state). Mars is nearly, or perhaps totally, geologically dead; the end of volcanic activity has apparently stopped the recycling of chemicals and minerals between the surface and interior of the planet.<sup id=\"cite_ref-hannsson97_182-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hannsson97-182\">[180]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA19673-Mars-AlgaCrater-ImpactGlassDetected-MRO-20150608.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/PIA19673-Mars-AlgaCrater-ImpactGlassDetected-MRO-20150608.jpg/220px-PIA19673-Mars-AlgaCrater-ImpactGlassDetected-MRO-20150608.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"133\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/PIA19673-Mars-AlgaCrater-ImpactGlassDetected-MRO-20150608.jpg/330px-PIA19673-Mars-AlgaCrater-ImpactGlassDetected-MRO-20150608.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/PIA19673-Mars-AlgaCrater-ImpactGlassDetected-MRO-20150608.jpg/440px-PIA19673-Mars-AlgaCrater-ImpactGlassDetected-MRO-20150608.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1551\" data-file-height=\"938\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA19673-Mars-AlgaCrater-ImpactGlassDetected-MRO-20150608.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nDetection of <a href=\"/wiki/Impactite\" title=\"Impactite\">impact glass</a> deposits (green spots) at <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_A-G\" title=\"List of craters on Mars: A-G\">Alga crater</a>, a possible site for preserved <a href=\"/wiki/Life_on_Mars\" title=\"Life on Mars\">ancient life</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-20150608_183-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NASA-20150608-183\">[181]</a></sup></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Evidence suggests that the planet was once significantly more habitable than it is today, but whether living <a href=\"/wiki/Organism\" title=\"Organism\">organisms</a> ever existed there remains unknown. The <a href=\"/wiki/Viking_probes\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Viking probes\">Viking probes</a> of the mid-1970s carried experiments designed to detect microorganisms in Martian soil at their respective landing sites and had positive results, including a temporary increase of CO<sub>2</sub> production on exposure to water and nutrients. This sign of life was later disputed by scientists, resulting in a continuing debate, with NASA scientist <a href=\"/wiki/Gilbert_Levin\" title=\"Gilbert Levin\">Gilbert Levin</a> asserting that Viking may have found life. A re-analysis of the Viking data, in light of modern knowledge of <a href=\"/wiki/Extremophile\" title=\"Extremophile\">extremophile</a> forms of life, has suggested that the Viking tests were not sophisticated enough to detect these forms of life. The tests could even have killed a (hypothetical) life form.<sup id=\"cite_ref-physorg070107_184-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-physorg070107-184\">[182]</a></sup> Tests conducted by the Phoenix Mars lander have shown that the soil has a <a href=\"/wiki/Alkaline\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Alkaline\">alkaline</a> <a href=\"/wiki/PH\" title=\"PH\">pH</a> and it contains magnesium, sodium, potassium and chloride.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nutrient_185-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nutrient-185\">[183]</a></sup> The soil nutrients may be able to support life, but life would still have to be shielded from the intense ultraviolet light.<sup id=\"cite_ref-UV_186-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-UV-186\">[184]</a></sup> A recent analysis of martian meteorite EETA79001 found 0.6 ppm ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>\u2212</sup>, 1.4 ppm ClO<sub>3</sub><sup>\u2212</sup>
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp , and 16 ppm NO<sub>3</sub><sup>\u2212</sup>, most likely of martian origin. The ClO<sub>3</sub><sup>\u2212</sup> suggests presence of other highly oxidizing oxychlorines such as ClO<sub>2</sub><sup>\u2212</sup> or ClO, produced both by UV oxidation of Cl and X-ray radiolysis of ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>\u2212</sup>. Thus only highly refractory and/or well-protected (sub-surface) organics or life forms are likely to survive.<sup id=\"cite_ref-187\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-187\">[185]</a></sup> A 2014 analysis of the Phoenix WCL showed that the Ca(ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> in the Phoenix soil has not interacted with liquid water of any form, perhaps for as long as 600 Myr. If it had, the highly soluble Ca(ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> in contact with liquid water would have formed only CaSO4. This suggests a severely arid environment, with minimal or no liquid water interaction.<sup id=\"cite_ref-188\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-188\">[186]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Scientists have proposed that carbonate globules found in <a href=\"/wiki/Meteorite\" title=\"Meteorite\">meteorite</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001\" title=\"Allan Hills 84001\">ALH84001</a>, which is thought to have originated from Mars, could be fossilized microbes extant on Mars when the meteorite was blasted from the Martian surface by a meteor strike some 15 million years ago. This proposal has been met with skepticism, and an exclusively inorganic origin for the shapes has been proposed.<sup id=\"cite_ref-am89_189-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-am89-189\">[187]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Small quantities of <a href=\"/wiki/Methane\" title=\"Methane\">methane</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Formaldehyde\" title=\"Formaldehyde\">formaldehyde</a> detected by Mars orbiters are both claimed to be possible evidence for life, as these <a href=\"/wiki/Chemical_compound\" title=\"Chemical compound\">chemical compounds</a> would quickly break down in the Martian atmosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-icarus172_190-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-icarus172-190\">[188]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-form_191-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-form-191\">[189]</a></sup> Alternatively, these compounds may instead be replenished by volcanic or other geological means, such as <a href=\"/wiki/Serpentinization\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Serpentinization\">serpentinization</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-olivine_153-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-olivine-153\">[151]</a></sup></p>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Impactite\" title=\"Impactite\">Impact glass</a>, formed by the impact of meteors, which on Earth can preserve signs of life, has been found on the surface of the impact craters on Mars.<sup id=\"cite_ref-brown20140418_192-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-brown20140418-192\">[190]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Schultz2014_193-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Schultz2014-193\">[191]</a></sup> Likewise, the glass in impact craters on Mars could have preserved signs of life if life existed at the site.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nasapr20150608_194-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nasapr20150608-194\">[192]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-brown20150608_195-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-brown20150608-195\">[193]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-sciam20150612_196-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sciam20150612-196\">[194]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Moons","anchor":"Moons","id":19,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Moons_of_Mars\" title=\"Moons of Mars\">Moons of Mars</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Phobos_(moon)\" title=\"Phobos (moon)\">Phobos (moon)</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Deimos_(moon)\" title=\"Deimos (moon)\">Deimos (moon)</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tmulti tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:184px;max-width:184px\">\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"margin:1px;width:182px;max-width:182px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Phobo
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp s_colour_2008.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Phobos_colour_2008.jpg/180px-Phobos_colour_2008.jpg\" width=\"180\" height=\"176\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Phobos_colour_2008.jpg/270px-Phobos_colour_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Phobos_colour_2008.jpg/360px-Phobos_colour_2008.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3374\" data-file-height=\"3300\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\">Enhanced-color HiRISE image of <a href=\"/wiki/Phobos_(moon)\" title=\"Phobos (moon)\">Phobos</a>, showing a series of mostly parallel grooves and <a href=\"/wiki/Crater_chain\" title=\"Crater chain\">crater chains</a>, with <a href=\"/wiki/Stickney_(crater)\" title=\"Stickney (crater)\">Stickney crater</a> at right</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"margin:1px;width:182px;max-width:182px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Deimos-MRO.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Deimos-MRO.jpg/180px-Deimos-MRO.jpg\" width=\"180\" height=\"180\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Deimos-MRO.jpg/270px-Deimos-MRO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Deimos-MRO.jpg/360px-Deimos-MRO.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"592\" data-file-height=\"592\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\">Enhanced-color HiRISE image of <a href=\"/wiki/Deimos_(moon)\" title=\"Deimos (moon)\">Deimos</a> (not to scale), showing its smooth blanket of <a href=\"/wiki/Regolith\" title=\"Regolith\">regolith</a></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Mars has two relatively small natural moons, <a href=\"/wiki/Phobos_(moon)\" title=\"Phobos (moon)\">Phobos</a> (about 22\u00a0km (14\u00a0mi) in diameter) and <a href=\"/wiki/Deimos_(moon)\" title=\"Deimos (moon)\">Deimos</a> (about 12\u00a0km (7.5\u00a0mi) in diameter), which orbit close to the planet. Asteroid capture is a long-favored theory, but their origin remains uncertain.<sup id=\"cite_ref-esa31031_197-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-esa31031-197\">[195]</a></sup> Both satellites were discovered in 1877 by <a href=\"/wiki/Asaph_Hall\" title=\"Asaph Hall\">Asaph Hall</a>; they are named after the characters <a href=\"/wiki/Phobos_(mythology)\" title=\"Phobos (mythology)\">Phobos</a> (panic/fear) and <a href=\"/wiki/Deimos_(mythology)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Deimos (mythology)\">Deimos</a> (terror/dread), who, in <a href=\"/wiki/Greek_mythology\" title=\"Greek mythology\">Greek mythology</a>, accompanied their father <a href=\"/wiki/Ares\" title=\"Ares\">Ares</a>, god of war, into battle. Mars was the Roman counterpart of Ares.<sup id=\"cite_ref-theoi_198-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-theoi-198\">[196]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-qjras19_199-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-qjras19-199\">[197]</a></sup> In modern <a href=\"/wiki/Greek_language\" title=\"Greek language\">Greek</a>, though, the planet retains its ancient name <i>Ares</i> (Aris: <i>\u0386\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2</i>).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Greek_Names_of_the_Planets_200-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Greek_Names_of_the_Planets-200\">[198]</a></sup></p>\n<p>From the surface of Mars, the motions of Phobos and Deimos appear different from that of the <a href=\"/wiki/Moon\" title=\"Moon\">Moon</a>. Phobos rises in the west, sets in the east, and rises again in just 11 hours. Deimos, being only just outside <a href=\"/wiki/Synchronous_orbit\" title=\"Synchronous orbit\">synchronous orbit</a> \u2013 where the orbital period would match the planet's period of rotation \u2013 rises as expected in the east but slowly. Despite the 30-hour orbit of Deimos, 2.7 days elapse between its rise and set for an equatorial observer, as it slowly falls behind the rotation of Mars.<sup id=\"cite_ref-phobos.html_201-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp -phobos.html-201\">[199]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:162px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Orbits_of_Phobos_and_Deimos.gif\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Orbits_of_Phobos_and_Deimos.gif\" width=\"160\" height=\"120\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-width=\"160\" data-file-height=\"120\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">Orbits of Phobos and Deimos (to scale)</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Because the orbit of Phobos is below synchronous altitude, the <a href=\"/wiki/Tidal_force\" title=\"Tidal force\">tidal forces</a> from the planet Mars are gradually lowering its orbit. In about 50 million years, it could either crash into Mars's surface or break up into a ring structure around the planet.<sup id=\"cite_ref-phobos.html_201-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-phobos.html-201\">[199]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The origin of the two moons is not well understood. Their low albedo and <a href=\"/wiki/Carbonaceous_chondrite\" title=\"Carbonaceous chondrite\">carbonaceous chondrite</a> composition have been regarded as similar to asteroids, supporting the capture theory. The unstable orbit of Phobos would seem to point towards a relatively recent capture. But both have <a href=\"/wiki/Circular_orbit\" title=\"Circular orbit\">circular orbits</a>, near the equator, which is unusual for captured objects and the required capture dynamics are complex. Accretion early in the history of Mars is plausible, but would not account for a composition resembling asteroids rather than Mars itself, if that is confirmed.</p>\n<p>A third possibility is the involvement of a third body or a type of impact disruption.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ellis07_202-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ellis07-202\">[200]</a></sup> More-recent lines of evidence for Phobos having a highly porous interior,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Andert_203-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Andert-203\">[201]</a></sup> and suggesting a composition containing mainly <a href=\"/wiki/Phyllosilicates\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Phyllosilicates\">phyllosilicates</a> and other minerals known from Mars,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Giuranna_204-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Giuranna-204\">[202]</a></sup> point toward an origin of Phobos from material ejected by an impact on Mars that reaccreted in Martian orbit,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Blast_205-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Blast-205\">[203]</a></sup> similar to the <a href=\"/wiki/Giant_impact_hypothesis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Giant impact hypothesis\">prevailing theory</a> for the origin of Earth's moon. Although the <a href=\"/wiki/VNIR\" title=\"VNIR\">VNIR</a> spectra of the moons of Mars resemble those of outer-belt asteroids, the <a href=\"/wiki/Thermal_infrared\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Thermal infrared\">thermal infrared</a> spectra of Phobos are reported to be inconsistent with <a href=\"/wiki/Chondrite\" title=\"Chondrite\">chondrites</a> of any class.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Giuranna_204-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Giuranna-204\">[202]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Mars may have moons smaller than 50 to 100 metres (160 to 330\u00a0ft) in diameter, and a dust ring is predicted to exist between Phobos and Deimos.<sup id=\"cite_ref-adler_20-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-adler-20\">[19]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Exploration","anchor":"Exploration","id":20,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars\" title=\"Exploration of Mars\">Exploration of Mars</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Sol454_Marte_spirit.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sol454_Marte_spirit.jpg/220px-Sol454_Marte_spirit.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"115\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp thumb/4/41/Sol454_Marte_spirit.jpg/330px-Sol454_Marte_spirit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sol454_Marte_spirit.jpg/440px-Sol454_Marte_spirit.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3370\" data-file-height=\"1760\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Sol454_Marte_spirit.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nPanorama of <a href=\"/wiki/Gusev_(Martian_crater)\" title=\"Gusev (Martian crater)\">Gusev crater</a>, where <i>Spirit</i> rover examined volcanic basalts</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Dozens of crewless <a href=\"/wiki/Spacecraft\" title=\"Spacecraft\">spacecraft</a>, including <a href=\"/wiki/Orbiter\" title=\"Orbiter\">orbiters</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_lander\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Mars lander\">landers</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_rover\" title=\"Mars rover\">rovers</a>, have been sent to Mars by the <a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_space_program\" title=\"Soviet space program\">Soviet Union</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">United States</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/ESA\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ESA\">Europe</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/ISRO\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISRO\">India</a> to study the planet's surface, climate, and geology. Presently, information is being relayed from seven active probes on or in-orbit around Mars, including five orbiters and two rovers. This includes <i><a href=\"/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey\" title=\"2001 Mars Odyssey\">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-nasa081009_206-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nasa081009-206\">[204]</a></sup> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Express\" title=\"Mars Express\">Mars Express</a></i>, <i><a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter\" title=\"Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> (MRO), <a href=\"/wiki/MAVEN\" title=\"MAVEN\">MAVEN</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission\" title=\"Mars Orbiter Mission\">Mars Orbiter Mission</a>, <i><a href=\"/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)\" title=\"Opportunity (rover)\">Opportunity</a></i>, and <i><a href=\"/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)\" title=\"Curiosity (rover)\">Curiosity</a></i>. The public can request MRO images of Mars via the <a href=\"/wiki/HiWish_program\" title=\"HiWish program\">HiWish program</a>.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory\" title=\"Mars Science Laboratory\">Mars Science Laboratory</a>, named <i>Curiosity</i>, launched on November 26, 2011, and reached Mars on August 6, 2012 <a href=\"/wiki/UTC\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"UTC\">UTC</a>. It is larger and more advanced than the Mars Exploration Rovers, with a movement rate up to 90\u00a0m (300\u00a0ft) per hour.<sup id=\"cite_ref-home_207-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-home-207\">[205]</a></sup> Experiments include a laser chemical sampler that can deduce the make-up of rocks at a distance of 7\u00a0m (23\u00a0ft).<sup id=\"cite_ref-laser_208-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-laser-208\">[206]</a></sup> On February 10, 2013, the <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory\" title=\"Mars Science Laboratory\"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> obtained the first deep rock samples ever taken from another planetary body, using its on-board drill.<sup id=\"cite_ref-209\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-209\">[207]</a></sup></p>\n<p>On September 24, 2014, <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission\" title=\"Mars Orbiter Mission\">Mars Orbiter Mission</a> (MOM), launched by the <a href=\"/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation\" title=\"Indian Space Research Organisation\">Indian Space Research Organisation</a>, reached Mars orbit. ISRO launched MOM on November 5, 2013, with the aim of analyzing the Martian atmosphere and topography. The Mars Orbiter Mission used a <a href=\"/wiki/Hohmann_transfer_orbit\" title=\"Hohmann transfer orbit\">Hohmann transfer orbit</a> to escape Earth's gravitational influence and catapult into a nine-month-long voyage to Mars. The mission is the first successful Asian interplan
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp etary mission.<sup id=\"cite_ref-210\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-210\">[208]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Future","anchor":"Future","id":21,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars#Timeline_of_Mars_exploration\" title=\"Exploration of Mars\">Exploration of Mars \u00a7\u00a0Timeline of Mars exploration</a></div>\n<p>Planned for March 2016 is the launch of the <a href=\"/wiki/InSight\" title=\"InSight\">InSight</a> lander, together with two identical <a href=\"/wiki/CubeSat\" title=\"CubeSat\">CubeSats</a> that will fly by Mars and provide landing <a href=\"/wiki/Telemetry\" title=\"Telemetry\">telemetry</a>. The lander and CubeSats are planned to arrive at Mars in September 2016.<sup id=\"cite_ref-211\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-211\">[209]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/European_Space_Agency\" title=\"European Space Agency\">European Space Agency</a>, in collaboration with <a href=\"/wiki/Russian_Federal_Space_Agency\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Russian Federal Space Agency\">Roscosmos</a>, will deploy the <a href=\"/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter\" title=\"ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter\">ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/ExoMars#Schiaparelli_EDM_lander\" title=\"ExoMars\"><i>Schiaparelli</i> lander</a> in 2016, and the <a href=\"/wiki/ExoMars_rover\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ExoMars rover\">ExoMars rover</a> in 2018. NASA plans to launch its <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_2020\" title=\"Mars 2020\">Mars 2020</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Astrobiology\" title=\"Astrobiology\">astrobiology</a> rover in 2020.</p>\n<p>The United Arab Emirates' <i><a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Hope\" title=\"Mars Hope\">Mars Hope</a></i> orbiter is planned for launch in 2020, reaching Mars orbit in 2021. The probe will make a global study of the Martian atmosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-212\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-212\">[210]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Several plans for a <a href=\"/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars\" title=\"Human mission to Mars\">human mission to Mars</a> have been proposed throughout the 20th century and into the 21st century, but no active plan has an arrival date sooner than 2025.</p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Astronomy on Mars","anchor":"Astronomy_on_Mars","id":22,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomy_on_Mars\" title=\"Astronomy on Mars\">Astronomy on Mars</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:15-ml-06-phobos2-A067R1.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/15-ml-06-phobos2-A067R1.jpg/170px-15-ml-06-phobos2-A067R1.jpg\" width=\"170\" height=\"170\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/15-ml-06-phobos2-A067R1.jpg/255px-15-ml-06-phobos2-A067R1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/15-ml-06-phobos2-A067R1.jpg/340px-15-ml-06-phobos2-A067R1.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"360\" data-file-height=\"360\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:15-ml-06-phobos2-A067R1.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Phobos_(moon)\" title=\"Phobos (moon)\">Phobos</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Transit_(astronomy)\" title=\"Transit (astronomy)\">transits</a> the <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)\" title=\"Opportunity (rover)\"><i>Opportunity</i></a>; March 10, 2004)</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA19801-TrackingSunspotsOnTheSunFromMars-20150708.gif\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/PIA19801-TrackingSunspotsOnTheSunFromMars-20150708.gif/220px-PIA19801-TrackingSunspotsOnTheSunFromMars-20150708.gif\" width=\"220\" height=\"122\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedi
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp a.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/PIA19801-TrackingSunspotsOnTheSunFromMars-20150708.gif/330px-PIA19801-TrackingSunspotsOnTheSunFromMars-20150708.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/PIA19801-TrackingSunspotsOnTheSunFromMars-20150708.gif/440px-PIA19801-TrackingSunspotsOnTheSunFromMars-20150708.gif 2x\" data-file-width=\"801\" data-file-height=\"446\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA19801-TrackingSunspotsOnTheSunFromMars-20150708.gif\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nTracking <a href=\"/wiki/Sunspot\" title=\"Sunspot\">sunspots</a> from Mars</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>With the existence of various orbiters, landers, and rovers, it is possible to do <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomy\" title=\"Astronomy\">astronomy</a> from Mars. Although Mars's moon Phobos appears about one third the <a href=\"/wiki/Angular_diameter\" title=\"Angular diameter\">angular diameter</a> of the full moon on Earth, Deimos appears more or less star-like and appears only slightly brighter than Venus does from Earth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-pl_org_deimos_213-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pl_org_deimos-213\">[211]</a></sup></p>\n<p>There are various phenomena, well-known on Earth, that have been observed on Mars, such as <a href=\"/wiki/Meteor\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Meteor\">meteors</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Aurora\" title=\"Aurora\">auroras</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-aurora_214-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-aurora-214\">[212]</a></sup> A <a href=\"/wiki/Transit_of_Earth_from_Mars\" title=\"Transit of Earth from Mars\">transit of Earth as seen from Mars</a> will occur on November 10, 2084.<sup id=\"cite_ref-jbaa93_215-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-jbaa93-215\">[213]</a></sup> There are <a href=\"/wiki/Transit_of_Mercury_from_Mars\" title=\"Transit of Mercury from Mars\">transits of Mercury</a> and <a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Transit_of_Venus_from_Mars&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" class=\"new\" title=\"Transit of Venus from Mars (page does not exist)\">transits of Venus</a>, and the moons Phobos and Deimos are of sufficiently small <a href=\"/wiki/Angular_diameter\" title=\"Angular diameter\">angular diameter</a> that their partial \"eclipses\" of the Sun are best considered transits (see <a href=\"/wiki/Transit_of_Deimos_from_Mars\" title=\"Transit of Deimos from Mars\">Transit of Deimos from Mars</a>).<sup id=\"cite_ref-nature436_216-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nature436-216\">[214]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-sd040317_217-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sd040317-217\">[215]</a></sup></p>\n<p>On October 19, 2014, <a href=\"/wiki/C/2013_A1\" title=\"C/2013 A1\">Comet Siding Spring</a> passed extremely close to Mars, so close that the <a href=\"/wiki/Comae\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Comae\">coma</a> may have enveloped Mars.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-20141019_218-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NASA-20141019-218\">[216]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20141019_219-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT-20141019-219\">[217]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-ESA-20141020_220-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ESA-20141020-220\">[218]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-ISRO_MOM_safe_after_Mars_comet_flyby_221-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ISRO_MOM_safe_after_Mars_comet_flyby-221\">[219]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-SD-20131201_222-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SD-20131201-222\">[220]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NS-20131206_223-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NS-20131206-223\">[221]</a></sup></p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"></div>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Viewing","anchor":"Viewing","id":23,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Apparent_retrograde_motion_of_Mars_in_2003.gif\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Apparent_re
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp trograde_motion_of_Mars_in_2003.gif/220px-Apparent_retrograde_motion_of_Mars_in_2003.gif\" width=\"220\" height=\"220\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Apparent_retrograde_motion_of_Mars_in_2003.gif/330px-Apparent_retrograde_motion_of_Mars_in_2003.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Apparent_retrograde_motion_of_Mars_in_2003.gif 2x\" data-file-width=\"400\" data-file-height=\"400\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Apparent_retrograde_motion_of_Mars_in_2003.gif\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nAnimation of the apparent retrograde motion of Mars in 2003 as seen from Earth</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Because the orbit of Mars is eccentric, its <a href=\"/wiki/Apparent_magnitude\" title=\"Apparent magnitude\">apparent magnitude</a> at opposition from the Sun can range from \u22123.0 to \u22121.4. The minimum brightness is magnitude +1.6 when the planet is in conjunction with the Sun.<sup id=\"cite_ref-MallamaSky_10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MallamaSky-10\">[9]</a></sup> Mars usually appears distinctly yellow, orange, or red; the actual color of Mars is closer to <a href=\"/wiki/Butterscotch\" title=\"Butterscotch\">butterscotch</a>, and the redness seen is just dust in the planet's atmosphere. <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a>'s <i>Spirit</i> rover has taken pictures of a greenish-brown, mud-colored landscape with blue-grey rocks and patches of light red sand.<sup id=\"cite_ref-lloyd06_224-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-lloyd06-224\">[222]</a></sup> When farthest away from Earth, it is more than seven times farther away than when it is closest. When least favorably positioned, it can be lost in the Sun's glare for months at a time. At its most favorable times\u2014at 15- or 17-year intervals, and always between late July and late September\u2014a lot of surface detail can be seen with a <a href=\"/wiki/Telescope\" title=\"Telescope\">telescope</a>. Especially noticeable, even at low magnification, are the <a href=\"/wiki/Polar_ice_cap\" title=\"Polar ice cap\">polar ice caps</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-shallowsky_225-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-shallowsky-225\">[223]</a></sup></p>\n<p>As Mars approaches opposition, it begins a period of <a href=\"/wiki/Apparent_retrograde_motion\" title=\"Apparent retrograde motion\">retrograde motion</a>, which means it will appear to move backwards in a looping motion with respect to the background stars. The duration of this retrograde motion lasts for about 72 days, and Mars reaches its peak luminosity in the middle of this motion.<sup id=\"cite_ref-zeilik02_226-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-zeilik02-226\">[224]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Closest approaches","anchor":"Closest_approaches","id":24,"text":""},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Relative","anchor":"Relative","id":25,"text":"<p>The point at which Mars's geocentric longitude is 180\u00b0 different from the Sun's is known as <a href=\"/wiki/Opposition_(planets)\" title=\"Opposition (planets)\">opposition</a>, which is near the time of closest approach to Earth. The time of opposition can occur as much as 8.5 days away from the closest approach. The distance at close approach varies between about 54<sup id=\"cite_ref-Laskar2003_227-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Laskar2003-227\">[225]</a></sup> and about 103\u00a0million\u00a0km due to the planets' <a href=\"/wiki/Ellipse\" title=\"Ellipse\">elliptical</a> orbits, which causes comparable variation in <a href=\"/wiki/Angular_size\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Angular size\">angular size</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nasa051103_228-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nasa051103-228\">[226]</a></sup> The last Mars opposition occurred on April 8, 2014 at a distance of about 93\u00a0million\u00a0km.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sheehan970202_229-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cit
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp e_note-sheehan970202-229\">[227]</a></sup> The next Mars opposition occurs on May 22, 2016 at a distance of 76\u00a0million\u00a0km.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sheehan970202_229-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sheehan970202-229\">[227]</a></sup> The average time between the successive oppositions of Mars, its <a href=\"/wiki/Synodic_period\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Synodic period\">synodic period</a>, is 780 days but the number of days between the dates of successive oppositions can range from 764 to 812.<sup id=\"cite_ref-astropro_230-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-astropro-230\">[228]</a></sup></p>\n<p>As Mars approaches opposition it begins a period of <a href=\"/wiki/Apparent_retrograde_motion\" title=\"Apparent retrograde motion\">retrograde motion</a>, which makes it appear to move backwards in a looping motion relative to the background stars. The duration of this retrograde motion is about 72 days.</p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Absolute, around the present time","anchor":"Absolute.2C_around_the_present_time","id":26,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Mars_oppositions_2003-2018.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mars_oppositions_2003-2018.png/220px-Mars_oppositions_2003-2018.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"231\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mars_oppositions_2003-2018.png/330px-Mars_oppositions_2003-2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mars_oppositions_2003-2018.png/440px-Mars_oppositions_2003-2018.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"652\" data-file-height=\"685\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Mars_oppositions_2003-2018.png\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nMars oppositions from 2003\u20132018, viewed from above the ecliptic with Earth centered</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Mars made its closest approach to Earth and maximum apparent brightness in nearly 60,000 years, 55,758,006\u00a0km (0.37271925\u00a0AU; 34,646,419\u00a0mi), <a href=\"/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)\" title=\"Magnitude (astronomy)\">magnitude</a> \u22122.88, on August 27, 2003 at 9:51:13 UT. This occurred when Mars was one day from opposition and about three days from its <a href=\"/wiki/Perihelion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Perihelion\">perihelion</a>, making it particularly easy to see from Earth. The last time it came so close is estimated to have been on September 12, <a href=\"/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic\" title=\"Middle Paleolithic\">57 617 BC</a>, the next time being in 2287.<sup id=\"cite_ref-rao030822_231-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-rao030822-231\">[229]</a></sup> This record approach was only slightly closer than other recent close approaches. For instance, the minimum distance on August 22, 1924 was <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7010557775660904950\u2660</span>0.37285\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_unit\" title=\"Astronomical unit\">AU</a></span>, and the minimum distance on August 24, 2208 will be <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7010557685902182530\u2660</span>0.37279\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_unit\" title=\"Astronomical unit\">AU</a></span>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Meeus2003_178-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Meeus2003-178\">[176]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Historical observations","anchor":"Historical_observations","id":27,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/History_of_Mars_observation\" title=\"History of Mars observation\">History of Mars observation</a></div>\n<p>The history of observations of Mars is marked by the oppositions of Mars, when the planet is closest to Earth and hence is most easily visible, which occur every couple of years. Even more notable are the perihelic oppositions of Mars
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp , which occur every 15 or 17 years and are distinguished because Mars is close to perihelion, making it even closer to Earth.</p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Ancient and medieval observations","anchor":"Ancient_and_medieval_observations","id":28,"text":"<p>The existence of Mars as a wandering object in the night sky was recorded by the ancient <a href=\"/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy\" title=\"Egyptian astronomy\">Egyptian astronomers</a> and by 1534 BCE they were familiar with the <a href=\"/wiki/Retrograde_motion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Retrograde motion\">retrograde motion</a> of the planet.<sup id=\"cite_ref-paob85_232-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-paob85-232\">[230]</a></sup> By the period of the <a href=\"/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire\" title=\"Neo-Babylonian Empire\">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/Babylonian_astronomers\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Babylonian astronomers\">Babylonian astronomers</a> were making regular records of the positions of the planets and systematic observations of their behavior. For Mars, they knew that the planet made 37 <a href=\"/wiki/Synodic_period\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Synodic period\">synodic periods</a>, or 42 circuits of the zodiac, every 79 years. They invented arithmetic methods for making minor corrections to the predicted positions of the planets.<sup id=\"cite_ref-north08_233-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-north08-233\">[231]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-swerdlow98_234-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-swerdlow98-234\">[232]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In the fourth century BCE, <a href=\"/wiki/Aristotle\" title=\"Aristotle\">Aristotle</a> noted that Mars disappeared behind the Moon during an <a href=\"/wiki/Occultation\" title=\"Occultation\">occultation</a>, indicating the planet was farther away.<sup id=\"cite_ref-poor08_235-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-poor08-235\">[233]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Ptolemy\" title=\"Ptolemy\">Ptolemy</a>, a Greek living in <a href=\"/wiki/Alexandria\" title=\"Alexandria\">Alexandria</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-google_236-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-google-236\">[234]</a></sup> attempted to address the problem of the orbital motion of Mars. Ptolemy's model and his collective work on astronomy was presented in the multi-volume collection <i><a href=\"/wiki/Almagest\" title=\"Almagest\">Almagest</a></i>, which became the authoritative treatise on <a href=\"/wiki/History_of_astronomy#Medieval_Western_Europe\" title=\"History of astronomy\">Western astronomy</a> for the next fourteen centuries.<sup id=\"cite_ref-google7_237-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-google7-237\">[235]</a></sup> Literature from ancient China confirms that Mars was known by <a href=\"/wiki/Chinese_astronomy\" title=\"Chinese astronomy\">Chinese astronomers</a> by no later than the fourth century BCE.<sup id=\"cite_ref-needham_ronan85_238-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-needham_ronan85-238\">[236]</a></sup> In the fifth century CE, the <a href=\"/wiki/Indian_astronomy\" title=\"Indian astronomy\">Indian astronomical</a> text <i><a href=\"/wiki/Surya_Siddhanta\" title=\"Surya Siddhanta\">Surya Siddhanta</a></i> estimated the diameter of Mars.<sup id=\"cite_ref-jse97_239-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-jse97-239\">[237]</a></sup> In the <a href=\"/wiki/East_Asian\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"East Asian\">East Asian</a> cultures, Mars is traditionally referred to as the \"fire star\" (<span lang=\"zh\" xml:lang=\"zh\">\u706b\u661f</span>), based on the <a href=\"/wiki/Five_elements_(Chinese_philosophy)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Five elements (Chinese philosophy)\">Five elements</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-240\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-240\">[238]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-241\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-241\">[239]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-242\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-242\">[240]</a></sup></p>\n<p>During th
08-17 14:35:33.625 debug OkHttp e seventeenth century, <a href=\"/wiki/Tycho_Brahe\" title=\"Tycho Brahe\">Tycho Brahe</a> measured the <a href=\"/wiki/Diurnal_parallax\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Diurnal parallax\">diurnal parallax</a> of Mars that <a href=\"/wiki/Johannes_Kepler\" title=\"Johannes Kepler\">Johannes Kepler</a> used to make a preliminary calculation of the relative distance to the planet.<sup id=\"cite_ref-taton03_243-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-taton03-243\">[241]</a></sup> When the telescope became available, the diurnal parallax of Mars was again measured in an effort to determine the Sun-Earth distance. This was first performed by <a href=\"/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Cassini\" title=\"Giovanni Domenico Cassini\">Giovanni Domenico Cassini</a> in 1672. The early parallax measurements were hampered by the quality of the instruments.<sup id=\"cite_ref-hirschfeld01_244-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hirschfeld01-244\">[242]</a></sup> The only <a href=\"/wiki/Occultation\" title=\"Occultation\">occultation</a> of Mars by Venus observed was that of October 13, 1590, seen by <a href=\"/wiki/Michael_Maestlin\" title=\"Michael Maestlin\">Michael Maestlin</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/Heidelberg\" title=\"Heidelberg\">Heidelberg</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sat57_245-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sat57-245\">[243]</a></sup> In 1610, Mars was viewed by <a href=\"/wiki/Galileo_Galilei\" title=\"Galileo Galilei\">Galileo Galilei</a>, who was first to see it via telescope.<sup id=\"cite_ref-jha15_246-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-jha15-246\">[244]</a></sup> The first person to draw a map of Mars that displayed any terrain features was the Dutch astronomer <a href=\"/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens\" title=\"Christiaan Huygens\">Christiaan Huygens</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-arizona_247-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-arizona-247\">[245]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Martian \"canals\"","anchor":"Martian_.22canals.22","id":29,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tmulti tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:204px;max-width:204px\">\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"margin:1px;width:202px;max-width:202px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Karte_Mars_Schiaparelli_MKL1888.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Karte_Mars_Schiaparelli_MKL1888.png/200px-Karte_Mars_Schiaparelli_MKL1888.png\" width=\"200\" height=\"111\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Karte_Mars_Schiaparelli_MKL1888.png/300px-Karte_Mars_Schiaparelli_MKL1888.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Karte_Mars_Schiaparelli_MKL1888.png/400px-Karte_Mars_Schiaparelli_MKL1888.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"713\" data-file-height=\"394\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\">Map of Mars by Giovanni Schiaparelli</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"margin:1px;width:202px;max-width:202px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Lowell_Mars_channels.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lowell_Mars_channels.jpg/200px-Lowell_Mars_channels.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"102\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lowell_Mars_channels.jpg/300px-Lowell_Mars_channels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lowell_Mars_channels.jpg/400px-Lowell_Mars_channels.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"800\" data-file-height=\"409\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\">Mars sketched as observed by Lowell before 1914 (south on top)</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"margin:1px;width:202px;max-width:202px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Mars_HST_Mollweide_map_1999.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mars_HST_Mollweide_map_1999.png/200px-Mars_HST_Mollweide_map_1999.png\" width=\"200\" height=\"100\" srcset=\"/
08-17 14:35:33.630 debug OkHttp /upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mars_HST_Mollweide_map_1999.png/300px-Mars_HST_Mollweide_map_1999.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mars_HST_Mollweide_map_1999.png/400px-Mars_HST_Mollweide_map_1999.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"900\" data-file-height=\"450\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\">Map of Mars from the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope\" title=\"Hubble Space Telescope\">Hubble Space Telescope</a></i> as seen near the 1999 opposition (north on top)</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Martian_canal\" title=\"Martian canal\">Martian canal</a></div>\n<p>By the 19th century, the resolution of telescopes reached a level sufficient for surface features to be identified. A perihelic opposition of Mars occurred on September 5, 1877. In that year, Italian astronomer <a href=\"/wiki/Giovanni_Schiaparelli\" title=\"Giovanni Schiaparelli\">Giovanni Schiaparelli</a> used a 22\u00a0cm (8.7\u00a0in) telescope in <a href=\"/wiki/Milan\" title=\"Milan\">Milan</a> to help produce the first detailed map of Mars. These maps notably contained features he called <i>canali</i>, which were later shown to be an <a href=\"/wiki/Optical_illusion\" title=\"Optical illusion\">optical illusion</a>. These <i>canali</i> were supposedly long, straight lines on the surface of Mars, to which he gave names of famous rivers on Earth. His term, which means \"channels\" or \"grooves\", was popularly mistranslated in English as \"canals\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-snyder01_248-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-snyder01-248\">[246]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-sagan80_249-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sagan80-249\">[247]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Influenced by the observations, the orientalist <a href=\"/wiki/Percival_Lowell\" title=\"Percival Lowell\">Percival Lowell</a> founded an <a href=\"/wiki/Lowell_Observatory\" title=\"Lowell Observatory\">observatory</a> which had 30 and 45\u00a0cm (12 and 18\u00a0in) telescopes. The observatory was used for the exploration of Mars during the last good opportunity in 1894 and the following less favorable oppositions. He published several books on Mars and life on the planet, which had a great influence on the public.<sup id=\"cite_ref-basalla06_250-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-basalla06-250\">[248]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20151001_251-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT-20151001-251\">[249]</a></sup> The <i>canali</i> were independently found by other astronomers, like <a href=\"/wiki/Henri_Joseph_Perrotin\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Henri Joseph Perrotin\">Henri Joseph Perrotin</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Louis_Thollon\" title=\"Louis Thollon\">Louis Thollon</a> in Nice, using one of the largest telescopes of that time.<sup id=\"cite_ref-maria_lane05_252-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-maria_lane05-252\">[250]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-ba3_253-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ba3-253\">[251]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The seasonal changes (consisting of the diminishing of the polar caps and the dark areas formed during Martian summer) in combination with the canals lead to speculation about life on Mars, and it was a long-held belief that Mars contained vast seas and vegetation. The telescope never reached the resolution required to give proof to any speculations. As bigger telescopes were used, fewer long, straight <i>canali</i> were observed. During an observation in 1909 by <a href=\"/wiki/Camille_Flammarion\" title=\"Camille Flammarion\">Flammarion</a> with an 84\u00a0cm (33\u00a0in) telescope, irregular patterns were observed, but no <i>canali</i> were seen.<sup id=\"cite_ref-zahnle01_254-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-zahnle01-254\">[252]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Even in the 1960s articles were published on Martian biology, putting aside explanations other than life for the seasonal changes on Mars.
08-17 14:35:33.630 debug OkHttp Detailed scenarios for the metabolism and chemical cycles for a functional ecosystem have been published.<sup id=\"cite_ref-science136_3510_255-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-science136_3510-255\">[253]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Spacecraft visitation","anchor":"Spacecraft_visitation","id":30,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars\" title=\"Exploration of Mars\">Exploration of Mars</a></div>\n<p>Once <a href=\"/wiki/Spacecraft\" title=\"Spacecraft\">spacecraft</a> visited the planet during NASA's <a href=\"/wiki/Mariner_program\" title=\"Mariner program\">Mariner missions</a> in the 1960s and 70s these concepts were radically broken. The results of the Viking life-detection experiments aided an intermission in which the hypothesis of a hostile, dead planet was generally accepted.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ward_brownlee00_256-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ward_brownlee00-256\">[254]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Mariner 9 and Viking allowed better maps of Mars to be made using the data from these missions, and another major leap forward was the <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor\" title=\"Mars Global Surveyor\">Mars Global Surveyor</a> mission, launched in 1996 and operated until late 2006, that allowed complete, extremely detailed maps of the Martian topography, magnetic field and surface minerals to be obtained.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Distant_worlds:_milestones_in_planetary_exploration_257-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Distant_worlds:_milestones_in_planetary_exploration-257\">[255]</a></sup> These maps are available online; for example, at <a href=\"/wiki/Google_Mars\" title=\"Google Mars\">Google Mars</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter\" title=\"Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Express\" title=\"Mars Express\">Mars Express</a> continued exploring with new instruments, and supporting lander missions. NASA provides two online tools: <a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Mars_Trek&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" class=\"new\" title=\"Mars Trek (page does not exist)\">Mars Trek</a>, which provides visualizations of the planet using data from 50 years of exploration, and <a href=\"/wiki/Experience_Curiosity\" title=\"Experience Curiosity\">Experience Curiosity</a>, which simulates traveling on Mars in 3-D with Curiosity.<sup id=\"cite_ref-258\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-258\">[256]</a></sup></p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"></div>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"In culture","anchor":"In_culture","id":31,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_in_culture\" title=\"Mars in culture\">Mars in culture</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_in_fiction\" title=\"Mars in fiction\">Mars in fiction</a></div>\n<div class=\"floatright\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Mars_symbol.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Mars symbol.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/50px-Mars_symbol.svg.png\" width=\"50\" height=\"50\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/75px-Mars_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/100px-Mars_symbol.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"50\" data-file-height=\"50\"></a></div>\n<p>Mars is named after the <a href=\"/wiki/Ancient_Rome\" title=\"Ancient Rome\">Roman</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_(mythology)\" title=\"Mars (mythology)\">god of war</a>. In different cultures, Mars represents masculinity and youth. <a href=\"/wiki/Gender_symbol\" title=\"Gender symbol\">Its symbol</a>, a circle with an arrow pointing out to the upper right, is used as a symbol for the male gender.</p>\n<p>The many failures in Mars exploration probes resulted in a satirical counter-culture blaming the failures on an Earth-Mars \"<a href=\"/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle\" title=\"Bermuda Triangle\">Bermuda Triangle</a>\", a \"<a href=\"/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars#Mars_Curs
08-17 14:35:33.630 debug OkHttp e\" title=\"Exploration of Mars\">Mars Curse</a>\", or a \"Great Galactic Ghoul\" that feeds on Martian spacecraft.<sup id=\"cite_ref-dinerman04_259-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-dinerman04-259\">[257]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Intelligent \"Martians\"","anchor":"Intelligent_.22Martians.22","id":32,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_in_fiction\" title=\"Mars in fiction\">Mars in fiction</a></div>\n<p>The fashionable idea that Mars was populated by intelligent <a href=\"/wiki/Martian\" title=\"Martian\">Martians</a> exploded in the late 19th century. <a href=\"/wiki/Giovanni_Schiaparelli\" title=\"Giovanni Schiaparelli\">Schiaparelli's</a> \"canali\" observations combined with <a href=\"/wiki/Percival_Lowell\" title=\"Percival Lowell\">Percival Lowell</a>'s books on the subject put forward the standard notion of a planet that was a drying, cooling, dying world with ancient civilizations constructing irrigation works.<sup id=\"cite_ref-prion_260-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-prion-260\">[258]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Kirks_Soap_Yerkes_Mars.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kirks_Soap_Yerkes_Mars.jpg/170px-Kirks_Soap_Yerkes_Mars.jpg\" width=\"170\" height=\"205\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kirks_Soap_Yerkes_Mars.jpg/255px-Kirks_Soap_Yerkes_Mars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kirks_Soap_Yerkes_Mars.jpg/340px-Kirks_Soap_Yerkes_Mars.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"713\" data-file-height=\"858\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Kirks_Soap_Yerkes_Mars.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nAn 1893 soap ad playing on the popular idea that Mars was populated</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Many other observations and proclamations by notable personalities added to what has been termed \"Mars Fever\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-fergus04_261-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fergus04-261\">[259]</a></sup> In 1899 while investigating atmospheric radio noise using his receivers in his Colorado Springs lab, inventor <a href=\"/wiki/Nikola_Tesla\" title=\"Nikola Tesla\">Nikola Tesla</a> observed repetitive signals that he later surmised might have been radio communications coming from another planet, possibly Mars. In a 1901 interview Tesla said:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>It was some time afterward when the thought flashed upon my mind that the disturbances I had observed might be due to an intelligent control. Although I could not decipher their meaning, it was impossible for me to think of them as having been entirely accidental. The feeling is constantly growing on me that I had been the first to hear the greeting of one planet to another.<sup id=\"cite_ref-tesla01_262-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-tesla01-262\">[260]</a></sup></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Tesla's theories gained support from <a href=\"/wiki/Lord_Kelvin\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Lord Kelvin\">Lord Kelvin</a> who, while visiting the United States in 1902, was reported to have said that he thought Tesla had picked up Martian signals being sent to the United States.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cheney81_263-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cheney81-263\">[261]</a></sup> Kelvin \"emphatically\" denied this report shortly before departing America: \"What I really said was that the inhabitants of Mars, if there are any, were doubtless able to see New York, particularly the glare of the electricity.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-nyt020511_264-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nyt020511-264\">[262]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In a <i><a href=\"/wiki/New_York_Times\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"New York Times\">New York Times</a></i> article in 1901, <a href=\"/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering\" title=\"Edward
08-17 14:35:33.630 debug OkHttp Charles Pickering\">Edward Charles Pickering</a>, director of the <a href=\"/wiki/Harvard_College_Observatory\" title=\"Harvard College Observatory\">Harvard College Observatory</a>, said that they had received a telegram from <a href=\"/wiki/Lowell_Observatory\" title=\"Lowell Observatory\">Lowell Observatory</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Arizona\" title=\"Arizona\">Arizona</a> that seemed to confirm that Mars was trying to communicate with Earth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nyt2_265-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nyt2-265\">[263]</a></sup></p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Early in December 1900, we received from Lowell Observatory in Arizona a telegram that a shaft of light had been seen to project from Mars (the Lowell observatory makes a specialty of Mars) lasting seventy minutes. I wired these facts to Europe and sent out neostyle copies through this country. The observer there is a careful, reliable man and there is no reason to doubt that the light existed. It was given as from a well-known geographical point on Mars. That was all. Now the story has gone the world over. In Europe it is stated that I have been in communication with Mars, and all sorts of exaggerations have spring up. Whatever the light was, we have no means of knowing. Whether it had intelligence or not, no one can say. It is absolutely inexplicable.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nyt2_265-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nyt2-265\">[263]</a></sup></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Pickering later proposed creating a set of mirrors in <a href=\"/wiki/Texas\" title=\"Texas\">Texas</a>, intended to signal Martians.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fradin99_266-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fradin99-266\">[264]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In recent decades, the high-resolution mapping of the surface of Mars, culminating in <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor\" title=\"Mars Global Surveyor\">Mars Global Surveyor</a>, revealed no artifacts of habitation by \"intelligent\" life, but pseudoscientific speculation about intelligent life on Mars continues from commentators such as <a href=\"/wiki/Richard_C._Hoagland\" title=\"Richard C. Hoagland\">Richard C. Hoagland</a>. Reminiscent of the <i>canali</i> controversy, these speculations are based on small scale features perceived in the spacecraft images, such as 'pyramids' and the '<a href=\"/wiki/Face_on_Mars\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Face on Mars\">Face on Mars</a>'. Planetary astronomer <a href=\"/wiki/Carl_Sagan\" title=\"Carl Sagan\">Carl Sagan</a> wrote:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Mars has become a kind of mythic arena onto which we have projected our Earthly hopes and fears.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sagan80_249-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sagan80-249\">[247]</a></sup></p>\n</blockquote>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:War-of-the-worlds-tripod.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/War-of-the-worlds-tripod.jpg/170px-War-of-the-worlds-tripod.jpg\" width=\"170\" height=\"215\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/War-of-the-worlds-tripod.jpg/255px-War-of-the-worlds-tripod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/War-of-the-worlds-tripod.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"334\" data-file-height=\"422\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:War-of-the-worlds-tripod.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nMartian tripod illustration from the 1906 French edition of <i>The War of the Worlds</i> by H. G. Wells</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The depiction of Mars in fiction has been stimulated by its dramatic red color and by nineteenth century scientific speculations that its surface conditions might support not just life but intelligent life.<sup id=\"cite_ref-lightman97_267-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-lightman97-267\">[265]</a></sup> Thus originated a large number of <a href=\"/wiki/Science_fictio
08-17 14:35:33.630 debug OkHttp n\" title=\"Science fiction\">science fiction</a> scenarios, among which is <a href=\"/wiki/H._G._Wells\" title=\"H. G. Wells\">H. G. Wells</a>' <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds\" title=\"The War of the Worlds\">The War of the Worlds</a></i>, published in 1898, in which Martians seek to escape their dying planet by invading Earth.</p>\n<p>Influential works included <a href=\"/wiki/Ray_Bradbury\" title=\"Ray Bradbury\">Ray Bradbury</a>'s <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Martian_Chronicles\" title=\"The Martian Chronicles\">The Martian Chronicles</a></i>, in which human explorers accidentally destroy a Martian civilization, <a href=\"/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs\" title=\"Edgar Rice Burroughs\">Edgar Rice Burroughs</a>' <a href=\"/wiki/Barsoom\" title=\"Barsoom\"><i>Barsoom</i> series</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/C._S._Lewis\" title=\"C. S. Lewis\">C. S. Lewis</a>' novel <i><a href=\"/wiki/Out_of_the_Silent_Planet\" title=\"Out of the Silent Planet\">Out of the Silent Planet</a></i> (1938),<sup id=\"cite_ref-sanford09_268-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sanford09-268\">[266]</a></sup> and a number of <a href=\"/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein\" title=\"Robert A. Heinlein\">Robert A. Heinlein</a> stories before the mid-sixties.<sup id=\"cite_ref-buker02_269-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-buker02-269\">[267]</a></sup></p>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Jonathan_Swift\" title=\"Jonathan Swift\">Jonathan Swift</a> made reference to the moons of Mars, about 150 years before their actual discovery by <a href=\"/wiki/Asaph_Hall\" title=\"Asaph Hall\">Asaph Hall</a>, detailing reasonably accurate descriptions of their orbits, in the 19th chapter of his novel <i><a href=\"/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels\" title=\"Gulliver's Travels\">Gulliver's Travels</a></i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-jonathan_swift_270-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-jonathan_swift-270\">[268]</a></sup></p>\n<p>A comic figure of an intelligent Martian, <a href=\"/wiki/Marvin_the_Martian\" title=\"Marvin the Martian\">Marvin the Martian</a>, appeared on television in 1948 as a character in the <a href=\"/wiki/Looney_Tunes\" title=\"Looney Tunes\">Looney Tunes</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Animated_cartoon\" title=\"Animated cartoon\">animated cartoons</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Warner_Brothers\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Warner Brothers\">Warner Brothers</a>, and has continued as part of popular culture to the present.<sup id=\"cite_ref-rabkin05_271-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-rabkin05-271\">[269]</a></sup> In the 1950s, TV shows such as <i><a href=\"/wiki/I_Love_Lucy\" title=\"I Love Lucy\">I Love Lucy</a></i> made light of the popular belief in life on Mars; for example, when Lucy and Ethel were hired to portray Martians landing on the top of the <a href=\"/wiki/Empire_State_Building\" title=\"Empire State Building\">Empire State Building</a> as a publicity stunt for an upcoming movie.</p>\n<p>After the <a href=\"/wiki/Mariner_program\" title=\"Mariner program\">Mariner</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Viking_program\" title=\"Viking program\">Viking</a> spacecraft had returned pictures of Mars as it really is, an apparently lifeless and canal-less world, these ideas about Mars had to be abandoned, and a vogue for accurate, realist depictions of human colonies on Mars developed, the best known of which may be <a href=\"/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson\" title=\"Kim Stanley Robinson\">Kim Stanley Robinson</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/Mars_trilogy\" title=\"Mars trilogy\"><i>Mars</i> trilogy</a>. Pseudo-scientific speculations about the Face on Mars and other enigmatic landmarks spotted by <a href=\"/wiki/Space_probe\" title=\"Space probe\">space probes</a> have meant that ancient civilizations continue to be a popular theme in science fiction, especially in film.<sup id=\"cite_ref-miles_peters_272-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-miles_peters-272\">[270]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The theme of a Martian colony that fights for independence from Earth is a major plot element in the nov
08-17 14:35:33.630 debug OkHttp els of <a href=\"/wiki/Greg_Bear\" title=\"Greg Bear\">Greg Bear</a> as well as the movie <i><a href=\"/wiki/Total_Recall_(1990_film)\" title=\"Total Recall (1990 film)\">Total Recall</a></i> (based on a short story by <a href=\"/wiki/Philip_K._Dick\" title=\"Philip K. Dick\">Philip K. Dick</a>) and the television series <i><a href=\"/wiki/Babylon_5\" title=\"Babylon 5\">Babylon 5</a></i>. Video games use this element, including <i><a href=\"/wiki/Red_Faction\" title=\"Red Faction\">Red Faction</a></i> and the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Zone_of_the_Enders\" title=\"Zone of the Enders\">Zone of the Enders</a></i> series. Mars (and its moons) were the setting for the popular <i><a href=\"/wiki/Doom_(series)\" title=\"Doom (series)\">Doom</a></i> video game franchise and the later <i><a href=\"/wiki/Martian_Gothic\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Martian Gothic\">Martian Gothic</a></i>.</p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"See also","anchor":"See_also","id":33,"text":"<table class=\"metadata mbox-small\" style=\"border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9\"><tr><td class=\"mbox-image\"><img alt=\"Book icon\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/30px-Office-book.svg.png\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/45px-Office-book.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/60px-Office-book.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"48\" data-file-height=\"48\"></td>\n<td class=\"mbox-text plainlist\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: bold\"><li><a href=\"/wiki/Book:Mars\" title=\"Book:Mars\">Book: Mars</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Book:Solar_System\" title=\"Book:Solar System\">Book: Solar System</a></li>\n</ul></td>\n</tr></table><div class=\"div-col columns column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em;\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars\" title=\"Colonization of Mars\">Colonization of Mars</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Composition_of_Mars\" title=\"Composition of Mars\">Composition of Mars</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Darian_calendar\" title=\"Darian calendar\">Darian calendar</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars\" title=\"Exploration of Mars\">Exploration of Mars</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life\" title=\"Extraterrestrial life\">Extraterrestrial life</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Geodynamics_of_Mars\" title=\"Geodynamics of Mars\">Geodynamics of Mars</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Geology_of_Mars\" title=\"Geology of Mars\">Geology of Mars</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars\" title=\"List of artificial objects on Mars\">List of artificial objects on Mars</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_chasmata_on_Mars\" title=\"List of chasmata on Mars\">List of chasmata on Mars</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars\" title=\"List of craters on Mars\">List of craters on Mars</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Mars\" title=\"List of mountains on Mars\">List of mountains on Mars</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_Mars\" title=\"List of quadrangles on Mars\">List of quadrangles on Mars</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars\" title=\"List of rocks on Mars\">List of rocks on Mars</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_valles_on_Mars\" title=\"List of valles on Mars\">List of valles on Mars</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Seasonal_flows_on_warm_Martian_slopes\" title=\"Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes\">Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars\" title=\"Terraforming of Mars\">Terraforming of Mars</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Water_on_Mars\" title=\"Water on Mars\">Water on Mars</a></li>\n</ul></div>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Notes","anchor":"Notes","id":34,"text":"<div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\"></div>\n<div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<ol class=\"r
08-17 14:35:33.630 debug OkHttp eferences\"><li id=\"cite_note-best-fit_ellipsoid-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-best-fit_ellipsoid_3-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-best-fit_ellipsoid_3-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-best-fit_ellipsoid_3-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Best-fit <a href=\"/wiki/Ellipsoid\" title=\"Ellipsoid\">ellipsoid</a></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-serpentinization-152\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-serpentinization_152-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">There are many <i><a href=\"/wiki/Serpentinite\" title=\"Serpentinite\">serpentinization</a></i> reactions. <a href=\"/wiki/Olivine\" title=\"Olivine\">Olivine</a> is a <a href=\"/wiki/Solid_solution\" title=\"Solid solution\">solid solution</a> between <a href=\"/wiki/Forsterite\" title=\"Forsterite\">forsterite</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Fayalite\" title=\"Fayalite\">fayalite</a> whose general formula is (Fe,Mg)<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>. The reaction producing methane from olivine can be written as: <i>Forsterite + Fayalite + Water + Carbonic acid \u2192 Serpentine + Magnetite + Methane</i> , or (in balanced form): 18Mg<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> + 6Fe<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> + 26H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub> \u2192 12Mg<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub> + 4Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> + CH<sub>4</sub></span></li>\n</ol></div>","references":""},{"toclevel":1,"line":"References","anchor":"References","id":35,"text":"<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<ol class=\"references\"><li id=\"cite_note-meanplane-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-meanplane_1-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/MeanPlane.gif\">\"The MeanPlane (Invariable plane) of the Solar System passing through the barycenter\"</a>. April 3, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.btitle=The+MeanPlane+%28Invariable+plane%29+of+the+Solar+System+passing+through+the+barycenter&amp;rft.date=2009-04-03&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.surewest.net%2Fkheider%2Fastro%2FMeanPlane.gif&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> (produced with <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/\">Solex 10</a> written by Aldo Vitagliano; see also <a href=\"/wiki/Invariable_plane\" title=\"Invariable plane\">invariable plane</a>)</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-VSOP87-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-VSOP87_2-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Simon, J.L.; Bretagnon, P.; Chapront, J.; Chapront-Touz\u00e9, M.; Francou, G.; Laskar, J. (February 1994). \"Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets\". <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. <b>282</b> (2): 663\u2013683. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994A&amp;A...282..663S\">1994A&amp;A...282..663S</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Numerical+expressions+for+precession+formulae+and+mean+elements+for+the+Moon+and+planets&amp;rft.au=Bretagnon%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Chapront%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Chapront-Touz%C3%A9%2C+M.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.L.&amp;rft.au=Francou%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Laskar%2C+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Simon&amp;rft.date=1994-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_i
08-17 14:35:33.630 debug OkHttp d=info%3Abibcode%2F1994A%26A...282..663S&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&amp;rft.pages=663-683&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=282\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Seidelmann2007-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seidelmann2007_4-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seidelmann2007_4-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seidelmann2007_4-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFSeidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al.2007\" class=\"citation journal\">Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Archinal, Brent A.; A'Hearn, Michael F.; et al. (2007). \"Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006\". <i>Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy</i>. <b>98</b> (3): 155\u2013180. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007CeMDA..98..155S\">2007CeMDA..98..155S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10569-007-9072-y\">10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Report+of+the+IAU%2FIAG+Working+Group+on+cartographic+coordinates+and+rotational+elements%3A+2006&amp;rft.au=A%27Hearn%2C+Michael+F.&amp;rft.au=Archinal%2C+Brent+A.&amp;rft.au=Conrad%2C+Albert+R.&amp;rft.au=Consolmagno%2C+Guy+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+Kenneth&amp;rft.au=Hestroffer%2C+Daniel&amp;rft.au=Hilton%2C+James+L.&amp;rft.au=Krasinsky%2C+Georgij+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Seidelmann&amp;rft.au=Neumann%2C+Gregory+A.&amp;rft.au=Oberst%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&amp;rft.au=Stooke%2C+Philip+J.&amp;rft.au=Tedesco%2C+Edward+F.&amp;rft.au=Tholen%2C+David+J.&amp;rft.au=Thomas%2C+Peter+C.&amp;rft.au=Williams%2C+Iwan+P.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007CeMDA..98..155S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10569-007-9072-y&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Celestial+Mechanics+and+Dynamical+Astronomy&amp;rft.pages=155-180&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=98\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-lodders1998-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-lodders1998_5-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-lodders1998_5-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-lodders1998_5-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-lodders1998_5-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Lodders, Katharina; Fegley, Bruce (1998). <i>The planetary scientist's companion</i>. Oxford University Press US. p.\u00a0190. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511694-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-19-511694-1\">0-19-511694-1</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.au=Fegley%2C+Bruce&amp;rft.au=Lodders%2C+Katharina&amp;rft.btitle=The+planetary+scientist%27s+companion&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-511694-1&amp;rft.pages=190&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-konopliv2011-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-konopliv2011_6-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Konopliv, Alex S.; Asmar, Sami W.; Folkner, William M.; Karatekin, \u00d6zg\u00fcr; Nunes, Daniel C.; et al. (January 2011). \"Mars high resol
08-17 14:35:33.630 debug OkHttp ution gravity fields from MRO, Mars seasonal gravity, and other dynamical parameters\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>211</b> (1): 401\u2013428. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Icar..211..401K\">2011Icar..211..401K</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2010.10.004\">10.1016/j.icarus.2010.10.004</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Mars+high+resolution+gravity+fields+from+MRO%2C+Mars+seasonal+gravity%2C+and+other+dynamical+parameters&amp;rft.au=Asmar%2C+Sami+W.&amp;rft.aufirst=Alex+S.&amp;rft.au=Folkner%2C+William+M.&amp;rft.au=Karatekin%2C+%C3%96zg%C3%BCr&amp;rft.aulast=Konopliv&amp;rft.au=Nunes%2C+Daniel+C.&amp;rft.au=Smrekar%2C+Suzanne+E.&amp;rft.au=Yoder%2C+Charles+F.&amp;rft.au=Zuber%2C+Maria+T.&amp;rft.date=2011-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Icar..211..401K&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2010.10.004&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=401-428&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=211\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Folkner1997-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Folkner1997_7-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Folkner, W. M.; et al. (1997). \"Interior Structure and Seasonal Mass Redistribution of Mars from Radio Tracking of Mars Pathfinder\". <i>Science</i>. <b>278</b> (5344): 1749\u20131752. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Sci...278.1749F\">1997Sci...278.1749F</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.278.5344.1749\">10.1126/science.278.5344.1749</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075\">0036-8075</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Interior+Structure+and+Seasonal+Mass+Redistribution+of+Mars+from+Radio+Tracking+of+Mars+Pathfinder&amp;rft.au=Folkner%2C+W.+M.&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997Sci...278.1749F&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.278.5344.1749&amp;rft.issn=0036-8075&amp;rft.issue=5344&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1749-1752&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=278\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nssdc-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-nssdc_8-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-nssdc_8-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-nssdc_8-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-nssdc_8-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-nssdc_8-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-nssdc_8-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-nssdc_8-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-nssdc_8-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-nssdc_8-8\"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-nssdc_8-9\"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Williams, David R. (September 1, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/marsfact.html\">\"Mars Fact Sheet\"</a>. <i>National Space Science Data Center</i>. NASA<span class=\"refe
08-17 14:35:33.630 debug OkHttp rence-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 24,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Mars+Fact+Sheet&amp;rft.au=Williams%2C+David+R.&amp;rft.date=2004-09-01&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Fmarsfact.html&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Space+Science+Data+Center&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MallamaMars-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-MallamaMars_9-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Mallama, A. (2007). \"The magnitude and albedo of Mars\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>192</b> (2): 404\u2013416. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Icar..192..404M\">2007Icar..192..404M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2007.07.011\">10.1016/j.icarus.2007.07.011</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=The+magnitude+and+albedo+of+Mars&amp;rft.au=Mallama%2C+A.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Icar..192..404M&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2007.07.011&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=404-416&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=192\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MallamaSky-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-MallamaSky_10-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-MallamaSky_10-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Mallama, A. (2011). \"Planetary magnitudes\". <i>Sky and Telescope</i>. <b>121</b> (1): 51\u201356.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Planetary+magnitudes&amp;rft.au=Mallama%2C+A.&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Sky+and+Telescope&amp;rft.pages=51-56&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=121\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cold-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-cold_11-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-cold_11-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-cold_11-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.astronomycafe.net/qadir/q2681.html\">\"What is the typical temperature on Mars?\"</a>. <i>Astronomycafe.net</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=What+is+the+typical+temperature+on+Mars%3F&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronomycafe.net%2Fqadir%2Fq2681.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomycafe.net&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-hot-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-hot_12-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-hot_12-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-hot_12-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://marsrover.nasa.gov/spotlight/20070612.html\">\"Mars Exploration R
08-17 14:35:33.630 debug OkHttp over Mission: Spotlight\"</a>. <i>Marsrover.nasa.gov</i>. June 12, 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Mars+Exploration+Rover+Mission%3A+Spotlight&amp;rft.date=2007-06-12&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarsrover.nasa.gov%2Fspotlight%2F20070612.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Marsrover.nasa.gov&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-barlow08-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-barlow08_13-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-barlow08_13-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Barlow, Nadine G. (2008). <i>Mars: an introduction to its interior, surface and atmosphere</i>. Cambridge planetary science. <b>8</b>. Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a021. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85226-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-521-85226-9\">0-521-85226-9</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=Nadine+G.&amp;rft.aulast=Barlow&amp;rft.btitle=Mars%3A+an+introduction+to+its+interior%2C+surface+and+atmosphere&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-85226-9&amp;rft.pages=21&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.series=Cambridge+planetary+science&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Zubrin1997-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Zubrin1997_14-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Zubrin, Robert; Wagner, Richard (1997). <i>The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must</i>. New York: Touchstone. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-83550-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-684-83550-1\">978-0-684-83550-1</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/OCLC\" title=\"OCLC\">OCLC</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/oclc/489144963\">489144963</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.aulast=Zubrin&amp;rft.au=Wagner%2C+Richard&amp;rft.btitle=The+Case+for+Mars%3A+The+Plan+to+Settle+the+Red+Planet+and+Why+We+Must&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F489144963&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-684-83550-1&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Touchstone&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Rees2012-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Rees2012_15-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Rees2012_15-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Rees, Martin J., ed. (October 2012). <i>Universe: The Definitive Visual Guide</i>. New York: Dorling Kindersley. pp.\u00a0160\u2013161. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-9841-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-9841-6\">978-0-7566-9841-6</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.btitle=Universe%3A+The+Definitive+Visual+Guide&amp;rft.date=2012-10&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7566-9841-6&amp;rft.pages=160-161&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&amp;rft_val_fmt=i
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08-17 14:35:33.630 debug OkHttp out.com%2Fod%2Fmars%2Fa%2FMars-Moon-Mystery.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=About.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-adler-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-adler_20-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-adler_20-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation conference\">Adler, M.; Owen, W.; Riedel, J. (June 2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/marsconcepts2012/pdf/4337.pdf\"><i>Use of MRO Optical Navigation Camera to Prepare for Mars Sample Return</i></a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration. June 12\u201314, 2012. Houston, Texas. 4337. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012LPICo1679.4337A\">2012LPICo1679.4337A</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.aulast=Adler&amp;rft.au=Owen%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Riedel%2C+J.&amp;rft.btitle=Use+of+MRO+Optical+Navigation+Camera+to+Prepare+for+Mars+Sample+Return&amp;rft.date=2012-06&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fmeetings%2Fmarsconcepts2012%2Fpdf%2F4337.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012LPICo1679.4337A&amp;rft.pages=4337&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-marswater-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-marswater_21-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/news/mgs-20061206.html\">\"NASA Images Suggest Water Still Flows in Brief Spurts on Mars\"</a>. NASA/JPL. December 6, 2006<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 4,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+Images+Suggest+Water+Still+Flows+in+Brief+Spurts+on+Mars&amp;rft.date=2006-12-06&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fmars%2Fnews%2Fmgs-20061206.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA%2FJPL&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-specials1-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-specials1_22-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-specials1_22-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Mars_Express/SEMGKA808BE_0.html\">\"Water ice in crater at Martian north pole\"</a>. ESA. July 28, 2005<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 19,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.btitle=Water+ice+in+crater+at+Martian+north+pole&amp;rft.date=2005-07-28&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FSPECIALS%2FMars_Express%2FSEMGKA808BE_0.html&amp;rft.pub=ESA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-jsg.utexas.edu-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-jsg.utexas.edu_23-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-jsg.utexas.edu_23-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725200229/http://www.jsg.utexas.edu/news/rels/112008.html\">
08-17 14:35:33.630 debug OkHttp \"Scientists Discover Concealed Glaciers on Mars at Mid-Latitudes\"</a>. University of Texas at Austin. November 20, 2008. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.jsg.utexas.edu/news/rels/112008.html\">the original</a> on July 25, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 19,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.btitle=Scientists+Discover+Concealed+Glaciers+on+Mars+at+Mid-Latitudes&amp;rft.date=2008-11-20&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsg.utexas.edu%2Fnews%2Frels%2F112008.html&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Texas+at+Austin&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-esa050221-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-esa050221_24-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Staff (February 21, 2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4285119.stm\">\"Mars pictures reveal frozen sea\"</a>. ESA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 19,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Mars+pictures+reveal+frozen+sea&amp;rft.au=Staff&amp;rft.date=2005-02-21&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F4285119.stm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-spacecraft1-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-spacecraft1_25-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-spacecraft1_25-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080731.html\">\"NASA Spacecraft Confirms Martian Water, Mission Extended\"</a>. Science @ NASA. July 31, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+Spacecraft+Confirms+Martian+Water%2C+Mission+Extended&amp;rft.date=2008-07-31&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fphoenix%2Fnews%2Fphoenix-20080731.html&amp;rft.pub=Science+%40+NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-26\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation pressrelease\">Anderson, Gina, ed. (September 28, 2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-confirms-evidence-that-liquid-water-flows-on-today-s-mars/\">\"NASA Confirms Evidence That Liquid Water Flows on Today's Mars\"</a> (Press release). NASA.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+Confirms+Evidence+That+Liquid+Water+Flows+on+Today%99s+Mars&amp;rft.date=2015-09-28&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpress-release%2Fnasa-confirms-evidence-that-liquid-water-flows-on-today-s-mars%2F&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NASA.C2.A0.E2.80.93_NASA_Spacecraft_Data_Suggest_Water_Flowing_on_Mars-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NASA.C2.A0.E2.80.93_NASA_Spacecraft_Data_Suggest_Water_Flowing_on_Mars_27-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><
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08-17 14:35:33.630 debug OkHttp Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Morphology+and+Composition+of+the+Surface+of+Mars%3A+Mars+Odyssey+THEMIS+Results&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Christensen&amp;rft.date=2003-06-27&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Sci...300.2056C&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1080885&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12791998&amp;rft.issue=5628&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=2056-2061&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=300\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-sci300b-42\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-sci300b_42-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Golombek, Matthew P. (June 27, 2003). \"The Surface of Mars: Not Just Dust and Rocks\". <i>Science</i>. <b>300</b> (5628): 2043\u20132044. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1082927\">10.1126/science.1082927</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12829771\">12829771</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=The+Surface+of+Mars%3A+Not+Just+Dust+and+Rocks&amp;rft.aufirst=Matthew+P.&amp;rft.aulast=Golombek&amp;rft.date=2003-06-27&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1082927&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12829771&amp;rft.issue=5628&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=2043-2044&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=300\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-USGS-20140714-43\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-USGS-20140714_43-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Tanaka, Kenneth L.; Skinner, James A. Jr.; Dohm, James M.; Irwin, Rossman P. III; Kolb, Eric J.; Fortezzo, Corey M.; Platz, Thomas; Michael, Gregory G.; Hare, Trent M. (July 14, 2014). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3292/\">\"Geologic Map of Mars \u2013 2014\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/USGS\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"USGS\">USGS</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Geologic+Map+of+Mars+%93+2014&amp;rft.au=Dohm%2C+James+M.&amp;rft.au=Fortezzo%2C+Corey+M.&amp;rft.au=Hare%2C+Trent+M.&amp;rft.au=Irwin%2C+Rossman+P.+III&amp;rft.au=Kolb%2C+Eric+J.&amp;rft.au=Michael%2C+Gregory+G.&amp;rft.au=Platz%2C+Thomas&amp;rft.au=Skinner%2C+James+A.+Jr.&amp;rft.au=Tanaka%2C+Kenneth+L.&amp;rft.date=2014-07-14&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fsim%2F3292%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=USGS&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-magnetosphere-44\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-magnetosphere_44-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Valentine, Theresa; Amde, Lishan (November 9, 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://mgs-mager.gsfc.nasa.gov/Kids/magfield.html\">\"Magnetic Fields and Mars\"</a>. Mars Global Surveyor @ NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 17,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.au=Amde%2C+Lishan&amp;rft.au=Valentine%2C+Theresa&amp;rft.btitle=Magnetic+Fields+and+Mars&amp;rft.date=2006-11-09&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=h
08-17 14:35:33.630 debug OkHttp ttp%3A%2F%2Fmgs-mager.gsfc.nasa.gov%2FKids%2Fmagfield.html&amp;rft.pub=Mars+Global+Surveyor+%40+NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-plates-45\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-plates_45-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Neal-Jones, Nancy; O'Carroll, Cynthia. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2005/mgs_plates.html\">\"New Map Provides More Evidence Mars Once Like Earth\"</a>. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=Nancy&amp;rft.aulast=Neal-Jones&amp;rft.au=O%27Carroll%2C+Cynthia&amp;rft.btitle=New+Map+Provides+More+Evidence+Mars+Once+Like+Earth&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Fgoddard%2Fnews%2Ftopstory%2F2005%2Fmgs_plates.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA%2FGoddard+Space+Flight+Center&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ssr96_1_4_197-46\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ssr96_1_4_197_46-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Halliday, A. N.; W\u00e4nke, H.; Birck, J.-L.; Clayton, R. N. (2001). \"The Accretion, Composition and Early Differentiation of Mars\". <i>Space Science Reviews</i>. <b>96</b> (1/4): 197\u2013230. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001SSRv...96..197H\">2001SSRv...96..197H</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1011997206080\">10.1023/A:1011997206080</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=The+Accretion%2C+Composition+and+Early+Differentiation+of+Mars&amp;rft.au=Birck%2C+J.-L.&amp;rft.au=Clayton%2C+R.+N.&amp;rft.au=Halliday%2C+A.+N.&amp;rft.au=W%C3%A4nke%2C+H.&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001SSRv...96..197H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1011997206080&amp;rft.issue=1%2F4&amp;rft.jtitle=Space+Science+Reviews&amp;rft.pages=197-230&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=96\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-zharkov93-47\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-zharkov93_47-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Zharkov, V. N. (1993). <i>The role of Jupiter in the formation of planets</i>. pp.\u00a07\u201317. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993GMS....74....7Z\">1993GMS....74....7Z</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=V.+N.&amp;rft.aulast=Zharkov&amp;rft.btitle=The+role+of+Jupiter+in+the+formation+of+planets&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993GMS....74....7Z&amp;rft.pages=7-17&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-icarus165_1-48\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-icarus165_1_48-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Lunine, Jonathan I.; Chambers, John; Morbidelli, Alessandro; Leshin, Laurie A. (2003). \"The origin of water on Mars\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>165</b> (1): 1\u
08-17 14:35:33.630 debug OkHttp 20138. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Icar..165....1L\">2003Icar..165....1L</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0019-1035%2803%2900172-6\">10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00172-6</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=The+origin+of+water+on+Mars&amp;rft.au=Chambers%2C+John&amp;rft.au=Leshin%2C+Laurie+A.&amp;rft.au=Lunine%2C+Jonathan+I.&amp;rft.au=Morbidelli%2C+Alessandro&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Icar..165....1L&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0019-1035%2803%2900172-6&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=1-8&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=165\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-barlow88-49\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-barlow88_49-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation conference\">Barlow, N. G. (October 5\u20137, 1988). H. Frey, eds. <i>Conditions on Early Mars: Constraints from the Cratering Record</i>. <i>MEVTV Workshop on Early Tectonic and Volcanic Evolution of Mars. LPI Technical Report 89-04</i>. Easton, Maryland: Lunar and Planetary Institute. p.\u00a015. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989eamd.work...15B\">1989eamd.work...15B</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Conditions+on+Early+Mars%3A+Constraints+from+the+Cratering+Record&amp;rft.au=Barlow%2C+N.+G.&amp;rft.date=1988-10-05%2F1988-10-07&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989eamd.work...15B&amp;rft.jtitle=MEVTV+Workshop+on+Early+Tectonic+and+Volcanic+Evolution+of+Mars.+LPI+Technical+Report+89-04&amp;rft.pages=15&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> <span class=\"citation-comment\" style=\"display:none; color:#33aa33\">CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (<a href=\"/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Uses_editors_parameter\" title=\"Category:CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter\">link</a>)</span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-sciam080627-50\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-sciam080627_50-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=giant-asteroid-flattened\">\"Giant Asteroid Flattened Half of Mars, Studies Suggest\"</a>. Scientific American<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.btitle=Giant+Asteroid+Flattened+Half+of+Mars%2C+Studies+Suggest&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciam.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dgiant-asteroid-flattened&amp;rft.pub=Scientific+American&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nyt080626-51\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nyt080626_51-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Chang, Kenneth (June 26, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/26/science/space/26mars.html?em&amp;ex=1214712000&amp;en=bd0be05a87523855&amp;ei=5087%0A\">\"Huge Meteor Strike Explains Mars's Shape, Reports Say\"</a>. New York Times<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span tit
08-17 14:35:33.630 debug OkHttp le=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Huge+Meteor+Strike+Explains+Mars%27s+Shape%2C+Reports+Say&amp;rft.aufirst=Kenneth&amp;rft.aulast=Chang&amp;rft.date=2008-06-26&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F06%2F26%2Fscience%2Fspace%2F26mars.html%3Fem%26ex%3D1214712000%26en%3Dbd0be05a87523855%26ei%3D5087%250A&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-52\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-52\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1509/\">\"Mars: The Planet that Lost an Ocean's Worth of Water\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.btitle=Mars%3A+The+Planet+that+Lost+an+Ocean%27s+Worth+of+Water&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Fnews%2Feso1509%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-jog91-53\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-jog91_53-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Tanaka, K. L. (1986). \"The Stratigraphy of Mars\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Journal_of_Geophysical_Research\" title=\"Journal of Geophysical Research\">Journal of Geophysical Research</a></i>. <b>91</b> (B13): E139\u2013E158. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986JGR....91..139T\">1986JGR....91..139T</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2FJB091iB13p0E139\">10.1029/JB091iB13p0E139</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=The+Stratigraphy+of+Mars&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Tanaka&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986JGR....91..139T&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FJB091iB13p0E139&amp;rft.issue=B13&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&amp;rft.pages=E139-E158&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=91\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ssr_96_1_4-54\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ssr_96_1_4_54-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Hartmann, William K.; Neukum, Gerhard (2001). \"Cratering Chronology and the Evolution of Mars\". <i>Space Science Reviews</i>. <b>96</b> (1/4): 165\u2013194. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001SSRv...96..165H\">2001SSRv...96..165H</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1011945222010\">10.1023/A:1011945222010</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Cratering+Chronology+and+the+Evolution+of+Mars&amp;rft.au=Hartmann%2C+William+K.&amp;rft.au=Neukum%2C+Gerhard&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001SSRv...96..165H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1011945222010&amp;rft.issue=1%2F4&amp;rft.jtitle=Space+Science+Reviews&amp;rft.pages=165-194&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=96\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li
08-17 14:35:33.630 debug OkHttp >\n<li id=\"cite_note-ag44_4-55\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ag44_4_55-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Mitchell, Karl L.; Wilson, Lionel (2003). \"Mars: recent geological activity\u00a0: Mars: a geologically active planet\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Astronomy_%26_Geophysics\" title=\"Astronomy &amp; Geophysics\">Astronomy &amp; Geophysics</a></i>. <b>44</b> (4): 4.16\u20134.20. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003A&amp;G....44d..16M\">2003A&amp;G....44d..16M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1468-4004.2003.44416.x\">10.1046/j.1468-4004.2003.44416.x</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Mars%3A+recent+geological+activity+%3A+Mars%3A+a+geologically+active+planet&amp;rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Karl+L.&amp;rft.au=Wilson%2C+Lionel&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003A%26G....44d..16M&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1468-4004.2003.44416.x&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Geophysics&amp;rft.pages=4.16-4.20&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=44\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-dc080304-56\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-dc080304_56-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/03/04/mars-avalanche.html\">\"Mars avalanche caught on camera\"</a>. <i>Discovery Channel</i>. Discovery Communications. March 4, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Mars+avalanche+caught+on+camera&amp;rft.date=2008-03-04&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsc.discovery.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F03%2F04%2Fmars-avalanche.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Discovery+Channel&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-bbc080627-57\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-bbc080627_57-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7477310.stm\">\"Martian soil 'could support life<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">'</span>\"</a>. BBC News. June 27, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Martian+soil+%27could+support+life%27&amp;rft.date=2008-06-27&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F7477310.stm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-marssalt-58\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-marssalt_58-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Chang, Alicia (August 5, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2008-08-04-mars-soil_N.htm\">\"Scientists: Salt in Mars soil not bad for life\"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Associated Press<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Scientists%3A+Salt
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08-17 14:35:33.630 debug OkHttp low\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/ESP_013751_1115\">\"Dust Devil Etch-A-Sketch (ESP_013751_1115)\"</a>. NASA/JPL/University of Arizona. July 2, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 1,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.btitle=Dust+Devil+Etch-A-Sketch+%28ESP_013751_1115%29&amp;rft.date=2009-07-02&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhirise.lpl.arizona.edu%2FESP_013751_1115&amp;rft.pub=NASA%2FJPL%2FUniversity+of+Arizona&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-gpl29_23_41-63\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-gpl29_23_41_63-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Schorghofer, Norbert; Aharonson, Oded; Khatiwala, Samar (2002). \"Slope streaks on Mars: Correlations with surface properties and the potential role of water\". <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>29</b> (23): 41\u20131. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002GeoRL..29w..41S\">2002GeoRL..29w..41S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F2002GL015889\">10.1029/2002GL015889</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Slope+streaks+on+Mars%3A+Correlations+with+surface+properties+and+the+potential+role+of+water&amp;rft.au=Aharonson%2C+Oded&amp;rft.au=Khatiwala%2C+Samar&amp;rft.au=Schorghofer%2C+Norbert&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002GeoRL..29w..41S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2002GL015889&amp;rft.issue=23&amp;rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&amp;rft.pages=41-1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=29\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-oleb33_4_515-64\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-oleb33_4_515_64-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">G\u00e1nti, Tibor; et al. (2003). \"Dark Dune Spots: Possible Biomarkers on Mars?\". <i>Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 515\u2013557. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003OLEB...33..515G\">2003OLEB...33..515G</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1025705828948\">10.1023/A:1025705828948</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Dark+Dune+Spots%3A+Possible+Biomarkers+on+Mars%3F&amp;rft.au=G%C3%A1nti%2C+Tibor&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003OLEB...33..515G&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1025705828948&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Origins+of+Life+and+Evolution+of+the+Biosphere&amp;rft.pages=515-557&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=33\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-65\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-65\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/news/msl20121102.html\">\"NASA \u2013 NASA Rover Finds Clues to Changes in Mars' Atmosphere\"</a>. <i>nasa.gov</i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=NAS
08-17 14:35:33.630 debug OkHttp A+%93+NASA+Rover+Finds+Clues+to+Changes+in+Mars%27+Atmosphere&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fmsl%2Fnews%2Fmsl20121102.html&amp;rft.jtitle=nasa.gov&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-h-66\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-h_66-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://solarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Mars&amp;Display=Facts\">\"NASA, Mars: Facts &amp; Figures\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.btitle=NASA%2C+Mars%3A+Facts+%26+Figures&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fplanets%2Fprofile.cfm%3FObject%3DMars%26Display%3DFacts&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-jgr110-67\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-jgr110_67-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Heldmann, Jennifer L.; et al. (May 7, 2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://daleandersen.seti.org/Dale_Andersen/Science_articles_files/Heldmann%20et%20al.2005.pdf\">\"Formation of Martian gullies by the action of liquid water flowing under current Martian environmental conditions\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Journal_of_Geophysical_Research\" title=\"Journal of Geophysical Research\">Journal of Geophysical Research</a></i>. <b>110</b> (E5): Eo5004. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JGRE..11005004H\">2005JGRE..11005004H</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F2004JE002261\">10.1029/2004JE002261</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Formation+of+Martian+gullies+by+the+action+of+liquid+water+flowing+under+current+Martian+environmental+conditions&amp;rft.aufirst=Jennifer+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Heldmann&amp;rft.date=2005-05-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaleandersen.seti.org%2FDale_Andersen%2FScience_articles_files%2FHeldmann%2520et%2520al.2005.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JGRE..11005004H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2004JE002261&amp;rft.issue=E5&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&amp;rft.pages=Eo5004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=110\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> 'conditions such as now occur on Mars, outside of the temperature-pressure stability regime of liquid water'\u2026 'Liquid water is typically stable at the lowest elevations and at low latitudes on the planet because the atmospheric pressure is greater than the <a href=\"/wiki/Vapor_pressure\" title=\"Vapor pressure\">vapor pressure</a> of water and surface temperatures in equatorial regions can reach 273 K for parts of the day [Haberle <i>et al</i>., 2001]'</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-kostama-68\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-kostama_68-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-kostama_68-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Kostama, V.-P.; Kreslavsky, M. A.; Head, J. W. (June 3, 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.a
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08-17 14:35:33.630 debug OkHttp ecember 6, 2006<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 30,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Water+May+Still+Flow+on+Mars%2C+NASA+Photo+Suggests&amp;rft.date=2006-12-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D6587226&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Lewis2006-81\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Lewis2006_81-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Lewis, K.W.; Aharonson, O. (2006). \"Stratigraphic analysis of the distributary fan in Eberswalde crater using stereo imagery\". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>111</b> (E06001). <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JGRE..11106001L\">2006JGRE..11106001L</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F2005JE002558\">10.1029/2005JE002558</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Stratigraphic+analysis+of+the+distributary+fan+in+Eberswalde+crater+using+stereo+imagery&amp;rft.au=Aharonson%2C+O.&amp;rft.au=Lewis%2C+K.W.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JGRE..11106001L&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2005JE002558&amp;rft.issue=E06001&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=111\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Matsubara2011-82\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Matsubara2011_82-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Matsubara, Y.; Howard, A.D.; Drummond, S.A. (2011). \"Hydrology of early Mars: Lake basins\". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>116</b> (E04001). <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JGRE..11604001M\">2011JGRE..11604001M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F2010JE003739\">10.1029/2010JE003739</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Hydrology+of+early+Mars%3A+Lake+basins&amp;rft.au=Drummond%2C+S.A.&amp;rft.au=Howard%2C+A.D.&amp;rft.au=Matsubara%2C+Y.&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JGRE..11604001M&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2010JE003739&amp;rft.issue=E04001&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=116\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nasa040303-83\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nasa040303_83-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation pressrelease\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20071109185031/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/2004/88.cfm\">\"Mineral in Mars 'Berries' Adds to Water Story\"</a> (Press release). NASA. March 3, 2004. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/2004/88.cfm\">the original</a> on November 9, 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 13,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;
08-17 14:35:33.630 debug OkHttp rft.btitle=Mineral+in+Mars+%27Berries%27+Adds+to+Water+Story&amp;rft.date=2004-03-03&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Freleases%2F2004%2F88.cfm&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nasa101001-84\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nasa101001_84-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://marsrover.nasa.gov/science/goal1-results.html\">\"Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Science\"</a>. NASA. July 12, 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 10,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.btitle=Mars+Exploration+Rover+Mission%3A+Science&amp;rft.date=2007-07-12&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarsrover.nasa.gov%2Fscience%2Fgoal1-results.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nasa-85\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nasa_85-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/news/mer20111207.html\">\"NASA \u2013 NASA Mars Rover Finds Mineral Vein Deposited by Water\"</a>. <i>Nasa.gov</i>. December 7, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=NASA+%93+NASA+Mars+Rover+Finds+Mineral+Vein+Deposited+by+Water&amp;rft.date=2011-12-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fmer%2Fnews%2Fmer20111207.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Nasa.gov&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nationalgeographic-86\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nationalgeographic_86-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/12/111208-mars-water-nasa-rover-opportunity-gypsum-life-space-science/\">\"Rover Finds \"Bulletproof\" Evidence of Water on Early Mars\"</a>. <i>News.nationalgeographic.com</i>. December 8, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Rover+Finds+%22Bulletproof%22+Evidence+of+Water+on+Early+Mars&amp;rft.date=2011-12-08&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F12%2F111208-mars-water-nasa-rover-opportunity-gypsum-life-space-science%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=News.nationalgeographic.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nationalgeographic1-87\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nationalgeographic1_87-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/06/120626-mars-water-mantle-oceans-meteorites-space-science/\">\"Mars Has \"Oceans\" of Water Inside?\"</a>. <i>News.nationalgeographic.com</i>. June 26, 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Mars+Has+%22Oceans%22+of+Water+Inside%3F&a
08-17 14:35:33.630 debug OkHttp mp;rft.date=2012-06-26&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2F06%2F120626-mars-water-mantle-oceans-meteorites-space-science%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=News.nationalgeographic.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NASA-20130318-88\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-NASA-20130318_88-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-NASA-20130318_88-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Webster, Guy; Brown, Dwayne (March 18, 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&amp;NewsID=1446\">\"Curiosity Mars Rover Sees Trend In Water Presence\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Curiosity+Mars+Rover+Sees+Trend+In+Water+Presence&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C+Dwayne&amp;rft.aufirst=Guy&amp;rft.aulast=Webster&amp;rft.date=2013-03-18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmars.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fmsl%2Fnews%2Fwhatsnew%2Findex.cfm%3FFuseAction%3DShowNews%26NewsID%3D1446&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BBC-20130319-89\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-BBC-20130319_89-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Rincon, Paul (March 19, 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21340279\">\"Curiosity breaks rock to reveal dazzling white interior\"</a>. BBC<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.aulast=Rincon&amp;rft.btitle=Curiosity+breaks+rock+to+reveal+dazzling+white+interior&amp;rft.date=2013-03-19&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-21340279&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MSN-20130120-90\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-MSN-20130120_90-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Staff (March 20, 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130323164757/http://now.msn.com/white-mars-rock-called-tintina-found-by-curiosity-rover\">\"Red planet coughs up a white rock, and scientists freak out\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/MSN\" title=\"MSN\">MSN</a></i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://now.msn.com/white-mars-rock-called-tintina-found-by-curiosity-rover\">the original</a> on March 23, 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Red+planet+coughs+up+a+white+rock%2C+and+scientists+freak+out&amp;rft.au=Staff&amp;rft.date=2013-03-20&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnow.msn.com%2Fwhite-mars-rock-called-tintina-found-by-curiosity-rover&amp;rft.jtitle=MSN&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-91\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-91\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofoll
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08-17 14:35:33.635 debug OkHttp journal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NASA-20141014-NJ-137\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NASA-20141014-NJ_137-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Jones, Nancy; Steigerwald, Bill; Brown, Dwayne; Webster, Guy (October 14, 2014). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-351\">\"NASA Mission Provides Its First Look at Martian Upper Atmosphere\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=NASA+Mission+Provides+Its+First+Look+at+Martian+Upper+Atmosphere&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C+Dwayne&amp;rft.aufirst=Nancy&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.au=Steigerwald%2C+Bill&amp;rft.au=Webster%2C+Guy&amp;rft.date=2014-10-14&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews.php%3Frelease%3D2014-351&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-swind-138\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-swind_138-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-swind_138-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Philips, Tony (2001). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast31jan_1.htm\">\"The Solar Wind at Mars\"</a>. Science@NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 8,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=Tony&amp;rft.aulast=Philips&amp;rft.btitle=The+Solar+Wind+at+Mars&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fheadlines%2Fy2001%2Fast31jan_1.htm&amp;rft.pub=Science%40NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-139\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-139\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.wired.com/2011/01/mars-dynamo-death/\">\"Multiple Asteroid Strikes May Have Killed Mars's Magnetic Field\"</a>. <i>WIRED</i>. January 20, 2011.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Multiple+Asteroid+Strikes+May+Have+Killed+Mars%27s+Magnetic+Field&amp;rft.date=2011-01-20&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2011%2F01%2Fmars-dynamo-death%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=WIRED&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-swind2-140\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-swind2_140-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Lundin, R; et al. (2004). \"Solar Wind-Induced Atmospheric Erosion at Mars: First Results from ASPERA-3 on Mars Express\". <i>Science</i>. <b>305</b> (5692): 1933\u20131936. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...305.1933L\">2004Sci...305.1933L</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1101860\">10.1126/science.1101860</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www
08-17 14:35:33.635 debug OkHttp .ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15448263\">15448263</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Solar+Wind-Induced+Atmospheric+Erosion+at+Mars%3A+First+Results+from+ASPERA-3+on+Mars+Express&amp;rft.au=Lundin%2C+R&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...305.1933L&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1101860&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15448263&amp;rft.issue=5692&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1933-1936&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=305\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-bolonkin09-141\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-bolonkin09_141-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Bolonkin, Alexander A. (2009). <i>Artificial Environments on Mars</i>. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. pp.\u00a0599\u2013625. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-03629-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-3-642-03629-3\">978-3-642-03629-3</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexander+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Bolonkin&amp;rft.btitle=Artificial+Environments+on+Mars&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-642-03629-3&amp;rft.pages=599-625&amp;rft.place=Berlin+Heidelberg&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-atkinson07-142\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-atkinson07_142-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Atkinson, Nancy (July 17, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/7024/the-mars-landing-approach-getting-large-payloads-to-the-surface-of-the-red-planet/\">\"The Mars Landing Approach: Getting Large Payloads to the Surface of the Red Planet\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 18,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.au=Atkinson%2C+Nancy&amp;rft.btitle=The+Mars+Landing+Approach%3A+Getting+Large+Payloads+to+the+Surface+of+the+Red+Planet&amp;rft.date=2007-07-17&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F7024%2Fthe-mars-landing-approach-getting-large-payloads-to-the-surface-of-the-red-planet%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-carr06-143\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-carr06_143-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Carr, Michael H. (2006). <i>The surface of Mars</i>. <i>Cambridge planetary science series</i>. <b>6</b>. Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a016. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-87201-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-521-87201-4\">0-521-87201-4</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Carr&amp;rft.btitle=The+surface+of+Mars&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-87201-4&amp;rft.pages=16&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Abundance-144\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Abundance_144-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"exte
08-17 14:35:33.635 debug OkHttp rnal text\" href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/341/6143/263.abstract\">\"Abundance and Isotopic Composition of Gases in the Martian Atmosphere from the Curiosity Rover\"</a>. <i>Sciencemag.org</i>. July 19, 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Abundance+and+Isotopic+Composition+of+Gases+in+the+Martian+Atmosphere+from+the+Curiosity+Rover&amp;rft.date=2013-07-19&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F341%2F6143%2F263.abstract&amp;rft.jtitle=Sciencemag.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-dusty-145\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-dusty_145-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Lemmon, M. T.; et al. (2004). \"Atmospheric Imaging Results from Mars Rovers\". <i>Science</i>. <b>306</b> (5702): 1753\u20131756. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...306.1753L\">2004Sci...306.1753L</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1104474\">10.1126/science.1104474</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576613\">15576613</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Atmospheric+Imaging+Results+from+Mars+Rovers&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+T.&amp;rft.aulast=Lemmon&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...306.1753L&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1104474&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15576613&amp;rft.issue=5702&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1753-1756&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=306\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-methane-me-146\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-methane-me_146-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Formisano, V.; Atreya, S.; Encrenaz, T.; Ignatiev, N.; Giuranna, M. (2004). \"Detection of Methane in the Atmosphere of Mars\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Science_(journal)\" title=\"Science (journal)\">Science</a></i>. <b>306</b> (5702): 1758\u20131761. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...306.1758F\">2004Sci...306.1758F</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1101732\">10.1126/science.1101732</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15514118\">15514118</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Detection+of+Methane+in+the+Atmosphere+of+Mars&amp;rft.au=Atreya%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Encrenaz%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Formisano%2C+V.&amp;rft.au=Giuranna%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Ignatiev%2C+N.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...306.1758F&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1101732&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15514118&amp;rft.issue=5702&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1758-1761&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=306\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span>
08-17 14:35:33.635 debug OkHttp </span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-methane-147\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-methane_147-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Mars_Express/SEMZ0B57ESD_0.html\">\"Mars Express confirms methane in the Martian atmosphere\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ESA\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ESA\">ESA</a>. March 30, 2004<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 17,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Mars+Express+confirms+methane+in+the+Martian+atmosphere&amp;rft.date=2004-03-30&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FesaMI%2FMars_Express%2FSEMZ0B57ESD_0.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-plumes-148\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-plumes_148-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-plumes_148-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-plumes_148-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-plumes_148-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Mumma, Michael J.; et al. (February 20, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://images.spaceref.com/news/2009/Mumma_et_al_Methane_Mars_wSOM_accepted2.pdf\">\"Strong Release of Methane on Mars in Northern Summer 2003\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>323</b> (5917): 1041\u20131045. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...323.1041M\">2009Sci...323.1041M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1165243\">10.1126/science.1165243</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19150811\">19150811</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Strong+Release+of+Methane+on+Mars+in+Northern+Summer+2003&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Mumma&amp;rft.date=2009-02-20&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.spaceref.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2FMumma_et_al_Methane_Mars_wSOM_accepted2.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...323.1041M&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1165243&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19150811&amp;rft.issue=5917&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1041-1045&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=323\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-hand08-149\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-hand08_149-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Hand, Eric (October 21, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://esse.engin.umich.edu/psl/PRESS/Mars/NatureNews_2008.pdf\">\"Plumes of methane identified on Mars\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. Nature News<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 2,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Plumes+of+methane+identified+on+Mars&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric&amp;rft.aulast=Hand&amp;rft.date=2008-10-21&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesse.engin.umich.edu%2Fpsl%2FPRESS%2FMars%2FNatureNews_2008.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</sp
08-17 14:35:33.635 debug OkHttp an></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-results-150\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-results_150-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Krasnopolsky, Vladimir A. (February 2005). \"Some problems related to the origin of methane on Mars\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>180</b> (2): 359\u2013367. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Icar..180..359K\">2006Icar..180..359K</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2005.10.015\">10.1016/j.icarus.2005.10.015</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Some+problems+related+to+the+origin+of+methane+on+Mars&amp;rft.au=Krasnopolsky%2C+Vladimir+A.&amp;rft.date=2005-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Icar..180..359K&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2005.10.015&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=359-367&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=180\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nature460-151\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nature460_151-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Franck, Lef\u00e8vre; Forget, Fran\u00e7ois (August 6, 2009). \"Observed variations of methane on Mars unexplained by known atmospheric chemistry and physics\". <i>Nature</i>. <b>460</b> (7256): 720\u2013723. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.460..720L\">2009Natur.460..720L</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08228\">10.1038/nature08228</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19661912\">19661912</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Observed+variations+of+methane+on+Mars+unexplained+by+known+atmospheric+chemistry+and+physics&amp;rft.aufirst=Lef%C3%A8vre&amp;rft.au=Forget%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&amp;rft.aulast=Franck&amp;rft.date=2009-08-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.460..720L&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature08228&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19661912&amp;rft.issue=7256&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=720-723&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=460\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-olivine-153\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-olivine_153-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-olivine_153-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Oze, C.; Sharma, M. (2005). \"Have olivine, will gas: Serpentinization and the abiogenic production of methane on Mars\". <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>32</b> (10): L10203. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005GeoRL..3210203O\">2005GeoRL..3210203O</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F2005GL022691\">10.1029/2005GL022691</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Have+olivine%2C+will+gas%3A+Serpentinization+and+the+abiogenic+produ
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08-17 14:35:33.635 debug OkHttp ntifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1130%2FG35343.1\">10.1130/G35343.1</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Preserved+flora+and+organics+in+impact+melt+breccias&amp;rft.au=Clemett%2C+S.+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+H.&amp;rft.au=Harris%2C+R.+Scott&amp;rft.aulast=Schultz&amp;rft.au=Thomas-Keprta%2C+K.+L.&amp;rft.au=Z%C3%A1rate%2C+M.&amp;rft.date=2014-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Geo....42..515S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FG35343.1&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.jtitle=Geology&amp;rft.pages=515-518&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=42\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nasapr20150608-194\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nasapr20150608_194-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation pressrelease\">Brown, Dwayne; Webster, Guy; Stacey, Kevin (June 8, 2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-spacecraft-detects-impact-glass-on-surface-of-mars\">\"NASA Spacecraft Detects Impact Glass on Surface of Mars\"</a> (Press release). NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=Dwayne&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.au=Stacey%2C+Kevin&amp;rft.au=Webster%2C+Guy&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+Spacecraft+Detects+Impact+Glass+on+Surface+of+Mars&amp;rft.date=2015-06-08&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpress-release%2Fnasa-spacecraft-detects-impact-glass-on-surface-of-mars&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-brown20150608-195\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-brown20150608_195-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Stacey, Kevin (June 8, 2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://news.brown.edu/articles/2015/06/marsglass\">\"Martian glass: Window into possible past life?\"</a>. Brown University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Martian+glass%3A+Window+into+possible+past+life%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=Kevin&amp;rft.aulast=Stacey&amp;rft.date=2015-06-08&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.brown.edu%2Farticles%2F2015%2F06%2Fmarsglass&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-sciam20150612-196\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-sciam20150612_196-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Temming, Maria (June 12, 2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/exotic-glass-could-help-unravel-mysteries-of-mars/\">\"Exotic Glass Could Help Unravel Mysteries of Mars\"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Exotic+Glass+Could+Help+Unravel+Mysteries+of+Mars&amp;rft.aufirst=Maria&amp;rft.aulast=Temming&amp;rft.date=2015-06-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fexotic-glass-could-help-unravel-mysteries-of-mars%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n
08-17 14:35:33.635 debug OkHttp <li id=\"cite_note-esa31031-197\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-esa31031_197-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31031\">\"Close Inspection for Phobos\"</a>. <i>ESA website</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 13,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Close+Inspection+for+Phobos&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsci.esa.int%2Fscience-e%2Fwww%2Fobject%2Findex.cfm%3Ffobjectid%3D31031&amp;rft.jtitle=ESA+website&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-theoi-198\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-theoi_198-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.theoi.com/Olympios/AresAttendants.html\">\"Ares Attendants: Deimos &amp; Phobos\"</a>. <i>Greek Mythology</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 13,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Ares+Attendants%3A+Deimos+%26+Phobos&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoi.com%2FOlympios%2FAresAttendants.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Greek+Mythology&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-qjras19-199\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-qjras19_199-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Hunt, G. E.; Michael, W. H.; Pascu, D.; Veverka, J.; Wilkins, G. A.; Woolfson, M. (1978). \"The Martian satellites\u2014100 years on\". <i>Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <b>19</b>: 90\u2013109. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978QJRAS..19...90H\">1978QJRAS..19...90H</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=The+Martian+satellites%94100+years+on&amp;rft.au=Hunt%2C+G.+E.&amp;rft.au=Michael%2C+W.+H.&amp;rft.au=Pascu%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Veverka%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Wilkins%2C+G.+A.&amp;rft.au=Woolfson%2C+M.&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978QJRAS..19...90H&amp;rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft.pages=90-109&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=19\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Greek_Names_of_the_Planets-200\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Greek_Names_of_the_Planets_200-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100509164917/http://www.greek-names.info/greek-names-of-the-planets/\">\"Greek Names of the Planets\"</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.greek-names.info/greek-names-of-the-planets/\">the original</a> on May 9, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 14,</span> 2012</span>. <q>Aris is the Greek name of the planet Mars, the fourth planet from the sun, also known as the Red planet. Aris or Ares was the Greek god of War.</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.btitle=Greek+Names+of+the+Planets&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greek-names.info%2Fgreek-names-of-the-planets%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=in
08-17 14:35:33.635 debug OkHttp fo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> See also the <a href=\"https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82)\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"el:\u0386\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2)\">Greek article about the planet</a>.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-phobos.html-201\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-phobos.html_201-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-phobos.html_201-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Arnett, Bill (November 20, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nineplanets.org/phobos.html\">\"Phobos\"</a>. <i>nineplanets</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 13,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Phobos&amp;rft.au=Arnett%2C+Bill&amp;rft.date=2004-11-20&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nineplanets.org%2Fphobos.html&amp;rft.jtitle=nineplanets&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ellis07-202\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ellis07_202-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Ellis, Scott. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20070517181817/http://calspace.ucsd.edu/Mars99/docs/library/science/geological_history/moons1.html\">\"Geological History: Moons of Mars\"</a>. CalSpace. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://calspace.ucsd.edu/Mars99/docs/library/science/geological_history/moons1.html\">the original</a> on May 17, 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 2,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=Scott&amp;rft.aulast=Ellis&amp;rft.btitle=Geological+History%3A+Moons+of+Mars&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcalspace.ucsd.edu%2FMars99%2Fdocs%2Flibrary%2Fscience%2Fgeological_history%2Fmoons1.html&amp;rft.pub=CalSpace&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Andert-203\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Andert_203-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Andert, T. P.; Rosenblatt, P.; P\u00e4tzold, M.; H\u00e4usler, B.; Dehant, V.; Tyler, G. L.; Marty, J. C. (May 7, 2010). \"Precise mass determination and the nature of Phobos\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Geophysical_Research_Letters\" title=\"Geophysical Research Letters\">Geophysical Research Letters</a></i>. <b>37</b> (L09202): L09202. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010GeoRL..3709202A\">2010GeoRL..3709202A</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F2009GL041829\">10.1029/2009GL041829</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Precise+mass+determination+and+the+nature+of+Phobos&amp;rft.au=Dehant%2C+V.&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+P.&amp;rft.au=H%C3%A4usler%2C+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Andert&amp;rft.au=Marty%2C+J.+C.&amp;rft.au=P%C3%A4tzold%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Rosenblatt%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Tyler%2C+G.+L.&amp;rft.date=2010-05-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010GeoRL..3709202A&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2009GL041829&amp;rft.issue=L09202&amp;rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&amp;rft
08-17 14:35:33.635 debug OkHttp .pages=L09202&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=37\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Giuranna-204\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Giuranna_204-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Giuranna_204-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation conference\">Giuranna, M.; Roush, T. L.; Duxbury, T.; Hogan, R. C.; Geminale, A.; Formisano, V. (2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2010/EPSC2010-211.pdf\"><i>Compositional Interpretation of PFS/MEx and TES/MGS Thermal Infrared Spectra of Phobos</i></a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Planetary Science Congress Abstracts, Vol. 5</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 1,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Compositional+Interpretation+of+PFS%2FMEx+and+TES%2FMGS+Thermal+Infrared+Spectra+of+Phobos&amp;rft.au=Duxbury%2C+T.&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.au=Formisano%2C+V.&amp;rft.au=Geminale%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Hogan%2C+R.+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Giuranna&amp;rft.au=Roush%2C+T.+L.&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeetingorganizer.copernicus.org%2FEPSC2010%2FEPSC2010-211.pdf&amp;rft.jtitle=European+Planetary+Science+Congress+Abstracts%2C+Vol.+5&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Blast-205\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Blast_205-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/martian-moon-forged-by-catastrophic-blast-100927.html\">\"Mars Moon Phobos Likely Forged by Catastrophic Blast\"</a>. <i>Space.com</i>. September 27, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 1,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Mars+Moon+Phobos+Likely+Forged+by+Catastrophic+Blast&amp;rft.date=2010-09-27&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fscienceastronomy%2Fmartian-moon-forged-by-catastrophic-blast-100927.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Space.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nasa081009-206\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nasa081009_206-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/newsroom/pressreleases/20081009a.html\">\"NASA's Mars Odyssey Shifting Orbit for Extended Mission\"</a>. NASA. October 9, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.btitle=NASA%27s+Mars+Odyssey+Shifting+Orbit+for+Extended+Mission&amp;rft.date=2008-10-09&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmars.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fodyssey%2Fnewsroom%2Fpressreleases%2F20081009a.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-home-207\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-home_207-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090730122143/http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/overview/\">\"Mars Science Laboratory\u00a0\u2014 Homepage\"</a>. NAS
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08-17 14:35:33.635 debug OkHttp meteoroid fluence at Mars due to comet C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Icarus_(journal)\" title=\"Icarus (journal)\">Icarus</a></i>. <b>231</b>: 13\u201321. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Icar..231...13M\">2014Icar..231...13M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2013.11.028\">10.1016/j.icarus.2013.11.028</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=The+meteoroid+fluence+at+Mars+due+to+comet+C%2F2013+A1+%28Siding+Spring%29&amp;rft.au=Cooke%2C+William+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=Althea&amp;rft.aulast=Moorhead&amp;rft.au=Wiegert%2C+Paul+A.&amp;rft.date=2013-12-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0019103513005022&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Icar..231...13M&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2013.11.028&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=13-21&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=231\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NS-20131206-223\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NS-20131206_223-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Grossman, Lisa (December 6, 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24715-fiercest-meteor-shower-on-record-to-hit-mars-via-comet.html\">\"Fiercest meteor shower on record to hit Mars via comet\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/New_Scientist\" title=\"New Scientist\">New Scientist</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Fiercest+meteor+shower+on+record+to+hit+Mars+via+comet&amp;rft.aufirst=Lisa&amp;rft.aulast=Grossman&amp;rft.date=2013-12-06&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn24715-fiercest-meteor-shower-on-record-to-hit-mars-via-comet.html&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-lloyd06-224\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-lloyd06_224-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\"><a href=\"/wiki/John_Lloyd_(writer)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"John Lloyd (writer)\">Lloyd, John</a>; John Mitchinson (2006). <i>The QI Book of General Ignorance</i>. Britain: Faber and Faber Limited. pp.\u00a0102, 299. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-24139-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-571-24139-2\">978-0-571-24139-2</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.au=John+Mitchinson&amp;rft.aulast=Lloyd&amp;rft.btitle=The+QI+Book+of+General+Ignorance&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-571-24139-2&amp;rft.pages=102%2C+299&amp;rft.place=Britain&amp;rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber+Limited&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-shallowsky-225\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-shallowsky_225-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Peck, Akkana. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.shallowsky.com/mars.ht
08-17 14:35:33.635 debug OkHttp ml\">\"Mars Observing FAQ\"</a>. <i>Shallow Sky</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 15,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Mars+Observing+FAQ&amp;rft.aufirst=Akkana&amp;rft.aulast=Peck&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shallowsky.com%2Fmars.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Shallow+Sky&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-zeilik02-226\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-zeilik02_226-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Zeilik, Michael (2002). <i>Astronomy: the Evolving Universe</i> (9th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a014. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-80090-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-521-80090-0\">0-521-80090-0</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Zeilik&amp;rft.btitle=Astronomy%3A+the+Evolving+Universe&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.edition=9th&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-80090-0&amp;rft.pages=14&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Laskar2003-227\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Laskar2003_227-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Jacques Laskar (August 14, 2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.imcce.fr/Equipes/ASD/mars/oppo_en.html\">\"Primer on Mars oppositions\"</a>. IMCCE, Paris Observatory<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 1,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.au=Jacques+Laskar&amp;rft.btitle=Primer+on+Mars+oppositions&amp;rft.date=2003-08-14&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imcce.fr%2FEquipes%2FASD%2Fmars%2Foppo_en.html&amp;rft.pub=IMCCE%2C+Paris+Observatory&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/SolexMars.txt\">(Solex results)</a></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nasa051103-228\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nasa051103_228-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2005/34/image/l\">\"Close Encounter: Mars at Opposition\"</a>. NASA. November 3, 2005<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 19,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Close+Encounter%3A+Mars+at+Opposition&amp;rft.date=2005-11-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhubblesite.org%2Fnewscenter%2Farchive%2Freleases%2F2005%2F34%2Fimage%2Fl&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-sheehan970202-229\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-sheehan970202_229-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-sheehan970202_229-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Sheehan, William (February 2, 1997). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/onlinebks/MARS/APPENDS.HTM\">\"Appendix 1: Oppositions of Mars, 1901\u20132035\"</a>. <i>
08-17 14:35:33.635 debug OkHttp The Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery</i>. University of Arizona Press<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Appendix+1%3A+Oppositions+of+Mars%2C+1901%932035&amp;rft.aufirst=William&amp;rft.aulast=Sheehan&amp;rft.date=1997-02-02&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uapress.arizona.edu%2Fonlinebks%2FMARS%2FAPPENDS.HTM&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Planet+Mars%3A+A+History+of+Observation+and+Discovery&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-astropro-230\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-astropro_230-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">The opposition of February 12, 1995 was followed by one on March 17, 1997. The opposition of July 13, 2065 will be followed by one on October 2, 2067. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.astropro.com/features/tables/geo/su-ma/su-180-ma/SU180MA6.html\">Astropro 3000-year Sun-Mars Opposition Tables</a></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-rao030822-231\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-rao030822_231-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Rao, Joe (August 22, 2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090520075032/http://www.space.com/spacewatch/mars_10_closest_030822.html\">\"NightSky Friday\u2014Mars and Earth: The Top 10 Close Passes Since 3000 B.C.\"</a>. <i>Space.com</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.space.com/spacewatch/mars_10_closest_030822.html\">the original</a> on May 20, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 13,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=NightSky+Friday%94Mars+and+Earth%3A+The+Top+10+Close+Passes+Since+3000+B.C.&amp;rft.aufirst=Joe&amp;rft.aulast=Rao&amp;rft.date=2003-08-22&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fspacewatch%2Fmars_10_closest_030822.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Space.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-paob85-232\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-paob85_232-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Novakovic, B. (2008). \"Senenmut: An Ancient Egyptian Astronomer\". <i>Publications of the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade</i>. <b>85</b>: 19\u201323. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv\" title=\"ArXiv\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//arxiv.org/abs/0801.1331\">0801.1331</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008POBeo..85...19N\">2008POBeo..85...19N</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Senenmut%3A+An+Ancient+Egyptian+Astronomer&amp;rft.aufirst=B.&amp;rft.aulast=Novakovic&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0801.1331&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008POBeo..85.
08-17 14:35:33.635 debug OkHttp ..19N&amp;rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Astronomical+Observatory+of+Belgrade&amp;rft.pages=19-23&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=85\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-north08-233\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-north08_233-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">North, John David (2008). <i>Cosmos: an illustrated history of astronomy and cosmology</i>. University of Chicago Press. pp.\u00a048\u201352. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-59441-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-226-59441-6\">0-226-59441-6</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=John+David&amp;rft.aulast=North&amp;rft.btitle=Cosmos%3A+an+illustrated+history+of+astronomy+and+cosmology&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-226-59441-6&amp;rft.pages=48-52&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-swerdlow98-234\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-swerdlow98_234-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Swerdlow, Noel M. (1998). \"Periodicity and Variability of Synodic Phenomenon\". <i>The Babylonian theory of the planets</i>. Princeton University Press. pp.\u00a034\u201372. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01196-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-691-01196-6\">0-691-01196-6</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Periodicity+and+Variability+of+Synodic+Phenomenon&amp;rft.aufirst=Noel+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Swerdlow&amp;rft.btitle=The+Babylonian+theory+of+the+planets&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=0-691-01196-6&amp;rft.pages=34-72&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-poor08-235\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-poor08_235-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Poor, Charles Lane (1908). <i>The solar system: a study of recent observations</i>. <i>Science series</i>. <b>17</b>. G. P. Putnam's sons. p.\u00a0193.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles+Lane&amp;rft.aulast=Poor&amp;rft.btitle=The+solar+system%3A+a+study+of+recent+observations&amp;rft.date=1908&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=193&amp;rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+sons&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-google-236\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-google_236-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Harland, David Michael (2007). \"<i><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=ScORNbV0E8wC&amp;pg=PA1\">Cassini at Saturn: Huygens results</a></i>\". p. 1. <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/038726129X\" class=\"internal mw-magiclink-isbn\">ISBN 0-387-26129-X</a></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-google7-237\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-google7_237-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Hummel, Charles E. (1986). <i><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=2b3ab2ErEtUC&amp;pg=PA38\">The Galileo connection: resolving conflicts between science &amp; the Bible</a>.</i> InterVarsi
08-17 14:35:33.635 debug OkHttp ty Press. pp. 35\u201338. <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/087784500X\" class=\"internal mw-magiclink-isbn\">ISBN 0-87784-500-X</a>.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-needham_ronan85-238\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-needham_ronan85_238-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Needham, Joseph; Ronan, Colin A. (1985). <i>The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China: An Abridgement of Joseph Needham's Original Text</i>. <i>The shorter science and civilisation in China</i>. <b>2</b> (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a0187. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-31536-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-521-31536-0\">0-521-31536-0</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.au=Needham%2C+Joseph&amp;rft.au=Ronan%2C+Colin+A.&amp;rft.btitle=The+Shorter+Science+and+Civilisation+in+China%3A+An+Abridgement+of+Joseph+Needham%27s+Original+Text&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-31536-0&amp;rft.pages=187&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-jse97-239\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-jse97_239-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Thompson, Richard (1997). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_11_2_thompson.pdf\">\"Planetary Diameters in the Surya-Siddhanta\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Journal_of_Scientific_Exploration\" title=\"Journal of Scientific Exploration\">Journal of Scientific Exploration</a></i>. <b>11</b> (2): 193\u2013200 [193\u20136]<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Planetary+Diameters+in+the+Surya-Siddhanta&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.aulast=Thompson&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificexploration.org%2Fjournal%2Fjse_11_2_thompson.pdf&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Scientific+Exploration&amp;rft.pages=193-200+193-6&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=11\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-240\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-240\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">de Groot, Jan Jakob Maria (1912). \"Fung Shui\". <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAaP7dyjCrAC&amp;pg=PA300\"><i>Religion in China \u2013 Universism: A Key to the Study of Taoism and Confucianism</i></a>. American Lectures on the History of Religions, volume 10. G. P. Putnam's Sons. p.\u00a0300. <a href=\"/wiki/OCLC\" title=\"OCLC\">OCLC</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/oclc/491180\">491180</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Fung+Shui&amp;rft.aufirst=Jan+Jakob+Maria&amp;rft.aulast=de+Groot&amp;rft.btitle=Religion+in+China+%93+Universism%3A+A+Key+to+the+Study+of+Taoism+and+Confucianism&amp;rft.date=1912&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZAaP7dyjCrAC%26pg%3DPA300&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F491180&amp;rft.pages=300&amp;rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&amp;rft.series=American+Lectures+on+the+History+of+Religions%2C+volume+10&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li
08-17 14:35:33.635 debug OkHttp id=\"cite_note-241\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-241\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Crump, Thomas (1992). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=mk3vxD3Ib_sC&amp;lpg=PT169&amp;pg=PT43\"><i>The Japanese Numbers Game: The Use and Understanding of Numbers in Modern Japan</i></a>. Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese Studies Series. Routledge. pp.\u00a039\u201340. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-05609-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-415-05609-8\">0-415-05609-8</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas&amp;rft.aulast=Crump&amp;rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Numbers+Game%3A+The+Use+and+Understanding+of+Numbers+in+Modern+Japan&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmk3vxD3Ib_sC%26lpg%3DPT169%26pg%3DPT43&amp;rft.isbn=0-415-05609-8&amp;rft.pages=39-40&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.series=Nissan+Institute%2FRoutledge+Japanese+Studies+Series&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-242\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-242\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Hulbert, Homer Bezaleel (1909) [1906]. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=fxwpAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA426\"><i>The Passing of Korea</i></a>. Doubleday, Page &amp; Company. p.\u00a0426. <a href=\"/wiki/OCLC\" title=\"OCLC\">OCLC</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/oclc/26986808\">26986808</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=Homer+Bezaleel&amp;rft.aulast=Hulbert&amp;rft.btitle=The+Passing+of+Korea&amp;rft.date=1909&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfxwpAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA426&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26986808&amp;rft.pages=426&amp;rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Page+%26+Company&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-taton03-243\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-taton03_243-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Taton, Reni (2003). Reni Taton, Curtis Wilson and Michael Hoskin, eds. <i>Planetary Astronomy from the Renaissance to the Rise of Astrophysics, Part A, Tycho Brahe to Newton</i>. Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a0109. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54205-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-521-54205-7\">0-521-54205-7</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=Reni&amp;rft.aulast=Taton&amp;rft.btitle=Planetary+Astronomy+from+the+Renaissance+to+the+Rise+of+Astrophysics%2C+Part+A%2C+Tycho+Brahe+to+Newton&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-54205-7&amp;rft.pages=109&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> <span class=\"citation-comment\" style=\"display:none; color:#33aa33\">CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (<a href=\"/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Uses_editors_parameter\" title=\"Category:CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter\">link</a>)</span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-hirschfeld01-244\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-hirschfeld01_244-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Hirshfeld, Alan
08-17 14:35:33.635 debug OkHttp (2001). <i>Parallax: the race to measure the cosmos</i>. Macmillan. pp.\u00a060\u201361. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-3711-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-7167-3711-6\">0-7167-3711-6</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;rft.aulast=Hirshfeld&amp;rft.btitle=Parallax%3A+the+race+to+measure+the+cosmos&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-7167-3711-6&amp;rft.pages=60-61&amp;rft.pub=Macmillan&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-sat57-245\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-sat57_245-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Breyer, Stephen (1979). \"Mutual Occultation of Planets\". <i>Sky and Telescope</i>. <b>57</b> (3): 220. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979S&amp;T....57..220A\">1979S&amp;T....57..220A</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Mutual+Occultation+of+Planets&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen&amp;rft.aulast=Breyer&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979S%26T....57..220A&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Sky+and+Telescope&amp;rft.pages=220&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=57\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-jha15-246\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-jha15_246-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Peters, W. T. (1984). \"The Appearance of Venus and Mars in 1610\". <i>Journal of the History of Astronomy</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 211\u2013214. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984JHA....15..211P\">1984JHA....15..211P</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=The+Appearance+of+Venus+and+Mars+in+1610&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+T.&amp;rft.aulast=Peters&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984JHA....15..211P&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Astronomy&amp;rft.pages=211-214&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=15\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-arizona-247\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-arizona_247-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Sheehan, William (1996). \"2: Pioneers\". <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/onlinebks/mars/chap02.htm\"><i>The Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery</i></a>. <i>uapress.arizona.edu</i>. Tucson: University of Arizona<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 16,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=2%3A+Pioneers&amp;rft.aufirst=William&amp;rft.aulast=Sheehan&amp;rft.btitle=The+Planet+Mars%3A+A+History+of+Observation+and+Discovery&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uapress.arizona.edu%2Fonlinebks%2Fmars%2Fchap02.htm&amp;rft.place=Tucson&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Arizona&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-snyder01-248\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-snyder01_248-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"refere
08-17 14:35:33.635 debug OkHttp nce-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Snyder, Dave (May 2001). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.umich.edu/~lowbrows/reflections/2001/dsnyder.7.html\">\"An Observational History of Mars\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 26,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=Dave&amp;rft.aulast=Snyder&amp;rft.btitle=An+Observational+History+of+Mars&amp;rft.date=2001-05&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umich.edu%2F~lowbrows%2Freflections%2F2001%2Fdsnyder.7.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-sagan80-249\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-sagan80_249-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-sagan80_249-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Sagan, Carl (1980). <i>Cosmos</i>. New York City: Random House. p.\u00a0107. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-50294-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-394-50294-9\">0-394-50294-9</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=Carl&amp;rft.aulast=Sagan&amp;rft.btitle=Cosmos&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-394-50294-9&amp;rft.pages=107&amp;rft.place=New+York+City&amp;rft.pub=Random+House&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-basalla06-250\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-basalla06_250-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Basalla, George (2006). \"Percival Lowell: Champion of Canals\". <i>Civilized Life in the Universe: Scientists on Intelligent Extraterrestrials</i>. Oxford University Press US. pp.\u00a067\u201388. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517181-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-19-517181-0\">0-19-517181-0</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Percival+Lowell%3A+Champion+of+Canals&amp;rft.aufirst=George&amp;rft.aulast=Basalla&amp;rft.btitle=Civilized+Life+in+the+Universe%3A+Scientists+on+Intelligent+Extraterrestrials&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-517181-0&amp;rft.pages=67-88&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NYT-20151001-251\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NYT-20151001_251-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Dunlap, David W. (October 1, 2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/30/insider/life-on-mars-you-read-it-here-first.html\">\"Life on Mars? You Read It Here First.\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/New_York_Times\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"New York Times\">New York Times</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Life+on+Mars%3F+You+Read+It+Here+First.&amp;rft.aufirst=David+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Dunlap&amp;rft.date=2015-10-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F09%2F30%2Finsider%2Flife-on-mars-you-read-it-here-first.html&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\
08-17 14:35:33.635 debug OkHttp "display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-maria_lane05-252\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-maria_lane05_252-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Maria, K.; Lane, D. (2005). \"Geographers of Mars\". <i>Isis</i>. <b>96</b> (4): 477\u2013506. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F498590\">10.1086/498590</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16536152\">16536152</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Geographers+of+Mars&amp;rft.au=Lane%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Maria%2C+K.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F498590&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16536152&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Isis&amp;rft.pages=477-506&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=96\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ba3-253\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ba3_253-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Perrotin, M. (1886). \"Observations des canaux de Mars\". <i>Bulletin Astronomique, Serie I</i> (in French). <b>3</b>: 324\u2013329. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1886BuAsI...3..324P\">1886BuAsI...3..324P</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Observations+des+canaux+de+Mars&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.aulast=Perrotin&amp;rft.date=1886&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1886BuAsI...3..324P&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+Astronomique%2C+Serie+I&amp;rft.pages=324-329&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=3\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-zahnle01-254\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-zahnle01_254-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Zahnle, K. (2001). \"Decline and fall of the Martian empire\". <i>Nature</i>. <b>412</b> (6843): 209\u2013213. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35084148\">10.1038/35084148</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11449281\">11449281</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Decline+and+fall+of+the+Martian+empire&amp;rft.aufirst=K.&amp;rft.aulast=Zahnle&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35084148&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11449281&amp;rft.issue=6843&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=209-213&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=412\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-science136_3510-255\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-science136_3510_255-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Salisbury, F. B. (1962). \"Martian Biology\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Science_(journal)\" title=\"Science (journal)\">Science</a></i>. <b>136</b> (3510): 17\u201326. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962Sci...136...17S\">1962Sci...136...17S</a>. <a href=\"/wik
08-17 14:35:33.635 debug OkHttp i/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.136.3510.17\">10.1126/science.136.3510.17</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/JSTOR\" title=\"JSTOR\">JSTOR</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/1708777\">1708777</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17779780\">17779780</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Martian+Biology&amp;rft.aufirst=F.+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Salisbury&amp;rft.date=1962&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1708777&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1962Sci...136...17S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.136.3510.17&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17779780&amp;rft.issue=3510&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=17-26&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=136\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ward_brownlee00-256\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ward_brownlee00_256-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Ward, Peter Douglas; Brownlee, Donald (2000). <i>Rare earth: why complex life is uncommon in the universe</i>. <i>Copernicus Series</i> (2nd ed.). Springer. p.\u00a0253. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-95289-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-387-95289-6\">0-387-95289-6</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.au=Brownlee%2C+Donald&amp;rft.au=Ward%2C+Peter+Douglas&amp;rft.btitle=Rare+earth%3A+why+complex+life+is+uncommon+in+the+universe&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-387-95289-6&amp;rft.pages=253&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Distant_worlds:_milestones_in_planetary_exploration-257\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Distant_worlds:_milestones_in_planetary_exploration_257-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Bond, Peter (2007). <i>Distant worlds: milestones in planetary exploration</i>. <i>Copernicus Series</i>. Springer. p.\u00a0119. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-40212-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-387-40212-8\">0-387-40212-8</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.aulast=Bond&amp;rft.btitle=Distant+worlds%3A+milestones+in+planetary+exploration&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-387-40212-8&amp;rft.pages=119&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-258\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-258\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/new-online-tools-bring-nasa-s-journey-to-mars-to-new-generation-of-explorers\">\"New Online Tools Bring NASA's Journey to Mars to a New Generation\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.btitle=New+Online+Tools+Bring+NASA%99s+Journey+to+Mars+to+a+New+Generation&amp;rft.genre=
08-17 14:35:33.640 debug OkHttp unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpress-release%2Fnew-online-tools-bring-nasa-s-journey-to-mars-to-new-generation-of-explorers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-dinerman04-259\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-dinerman04_259-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Dinerman, Taylor (September 27, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.thespacereview.com/article/232/1\">\"Is the Great Galactic Ghoul losing his appetite?\"</a>. <i>The space review</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 27,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Is+the+Great+Galactic+Ghoul+losing+his+appetite%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=Taylor&amp;rft.aulast=Dinerman&amp;rft.date=2004-09-27&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespacereview.com%2Farticle%2F232%2F1&amp;rft.jtitle=The+space+review&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-prion-260\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-prion_260-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://prion.bchs.uh.edu/Mars/Percival_Lowell.htm\">\"Percivel Lowell's Canals\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 1,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.btitle=Percivel+Lowell%27s+Canals&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprion.bchs.uh.edu%2FMars%2FPercival_Lowell.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-fergus04-261\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-fergus04_261-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Fergus, Charles (2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.rps.psu.edu/0305/mars.html\">\"Mars Fever\"</a>. <i>Research/Penn State</i>. <b>24</b> (2)<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 2,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Mars+Fever&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft.aulast=Fergus&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rps.psu.edu%2F0305%2Fmars.html&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Research%2FPenn+State&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=24\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-tesla01-262\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-tesla01_262-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Tesla, Nikola (February 19, 1901). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://earlyradiohistory.us/1901talk.htm\">\"Talking with the Planets\"</a>. Collier's Weekly<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 4,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=Nikola&amp;rft.aulast=Tesla&amp;rft.btitle=Talking+with+the+Planets&amp;rft.date=1901-02-19&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearlyradiohistory.us%2F1901talk.htm&amp;rft.pub=Collier%27s+Weekly&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cheney81-263\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-cheney81_263-0\">^</a></b></span> <span
08-17 14:35:33.640 debug OkHttp class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Cheney, Margaret (1981). <i>Tesla, man out of time</i>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. p.\u00a0162. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-906859-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-13-906859-1\">978-0-13-906859-1</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/OCLC\" title=\"OCLC\">OCLC</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/oclc/7672251\">7672251</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=Margaret&amp;rft.aulast=Cheney&amp;rft.btitle=Tesla%2C+man+out+of+time&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7672251&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-13-906859-1&amp;rft.pages=162&amp;rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&amp;rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nyt020511-264\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nyt020511_264-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">\"Departure of Lord Kelvin\". <i>The New York Times</i>. May 11, 1902. p.\u00a029.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=Departure+of+Lord+Kelvin&amp;rft.date=1902-05-11&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.pages=29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nyt2-265\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-nyt2_265-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-nyt2_265-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Pickering, Edward Charles (January 16, 1901). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20070605105717/http://nbgoku23.googlepages.com/marslight.pdf\">\"The Light Flash From Mars\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. The New York Times. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10D15FE3F5E137A8EDDAF0994D9405B818CF1D3\">the original</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span> on June 5, 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.atitle=The+Light+Flash+From+Mars&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward+Charles&amp;rft.aulast=Pickering&amp;rft.date=1901-01-16&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF10D15FE3F5E137A8EDDAF0994D9405B818CF1D3&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-fradin99-266\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-fradin99_266-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Fradin, Dennis Brindell (1999). <i>Is There Life on Mars?</i>. McElderry Books. p.\u00a062. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-689-82048-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-689-82048-8\">0-689-82048-8</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=Dennis+Brindell&amp;rft.aulast=Fradin&amp;rft.btitle=Is+There+Life+on+Mars%3F&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-689-82048-8&amp;rft.pages=62&amp;rft.pub=McElderry+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_no
08-17 14:35:33.640 debug OkHttp te-lightman97-267\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-lightman97_267-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Lightman, Bernard V. (1997). <i>Victorian Science in Context</i>. University of Chicago Press. pp.\u00a0268\u2013273. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-48111-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-226-48111-5\">0-226-48111-5</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=Bernard+V.&amp;rft.aulast=Lightman&amp;rft.btitle=Victorian+Science+in+Context&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-226-48111-5&amp;rft.pages=268-273&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-sanford09-268\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-sanford09_268-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Schwartz, Sanford (2009). <i>C. S. Lewis on the Final Frontier: Science and the Supernatural in the Space Trilogy</i>. Oxford University Press US. pp.\u00a019\u201320. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-537472-X\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-19-537472-X\">0-19-537472-X</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=Sanford&amp;rft.aulast=Schwartz&amp;rft.btitle=C.+S.+Lewis+on+the+Final+Frontier%3A+Science+and+the+Supernatural+in+the+Space+Trilogy&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-537472-X&amp;rft.pages=19-20&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-buker02-269\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-buker02_269-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Buker, Derek M. (2002). <i>The science fiction and fantasy readers' advisory: the librarian's guide to cyborgs, aliens, and sorcerers</i>. ALA readers' advisory series. ALA Editions. p.\u00a026. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8389-0831-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-8389-0831-4\">0-8389-0831-4</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=Derek+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Buker&amp;rft.btitle=The+science+fiction+and+fantasy+readers%27+advisory%3A+the+librarian%27s+guide+to+cyborgs%2C+aliens%2C+and+sorcerers&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8389-0831-4&amp;rft.pages=26&amp;rft.pub=ALA+Editions&amp;rft.series=ALA+readers%27+advisory+series&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-jonathan_swift-270\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-jonathan_swift_270-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Darling, David. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/Swift.html\">\"Swift, Jonathan and the moons of Mars\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 1,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Darling&amp;rft.btitle=Swift%2C+Jonathan+and+the+moons+of+Mars&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daviddarling.info%2Fencyclopedia%2FS%2FSwift.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook
08-17 14:35:33.640 debug OkHttp \" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-rabkin05-271\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-rabkin05_271-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Rabkin, Eric S. (2005). <i>Mars: a tour of the human imagination</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.\u00a0141\u2013142. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-98719-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-275-98719-1\">0-275-98719-1</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Rabkin&amp;rft.btitle=Mars%3A+a+tour+of+the+human+imagination&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-275-98719-1&amp;rft.pages=141-142&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-miles_peters-272\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-miles_peters_272-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Miles, Kathy; Peters II, Charles F. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://starryskies.com/Artshtml/dln/5-98/mars.html\">\"Unmasking the Face\"</a>. StarrySkies.com<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 1,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars&amp;rft.au=Miles%2C+Kathy&amp;rft.au=Peters+II%2C+Charles+F.&amp;rft.btitle=Unmasking+the+Face&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstarryskies.com%2FArtshtml%2Fdln%2F5-98%2Fmars.html&amp;rft.pub=StarrySkies.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n</ol></div>","references":""},{"toclevel":1,"line":"External links","anchor":"External_links","id":36,"text":"<table class=\"metadata plainlinks mbox-small\" style=\"padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.5em 0.75em;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#f9f9f9;\"><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"padding-bottom:0.75em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;\">\n<div style=\"clear:both;\">Find more about<br><b>Mars</b><br>\nat Wikipedia's <a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects\" title=\"Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects\">sister projects</a></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td style=\"padding-top:0.75em;\"><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mars\" title=\"Search Wiktionary\"><img alt=\"Search Wiktionary\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/25px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"391\" data-file-height=\"391\"></a></td>\n<td style=\"padding-top:0.75em;\"><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mars\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikt:Special:Search/Mars\">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mars\" title=\"Search Commons\"><img alt=\"Search Commons\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png\" width=\"18\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1024\" data-file-height=\"1376\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mars\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"c:Special
08-17 14:35:33.640 debug OkHttp :Search/Mars\">Media</a> from Commons</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mars\" title=\"Search Wikinews\"><img alt=\"Search Wikinews\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"759\" data-file-height=\"415\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mars\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"n:Special:Search/Mars\">News</a> from Wikinews</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mars\" title=\"Search Wikiquote\"><img alt=\"Search Wikiquote\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png\" width=\"21\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"355\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mars\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"q:Special:Search/Mars\">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mars\" title=\"Search Wikisource\"><img alt=\"Search Wikisource\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png\" width=\"24\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"410\" data-file-height=\"430\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mars\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"s:Special:Search/Mars\">Texts</a> from Wikisource</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mars\" title=\"Search Wikibooks\"><img alt=\"Search Wikibooks\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"300\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mars\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"b:Special:Search/Mars\">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mars\" title=\"Search Wikiversity\"><img alt=\"Search Wikiversity\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"23\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/38px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1000\" data-file-height=\"900\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mars\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"v:Special:Search/Mars\">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</td>\n</tr></table><ul><li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.dmoz.org/Science/Astronomy/Solar_System/Planets/Mars/\">Mars</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/DMOZ\" title=\"DMOZ\">DMOZ</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Mars Exploration Program</a> at NASA.gov</li>\
08-17 14:35:33.640 debug OkHttp n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4212/on-mars.html\"><i>On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet 1958\u20131978</i> (1984)</a> by the NASA History Office</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.google.com/mars/\">Google Mars</a> and <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/space/mars/\">Google Mars 3D</a>, interactive maps of the planet</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.geody.com/?world=mars\">Geody Mars</a>, mapping site that supports <a href=\"/wiki/NASA_World_Wind\" title=\"NASA World Wind\">NASA World Wind</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Celestia\" title=\"Celestia\">Celestia</a>, and other applications</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.marssociety.org/\">Mars Society</a>, an international organization dedicated to the study, exploration, and settlement of Mars</li>\n</ul><p><b>Images</b></p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/targetFamily/Mars\">Mars images</a> by NASA's Planetary Photojournal</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/\">Mars images</a> by NASA's Mars Exploration Program</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.msss.com/science-images/\">Mars images</a> by Malin Space Science Systems</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/\">HiRISE image catalog</a> by the University of Arizona</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://dualmoments.com/marsrovers/index.html\">Anaglyphs from the Mars Rovers</a> by Dual Moments</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.wired.com/2013/03/4-billion-pixel-mars-panorama/\">4 billion pixel panoramic view of Gale Crater</a> at Wired.com (March 2013)</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.panoramas.dk/mars/\">Panoramic views of Mars</a> (<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.360pano.eu/show/?id=733\"><i>Curiosity</i> image 1</a> and <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.360pano.eu/show/?id=731\">image 2</a>)</li>\n</ul><p><b>Videos</b></p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://sos.noaa.gov/Datasets/dataset.php?id=224\">Rotating color globe of Mars</a> by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://gallery.usgs.gov/videos/822\">Rotating geological globe of Mars</a> by the United States Geological Survey</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jr1Xu2i-Uc0\"><span class=\"plainlinks\">NASA's <i>Curiosity</i> Finds Ancient Streambed \u2013 First Evidence of Water on Mars</span></a> on <a href=\"/wiki/YouTube\" title=\"YouTube\">YouTube</a> by The Science Channel (2012, 4:31)</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://themis.mars.asu.edu/node/5470\">Flight Into Mariner Valley</a> by Arizona State University</li>\n</ul><p><b>Cartographic resources</b></p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MARS/target\">Mars nomenclature</a> and <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/mars1to5mTHEMIS\">quadrangle maps with feature names</a> by the United States Geological Survey</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3292/\">Geological map of Mars</a> by the United States Geological Survey</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://planetologia.elte.hu/terkep/mars-viking-en.pdf\">Viking orbiter photomap</a> by E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://planetologia.elte.hu
08-17 14:35:33.640 debug OkHttp /terkep/mars-mola-en.pdf\">Mars Global Surveyor topographical map</a> by E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University</li>\n</ul>"}]}}
08-17 14:35:33.640 debug OkHttp <-- END HTTP (516129-byte body)
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08-17 14:35:40.890 debug OkHttp {"mobileview":{"ns":0,"lastmodified":"2016-08-17T08:06:33Z","revision":734879797,"languagecount":187,"displaytitle":"Jupiter","id":38930,"description":"fifth planet from the sun and largest planet in the solar system","image":{"file":"Jupiter and its shrunken Great Red Spot.jpg","width":940,"height":940},"thumb":{"url":"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Jupiter_and_its_shrunken_Great_Red_Spot.jpg/640px-Jupiter_and_its_shrunken_Great_Red_Spot.jpg","width":640,"height":640},"sections":[{"id":0,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">This article is about the planet. For the Roman god, see <a href=\"/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)\" title=\"Jupiter (mythology)\">Jupiter (mythology)</a>. For other uses, see <a href=\"/wiki/Jupiter_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-disambig\" title=\"Jupiter (disambiguation)\">Jupiter (disambiguation)</a>.</div>\n<table class=\"infobox\" style=\"width:22em\"><caption class=\"fn org\">Jupiter <a href=\"/wiki/File:Jupiter_symbol.svg\" class=\"image\" title=\"Astronomical symbol of Jupiter\"><img alt=\"Astronomical symbol of Jupiter\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jupiter_symbol.svg/25px-Jupiter_symbol.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jupiter_symbol.svg/38px-Jupiter_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jupiter_symbol.svg/50px-Jupiter_symbol.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"50\" data-file-height=\"50\"></a></caption>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Jupiter_and_its_shrunken_Great_Red_Spot.jpg\" class=\"image\" title=\"An image of Jupiter taken by the Hubble Space Telescope\"><img alt=\"An image of Jupiter taken by the Hubble Space Telescope\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Jupiter_and_its_shrunken_Great_Red_Spot.jpg/260px-Jupiter_and_its_shrunken_Great_Red_Spot.jpg\" width=\"260\" height=\"260\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Jupiter_and_its_shrunken_Great_Red_Spot.jpg/390px-Jupiter_and_its_shrunken_Great_Red_Spot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Jupiter_and_its_shrunken_Great_Red_Spot.jpg/520px-Jupiter_and_its_shrunken_Great_Red_Spot.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"940\" data-file-height=\"940\"></a>\n<div>Full-disc view of Jupiter in natural color in April 2014<sup id=\"cite_ref-caption_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-caption-1\">[a]</a></sup></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">Designations</th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">Pronunciation</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"noexcerpt\"><a href=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/En-us-Jupiter.ogg\" title=\"Listen\"><img alt=\"Listen\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/11px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png\" width=\"11\" height=\"11\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/17px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/22px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"11\" data-file-height=\"11\"></a><sup><span class=\"IPA\" style=\"color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;padding:0 .1em\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:En-us-Jupiter.ogg\" title=\"File:En-us-Jupiter.ogg\">i</a></span></sup></span><span class=\"IPA nopopups\"><a href=\"/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English\" title=\"Help:IPA for English\">/<span style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted\"><span title=\"/ˈ/ primary stress follows\">ˈ</span><span title=\"/dʒ/ 'j' in 'jam'\">dʒ</span><span title=\"/uː/ long 'oo' in 'food'\">uː</span><span title=\"'p' in 'pie'\">p</span><span title=\"/ɪ/ or /ə/ 'e' in 'roses'\">ᵻ</span><span title=\"'t' in 'tie'\">t</span><span title=\"/ər/ 'er' in 'finger'\">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-2\">[1]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\
08-17 14:35:40.890 debug OkHttp " style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_adjectivals_and_demonyms_of_astronomical_bodies\" title=\"List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies\">Adjectives</a></th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Jovian_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-redirect mw-disambig\" title=\"Jovian (disambiguation)\">Jovian</a></td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/Osculating_orbit\" title=\"Osculating orbit\">Orbital characteristics</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-VSOP87_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-VSOP87-6\">[5]</a></sup></th>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)\" title=\"Epoch (astronomy)\">Epoch</a> <a href=\"/wiki/J2000\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"J2000\">J2000</a></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Aphelion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Aphelion\">Aphelion</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7011816044416838844♠</span>5.454<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">92</span> <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_unit\" title=\"Astronomical unit\">AU</a></span> (<span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7011816040000000000♠</span>816.04 <a href=\"/wiki/Gigametre\" title=\"Gigametre\">Gm</a></span>)</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Perihelion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Perihelion\">Perihelion</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7011740552843347502♠</span>4.950<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">29</span> AU</span> (<span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7011740550000000000♠</span>740.55 Gm</span>)</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Semi-major_axis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Semi-major axis\">Semi-major axis</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7011778297882103820♠</span>5.202<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">60</span> AU</span> (<span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7011778299000000000♠</span>778.299 Gm</span>)</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity\" title=\"Orbital eccentricity\">Eccentricity</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6998484980000000000♠</span>0.048<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">498</span></span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_period\" title=\"Orbital period\">Orbital period</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7001118618000000000♠</span>11.8618 <a href=\"/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)\" title=\"Julian year (astronomy)\">yr</a></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7008374335776000000♠</span>4,332.59 d</span></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7004104758000000000♠</span>10,475.8</span></span> Jovian <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_day\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Solar day\">solar days</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-planet_years_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-planet_years-3\">[2]</a></sup></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_period\" title=\"Orbital period\">Synodic period</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7007344632320000000♠</span>398.88 d</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[3]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<di
08-17 14:35:40.890 debug OkHttp v style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Average <a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_speed\" title=\"Orbital speed\">orbital speed</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>13.07 km/s<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[3]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Mean_anomaly\" title=\"Mean anomaly\">Mean anomaly</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>20.020°</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_inclination\" title=\"Orbital inclination\">Inclination</a></th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li>1.303° to <a href=\"/wiki/Ecliptic\" title=\"Ecliptic\">ecliptic</a></li>\n<li>6.09° to <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/Equator\" title=\"Equator\">equator</a></li>\n<li>0.32° to <a href=\"/wiki/Invariable_plane\" title=\"Invariable plane\">invariable plane</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-meanplane_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-meanplane-5\">[4]</a></sup></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Longitude_of_the_ascending_node\" title=\"Longitude of the ascending node\">Longitude of ascending node</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>100.464°</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis\" title=\"Argument of periapsis\">Argument of perihelion</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>273.867°</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">Known <a href=\"/wiki/Natural_satellite\" title=\"Natural satellite\">satellites</a></th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter\" title=\"Moons of Jupiter\">67</a> (as of 2014<sup class=\"plainlinks noprint asof-tag update\" style=\"display:none;\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jupiter&amp;action=edit\">[update]</a></sup>)</td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">Physical characteristics</th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Mean radius</div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7007699110000000000♠</span>69,911<span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">±</span>6 km</span></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007-7\">[6]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-1bar_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1bar-8\">[b]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Equator\" title=\"Equator\">Equatorial</a> radius</div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7007714920000000000♠</span>71,492<span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">±</span>4 km</span></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_7-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007-7\">[6]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-1bar_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1bar-8\">[b]</a></sup></li>\n<li>11.209 <a href=\"/wiki/Earth\" title=\"Earth\">Earths</a></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Geographical_pole\" title=\"Geographical pole\">Polar</a> radius</div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7007668540000000000♠</span>66,854<span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">±</span>10 km</span></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_7-2\" class=\
08-17 14:35:40.890 debug OkHttp "reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007-7\">[6]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-1bar_8-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1bar-8\">[b]</a></sup></li>\n<li>10.517 Earths</li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Flattening\" title=\"Flattening\">Flattening</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6998648700000000000♠</span>0.064<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">87</span><span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">±</span>0.000<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">15</span></span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Spheroid#Surface_area\" title=\"Spheroid\">Surface area</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7016614190000000000♠</span>6.1419<span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">×</span>10<sup>10</sup> km<sup>2</sup></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-1bar_8-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1bar-8\">[b]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-nasafact_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nasafact-9\">[7]</a></sup></li>\n<li>121.9 Earths</li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Volume\" title=\"Volume\">Volume</a></th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7024143130000000000♠</span>1.4313<span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">×</span>10<sup>15</sup> km<sup>3</sup></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[3]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-1bar_8-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1bar-8\">[b]</a></sup></li>\n<li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7003132100000000000♠</span>1,321 Earths</span></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Mass\" title=\"Mass\">Mass</a></th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7027189860000000000♠</span>1.8986<span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">×</span>10<sup>27</sup> kg</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[3]</a></sup></li>\n<li>317.8 Earths</li>\n<li>1/1047 Sun<sup id=\"cite_ref-ssd-constants_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ssd-constants-10\">[8]</a></sup></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Mean <a href=\"/wiki/Density\" title=\"Density\">density</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7003132600000000000♠</span>1.326 g/cm<sup>3</sup></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[3]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-1bar_8-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1bar-8\">[b]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Surface_gravity\" title=\"Surface gravity\">Surface gravity</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7001247900000000000♠</span>24.79 <a href=\"/wiki/Metre_per_second_squared\" title=\"Metre per second squared\">m/s<sup>2</sup></a></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[3]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-1bar_8-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1bar-8\">[b]</a></sup><br>\n2.528 <a href=\"/wiki/G-force\" title=\"G-force\">g</a></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Moment_of_inertia_factor\" title=\"Moment of inertia factor\">Moment of inerti
08-17 14:35:40.890 debug OkHttp a factor</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6999254000000000000♠</span>0.254</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-PS15_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PS15-11\">[9]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Escape_velocity\" title=\"Escape velocity\">Escape velocity</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>59.5 km/s<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[3]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-1bar_8-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1bar-8\">[b]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Sidereal <a href=\"/wiki/Rotation_period\" title=\"Rotation period\">rotation period</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>9.925 h<sup id=\"cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-12\">[10]</a></sup> (9 h 55 m 30 s)</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Equatorial rotation velocity</div>\n</th>\n<td>12.6 km/s<br><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7004125833333333333♠</span>45<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">300</span> km/h</span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Axial_tilt\" title=\"Axial tilt\">Axial tilt</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>3.13° (to orbit)<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[3]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">North pole <span class=\"nowrap\"><a href=\"/wiki/Right_ascension\" title=\"Right ascension\">right ascension</a></span></div>\n</th>\n<td>268.057°<br>\n17<sup>h</sup> 52<sup>m</sup> 14<sup>s</sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_7-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007-7\">[6]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">North pole <a href=\"/wiki/Declination\" title=\"Declination\">declination</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>64.496°<sup id=\"cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_7-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007-7\">[6]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Albedo\" title=\"Albedo\">Albedo</a></th>\n<td>0.343 (<a href=\"/wiki/Bond_albedo\" title=\"Bond albedo\">Bond</a>)<br>\n0.52 (<a href=\"/wiki/Geometric_albedo\" title=\"Geometric albedo\">geom.</a>)<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[3]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; border:none; background-color:#f9f9f9; margin:0; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em; white-space:nowrap\"><tr><th style=\"width:33%; padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">Surface <a href=\"/wiki/Temperature\" title=\"Temperature\">temp.</a></th>\n<th style=\"padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">min</th>\n<th style=\"padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">mean</th>\n<th style=\"padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">max</th>\n</tr><tr><th style=\"padding-left:1.0em\">1 bar level</th>\n<td></td>\n<td>165 <a href=\"/wiki/Kelvin\" title=\"Kelvin\">K</a> (−108 °C)<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[3]</a></sup></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr><tr><th style=\"padding-left:1.0em\">0.1 bar</th>\n<td></td>\n<td>112 K<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[3]</a></sup></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr></table></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Apparent_magnitude\" title=\"Apparent magnitude\">
08-17 14:35:40.890 debug OkHttp Apparent magnitude</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">2999840000000000000♠</span>−1.6</span> to <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">2999706000000000000♠</span>−2.94</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[3]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Angular_diameter\" title=\"Angular diameter\">Angular diameter</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>29.8″ to 50.1″<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[3]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">Atmosphere<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[3]</a></sup></th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Surface <a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure\" title=\"Atmospheric pressure\">pressure</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>20–200 <a href=\"/wiki/Pascal_(unit)\" title=\"Pascal (unit)\">kPa</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-13\">[11]</a></sup> (cloud layer)</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Scale_height\" title=\"Scale height\">Scale height</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>27 km</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry#Atmospheric_composition\" title=\"Atmospheric chemistry\">Composition by volume</a></th>\n<td>\n<p>by volume:<br></p>\n<table><tr style=\"vertical-align:top\"><td>89.8±2.0%</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen\" title=\"Hydrogen\">hydrogen</a> (H<sub>2</sub>)</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"vertical-align:top\"><td>10.2±2.0%</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Helium\" title=\"Helium\">helium</a> (He)</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"vertical-align:top\"><td>≈ 0.3%</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Methane\" title=\"Methane\">methane</a> (CH<sub>4</sub>)</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"vertical-align:top\"><td>≈ 0.026%</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Ammonia\" title=\"Ammonia\">ammonia</a> (NH<sub>3</sub>)</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"vertical-align:top\"><td>≈ 0.003%</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride\" title=\"Hydrogen deuteride\">hydrogen deuteride</a> (HD)</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"vertical-align:top\"><td>0.0006%</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Ethane\" title=\"Ethane\">ethane</a> (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>)</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"vertical-align:top\"><td>0.0004%</td>\n<td>water (H<sub>2</sub>O)</td>\n</tr></table><p><b>Ices</b>:</p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Ammonia\" title=\"Ammonia\">ammonia</a> (NH<sub>3</sub>)</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Water_(molecule)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Water (molecule)\">water</a> (H<sub>2</sub>O)</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ammonium_hydrosulfide\" title=\"Ammonium hydrosulfide\">ammonium hydrosulfide</a> (NH<sub>4</sub>SH)</li>\n</ul></td>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\"></div>\n</td>\n</tr></table><p><b>Jupiter</b> is the fifth <a href=\"/wiki/Planet\" title=\"Planet\">planet</a> from the <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size\" title=\"List of Solar System objects by size\">largest</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_System\" title=\"Solar System\">Solar System</a>. It is a <a href=\"/wiki/Giant_planet\" title=\"Giant planet\">giant planet</a> with a <a href=\"/wiki/Mass\" title=\"Mass\">mass</a> one-thousandth that of the Sun, but two and a half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined. Jupiter is a <a href=\"/wiki/Gas_giant\" title=\"Gas giant\">gas giant</a>, along with <a href=\"/wiki/Saturn\" title=\"Saturn\">Saturn</a>, with the other two <a href=\"/wiki/Giant_planet\" title=\"Giant planet\">giant planets</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Uranus\" title=\"Uranus\">Uranus</a>
08-17 14:35:40.890 debug OkHttp and <a href=\"/wiki/Neptune\" title=\"Neptune\">Neptune</a>, being <a href=\"/wiki/Ice_giant\" title=\"Ice giant\">ice giants</a>. Jupiter was known to <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomer\" title=\"Astronomer\">astronomers</a> of ancient times.<sup id=\"cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\">[12]</a></sup> The <a href=\"/wiki/Ancient_Rome\" title=\"Ancient Rome\">Romans</a> named it after <a href=\"/wiki/Roman_mythology\" title=\"Roman mythology\">their god</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)\" title=\"Jupiter (mythology)\">Jupiter</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\">[13]</a></sup> When viewed from <a href=\"/wiki/Earth\" title=\"Earth\">Earth</a>, Jupiter can reach an <a href=\"/wiki/Apparent_magnitude\" title=\"Apparent magnitude\">apparent magnitude</a> of −2.94, bright enough for its reflected light to cast shadows,<sup id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\">[14]</a></sup> and making it on average the third-brightest object in the <a href=\"/wiki/Night_sky\" title=\"Night sky\">night sky</a> after the <a href=\"/wiki/Moon\" title=\"Moon\">Moon</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Venus\" title=\"Venus\">Venus</a>.</p>\n<p>Jupiter is primarily composed of <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen\" title=\"Hydrogen\">hydrogen</a> with a quarter of its mass being <a href=\"/wiki/Helium\" title=\"Helium\">helium</a>, though helium comprises only about a tenth of the number of molecules. It may also have a rocky core of heavier elements,<sup id=\"cite_ref-coreuncertainty_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-coreuncertainty-17\">[15]</a></sup> but like the other giant planets, Jupiter lacks a well-defined solid surface. Because of its rapid rotation, the planet's shape is that of an <a href=\"/wiki/Oblate_spheroid\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Oblate spheroid\">oblate spheroid</a> (it has a slight but noticeable bulge around the equator). The outer atmosphere is visibly segregated into several bands at different latitudes, resulting in turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries. A prominent result is the <a href=\"/wiki/Great_Red_Spot\" title=\"Great Red Spot\">Great Red Spot</a>, a giant storm that is known to have existed since at least the 17th century when it was first seen by <a href=\"/wiki/Telescope\" title=\"Telescope\">telescope</a>. Surrounding Jupiter is a faint <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_ring\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Planetary ring\">planetary ring</a> system and a powerful <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetosphere\" title=\"Magnetosphere\">magnetosphere</a>. Jupiter has at least <a href=\"/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter\" title=\"Moons of Jupiter\">67 moons</a>, including the four large <a href=\"/wiki/Galilean_moons\" title=\"Galilean moons\">Galilean moons</a> discovered by <a href=\"/wiki/Galileo_Galilei\" title=\"Galileo Galilei\">Galileo Galilei</a> in 1610. <a href=\"/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)\" title=\"Ganymede (moon)\">Ganymede</a>, the largest of these, has a diameter greater than that of the planet <a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(planet)\" title=\"Mercury (planet)\">Mercury</a>.</p>\n<p>Jupiter has been explored on several occasions by <a href=\"/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft\" title=\"Robotic spacecraft\">robotic spacecraft</a>, most notably during the early <i><a href=\"/wiki/Pioneer_program\" title=\"Pioneer program\">Pioneer</a></i> and <i><a href=\"/wiki/Voyager_program\" title=\"Voyager program\">Voyager</a></i> <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_flyby\" title=\"Planetary flyby\">flyby</a> missions and later by the <a href=\"/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)\" title=\"Galileo (spacecraft)\"><i>Galileo</i> orbiter</a>. In late February 2007, Jupiter was visited by the <i><a href=\"/wiki/New_Horizons\" title=\"New Horizons\">New Horizons</a></i> probe, which <a href=\"/wiki/Gravitational_slingshot\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Gravitational slingshot\">used Jupiter's gravity</a> to increase its speed and bend its trajectory en route to <a href=\"/wiki/Pluto\" title=\"Plut
08-17 14:35:40.890 debug OkHttp o\">Pluto</a>. The latest probe to visit the planet is <i><a href=\"/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)\" title=\"Juno (spacecraft)\">Juno</a></i>, which entered into orbit around Jupiter on July 4, 2016.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20160705_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT-20160705-18\">[16]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20160630_19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT-20160630-19\">[17]</a></sup> Future targets for exploration in the Jupiter system include the probable ice-covered liquid ocean of its moon <a href=\"/wiki/Europa_(moon)\" title=\"Europa (moon)\">Europa</a>.</p>\n<p></p>"}],"protection":{"edit":["autoconfirmed"],"move":["sysop"]},"editable":false}}
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08-17 14:35:41.225 debug OkHttp {"mobileview":{"sections":[{"toclevel":1,"line":"Formation and migration","anchor":"Formation_and_migration","id":1,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Grand_Tack_Hypothesis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Grand Tack Hypothesis\">Grand Tack Hypothesis</a></div>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System\" title=\"Formation and evolution of the Solar System\">Formation and evolution of the Solar System</a></div>\n<p>Earth and its neighbor planets may have formed from fragments of planets after collisions with Jupiter destroyed those super-Earths near the Sun. As Jupiter came toward the inner Solar System, in what theorists call the <a href=\"/wiki/Grand_Tack_Hypothesis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Grand Tack Hypothesis\">Grand Tack Hypothesis</a>, gravitational tugs and pulls occurred causing a series of collisions between the super-Earths as their orbits began to overlap.<sup id=\"cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\">[18]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Astronomers have discovered nearly 500 planetary systems with multiple planets. Regularly these systems include a few planets with masses several times greater than Earth's (super-Earths), orbiting closer to their star than Mercury is to the Sun, and sometimes also Jupiter-mass gas giants close to their star.</p>\n<p>Jupiter moving out of the inner Solar System would have allowed the formation of inner planets, including <a href=\"/wiki/Earth\" title=\"Earth\">Earth</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-21\">[19]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Physical characteristics","anchor":"Physical_characteristics","id":2,"text":"<p>Jupiter is composed primarily of gaseous and liquid matter. It is the largest of the four giant planets in the Solar System and hence its largest planet. It has a diameter of 142,984\u00a0km (88,846\u00a0mi) at its <a href=\"/wiki/Equator\" title=\"Equator\">equator</a>. The average density of Jupiter, 1.326\u00a0g/cm<sup>3</sup>, is the second highest of the giant planets, but lower than those of the four <a href=\"/wiki/Terrestrial_planet\" title=\"Terrestrial planet\">terrestrial planets</a>.</p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Composition","anchor":"Composition","id":3,"text":"<p>Jupiter's upper atmosphere is composed of about 88\u201392% hydrogen and 8\u201312% helium by percent volume of gas <a href=\"/wiki/Molecule\" title=\"Molecule\">molecules</a>. A helium atom has about four times as much mass as a hydrogen atom, so the composition changes when described as the proportion of mass contributed by different atoms. Thus, <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter\" title=\"Atmosphere of Jupiter\">Jupiter's atmosphere</a> is approximately 75% hydrogen and 24% helium by mass, with the remaining one percent of the mass consisting of other elements. The interior contains denser materials, such that the distribution is roughly 71% hydrogen, 24% helium, and 5% other elements by mass. The atmosphere contains trace amounts of <a href=\"/wiki/Methane\" title=\"Methane\">methane</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Water_vapor\" title=\"Water vapor\">water vapor</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Ammonia\" title=\"Ammonia\">ammonia</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Silicon\" title=\"Silicon\">silicon</a>-based compounds. There are also traces of <a href=\"/wiki/Carbon\" title=\"Carbon\">carbon</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Ethane\" title=\"Ethane\">ethane</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide\" title=\"Hydrogen sulfide\">hydrogen sulfide</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Neon\" title=\"Neon\">neon</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Oxygen\" title=\"Oxygen\">oxygen</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Phosphine\" title=\"Phosphine\">phosphine</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Sulfur\" title=\"Sulfur\">sulfur</a>. The outermost layer of the atmosphere contains <a href=\"/wiki/Crystal\" title=\"Crystal\">crystals</a> of frozen ammonia.<sup id=\"cite_ref-voyager_22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-voyager-22\">[20]
08-17 14:35:41.225 debug OkHttp </a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-cassini_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cassini-23\">[21]</a></sup> Through <a href=\"/wiki/Infrared\" title=\"Infrared\">infrared</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Ultraviolet\" title=\"Ultraviolet\">ultraviolet</a> measurements, trace amounts of <a href=\"/wiki/Benzene\" title=\"Benzene\">benzene</a> and other <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrocarbon\" title=\"Hydrocarbon\">hydrocarbons</a> have also been found.<sup id=\"cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-24\">[22]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The atmospheric proportions of hydrogen and helium are close to the theoretical composition of the primordial <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_nebula\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Solar nebula\">solar nebula</a>. Neon in the upper atmosphere only consists of 20 parts per million by mass, which is about a tenth as abundant as in the Sun.<sup id=\"cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\">[23]</a></sup> Helium is also depleted to about 80% of the Sun's helium composition. This depletion is a result of <a href=\"/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Precipitation (meteorology)\">precipitation</a> of these elements into the interior of the planet.<sup id=\"cite_ref-galileo_ms_26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-galileo_ms-26\">[24]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Based on <a href=\"/wiki/Spectroscopy\" title=\"Spectroscopy\">spectroscopy</a>, Saturn is thought to be similar in composition to Jupiter, but the other giant planets <a href=\"/wiki/Uranus\" title=\"Uranus\">Uranus</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Neptune\" title=\"Neptune\">Neptune</a> have relatively less hydrogen and helium.<sup id=\"cite_ref-27\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-27\">[25]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Mass and size","anchor":"Mass_and_size","id":4,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:SolarSystem_OrdersOfMagnitude_Sun-Jupiter-Earth-Moon.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/SolarSystem_OrdersOfMagnitude_Sun-Jupiter-Earth-Moon.jpg/220px-SolarSystem_OrdersOfMagnitude_Sun-Jupiter-Earth-Moon.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"220\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/SolarSystem_OrdersOfMagnitude_Sun-Jupiter-Earth-Moon.jpg/330px-SolarSystem_OrdersOfMagnitude_Sun-Jupiter-Earth-Moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/SolarSystem_OrdersOfMagnitude_Sun-Jupiter-Earth-Moon.jpg/440px-SolarSystem_OrdersOfMagnitude_Sun-Jupiter-Earth-Moon.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4010\" data-file-height=\"4010\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:SolarSystem_OrdersOfMagnitude_Sun-Jupiter-Earth-Moon.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nJupiter's diameter is one <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_magnitude\" title=\"Order of magnitude\">order of magnitude</a> smaller (\u00d70.10045) than the Sun, and one order of magnitude larger (\u00d710.9733) than Earth. The Great Red Spot is roughly the same size as Earth.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Jupiter's mass is 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined\u2014this is so massive that its <a href=\"/wiki/Barycenter\" title=\"Barycenter\">barycenter</a> with the <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a> lies above the <a href=\"/wiki/Photosphere\" title=\"Photosphere\">Sun's surface</a> at 1.068\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Solar_radius\" title=\"Solar radius\">solar radii</a> from the Sun's center.<sup id=\"cite_ref-28\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-28\">[26]</a></sup> Jupiter is much larger than Earth and considerably less dense: its volume is that of about 1,321 Earths, but it is only 318 times as massive.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[3]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-burgess_29-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-burgess-29\">[27]</a></sup> Jupit
08-17 14:35:41.225 debug OkHttp er's radius is about 1/10 the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_radius\" title=\"Solar radius\">radius of the Sun</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-shu82_30-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-shu82-30\">[28]</a></sup> and its mass is 0.001 times the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_mass\" title=\"Solar mass\">mass of the Sun</a>, so the densities of the two bodies are similar.<sup id=\"cite_ref-davis_turekian05_31-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-davis_turekian05-31\">[29]</a></sup> A \"<a href=\"/wiki/Jupiter_mass\" title=\"Jupiter mass\">Jupiter mass</a>\" (<i>M</i><sub>J</sub> or <i>M</i><sub>Jup</sub>) is often used as a unit to describe masses of other objects, particularly <a href=\"/wiki/Extrasolar_planet\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Extrasolar planet\">extrasolar planets</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Brown_dwarfs\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Brown dwarfs\">brown dwarfs</a>. So, for example, the extrasolar planet <a href=\"/wiki/HD_209458_b\" title=\"HD 209458 b\">HD 209458 b</a> has a mass of <span class=\"nowrap\">0.69</span>\u00a0<i>M</i><sub>J</sub>, while <a href=\"/wiki/Kappa_Andromedae_b\" title=\"Kappa Andromedae b\">Kappa Andromedae b</a> has a mass of <span class=\"nowrap\">12.8</span>\u00a0<i>M</i><sub>J</sub>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-32\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-32\">[30]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Theoretical models indicate that if Jupiter had much more mass than it does at present, it would shrink.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Seager2007_33-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Seager2007-33\">[31]</a></sup> For small changes in mass, the <a href=\"/wiki/Radius\" title=\"Radius\">radius</a> would not change appreciably, and above about 500\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Earth_mass\" title=\"Earth mass\"><i>M</i><sub>\u2295</sub></a> (1.6 Jupiter masses)<sup id=\"cite_ref-Seager2007_33-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Seager2007-33\">[31]</a></sup> the interior would become so much more compressed under the increased pressure that its volume would <i>decrease</i> despite the increasing amount of matter. As a result, Jupiter is thought to have about as large a diameter as a planet of its composition and evolutionary history can achieve.<sup id=\"cite_ref-HTUW_34-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HTUW-34\">[32]</a></sup> The process of further shrinkage with increasing mass would continue until appreciable <a href=\"/wiki/Stellar_ignition\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Stellar ignition\">stellar ignition</a> is achieved as in high-mass <a href=\"/wiki/Brown_dwarf\" title=\"Brown dwarf\">brown dwarfs</a> having around 50 Jupiter masses.<sup id=\"cite_ref-tristan286_35-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-tristan286-35\">[33]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Although Jupiter would need to be about 75 times as massive to <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen_fusion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Hydrogen fusion\">fuse hydrogen</a> and become a <a href=\"/wiki/Star\" title=\"Star\">star</a>, the smallest <a href=\"/wiki/Red_dwarf\" title=\"Red dwarf\">red dwarf</a> is only about 30 percent larger in radius than Jupiter.<sup id=\"cite_ref-36\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-36\">[34]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-37\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-37\">[35]</a></sup> Despite this, Jupiter still radiates more heat than it receives from the Sun; the amount of heat produced inside it is similar to the total <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_radiation\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Solar radiation\">solar radiation</a> it receives.<sup id=\"cite_ref-elkins-tanton_38-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-elkins-tanton-38\">[36]</a></sup> This additional heat is generated by the <a href=\"/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_mechanism\" title=\"Kelvin\u2013Helmholtz mechanism\">Kelvin\u2013Helmholtz mechanism</a> through contraction. This process causes Jupiter to shrink by about 2\u00a0cm each year.<sup id=\"cite_ref-guillot04_39-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-guillot04-39\">[37]</a></sup> When it was first formed
08-17 14:35:41.225 debug OkHttp , Jupiter was much hotter and was about twice its current diameter.<sup id=\"cite_ref-40\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-40\">[38]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Internal structure","anchor":"Internal_structure","id":5,"text":"<p>Jupiter is thought to consist of a dense <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_core\" title=\"Planetary core\">core</a> with a mixture of elements, a surrounding layer of liquid <a href=\"/wiki/Metallic_hydrogen\" title=\"Metallic hydrogen\">metallic hydrogen</a> with some helium, and an outer layer predominantly of <a href=\"/wiki/Molecular_hydrogen\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Molecular hydrogen\">molecular hydrogen</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-guillot04_39-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-guillot04-39\">[37]</a></sup> Beyond this basic outline, there is still considerable uncertainty. The core is often described as <a href=\"/wiki/Rock_(geology)\" title=\"Rock (geology)\">rocky</a>, but its detailed composition is unknown, as are the properties of materials at the temperatures and pressures of those depths (see below). In 1997, the existence of the core was suggested by gravitational measurements,<sup id=\"cite_ref-guillot04_39-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-guillot04-39\">[37]</a></sup> indicating a mass of from 12 to 45 times that of Earth, or roughly 4%\u201314% of the total mass of Jupiter.<sup id=\"cite_ref-elkins-tanton_38-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-elkins-tanton-38\">[36]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-41\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-41\">[39]</a></sup> The presence of a core during at least part of Jupiter's history is suggested by models of planetary formation that require the formation of a rocky or icy core massive enough to collect its bulk of hydrogen and helium from the <a href=\"/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis\" title=\"Nebular hypothesis\">protosolar nebula</a>. Assuming it did exist, it may have shrunk as convection currents of hot liquid metallic hydrogen mixed with the molten core and carried its contents to higher levels in the planetary interior. A core may now be entirely absent, as gravitational measurements are not yet precise enough to rule that possibility out entirely.<sup id=\"cite_ref-guillot04_39-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-guillot04-39\">[37]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-42\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-42\">[40]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:152px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA19640-Jupiter-Infrared-Animation-20150516.gif\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/PIA19640-Jupiter-Infrared-Animation-20150516.gif/150px-PIA19640-Jupiter-Infrared-Animation-20150516.gif\" width=\"150\" height=\"152\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/PIA19640-Jupiter-Infrared-Animation-20150516.gif/225px-PIA19640-Jupiter-Infrared-Animation-20150516.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/PIA19640-Jupiter-Infrared-Animation-20150516.gif/300px-PIA19640-Jupiter-Infrared-Animation-20150516.gif 2x\" data-file-width=\"744\" data-file-height=\"752\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA19640-Jupiter-Infrared-Animation-20150516.gif\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nAnimation of Jupiter seen in infrared</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The uncertainty of the models is tied to the error margin in hitherto measured parameters: one of the rotational coefficients (J<sub>6</sub>) used to describe the planet's gravitational moment, Jupiter's equatorial radius, and its temperature at 1 bar pressure. The <a href=\"/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)\" title=\"Juno (spacecraft)\">Juno mission</a>, which arrived in July 2016,<sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20160705_18-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT-20160705-18\">[16]</a></sup> is expected to further constrain the values of these parameters for better models of
08-17 14:35:41.225 debug OkHttp the core.<sup id=\"cite_ref-43\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-43\">[41]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The core region is surrounded by dense <a href=\"/wiki/Metallic_hydrogen\" title=\"Metallic hydrogen\">metallic hydrogen</a>, which extends outward to about 78% of the radius of the planet.<sup id=\"cite_ref-elkins-tanton_38-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-elkins-tanton-38\">[36]</a></sup> Rain-like droplets of helium and neon precipitate downward through this layer, depleting the abundance of these elements in the upper atmosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-galileo_ms_26-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-galileo_ms-26\">[24]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-44\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-44\">[42]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Above the layer of metallic hydrogen lies a transparent interior atmosphere of hydrogen. At this depth, the pressure and temperature are above hydrogen's <a href=\"/wiki/Critical_pressure\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Critical pressure\">critical pressure</a> of 1.2858 MPa and <a href=\"/wiki/Critical_temperature\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Critical temperature\">critical temperature</a> of only 32.938\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Kelvin\" title=\"Kelvin\">K</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-45\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-45\">[43]</a></sup> In this state, there are no distinct liquid and gas phases\u2014hydrogen is said to be in a supercritical fluid state. It is convenient to treat hydrogen as gas in the upper layer extending downward from the cloud layer to a depth of about 1,000\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Km\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Km\">km</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-elkins-tanton_38-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-elkins-tanton-38\">[36]</a></sup> and as liquid in deeper layers. Physically, there is no clear boundary\u2014the gas smoothly becomes hotter and denser as one descends.<sup id=\"cite_ref-46\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-46\">[44]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-lang03_47-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-lang03-47\">[45]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The temperature and pressure inside Jupiter increase steadily toward the core, due to the <a href=\"/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_mechanism\" title=\"Kelvin\u2013Helmholtz mechanism\">Kelvin\u2013Helmholtz mechanism</a>. At the \"surface\" pressure level of 10\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Bar_(unit)\" title=\"Bar (unit)\">bars</a>, the temperature is around 340\u00a0K (67\u00a0\u00b0C; 152\u00a0\u00b0F). At the <a href=\"/wiki/Phase_transition\" title=\"Phase transition\">phase transition</a> region where hydrogen\u2014heated beyond its critical point\u2014becomes metallic, it is calculated the temperature is 10,000\u00a0K (9,700\u00a0\u00b0C; 17,500\u00a0\u00b0F) and the pressure is <a href=\"/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(pressure)#1GPa\" title=\"Orders of magnitude (pressure)\">200</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Pascal_(unit)\" title=\"Pascal (unit)\">GPa</a>. The temperature at the core boundary is estimated to be 36,000\u00a0K (35,700\u00a0\u00b0C; 64,300\u00a0\u00b0F) and the interior pressure is roughly <a href=\"/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(pressure)#1TPa\" title=\"Orders of magnitude (pressure)\">3,000</a>\u20134,500\u00a0GPa.<sup id=\"cite_ref-elkins-tanton_38-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-elkins-tanton-38\">[36]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"center\">\n<div class=\"thumb tnone\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:722px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Jupiter_diagram.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Diagram of Jupiter's moons, surface, and interior\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Jupiter_diagram.svg/720px-Jupiter_diagram.svg.png\" width=\"720\" height=\"360\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Jupiter_diagram.svg/1080px-Jupiter_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Jupiter_diagram.svg/1440px-Jupiter_diagram.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"5000\" data-file-height=\"2500\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbc
08-17 14:35:41.225 debug OkHttp aption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Jupiter_diagram.svg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nThis cut-away illustrates a model of the interior of Jupiter, with a rocky core overlaid by a deep layer of liquid <a href=\"/wiki/Metallic_hydrogen\" title=\"Metallic hydrogen\">metallic hydrogen</a>.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Atmosphere","anchor":"Atmosphere","id":6,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter\" title=\"Atmosphere of Jupiter\">Atmosphere of Jupiter</a></div>\n<p>Jupiter has the largest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System, spanning over 5,000\u00a0km (3,000\u00a0mi) in altitude.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sieff_48-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sieff-48\">[46]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Miller_Aylward_et_al._2005_49-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Miller_Aylward_et_al._2005-49\">[47]</a></sup> Because Jupiter has no surface, the base of its atmosphere is usually considered to be the point at which atmospheric pressure is equal to 100\u00a0kPa (1.0\u00a0bar).</p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Cloud layers","anchor":"Cloud_layers","id":7,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:152px;\">\n<div id=\"mwe_player_0\" class=\"PopUpMediaTransform\" style=\"width:150px;\" videopayload='&lt;div class=\"mediaContainer\" style=\"width:300px\"&gt;&lt;video id=\"mwe_player_1\" poster=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/PIA02863_-_Jupiter_surface_motion_animation_thumbnail_300px_10fps.ogv/300px--PIA02863_-_Jupiter_surface_motion_animation_thumbnail_300px_10fps.ogv.jpg\" controls=\"\" preload=\"none\" autoplay=\"\" style=\"width:300px;height:100px\" class=\"kskin\" data-durationhint=\"1.4\" data-startoffset=\"0\" data-mwtitle=\"PIA02863_-_Jupiter_surface_motion_animation_thumbnail_300px_10fps.ogv\" data-mwprovider=\"wikimediacommons\"&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/PIA02863_-_Jupiter_surface_motion_animation_thumbnail_300px_10fps.ogv\" type=\"video/ogg; codecs=&amp;quot;theora&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"Original Ogg file, 300 \u00d7 100 (914 kbps)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg source\" data-width=\"300\" data-height=\"100\" data-bandwidth=\"914131\" data-framerate=\"10\"/&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/PIA02863_-_Jupiter_surface_motion_animation_thumbnail_300px_10fps.ogv/PIA02863_-_Jupiter_surface_motion_animation_thumbnail_300px_10fps.ogv.160p.ogv\" type=\"video/ogg; codecs=&amp;quot;theora, vorbis&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"Low bandwidth Ogg video (160P)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg 160P\" data-transcodekey=\"160p.ogv\" data-width=\"288\" data-height=\"96\" data-bandwidth=\"209120\" data-framerate=\"15\"/&gt;&lt;/video&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'><img alt=\"File:PIA02863 - Jupiter surface motion animation thumbnail 300px 10fps.ogv\" style=\"width:150px;height:50px\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/PIA02863_-_Jupiter_surface_motion_animation_thumbnail_300px_10fps.ogv/150px--PIA02863_-_Jupiter_surface_motion_animation_thumbnail_300px_10fps.ogv.jpg\"><a href=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/PIA02863_-_Jupiter_surface_motion_animation_thumbnail_300px_10fps.ogv\" title=\"Play media\" target=\"new\"><span class=\"play-btn-large\"><span class=\"mw-tmh-playtext\">Play media</span></span></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA02863_-_Jupiter_surface_motion_animation_thumbnail_300px_10fps.ogv\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nThis looping animation shows the movement of Jupiter's counter-rotating cloud bands. In this image, the planet's exterior is mapped onto a <a href=\"/wiki/Cylindrical_projection\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cylindrical projection\">cylindrical projection</a>. Animation at larger widths: <a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA02863_-_Jupiter_surface_motion_animation_thumbnail_720px_10fps.ogv
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp \" title=\"File:PIA02863 - Jupiter surface motion animation thumbnail 720px 10fps.ogv\">720 pixels</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA02863_-_Jupiter_surface_motion_animation_1fps.ogv\" title=\"File:PIA02863 - Jupiter surface motion animation 1fps.ogv\">1799 pixels</a>.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:152px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Great_Red_Spot_From_Voyager_1.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Great_Red_Spot_From_Voyager_1.jpg/150px-Great_Red_Spot_From_Voyager_1.jpg\" width=\"150\" height=\"142\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Great_Red_Spot_From_Voyager_1.jpg/225px-Great_Red_Spot_From_Voyager_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Great_Red_Spot_From_Voyager_1.jpg/300px-Great_Red_Spot_From_Voyager_1.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"895\" data-file-height=\"848\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Great_Red_Spot_From_Voyager_1.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nThis view of Jupiter's Great Red Spot and its surroundings was obtained by <a href=\"/wiki/Voyager_1\" title=\"Voyager 1\">Voyager 1</a> on February 25, 1979, when the spacecraft was 9.2\u00a0million\u00a0km (5.7\u00a0million\u00a0mi) from Jupiter. The white oval storm directly below the Great Red Spot is approximately the same diameter as Earth.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:152px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PlanetJupiter-PolarView-NASA.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PlanetJupiter-PolarView-NASA.jpg/150px-PlanetJupiter-PolarView-NASA.jpg\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PlanetJupiter-PolarView-NASA.jpg/225px-PlanetJupiter-PolarView-NASA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PlanetJupiter-PolarView-NASA.jpg/300px-PlanetJupiter-PolarView-NASA.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"639\" data-file-height=\"637\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PlanetJupiter-PolarView-NASA.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nPolar view of planet Jupiter</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Jupiter is perpetually covered with clouds composed of ammonia crystals and possibly <a href=\"/wiki/Ammonium_hydrosulfide\" title=\"Ammonium hydrosulfide\">ammonium hydrosulfide</a>. The clouds are located in the <a href=\"/wiki/Tropopause\" title=\"Tropopause\">tropopause</a> and are arranged into bands of different latitudes, known as tropical regions. These are sub-divided into lighter-hued <i>zones</i> and darker <i>belts</i>. The interactions of these conflicting <a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation\" title=\"Atmospheric circulation\">circulation</a> patterns cause storms and <a href=\"/wiki/Turbulence\" title=\"Turbulence\">turbulence</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Wind_speed\" title=\"Wind speed\">Wind speeds</a> of 100\u00a0m/s (360\u00a0km/h) are common in zonal jets.<sup id=\"cite_ref-50\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-50\">[48]</a></sup> The zones have been observed to vary in width, color and intensity from year to year, but they have remained sufficiently stable for scientists to give them identifying designations.<sup id=\"cite_ref-burgess_29-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-burgess-29\">[27]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The cloud layer is only about 50\u00a0km (31\u00a0mi) deep, and consists of at least two decks of clouds: a thick lower deck and a thin clearer region. There may also be a thin layer of <a href=\"/wiki/Water_(properties)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Water (properties)\">water</a> clouds underlying the ammonia layer, as evidenced by flashes of <a href=\"/wiki/Lightning\" title=\"Lightning\">lightning</a> detected in the atmosphere of Jupiter. This is caused
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp by water's <a href=\"/wiki/Polar_molecule\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Polar molecule\">polarity</a>, which makes it capable of creating the charge separation needed to produce lightning.<sup id=\"cite_ref-elkins-tanton_38-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-elkins-tanton-38\">[36]</a></sup> These electrical discharges can be up to a thousand times as powerful as lightning on Earth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-51\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-51\">[49]</a></sup> The water clouds can form thunderstorms driven by the heat rising from the interior.<sup id=\"cite_ref-52\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-52\">[50]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The orange and brown coloration in the clouds of Jupiter are caused by upwelling compounds that change color when they are exposed to <a href=\"/wiki/Ultraviolet\" title=\"Ultraviolet\">ultraviolet</a> light from the Sun. The exact makeup remains uncertain, but the substances are thought to be phosphorus, sulfur or possibly <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrocarbon\" title=\"Hydrocarbon\">hydrocarbons</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-elkins-tanton_38-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-elkins-tanton-38\">[36]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-53\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-53\">[51]</a></sup> These colorful compounds, known as <a href=\"/wiki/Chromophore\" title=\"Chromophore\">chromophores</a>, mix with the warmer, lower deck of clouds. The zones are formed when rising <a href=\"/wiki/Convection_cell\" title=\"Convection cell\">convection cells</a> form crystallizing ammonia that masks out these lower clouds from view.<sup id=\"cite_ref-worldbook_54-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-worldbook-54\">[52]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Jupiter's low <a href=\"/wiki/Axial_tilt\" title=\"Axial tilt\">axial tilt</a> means that the poles constantly receive less <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_radiation\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Solar radiation\">solar radiation</a> than at the planet's equatorial region. <a href=\"/wiki/Convection\" title=\"Convection\">Convection</a> within the interior of the planet transports more energy to the poles, balancing out the temperatures at the cloud layer.<sup id=\"cite_ref-burgess_29-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-burgess-29\">[27]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Great Red Spot and other vortices","anchor":"Great_Red_Spot_and_other_vortices","id":8,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:302px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:NASA14135-Jupiter-GreatRedSpot-Shrinks-20140515.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/NASA14135-Jupiter-GreatRedSpot-Shrinks-20140515.jpg/300px-NASA14135-Jupiter-GreatRedSpot-Shrinks-20140515.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"188\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/NASA14135-Jupiter-GreatRedSpot-Shrinks-20140515.jpg/450px-NASA14135-Jupiter-GreatRedSpot-Shrinks-20140515.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/NASA14135-Jupiter-GreatRedSpot-Shrinks-20140515.jpg/600px-NASA14135-Jupiter-GreatRedSpot-Shrinks-20140515.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1200\" data-file-height=\"750\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:NASA14135-Jupiter-GreatRedSpot-Shrinks-20140515.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nJupiter \u2013 <a href=\"/wiki/Great_Red_Spot\" title=\"Great Red Spot\">Great Red Spot</a> is decreasing in size (May 15, 2014).<sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-20140515_55-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NASA-20140515-55\">[53]</a></sup></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The best known feature of Jupiter is the <a href=\"/wiki/Great_Red_Spot\" title=\"Great Red Spot\">Great Red Spot</a>, a persistent <a href=\"/wiki/Anticyclone\" title=\"Anticyclone\">anticyclonic</a> storm that is larger than Earth, located 22\u00b0 south of the equator. It is known to have been in existence since at least 1831,<sup id=\"cite_ref-56\" class=\"refere
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp nce\"><a href=\"#cite_note-56\">[54]</a></sup> and possibly since 1665.<sup id=\"cite_ref-kyrala26_57-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-kyrala26-57\">[55]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-58\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-58\">[56]</a></sup> Images by the <a href=\"/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope\" title=\"Hubble Space Telescope\">Hubble Space Telescope</a> have shown as many as two \"red spots\" adjacent to the Great Red Spot.<sup id=\"cite_ref-59\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-59\">[57]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-60\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-60\">[58]</a></sup> The storm is large enough to be visible through Earth-based <a href=\"/wiki/Telescope\" title=\"Telescope\">telescopes</a> with an <a href=\"/wiki/Aperture\" title=\"Aperture\">aperture</a> of <span class=\"nowrap\">12 cm</span> or larger.<sup id=\"cite_ref-61\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-61\">[59]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Mathematical_model\" title=\"Mathematical model\">Mathematical models</a> suggest that the storm is stable and may be a permanent feature of the planet.<sup id=\"cite_ref-62\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-62\">[60]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\">\n<div id=\"mwe_player_2\" class=\"PopUpMediaTransform\" style=\"width:220px;\" videopayload='&lt;div class=\"mediaContainer\" style=\"width:300px\"&gt;&lt;video id=\"mwe_player_3\" poster=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jupiter_from_Voyager_1_PIA02855_thumbnail_300px_max_quality.ogv/300px--Jupiter_from_Voyager_1_PIA02855_thumbnail_300px_max_quality.ogv.jpg\" controls=\"\" preload=\"none\" autoplay=\"\" style=\"width:300px;height:300px\" class=\"kskin\" data-durationhint=\"6.6\" data-startoffset=\"0\" data-mwtitle=\"Jupiter_from_Voyager_1_PIA02855_thumbnail_300px_max_quality.ogv\" data-mwprovider=\"wikimediacommons\"&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Jupiter_from_Voyager_1_PIA02855_thumbnail_300px_max_quality.ogv\" type=\"video/ogg; codecs=&amp;quot;theora&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"Original Ogg file, 300 \u00d7 300 (992 kbps)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg source\" data-width=\"300\" data-height=\"300\" data-bandwidth=\"991853\" data-framerate=\"10\"/&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Jupiter_from_Voyager_1_PIA02855_thumbnail_300px_max_quality.ogv/Jupiter_from_Voyager_1_PIA02855_thumbnail_300px_max_quality.ogv.160p.ogv\" type=\"video/ogg; codecs=&amp;quot;theora, vorbis&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"Low bandwidth Ogg video (160P)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg 160P\" data-transcodekey=\"160p.ogv\" data-width=\"160\" data-height=\"160\" data-bandwidth=\"125984\" data-framerate=\"15\"/&gt;&lt;/video&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'><img alt=\"File:Jupiter from Voyager 1 PIA02855 thumbnail 300px max quality.ogv\" style=\"width:220px;height:220px\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jupiter_from_Voyager_1_PIA02855_thumbnail_300px_max_quality.ogv/220px--Jupiter_from_Voyager_1_PIA02855_thumbnail_300px_max_quality.ogv.jpg\"><a href=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Jupiter_from_Voyager_1_PIA02855_thumbnail_300px_max_quality.ogv\" title=\"Play media\" target=\"new\"><span class=\"play-btn-large\"><span class=\"mw-tmh-playtext\">Play media</span></span></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Jupiter_from_Voyager_1_PIA02855_thumbnail_300px_max_quality.ogv\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nTime-lapse sequence (over 1 month) from the approach of <a href=\"/wiki/Voyager_1\" title=\"Voyager 1\">Voyager 1</a> to Jupiter, showing the motion of atmospheric bands, and circulation of the Great Red Spot. <a href=\"/wiki/File:Jupiter_from_Voyager_1_PIA02855_max_quality.ogv\" title=\"File:Jupiter from Voyager 1 PIA02855 max quality.ogv\">Full size video here</a></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Oval_(geometry)\" class=\"mw-redi
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp rect\" title=\"Oval (geometry)\">oval</a> object <a href=\"/wiki/Rotation\" title=\"Rotation\">rotates</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Counterclockwise\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Counterclockwise\">counterclockwise</a>, with a <a href=\"/wiki/Period_(physics)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Period (physics)\">period</a> of about six days.<sup id=\"cite_ref-63\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-63\">[61]</a></sup> The Great Red Spot's <a href=\"/wiki/Dimension\" title=\"Dimension\">dimensions</a> are 24\u201340,000\u00a0km \u00d7 12\u201314,000\u00a0km. It is large enough to contain two or three planets of Earth's diameter.<sup id=\"cite_ref-64\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-64\">[62]</a></sup> The maximum altitude of this storm is about 8\u00a0km (5\u00a0mi) above the surrounding cloudtops.<sup id=\"cite_ref-65\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-65\">[63]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Storms such as this are common within the <a href=\"/wiki/Turbulent\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Turbulent\">turbulent</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Celestial_body_atmosphere\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Celestial body atmosphere\">atmospheres</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Giant_planet\" title=\"Giant planet\">giant planets</a>. Jupiter also has white ovals and brown ovals, which are lesser unnamed storms. White ovals tend to consist of relatively cool clouds within the upper atmosphere. Brown ovals are warmer and located within the \"normal cloud layer\". Such storms can last as little as a few hours or stretch on for centuries.</p>\n<p>Even before Voyager proved that the feature was a storm, there was strong evidence that the spot could not be associated with any deeper feature on the planet's surface, as the Spot rotates differentially with respect to the rest of the atmosphere, sometimes faster and sometimes more slowly.</p>\n<p>In 2000, an atmospheric feature formed in the southern hemisphere that is similar in appearance to the Great Red Spot, but smaller. This was created when several smaller, white oval-shaped storms merged to form a single feature\u2014these three smaller white ovals were first observed in 1938. The merged feature was named <a href=\"/wiki/Oval_BA\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Oval BA\">Oval BA</a>, and has been nicknamed Red Spot Junior. It has since increased in intensity and changed color from white to red.<sup id=\"cite_ref-66\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-66\">[64]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-67\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-67\">[65]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-68\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-68\">[66]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Magnetosphere","anchor":"Magnetosphere","id":9,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter\" title=\"Magnetosphere of Jupiter\">Magnetosphere of Jupiter</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Hubble_Captures_Vivid_Auroras_in_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hubble_Captures_Vivid_Auroras_in_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere.jpg/220px-Hubble_Captures_Vivid_Auroras_in_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"220\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hubble_Captures_Vivid_Auroras_in_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere.jpg/330px-Hubble_Captures_Vivid_Auroras_in_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hubble_Captures_Vivid_Auroras_in_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere.jpg/440px-Hubble_Captures_Vivid_Auroras_in_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1000\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Hubble_Captures_Vivid_Auroras_in_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Aurora (astronomy)\">Aurorae<
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp /a> on the north pole of Jupiter<br>\nas viewed by <a href=\"/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope\" title=\"Hubble Space Telescope\">Hubble</a></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Jupiter's <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetic_field\" title=\"Magnetic field\">magnetic field</a> is fourteen times as strong as that of Earth, ranging from 4.2\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Gauss_(unit)\" title=\"Gauss (unit)\">gauss</a> (0.42 <a href=\"/wiki/Millitesla\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Millitesla\">mT</a>) at the equator to 10\u201314 gauss (1.0\u20131.4 mT) at the poles, making it the strongest in the Solar System (except for <a href=\"/wiki/Sunspot\" title=\"Sunspot\">sunspots</a>).<sup id=\"cite_ref-worldbook_54-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-worldbook-54\">[52]</a></sup> This field is thought to be generated by <a href=\"/wiki/Eddy_current\" title=\"Eddy current\">eddy currents</a>\u2014swirling movements of conducting materials\u2014within the liquid metallic hydrogen core. The volcanoes on the moon <a href=\"/wiki/Io_(moon)\" title=\"Io (moon)\">Io</a> emit large amounts of <a href=\"/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide\" title=\"Sulfur dioxide\">sulfur dioxide</a> forming a gas torus along the moon's orbit. The gas is ionized in the magnetosphere producing <a href=\"/wiki/Sulfur\" title=\"Sulfur\">sulfur</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Oxygen\" title=\"Oxygen\">oxygen</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Ion\" title=\"Ion\">ions</a>. They, together with hydrogen ions originating from the atmosphere of Jupiter, form a <a href=\"/wiki/Plasma_sheet\" title=\"Plasma sheet\">plasma sheet</a> in Jupiter's equatorial plane. The plasma in the sheet co-rotates with the planet causing deformation of the dipole magnetic field into that of magnetodisk. Electrons within the plasma sheet generate a strong radio signature that produces bursts in the range of 0.6\u201330\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Hertz\" title=\"Hertz\">MHz</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-69\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-69\">[67]</a></sup></p>\n<p>At about 75 Jupiter radii from the planet, the interaction of the magnetosphere with the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_wind\" title=\"Solar wind\">solar wind</a> generates a <a href=\"/wiki/Bow_shock\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bow shock\">bow shock</a>. Surrounding Jupiter's magnetosphere is a <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetopause\" title=\"Magnetopause\">magnetopause</a>, located at the inner edge of a <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetosheath\" title=\"Magnetosheath\">magnetosheath</a>\u2014a region between it and the bow shock. The solar wind interacts with these regions, elongating the magnetosphere on Jupiter's <a href=\"/wiki/Lee_side\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Lee side\">lee side</a> and extending it outward until it nearly reaches the orbit of Saturn. The four largest moons of Jupiter all orbit within the magnetosphere, which protects them from the solar wind.<sup id=\"cite_ref-elkins-tanton_38-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-elkins-tanton-38\">[36]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The magnetosphere of Jupiter is responsible for intense episodes of <a href=\"/wiki/Radio_wave\" title=\"Radio wave\">radio emission</a> from the planet's polar regions. Volcanic activity on Jupiter's moon Io (see below) injects gas into Jupiter's magnetosphere, producing a torus of particles about the planet. As Io moves through this torus, the interaction generates <a href=\"/wiki/Alfv%C3%A9n_wave\" title=\"Alfv\u00e9n wave\">Alfv\u00e9n waves</a> that carry ionized matter into the polar regions of Jupiter. As a result, radio waves are generated through a <a href=\"/wiki/Cyclotron\" title=\"Cyclotron\">cyclotron</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Astrophysical_maser\" title=\"Astrophysical maser\">maser mechanism</a>, and the energy is transmitted out along a cone-shaped surface. When Earth intersects this cone, the radio emissions from Jupiter can exceed the solar radio output.<sup id=\"cite_ref-70\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-70\">[68]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Orbit and rotation","anchor":"Orbit_and_rotation","id":1
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp 0,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Solarsystem3DJupiter.gif\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Solarsystem3DJupiter.gif/220px-Solarsystem3DJupiter.gif\" width=\"220\" height=\"223\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Solarsystem3DJupiter.gif 1.5x\" data-file-width=\"248\" data-file-height=\"251\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Solarsystem3DJupiter.gif\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nJupiter (red) completes one orbit of the Sun (center) for every 11.86 orbits of Earth (blue)</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Jupiter is the only planet whose <a href=\"/wiki/Barycenter\" title=\"Barycenter\">barycenter</a> with the Sun lies outside the volume of the Sun, though by only 7% of the Sun's radius.<sup id=\"cite_ref-71\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-71\">[69]</a></sup> The average distance between Jupiter and the Sun is 778 million\u00a0km (about 5.2 times the average distance between Earth and the Sun, or 5.2 <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_unit\" title=\"Astronomical unit\">AU</a>) and it completes an orbit every 11.86\u00a0years. This is two-fifths the orbital period of Saturn, forming a 5:2 <a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_resonance\" title=\"Orbital resonance\">orbital resonance</a> between the two largest planets in the Solar System.<sup id=\"cite_ref-72\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-72\">[70]</a></sup> The elliptical orbit of Jupiter is inclined 1.31\u00b0 compared to Earth. Because of an <a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity\" title=\"Orbital eccentricity\">eccentricity</a> its orbit of 0.048, Jupiter's distance from the Sun varies by 75 million\u00a0km between its nearest approach (<a href=\"/wiki/Perihelion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Perihelion\">perihelion</a>) and furthest distance (<a href=\"/wiki/Aphelion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Aphelion\">aphelion</a>).</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Axial_tilt\" title=\"Axial tilt\">axial tilt</a> of Jupiter is relatively small: only 3.13\u00b0. As a result, it does not experience significant seasonal changes, in contrast to, for example, Earth and Mars.<sup id=\"cite_ref-73\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-73\">[71]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Jupiter's <a href=\"/wiki/Period_of_revolution\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Period of revolution\">rotation</a> is the fastest of all the Solar System's planets, completing a rotation on its <a href=\"/wiki/Coordinate_axis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Coordinate axis\">axis</a> in slightly less than ten hours; this creates an <a href=\"/wiki/Equatorial_bulge\" title=\"Equatorial bulge\">equatorial bulge</a> easily seen through an Earth-based amateur <a href=\"/wiki/Telescope\" title=\"Telescope\">telescope</a>. The planet is shaped as an <a href=\"/wiki/Oblate_spheroid\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Oblate spheroid\">oblate spheroid</a>, meaning that the diameter across its <a href=\"/wiki/Equator\" title=\"Equator\">equator</a> is longer than the diameter measured between its <a href=\"/wiki/Geographic_pole\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Geographic pole\">poles</a>. On Jupiter, the equatorial diameter is 9,275\u00a0km (5,763\u00a0mi) longer than the diameter measured through the poles.<sup id=\"cite_ref-lang03_47-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-lang03-47\">[45]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Because Jupiter is not a solid body, its upper atmosphere undergoes <a href=\"/wiki/Differential_rotation\" title=\"Differential rotation\">differential rotation</a>. The rotation of Jupiter's polar atmosphere is about 5\u00a0minutes longer than that of the equatorial atmosphere; three systems are used as frames of reference, particularly when graphing the motion of atmospheric features. System I applies from the latitudes 10\u00b0\u00a0N to 10\u00b0\u00a0S; its period is the planet's shortest, at 9h 5
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp 0m 30.0s. System II applies at all latitudes north and south of these; its period is 9h 55m 40.6s. System III was first defined by <a href=\"/wiki/Radio_astronomer\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Radio astronomer\">radio astronomers</a>, and corresponds to the rotation of the planet's magnetosphere; its period is Jupiter's official rotation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-74\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-74\">[72]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Observation","anchor":"Observation","id":11,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Conjunction_of_Jupiter_and_Moon.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Conjunction_of_Jupiter_and_Moon.jpg/220px-Conjunction_of_Jupiter_and_Moon.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Conjunction_of_Jupiter_and_Moon.jpg/330px-Conjunction_of_Jupiter_and_Moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Conjunction_of_Jupiter_and_Moon.jpg/440px-Conjunction_of_Jupiter_and_Moon.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1024\" data-file-height=\"683\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Conjunction_of_Jupiter_and_Moon.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nConjunction of Jupiter and the Moon</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Retrogradation1.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Retrogradation1.svg/220px-Retrogradation1.svg.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"136\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Retrogradation1.svg/330px-Retrogradation1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Retrogradation1.svg/440px-Retrogradation1.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"539\" data-file-height=\"333\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Retrogradation1.svg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nThe retrograde motion of an outer planet is caused by its relative location with respect to Earth</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Jupiter is usually the fourth brightest object in the sky (after the Sun, the <a href=\"/wiki/Moon\" title=\"Moon\">Moon</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Venus\" title=\"Venus\">Venus</a>);<sup id=\"cite_ref-worldbook_54-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-worldbook-54\">[52]</a></sup> at times <a href=\"/wiki/Mars#Viewing\" title=\"Mars\">Mars</a> appears brighter than Jupiter. Depending on Jupiter's position with respect to the <a href=\"/wiki/Earth\" title=\"Earth\">Earth</a>, it can vary in visual magnitude from as bright as \u22122.9 at <a href=\"/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Opposition (astronomy)\">opposition</a> down to \u22121.6 during <a href=\"/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy_and_astrology)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Conjunction (astronomy and astrology)\">conjunction</a> with the Sun. The <a href=\"/wiki/Angular_diameter\" title=\"Angular diameter\">angular diameter</a> of Jupiter likewise varies from 50.1 to 29.8 <a href=\"/wiki/Arc_second\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Arc second\">arc seconds</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[3]</a></sup> Favorable oppositions occur when Jupiter is passing through <a href=\"/wiki/Apsis\" title=\"Apsis\">perihelion</a>, an event that occurs once per orbit.</p>\n<p>Earth overtakes Jupiter every 398.9 days as it orbits the Sun, a duration called the <a href=\"/wiki/Synodic_period\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Synodic period\">synodic period</a>. As it does so, Jupiter appears to undergo <a href=\"/wiki/Apparent_retrograde_motion\" title=\"Apparent retrograde motion\">retrograde motion</a> with respect to the background stars. That is, for a period Jupiter seems
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp to move backward in the night sky, performing a looping motion.</p>\n<p>Because the orbit of Jupiter is outside that of Earth, the <a href=\"/wiki/Phase_angle_(astronomy)\" title=\"Phase angle (astronomy)\">phase angle</a> of Jupiter as viewed from Earth never exceeds 11.5\u00b0. That is, the planet always appears nearly fully illuminated when viewed through Earth-based telescopes. It was only during spacecraft missions to Jupiter that crescent views of the planet were obtained.<sup id=\"cite_ref-75\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-75\">[73]</a></sup> A small telescope will usually show Jupiter's four <a href=\"/wiki/Galilean_moons\" title=\"Galilean moons\">Galilean moons</a> and the prominent cloud belts across <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter\" title=\"Atmosphere of Jupiter\">Jupiter's atmosphere</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-76\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-76\">[74]</a></sup> A large telescope will show Jupiter's <a href=\"/wiki/Great_Red_Spot\" title=\"Great Red Spot\">Great Red Spot</a> when it faces Earth.</p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Research and exploration","anchor":"Research_and_exploration","id":12,"text":""},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Pre-telescopic research","anchor":"Pre-telescopic_research","id":13,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Almagest-planets.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Almagest-planets.svg/220px-Almagest-planets.svg.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"192\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Almagest-planets.svg/330px-Almagest-planets.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Almagest-planets.svg/440px-Almagest-planets.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"620\" data-file-height=\"540\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Almagest-planets.svg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nModel in the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Almagest\" title=\"Almagest\">Almagest</a></i> of the longitudinal motion of Jupiter (\u2609) relative to Earth (\u2295)</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The observation of Jupiter dates back to the <a href=\"/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy\" title=\"Babylonian astronomy\">Babylonian astronomers</a> of the 7th or 8th century BC.<sup id=\"cite_ref-77\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-77\">[75]</a></sup> The ancient Chinese referred to Jupiter as \"the Year Star\" (<i>Sui-xing</i> <span lang=\"zh\" xml:lang=\"zh\">\u6b72\u661f</span>), and by the 4th century BC had divided the sky into twelve zodiacal regions, with Jupiter passing through one each year.<sup id=\"cite_ref-78\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-78\">[76]</a></sup> The Chinese historian <a href=\"/wiki/Xi_Zezong\" title=\"Xi Zezong\">Xi Zezong</a> has claimed that <a href=\"/wiki/Gan_De\" title=\"Gan De\">Gan De</a>, an ancient <a href=\"/wiki/Chinese_astronomy\" title=\"Chinese astronomy\">Chinese astronomer</a>, discovered one of <a href=\"/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter\" title=\"Moons of Jupiter\">Jupiter's moons</a> in 362\u00a0BC with the unaided eye. If accurate, this would predate Galileo's discovery by nearly two millennia.<sup id=\"cite_ref-79\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-79\">[77]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-80\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-80\">[78]</a></sup> In his 2nd century work the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Almagest\" title=\"Almagest\">Almagest</a></i>, the Hellenistic astronomer <a href=\"/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemaeus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Claudius Ptolemaeus\">Claudius Ptolemaeus</a> constructed a <a href=\"/wiki/Geocentric\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Geocentric\">geocentric</a> planetary model based on <a href=\"/wiki/Deferent\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Deferent\">deferents</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Epicycle\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Epicycle\">epicycles</a> to explain Jupiter's motion relative to Earth, giving its
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp orbital period around Earth as 4332.38\u00a0days, or 11.86\u00a0years.<sup id=\"cite_ref-81\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-81\">[79]</a></sup> In 499, <a href=\"/wiki/Aryabhata\" title=\"Aryabhata\">Aryabhata</a>, a mathematician\u2013astronomer from the classical age of <a href=\"/wiki/Indian_mathematics\" title=\"Indian mathematics\">Indian mathematics</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Indian_astronomy\" title=\"Indian astronomy\">astronomy</a>, also used a geocentric model to estimate Jupiter's period as 4332.2722\u00a0days, or 11.86\u00a0years.<sup id=\"cite_ref-82\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-82\">[80]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Ground-based telescope research","anchor":"Ground-based_telescope_research","id":14,"text":"<p>In 1610, <a href=\"/wiki/Galileo_Galilei\" title=\"Galileo Galilei\">Galileo Galilei</a> discovered the four largest <a href=\"/wiki/Natural_satellite\" title=\"Natural satellite\">moons</a> of Jupiter (now known as the <a href=\"/wiki/Galilean_moon\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Galilean moon\">Galilean moons</a>) using a telescope; thought to be the first telescopic observation of moons other than Earth's. One day after Galileo, <a href=\"/wiki/Simon_Marius\" title=\"Simon Marius\">Simon Marius</a> independently discovered moons around Jupiter, though he did not publish his discovery in a book until 1614.<sup id=\"cite_ref-83\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-83\">[81]</a></sup> It was Marius's names for the four major moons, however, that stuck\u2014Io, Europa, Ganymede and <a href=\"/wiki/Callisto_(moon)\" title=\"Callisto (moon)\">Callisto</a>. These findings were also the first discovery of <a href=\"/wiki/Celestial_mechanics\" title=\"Celestial mechanics\">celestial motion</a> not apparently centered on Earth. The discovery was a major point in favor of <a href=\"/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus\" title=\"Nicolaus Copernicus\">Copernicus'</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Heliocentrism\" title=\"Heliocentrism\">heliocentric</a> theory of the motions of the planets; Galileo's outspoken support of the Copernican theory placed him under the threat of the <a href=\"/wiki/Inquisition\" title=\"Inquisition\">Inquisition</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-84\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-84\">[82]</a></sup></p>\n<p>During the 1660s, <a href=\"/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Cassini\" title=\"Giovanni Domenico Cassini\">Giovanni Cassini</a> used a new telescope to discover spots and colorful bands on Jupiter and observed that the planet appeared oblate; that is, flattened at the poles. He was also able to estimate the rotation period of the planet.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cassini1_85-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cassini1-85\">[83]</a></sup> In 1690 Cassini noticed that the atmosphere undergoes <a href=\"/wiki/Differential_rotation\" title=\"Differential rotation\">differential rotation</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-elkins-tanton_38-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-elkins-tanton-38\">[36]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The Great Red Spot, a prominent oval-shaped feature in the southern hemisphere of Jupiter, may have been observed as early as 1664 by <a href=\"/wiki/Robert_Hooke\" title=\"Robert Hooke\">Robert Hooke</a> and in 1665 by Cassini, although this is disputed. The pharmacist <a href=\"/wiki/Samuel_Heinrich_Schwabe\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Samuel Heinrich Schwabe\">Heinrich Schwabe</a> produced the earliest known drawing to show details of the Great Red Spot in 1831.<sup id=\"cite_ref-86\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-86\">[84]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The Red Spot was reportedly lost from sight on several occasions between 1665 and 1708 before becoming quite conspicuous in 1878. It was recorded as fading again in 1883 and at the start of the 20th century.<sup id=\"cite_ref-87\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-87\">[85]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Both <a href=\"/wiki/Giovanni_Alfonso_Borelli\" title=\"Giovanni Alfonso Borelli\">Giovanni Borelli</a> and Cassini made careful t
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp ables of the motions of Jupiter's moons, allowing predictions of the times when the moons would pass before or behind the planet. By the 1670s, it was observed that when Jupiter was on the opposite side of the Sun from Earth, these events would occur about 17\u00a0minutes later than expected. <a href=\"/wiki/Ole_R%C3%B8mer\" title=\"Ole R\u00f8mer\">Ole R\u00f8mer</a> deduced that sight is not instantaneous (a conclusion that Cassini had earlier rejected),<sup id=\"cite_ref-cassini_23-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cassini-23\">[21]</a></sup> and this timing discrepancy was used to estimate the <a href=\"/wiki/Speed_of_light\" title=\"Speed of light\">speed of light</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-88\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-88\">[86]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In 1892, <a href=\"/wiki/E._E._Barnard\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"E. E. Barnard\">E. E. Barnard</a> observed a fifth satellite of Jupiter with the 36-inch (910\u00a0mm) refractor at <a href=\"/wiki/Lick_Observatory\" title=\"Lick Observatory\">Lick Observatory</a> in California. The discovery of this relatively small object, a testament to his keen eyesight, quickly made him famous. This moon was later named <a href=\"/wiki/Amalthea_(moon)\" title=\"Amalthea (moon)\">Amalthea</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-89\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-89\">[87]</a></sup> It was the last planetary moon to be discovered directly by visual observation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-90\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-90\">[88]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:152px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Jupiter_MAD.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jupiter_MAD.jpg/150px-Jupiter_MAD.jpg\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jupiter_MAD.jpg/225px-Jupiter_MAD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jupiter_MAD.jpg/300px-Jupiter_MAD.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1730\" data-file-height=\"1730\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Jupiter_MAD.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nInfrared image of Jupiter taken by <a href=\"/wiki/ESO\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ESO\">ESO</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope\" title=\"Very Large Telescope\">Very Large Telescope</a>.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>In 1932, <a href=\"/wiki/Rupert_Wildt\" title=\"Rupert Wildt\">Rupert Wildt</a> identified absorption bands of ammonia and methane in the spectra of Jupiter.<sup id=\"cite_ref-91\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-91\">[89]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Three long-lived anticyclonic features termed white ovals were observed in 1938. For several decades they remained as separate features in the atmosphere, sometimes approaching each other but never merging. Finally, two of the ovals merged in 1998, then absorbed the third in 2000, becoming <a href=\"/wiki/Oval_BA\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Oval BA\">Oval BA</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-92\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-92\">[90]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Radiotelescope research","anchor":"Radiotelescope_research","id":15,"text":"<p>In 1955, Bernard Burke and <a href=\"/wiki/Kenneth_Franklin\" title=\"Kenneth Franklin\">Kenneth Franklin</a> detected bursts of radio signals coming from Jupiter at 22.2\u00a0MHz.<sup id=\"cite_ref-elkins-tanton_38-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-elkins-tanton-38\">[36]</a></sup> The period of these bursts matched the rotation of the planet, and they were also able to use this information to refine the rotation rate. Radio bursts from Jupiter were found to come in two forms: long bursts (or L-bursts) lasting up to several seconds, and short bursts (or S-bursts) that had a duration of less than a hundredth of a second.<sup id=\"cite_ref-93\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-93\">[91]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Scientis
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp ts discovered that there were three forms of radio signals transmitted from Jupiter.</p>\n<ul><li>Decametric radio bursts (with a wavelength of tens of meters) vary with the rotation of Jupiter, and are influenced by interaction of Io with Jupiter's magnetic field.<sup id=\"cite_ref-94\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-94\">[92]</a></sup></li>\n<li>Decimetric radio emission (with wavelengths measured in centimeters) was first observed by <a href=\"/wiki/Frank_Drake\" title=\"Frank Drake\">Frank Drake</a> and Hein Hvatum in 1959.<sup id=\"cite_ref-elkins-tanton_38-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-elkins-tanton-38\">[36]</a></sup> The origin of this signal was from a torus-shaped belt around Jupiter's equator. This signal is caused by <a href=\"/wiki/Cyclotron_radiation\" title=\"Cyclotron radiation\">cyclotron radiation</a> from electrons that are accelerated in Jupiter's magnetic field.<sup id=\"cite_ref-95\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-95\">[93]</a></sup></li>\n<li>Thermal radiation is produced by heat in the atmosphere of Jupiter.<sup id=\"cite_ref-elkins-tanton_38-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-elkins-tanton-38\">[36]</a></sup></li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Exploration","anchor":"Exploration","id":16,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter\" title=\"Exploration of Jupiter\">Exploration of Jupiter</a></div>\n<p>Since 1973 a number of automated spacecraft have visited Jupiter, most notably the <a href=\"/wiki/Pioneer_10\" title=\"Pioneer 10\">Pioneer 10</a> space probe, the first spacecraft to get close enough to Jupiter to send back revelations about the properties and phenomena of the Solar System's largest planet.<sup id=\"cite_ref-96\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-96\">[94]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-97\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-97\">[95]</a></sup> Flights to other planets within the Solar System are accomplished at a cost in energy, which is described by the net change in velocity of the spacecraft, or <a href=\"/wiki/Delta-v\" title=\"Delta-v\">delta-v</a>. Entering a <a href=\"/wiki/Hohmann_transfer_orbit\" title=\"Hohmann transfer orbit\">Hohmann transfer orbit</a> from Earth to Jupiter from <a href=\"/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit\" title=\"Low Earth orbit\">low Earth orbit</a> requires a delta-v of 6.3\u00a0km/s<sup id=\"cite_ref-98\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-98\">[96]</a></sup> which is comparable to the 9.7\u00a0km/s delta-v needed to reach low Earth orbit.<sup id=\"cite_ref-99\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-99\">[97]</a></sup> Fortunately, <a href=\"/wiki/Gravitational_slingshot\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Gravitational slingshot\">gravity assists</a> through planetary <a href=\"/wiki/Gravitational_slingshot\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Gravitational slingshot\">flybys</a> can be used to reduce the energy required to reach Jupiter, albeit at the cost of a significantly longer flight duration.<sup id=\"cite_ref-delta-v_100-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-delta-v-100\">[98]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Flyby missions","anchor":"Flyby_missions","id":17,"text":"<table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"float: right; margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em;\"><caption>Flyby missions</caption>\n<tr><th>Spacecraft</th>\n<th>Closest<br>\napproach</th>\n<th>Distance</th>\n</tr><tr><td><a href=\"/wiki/Pioneer_10\" title=\"Pioneer 10\">Pioneer 10</a></td>\n<td>December 3, 1973</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">130,000\u00a0km</td>\n</tr><tr><td><a href=\"/wiki/Pioneer_11\" title=\"Pioneer 11\">Pioneer 11</a></td>\n<td>December 4, 1974</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">34,000\u00a0km</td>\n</tr><tr><td><a href=\"/wiki/Voyager_1\" title=\"Voyager 1\">Voyager 1</a></td>\n<td>March 5, 1979</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">349,000\u00a0km</td>\n</tr><tr><td><a href=\"/wiki/Voyager_2\" title=\"Voyager 2\">Voyager 2</a></td>\n<td>July 9, 1
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp 979</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">570,000\u00a0km</td>\n</tr><tr><td rowspan=\"2\"><a href=\"/wiki/Ulysses_probe\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Ulysses probe\">Ulysses</a></td>\n<td>February 8, 1992<sup id=\"cite_ref-ulysses_101-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ulysses-101\">[99]</a></sup></td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">408,894\u00a0km</td>\n</tr><tr><td>February 4, 2004<sup id=\"cite_ref-ulysses_101-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ulysses-101\">[99]</a></sup></td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">120,000,000\u00a0km</td>\n</tr><tr><td><a href=\"/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens\" title=\"Cassini\u2013Huygens\">Cassini</a></td>\n<td>December 30, 2000</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">10,000,000\u00a0km</td>\n</tr><tr><td><a href=\"/wiki/New_Horizons\" title=\"New Horizons\">New Horizons</a></td>\n<td>February 28, 2007</td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">2,304,535\u00a0km</td>\n</tr></table><p>Beginning in 1973, several spacecraft have performed planetary flyby maneuvers that brought them within observation range of Jupiter. The <a href=\"/wiki/Pioneer_program\" title=\"Pioneer program\">Pioneer</a> missions obtained the first close-up images of Jupiter's atmosphere and several of its moons. They discovered that the radiation fields near the planet were much stronger than expected, but both spacecraft managed to survive in that environment. The trajectories of these spacecraft were used to refine the mass estimates of the Jovian system. <a href=\"/wiki/Radio_occultations\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Radio occultations\">Radio occultations</a> by the planet resulted in better measurements of Jupiter's diameter and the amount of polar flattening.<sup id=\"cite_ref-burgess_29-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-burgess-29\">[27]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-cosmology_101_102-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cosmology_101-102\">[100]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Six years later, the <a href=\"/wiki/Voyager_program\" title=\"Voyager program\">Voyager</a> missions vastly improved the understanding of the <a href=\"/wiki/Galilean_moon\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Galilean moon\">Galilean moons</a> and discovered Jupiter's rings. They also confirmed that the Great Red Spot was anticyclonic. Comparison of images showed that the Red Spot had changed hue since the Pioneer missions, turning from orange to dark brown. A torus of ionized atoms was discovered along Io's orbital path, and volcanoes were found on the moon's surface, some in the process of erupting. As the spacecraft passed behind the planet, it observed flashes of lightning in the night side atmosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-burgess_29-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-burgess-29\">[27]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-voyager1_103-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-voyager1-103\">[101]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The next mission to encounter Jupiter was the Ulysses solar probe. It performed a flyby maneuver to attain a <a href=\"/wiki/Polar_orbit\" title=\"Polar orbit\">polar orbit</a> around the Sun. During this pass, the spacecraft conducted studies on Jupiter's magnetosphere. Ulysses has no cameras so no images were taken. A second flyby six years later was at a much greater distance.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ulysses_101-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ulysses-101\">[99]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA02879_-_A_New_Year_for_Jupiter_and_Io.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PIA02879_-_A_New_Year_for_Jupiter_and_Io.jpg/220px-PIA02879_-_A_New_Year_for_Jupiter_and_Io.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"211\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PIA02879_-_A_New_Year_for_Jupiter_and_Io.jpg/330px-PIA02879_-_A_New_Year_for_Jupiter_and_Io.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PIA02879_-_A_New_Year_for_Jupit
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp er_and_Io.jpg/440px-PIA02879_-_A_New_Year_for_Jupiter_and_Io.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"999\" data-file-height=\"959\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA02879_-_A_New_Year_for_Jupiter_and_Io.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nCassini views Jupiter and Io on January 1, 2001</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>In 2000, the Cassini probe flew by Jupiter <i>en route</i> to <a href=\"/wiki/Saturn\" title=\"Saturn\">Saturn</a>, and provided some of the highest-resolution images ever made of the planet.<sup id=\"cite_ref-104\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-104\">[102]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/New_Horizons\" title=\"New Horizons\">New Horizons</a> probe flew by Jupiter for gravity assist <i>en route</i> to <a href=\"/wiki/Pluto\" title=\"Pluto\">Pluto</a>. Its closest approach was on February 28, 2007.<sup id=\"cite_ref-105\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-105\">[103]</a></sup> The probe's cameras measured plasma output from volcanoes on Io and studied all four Galilean moons in detail, as well as making long-distance observations of the outer moons <a href=\"/wiki/Himalia_(moon)\" title=\"Himalia (moon)\">Himalia</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Elara_(moon)\" title=\"Elara (moon)\">Elara</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-106\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-106\">[104]</a></sup> Imaging of the Jovian system began September 4, 2006.<sup id=\"cite_ref-107\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-107\">[105]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-108\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-108\">[106]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"<i>Galileo</i> mission","anchor":"Galileo_mission","id":18,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)\" title=\"Galileo (spacecraft)\">Galileo (spacecraft)</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"312\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2260\" data-file-height=\"3207\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nJupiter as seen by the space probe <i><a href=\"/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens\" title=\"Cassini\u2013Huygens\">Cassini</a></i></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter was the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Galileo_spacecraft\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Galileo spacecraft\">Galileo</a></i> probe, which entered orbit on December 7, 1995.<sup id=\"cite_ref-HTUW_34-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HTUW-34\">[32]</a></sup> It orbited the planet for over seven years, conducting multiple flybys of all the Galilean moons and <a href=\"/wiki/Amalthea_(moon)\" title=\"Amalthea (moon)\">Amalthea</a>. The spacecraft also witnessed the impact of <a href=\"/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9\" title=\"Comet Shoemaker\u2013Levy 9\">Comet Shoemaker\u2013Levy 9</a> as it approached Jupiter in 1994, giving a unique vantage point for the event. Its originally designed capacity was limited by the failed deployment of its high-gain radio antenna, although extensive information was still gained about the Jovian system from <i>Galileo</i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-galileo_109-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-galileo-109\">[107]</a></sup></p>\n<p>A 340-kilogram titanium <a href=\"/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)#Galileo_Probe\" title=\"Galileo (spacecraft)\">atm
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp ospheric probe</a> was released from the spacecraft in July 1995, entering Jupiter's atmosphere on December 7.<sup id=\"cite_ref-HTUW_34-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HTUW-34\">[32]</a></sup> It parachuted through 150\u00a0km (93\u00a0mi) of the atmosphere at a speed of about 2,575\u00a0km/h (1600\u00a0mph)<sup id=\"cite_ref-HTUW_34-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HTUW-34\">[32]</a></sup> and collected data for 57.6\u00a0minutes before it was crushed by the pressure of about 23 <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere_(pressure)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Atmosphere (pressure)\">atmospheres</a> at a temperature of 153\u00a0\u00b0C.<sup id=\"cite_ref-110\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-110\">[108]</a></sup> It melted thereafter, and possibly vaporized. The <i>Galileo</i> orbiter itself experienced a more rapid version of the same fate when it was deliberately steered into the planet on September 21, 2003 at a speed of over 50\u00a0km/s to avoid any possibility of it crashing into and possibly contaminating Europa, a moon which has been hypothesized to have the possibility of <a href=\"/wiki/Life_on_Europa\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Life on Europa\">harboring life</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-galileo_109-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-galileo-109\">[107]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Data from this mission revealed that hydrogen composes up to 90% of Jupiter's atmosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-HTUW_34-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HTUW-34\">[32]</a></sup> The recorded temperature was more than 300\u00a0\u00b0C (&gt;570\u00a0\u00b0F) and the windspeed measured more than 644\u00a0km/h (&gt;400\u00a0mph) before the probes vapourised.<sup id=\"cite_ref-HTUW_34-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HTUW-34\">[32]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"<i>Juno</i> mission","anchor":"Juno_mission","id":19,"text":"<p>NASA's <a href=\"/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)\" title=\"Juno (spacecraft)\">Juno</a> mission arrived at Jupiter on July 4, 2016<sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20160705_18-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT-20160705-18\">[16]</a></sup> and will study the planet in detail from a <a href=\"/wiki/Polar_orbit\" title=\"Polar orbit\">polar orbit</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-111\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-111\">[109]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Future probes","anchor":"Future_probes","id":20,"text":"<p>The next planned mission to the Jovian system will be the <a href=\"/wiki/European_Space_Agency\" title=\"European Space Agency\">European Space Agency</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moon_Explorer\" title=\"Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer\">Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer</a> (JUICE), due to launch in 2022,<sup id=\"cite_ref-selection_112-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-selection-112\">[110]</a></sup> followed by NASA's <a href=\"/wiki/Europa_Clipper\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Europa Clipper\">Europa Clipper</a> mission in 2025.<sup id=\"cite_ref-113\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-113\">[111]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Canceled missions","anchor":"Canceled_missions","id":21,"text":"<p>There has been great interest in studying the icy moons in detail because of the possibility of subsurface liquid oceans on Jupiter's moons Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Funding difficulties have delayed progress. NASA's <i><a href=\"/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Orbiter\" title=\"Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter\">JIMO</a></i> (<i>Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter</i>) was cancelled in 2005.<sup id=\"cite_ref-114\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-114\">[112]</a></sup> A subsequent proposal was developed for a joint <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a>/<a href=\"/wiki/ESA\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ESA\">ESA</a> mission called <a href=\"/wiki/EJSM/Laplace\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"EJSM/Laplace\">EJSM/Laplace</a>, with a provisional launch date around 2020. EJSM/Laplace would have consisted of the NASA-led <a href=\"/wiki/Jupiter_Europa_Orbiter
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp \" title=\"Jupiter Europa Orbiter\">Jupiter Europa Orbiter</a> and the ESA-led <a href=\"/wiki/Jupiter_Ganymede_Orbiter\" title=\"Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter\">Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-115\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-115\">[113]</a></sup> However, ESA had formally ended the partnership by April 2011, citing budget issues at NASA and the consequences on the mission timetable. Instead, ESA planned to go ahead with a European-only mission to compete in its L1 <a href=\"/wiki/Cosmic_Vision\" title=\"Cosmic Vision\">Cosmic Vision</a> selection.<sup id=\"cite_ref-esaled_116-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-esaled-116\">[114]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Moons","anchor":"Moons","id":22,"text":"<table class=\"mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox\" style=\"border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9\"><tr><td class=\"mbox-image\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png\" width=\"30\" height=\"40\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1024\" data-file-height=\"1376\"></a></td>\n<td class=\"mbox-text plainlist\">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Moons_of_Jupiter\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"commons:Category:Moons of Jupiter\">Moons of Jupiter</a></b></i>.</td>\n</tr></table><div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter\" title=\"Moons of Jupiter\">Moons of Jupiter</a></div>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons\" title=\"Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons\">Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons</a></div>\n<p>Jupiter has 67 <a href=\"/wiki/Natural_satellite\" title=\"Natural satellite\">natural satellites</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-shep-main_117-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-shep-main-117\">[115]</a></sup> Of these, 51 are less than 10\u00a0kilometres in diameter and have only been discovered since 1975. The four largest moons, visible from Earth with binoculars on a clear night, known as the \"<a href=\"/wiki/Galilean_moons\" title=\"Galilean moons\">Galilean moons</a>\", are Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.</p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Galilean moons","anchor":"Galilean_moons","id":23,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Galilean_moons\" title=\"Galilean moons\">Galilean moons</a></div>\n<p>The moons discovered by Galileo\u2014Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto\u2014are among the largest satellites in the Solar System. The orbits of three of them (Io, Europa, and Ganymede) form a pattern known as a <a href=\"/wiki/Laplace_resonance\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Laplace resonance\">Laplace resonance</a>; for every four orbits that Io makes around Jupiter, Europa makes exactly two orbits and Ganymede makes exactly one. This resonance causes the <a href=\"/wiki/Gravity\" title=\"Gravity\">gravitational</a> effects of the three large moons to distort their orbits into elliptical shapes, because each moon receives an extra tug from its neighbors at the same point in every orbit it makes. The <a href=\"/wiki/Tidal_force\" title=\"Tidal force\">tidal force</a> from Jupiter, on the other hand, works to <a href=\"/wiki/Tidal_circularization\" title=\"Tidal circularization\">circularize</a> their orbits.<sup id=\"cite_ref-118\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-118\">[116]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity\" title=\"Orbital eccentricity\">eccentricity</a> of their orbits causes regular flexing of the three moons' shapes, with Jupiter's gravity stretchi
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp ng them out as they approach it and allowing them to spring back to more spherical shapes as they swing away. This tidal flexing <a href=\"/wiki/Tidal_acceleration#Tidal_heating\" title=\"Tidal acceleration\">heats</a> the moons' interiors by <a href=\"/wiki/Friction\" title=\"Friction\">friction</a>. This is seen most dramatically in the extraordinary <a href=\"/wiki/Io_(moon)#Volcanism\" title=\"Io (moon)\">volcanic activity</a> of innermost Io (which is subject to the strongest tidal forces), and to a lesser degree in the geological youth of <a href=\"/wiki/Europa_(moon)#Surface_features\" title=\"Europa (moon)\">Europa's surface</a> (indicating recent resurfacing of the moon's exterior).</p>\n<table style=\"width: 550px; margin: 0 auto;\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\"><tr><td>\n<table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><caption>The Galilean moons, compared to Earth's <a href=\"/wiki/Moon\" title=\"Moon\">Moon</a></caption>\n<tr><th rowspan=\"2\">Name</th>\n<th rowspan=\"2\"><a href=\"/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English\" title=\"Help:IPA for English\">IPA</a></th>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Diameter</th>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Mass</th>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Orbital radius</th>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Orbital period</th>\n</tr><tr><th>km</th>\n<th>\u00a0%</th>\n<th>kg</th>\n<th>\u00a0%</th>\n<th>km</th>\n<th>\u00a0%</th>\n<th>days</th>\n<th>\u00a0%</th>\n</tr><tr><th><a href=\"/wiki/Io_(moon)\" title=\"Io (moon)\">Io</a></th>\n<td align=\"left\"><small><span title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\" class=\"IPA\">/\u02c8a\u026a.o\u028a/</span></small></td>\n<td>3,643</td>\n<td>105</td>\n<td>8.9\u00d710<sup>22</sup></td>\n<td>120</td>\n<td>421,700</td>\n<td>110</td>\n<td>1.77</td>\n<td>7</td>\n</tr><tr><th><a href=\"/wiki/Europa_(moon)\" title=\"Europa (moon)\">Europa</a></th>\n<td align=\"left\"><small><span title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\" class=\"IPA\">/j\u028a\u02c8ro\u028ap\u0259/</span></small></td>\n<td>3,122</td>\n<td>90</td>\n<td>4.8\u00d710<sup>22</sup></td>\n<td>65</td>\n<td>671,034</td>\n<td>175</td>\n<td>3.55</td>\n<td>13</td>\n</tr><tr><th><a href=\"/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)\" title=\"Ganymede (moon)\">Ganymede</a></th>\n<td align=\"left\"><small><span title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\" class=\"IPA\">/\u02c8\u0261\u00e6nimi\u02d0d/</span></small></td>\n<td>5,262</td>\n<td>150</td>\n<td>14.8\u00d710<sup>22</sup></td>\n<td>200</td>\n<td>1,070,412</td>\n<td>280</td>\n<td>7.15</td>\n<td>26</td>\n</tr><tr><th><a href=\"/wiki/Callisto_(moon)\" title=\"Callisto (moon)\">Callisto</a></th>\n<td align=\"left\"><small><span title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\" class=\"IPA\">/k\u0259\u02c8l\u026asto\u028a/</span></small></td>\n<td>4,821</td>\n<td>140</td>\n<td>10.8\u00d710<sup>22</sup></td>\n<td>150</td>\n<td>1,882,709</td>\n<td>490</td>\n<td>16.69</td>\n<td>61</td>\n</tr></table></td>\n</tr><tr><td>\n<div class=\"floatleft\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:The_Galilean_satellites_(the_four_largest_moons_of_Jupiter).tif\" class=\"image\" title=\"The Galilean moons. From left to right, in order of increasing distance from Jupiter: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto.\"><img alt=\"The Galilean moons. From left to right, in order of increasing distance from Jupiter: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/The_Galilean_satellites_%28the_four_largest_moons_of_Jupiter%29.tif/lossy-page1-561px-The_Galilean_satellites_%28the_four_largest_moons_of_Jupiter%29.tif.jpg\" width=\"561\" height=\"184\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/The_Galilean_satellites_%28the_four_largest_moons_of_Jupiter%29.tif/lossy-page1-842px-The_Galilean_satellites_%28the_four_largest_moons_of_Jupiter%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/The_Galilean_satellites_%28the_four_largest_moons_of_Jupiter%29.tif/lossy-page1-1122px-The_Galilean_satellites_
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp %28the_four_largest_moons_of_Jupiter%29.tif.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1830\" data-file-height=\"600\"></a></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><td style=\"font-size: 0.9em; text-align: center;\">The Galilean moons <a href=\"/wiki/Io_(moon)\" title=\"Io (moon)\">Io</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Europa_(moon)\" title=\"Europa (moon)\">Europa</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)\" title=\"Ganymede (moon)\">Ganymede</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Callisto_(moon)\" title=\"Callisto (moon)\">Callisto</a> (in order of increasing distance from Jupiter)</td>\n</tr></table>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Classification","anchor":"Classification","id":24,"text":"<p>Before the discoveries of the Voyager missions, Jupiter's moons were arranged neatly into four groups of four, based on commonality of their <a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_elements\" title=\"Orbital elements\">orbital elements</a>. Since then, the large number of new small outer moons has complicated this picture. There are now thought to be six main groups, although some are more distinct than others.</p>\n<p>A basic sub-division is a grouping of the eight inner regular moons, which have nearly circular orbits near the plane of Jupiter's equator and are thought to have formed with Jupiter. The remainder of the moons consist of an unknown number of small irregular moons with elliptical and inclined orbits, which are thought to be captured asteroids or fragments of captured asteroids. Irregular moons that belong to a group share similar orbital elements and thus may have a common origin, perhaps as a larger moon or captured body that broke up.<sup id=\"cite_ref-119\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-119\">[117]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-120\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-120\">[118]</a></sup></p>\n<table class=\"wikitable\"><tr><th colspan=\"2\">Regular moons</th>\n</tr><tr><td><a href=\"/wiki/Inner_satellites_of_Jupiter\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Inner satellites of Jupiter\">Inner group</a></td>\n<td>The inner group of four small moons all have diameters of less than 200\u00a0km, orbit at radii less than 200,000\u00a0km, and have orbital inclinations of less than half a degree.</td>\n</tr><tr><td><a href=\"/wiki/Galilean_moons\" title=\"Galilean moons\">Galilean\u00a0moons</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-121\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-121\">[119]</a></sup></td>\n<td>These four moons, discovered by <a href=\"/wiki/Galileo_Galilei\" title=\"Galileo Galilei\">Galileo Galilei</a> and by <a href=\"/wiki/Simon_Marius\" title=\"Simon Marius\">Simon Marius</a> in parallel, orbit between 400,000 and 2,000,000\u00a0km, and are some of the largest moons in the Solar System.</td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\">Irregular moons</th>\n</tr><tr><td><a href=\"/wiki/Themisto_(moon)\" title=\"Themisto (moon)\">Themisto</a></td>\n<td>This is a single moon belonging to a group of its own, orbiting halfway between the Galilean moons and the Himalia group.</td>\n</tr><tr><td><a href=\"/wiki/Himalia_group\" title=\"Himalia group\">Himalia group</a></td>\n<td>A tightly clustered group of moons with orbits around 11,000,000\u201312,000,000\u00a0km from Jupiter.</td>\n</tr><tr><td><a href=\"/wiki/Carpo_(moon)\" title=\"Carpo (moon)\">Carpo</a></td>\n<td>Another isolated case; at the inner edge of the Ananke group, it orbits Jupiter in prograde direction.</td>\n</tr><tr><td><a href=\"/wiki/Ananke_group\" title=\"Ananke group\">Ananke\u00a0group</a></td>\n<td>This <a href=\"/wiki/Retrograde_motion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Retrograde motion\">retrograde orbit</a> group has rather indistinct borders, averaging 21,276,000\u00a0km from Jupiter with an average inclination of 149 degrees.</td>\n</tr><tr><td><a href=\"/wiki/Carme_group\" title=\"Carme group\">Carme group</a></td>\n<td>A fairly distinct retrograde group that averages 23,404,000\u00a0km from Jupiter with an average inclination of 165 degrees.</td>\n</tr><tr><td><a href=\"/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB_group\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Pasipha\u00eb group\">Pasi
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp pha\u00eb group</a></td>\n<td>A dispersed and only vaguely distinct retrograde group that covers all the outermost moons.</td>\n</tr></table>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Planetary rings","anchor":"Planetary_rings","id":25,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA01627_Ringe.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PIA01627_Ringe.jpg/220px-PIA01627_Ringe.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PIA01627_Ringe.jpg/330px-PIA01627_Ringe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PIA01627_Ringe.jpg/440px-PIA01627_Ringe.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2560\" data-file-height=\"1920\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA01627_Ringe.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nThe <a href=\"/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter\" title=\"Rings of Jupiter\">rings of Jupiter</a></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter\" title=\"Rings of Jupiter\">Rings of Jupiter</a></div>\n<p>Jupiter has a faint <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_ring\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Planetary ring\">planetary ring</a> system composed of three main segments: an inner <a href=\"/wiki/Torus\" title=\"Torus\">torus</a> of particles known as the halo, a relatively bright main ring, and an outer gossamer ring.<sup id=\"cite_ref-122\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-122\">[120]</a></sup> These rings appear to be made of dust, rather than ice as with Saturn's rings.<sup id=\"cite_ref-elkins-tanton_38-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-elkins-tanton-38\">[36]</a></sup> The main ring is probably made of material ejected from the satellites <a href=\"/wiki/Adrastea_(moon)\" title=\"Adrastea (moon)\">Adrastea</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Metis_(moon)\" title=\"Metis (moon)\">Metis</a>. Material that would normally fall back to the moon is pulled into Jupiter because of its strong gravitational influence. The orbit of the material veers towards Jupiter and new material is added by additional impacts.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Burns1999_123-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Burns1999-123\">[121]</a></sup> In a similar way, the moons <a href=\"/wiki/Thebe_(moon)\" title=\"Thebe (moon)\">Thebe</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Amalthea_(moon)\" title=\"Amalthea (moon)\">Amalthea</a> probably produce the two distinct components of the dusty gossamer ring.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Burns1999_123-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Burns1999-123\">[121]</a></sup> There is also evidence of a rocky ring strung along Amalthea's orbit which may consist of collisional debris from that moon.<sup id=\"cite_ref-124\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-124\">[122]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Interaction with the Solar System","anchor":"Interaction_with_the_Solar_System","id":26,"text":"<p>Along with the Sun, the <a href=\"/wiki/Gravity\" title=\"Gravity\">gravitational</a> influence of Jupiter has helped shape the Solar System. The orbits of most of the system's planets lie closer to Jupiter's <a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_plane_(astronomy)\" title=\"Orbital plane (astronomy)\">orbital plane</a> than the Sun's <a href=\"/wiki/Celestial_equator\" title=\"Celestial equator\">equatorial plane</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(planet)\" title=\"Mercury (planet)\">Mercury</a> is the only planet that is closer to the Sun's equator in orbital tilt), the <a href=\"/wiki/Kirkwood_gap\" title=\"Kirkwood gap\">Kirkwood gaps</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Asteroid_belt\" title=\"Asteroid belt\">asteroid belt</a> are mostly caused by Jupiter, and the planet may have been responsible for the <a href=\"/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment\" title=\"Late Heavy Bombardment\">Late Heavy Bombardment</a> of the inner Solar System's history.<sup id=\"cite_ref-125\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp "#cite_note-125\">[123]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:InnerSolarSystem-en.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/InnerSolarSystem-en.png/220px-InnerSolarSystem-en.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"220\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/InnerSolarSystem-en.png/330px-InnerSolarSystem-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/InnerSolarSystem-en.png/440px-InnerSolarSystem-en.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"600\" data-file-height=\"600\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:InnerSolarSystem-en.png\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nThis diagram shows the <a href=\"/wiki/Trojan_(astronomy)\" title=\"Trojan (astronomy)\">Trojan asteroids</a> in Jupiter's orbit, as well as the main <a href=\"/wiki/Asteroid_belt\" title=\"Asteroid belt\">asteroid belt</a>.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Along with its moons, Jupiter's gravitational field controls numerous <a href=\"/wiki/Asteroid\" title=\"Asteroid\">asteroids</a> that have settled into the regions of the <a href=\"/wiki/Lagrangian_point\" title=\"Lagrangian point\">Lagrangian points</a> preceding and following Jupiter in its orbit around the Sun. These are known as the <a href=\"/wiki/Trojan_asteroid\" title=\"Trojan asteroid\">Trojan asteroids</a>, and are divided into <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Trojan_asteroids_(Greek_camp)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"List of Trojan asteroids (Greek camp)\">Greek</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Trojan_asteroids_(Trojan_camp)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"List of Trojan asteroids (Trojan camp)\">Trojan</a> \"camps\" to commemorate the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Iliad\" title=\"Iliad\">Iliad</a></i>. The first of these, <a href=\"/wiki/588_Achilles\" title=\"588 Achilles\">588 Achilles</a>, was discovered by <a href=\"/wiki/Max_Wolf\" title=\"Max Wolf\">Max Wolf</a> in 1906; since then more than two thousand have been discovered.<sup id=\"cite_ref-126\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-126\">[124]</a></sup> The largest is <a href=\"/wiki/624_Hektor\" title=\"624 Hektor\">624 Hektor</a>.</p>\n<p>Most <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_periodic_comets\" title=\"List of periodic comets\">short-period comets</a> belong to the Jupiter family\u2014defined as comets with <a href=\"/wiki/Semi-major_axis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Semi-major axis\">semi-major axes</a> smaller than Jupiter's. Jupiter family comets are thought to form in the <a href=\"/wiki/Kuiper_belt\" title=\"Kuiper belt\">Kuiper belt</a> outside the orbit of Neptune. During close encounters with Jupiter their orbits are <a href=\"/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)\" title=\"Perturbation (astronomy)\">perturbed</a> into a smaller period and then circularized by regular gravitational interaction with the Sun and Jupiter.<sup id=\"cite_ref-127\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-127\">[125]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Due to the magnitude of Jupiter's mass, the center of gravity between it and the Sun lies just above the Sun's surface.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Jupiter-COM-20160730_128-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Jupiter-COM-20160730-128\">[126]</a></sup> Jupiter is the only body in the Solar System for which this is true.</p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Impacts","anchor":"Impacts","id":27,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9\" title=\"Comet Shoemaker\u2013Levy 9\">Comet Shoemaker\u2013Levy 9</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2009_Jupiter_impact_event\" title=\"2009 Jupiter impact event\">2009 Jupiter impact event</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/2010_Jupiter_impact_event\" title=\"2010 Jupiter impact event\">2010 Jupiter impact event</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Hs-2009-23-crop.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//u
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp pload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hs-2009-23-crop.jpg/220px-Hs-2009-23-crop.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"164\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hs-2009-23-crop.jpg/330px-Hs-2009-23-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hs-2009-23-crop.jpg/440px-Hs-2009-23-crop.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"492\" data-file-height=\"367\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Hs-2009-23-crop.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope\" title=\"Hubble Space Telescope\">Hubble</a> image taken on July 23, 2009, showing a blemish of about 5,000 miles long left by the <a href=\"/wiki/2009_Jupiter_impact_event\" title=\"2009 Jupiter impact event\">2009 Jupiter impact</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-129\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-129\">[127]</a></sup></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Jupiter has been called the Solar System's vacuum cleaner,<sup id=\"cite_ref-130\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-130\">[128]</a></sup> because of its immense <a href=\"/wiki/Gravity_well\" title=\"Gravity well\">gravity well</a> and location near the inner Solar System. It receives the most frequent comet impacts of the Solar System's planets.<sup id=\"cite_ref-131\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-131\">[129]</a></sup> It was thought that the planet served to partially shield the inner system from cometary bombardment.<sup id=\"cite_ref-HTUW_34-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HTUW-34\">[32]</a></sup> However, recent computer simulations suggest that Jupiter does not cause a net decrease in the number of comets that pass through the inner Solar System, as its gravity perturbs their orbits inward roughly as often as it accretes or ejects them.<sup id=\"cite_ref-132\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-132\">[130]</a></sup> This topic remains controversial among scientists, as some think it draws comets towards Earth from the <a href=\"/wiki/Kuiper_belt\" title=\"Kuiper belt\">Kuiper belt</a> while others think that Jupiter protects Earth from the alleged <a href=\"/wiki/Oort_cloud\" title=\"Oort cloud\">Oort cloud</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-133\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-133\">[131]</a></sup> Jupiter experiences about 200 times more <a href=\"/wiki/Asteroid\" title=\"Asteroid\">asteroid</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Comet\" title=\"Comet\">comet</a> impacts than Earth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-HTUW_34-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HTUW-34\">[32]</a></sup></p>\n<p>A 1997 survey of historical astronomical drawings suggested that <a href=\"/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Cassini\" title=\"Giovanni Domenico Cassini\">Cassini</a> may have recorded an impact scar in 1690. The survey produced eight other candidate observations between 1664 and 1839, but they had low or no possibility of being the result of an impact.<sup id=\"cite_ref-134\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-134\">[132]</a></sup></p>\n<p>More recent discoveries include the following:</p>\n<ol><li>A <a href=\"/wiki/Fireball_(meteor)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Fireball (meteor)\">fireball</a> was photographed by Voyager 1 during its Jupiter encounter in March 1979.<sup id=\"cite_ref-impact2012_135-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-impact2012-135\">[133]</a></sup></li>\n<li>During the period July 16, 1994, to July 22, 1994, over 20 fragments from the <a href=\"/wiki/Comet\" title=\"Comet\">comet</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9\" title=\"Comet Shoemaker\u2013Levy 9\">Shoemaker\u2013Levy\u00a09</a> (SL9, formally designated D/1993 F2) collided with Jupiter's <a href=\"/wiki/Southern_hemisphere\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Southern hemisphere\">southern hemisphere</a>, providing the first direct observation of a collision between two Solar System objects. This impact provided useful data on the composition of Jupiter's atmosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-136\
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp " class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-136\">[134]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-137\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-137\">[135]</a></sup></li>\n<li>On July 19, 2009, an <a href=\"/wiki/2009_Jupiter_impact_event\" title=\"2009 Jupiter impact event\">impact site</a> was discovered at approximately 216 degrees longitude in System 2.<sup id=\"cite_ref-138\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-138\">[136]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-139\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-139\">[137]</a></sup> This impact left behind a black spot in Jupiter's atmosphere, similar in size to <a href=\"/wiki/Oval_BA\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Oval BA\">Oval BA</a>. Infrared observation showed a bright spot where the impact took place, meaning the impact warmed up the lower atmosphere in the area near Jupiter's south pole.<sup id=\"cite_ref-140\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-140\">[138]</a></sup></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/2010_Jupiter_impact_event\" title=\"2010 Jupiter impact event\">A fireball</a>, smaller than the previous observed impacts, was detected on June 3, 2010, by <a href=\"/wiki/Anthony_Wesley\" title=\"Anthony Wesley\">Anthony Wesley</a>, an <a href=\"/wiki/Amateur_astronomy\" title=\"Amateur astronomy\">amateur astronomer</a> in Australia, and was later discovered to have been captured on video by another amateur astronomer in the <a href=\"/wiki/Philippines\" title=\"Philippines\">Philippines</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-141\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-141\">[139]</a></sup></li>\n<li>Yet another fireball was seen on August 20, 2010.<sup id=\"cite_ref-142\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-142\">[140]</a></sup></li>\n<li>On September 10, 2012, another fireball was detected.<sup id=\"cite_ref-impact2012_135-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-impact2012-135\">[133]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-143\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-143\">[141]</a></sup></li>\n<li>March 17, 2016 an asteroid or comet struck and was filmed on video.<sup id=\"cite_ref-144\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-144\">[142]</a></sup></li>\n</ol>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Possibility of life","anchor":"Possibility_of_life","id":28,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Further information: <a href=\"/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life\" title=\"Extraterrestrial life\">Extraterrestrial life</a></div>\n<p>In 1953, the <a href=\"/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Urey_experiment\" title=\"Miller\u2013Urey experiment\">Miller\u2013Urey experiment</a> demonstrated that a combination of lightning and the chemical compounds that existed in the atmosphere of a primordial Earth could form organic compounds (including <a href=\"/wiki/Amino_acid\" title=\"Amino acid\">amino acids</a>) that could serve as the building blocks of life. The simulated atmosphere included water, methane, ammonia, and molecular hydrogen, all molecules still found in Jupiter's atmosphere. Jupiter's atmosphere has a strong vertical air circulation, which would carry these compounds down into the lower regions. The higher temperatures within the interior of the atmosphere would break down these chemicals, hindering the formation of Earth-like life.<sup id=\"cite_ref-145\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-145\">[143]</a></sup></p>\n<p>It is considered highly unlikely that there is any Earth-like life on Jupiter, because there is only a small amount of water in Jupiter's atmosphere and any possible solid surface deep within Jupiter would be under extreme pressures. Still, it has been hypothesized that <a href=\"/wiki/Hypothetical_types_of_biochemistry#Ammonia\" title=\"Hypothetical types of biochemistry\">ammonia-</a> or water-based life could evolve in Jupiter's upper atmosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-146\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-146\">[144]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-147\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-147\">[145]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-universe_today_148-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp universe_today-148\">[146]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-time_life_on_jupiter_149-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-time_life_on_jupiter-149\">[147]</a></sup> The possible presence of underground oceans on some of Jupiter's moons has led to speculation that the presence of life is more likely there.</p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Mythology","anchor":"Mythology","id":29,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Jupiter-bonatti.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jupiter-bonatti.png/220px-Jupiter-bonatti.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"155\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jupiter-bonatti.png/330px-Jupiter-bonatti.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jupiter-bonatti.png/440px-Jupiter-bonatti.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"572\" data-file-height=\"403\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Jupiter-bonatti.png\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nJupiter, woodcut from a 1550 edition of <a href=\"/wiki/Guido_Bonatti\" title=\"Guido Bonatti\">Guido Bonatti</a>'s <i>Liber Astronomiae</i></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:M%C3%A5lning_f%C3%B6rest%C3%A4llande_Antiope_liggande_p%C3%A5_marken_och_Jupiter_sitter_p%C3%A5_huk_%C3%B6ver_henne_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_98156.tif\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/M%C3%A5lning_f%C3%B6rest%C3%A4llande_Antiope_liggande_p%C3%A5_marken_och_Jupiter_sitter_p%C3%A5_huk_%C3%B6ver_henne_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_98156.tif/lossy-page1-220px-M%C3%A5lning_f%C3%B6rest%C3%A4llande_Antiope_liggande_p%C3%A5_marken_och_Jupiter_sitter_p%C3%A5_huk_%C3%B6ver_henne_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_98156.tif.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"271\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/M%C3%A5lning_f%C3%B6rest%C3%A4llande_Antiope_liggande_p%C3%A5_marken_och_Jupiter_sitter_p%C3%A5_huk_%C3%B6ver_henne_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_98156.tif/lossy-page1-330px-M%C3%A5lning_f%C3%B6rest%C3%A4llande_Antiope_liggande_p%C3%A5_marken_och_Jupiter_sitter_p%C3%A5_huk_%C3%B6ver_henne_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_98156.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/M%C3%A5lning_f%C3%B6rest%C3%A4llande_Antiope_liggande_p%C3%A5_marken_och_Jupiter_sitter_p%C3%A5_huk_%C3%B6ver_henne_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_98156.tif/lossy-page1-440px-M%C3%A5lning_f%C3%B6rest%C3%A4llande_Antiope_liggande_p%C3%A5_marken_och_Jupiter_sitter_p%C3%A5_huk_%C3%B6ver_henne_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_98156.tif.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"7035\" data-file-height=\"8673\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:M%C3%A5lning_f%C3%B6rest%C3%A4llande_Antiope_liggande_p%C3%A5_marken_och_Jupiter_sitter_p%C3%A5_huk_%C3%B6ver_henne_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_98156.tif\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nAntiope lying on the ground and Jupiter bending over her, 17th century.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The planet Jupiter has been known since ancient times. It is visible to the naked eye in the night sky and can occasionally be seen in the daytime when the Sun is low.<sup id=\"cite_ref-150\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-150\">[148]</a></sup> To the <a href=\"/wiki/Babylon\" title=\"Babylon\">Babylonians</a>, this object represented their god <a href=\"/wiki/Marduk\" title=\"Marduk\">Marduk</a>. They used Jupiter's roughly 12-year orbit along the <a href=\"/wiki/Ecliptic\" title=\"Ecliptic\">ecliptic</a> to define the <a href=\"/wiki/Constellation\" title=\"Constellation\">constellations</a> of their <a href=\"/wiki/Zodiac\" title=\"Zodiac\">zodiac</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-burgess_29-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-burgess-29\">[27]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-151\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp #cite_note-151\">[149]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The Romans named it after <a href=\"/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)\" title=\"Jupiter (mythology)\">Jupiter</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Latin_language\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Latin language\">Latin</a>: <span lang=\"la\" xml:lang=\"la\"><i>Iuppiter, I\u016bpiter</i></span>) (also called Jove), the principal <a href=\"/wiki/God_(male_deity)\" title=\"God (male deity)\">god</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Roman_mythology\" title=\"Roman mythology\">Roman mythology</a>, whose name comes from the <a href=\"/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language\" title=\"Proto-Indo-European language\">Proto-Indo-European</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Vocative\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Vocative\">vocative</a> compound *<i>Dy\u0113u-p\u0259ter</i> (nominative: *<i><a href=\"/wiki/Dyeus\" title=\"Dyeus\">Dy\u0113us</a>-p\u0259t\u0113r</i>, meaning \"Father Sky-God\", or \"Father Day-God\").<sup id=\"cite_ref-etymologyonline_152-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-etymologyonline-152\">[150]</a></sup> In turn, Jupiter was the counterpart to the <a href=\"/wiki/Greek_mythology\" title=\"Greek mythology\">mythical Greek</a> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Zeus\" title=\"Zeus\">Zeus</a></i> (\u0396\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2), also referred to as <i>Dias</i> (\u0394\u03af\u03b1\u03c2), the planetary name of which is retained in modern <a href=\"/wiki/Greek_language\" title=\"Greek language\">Greek</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-153\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-153\">[151]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_symbol\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Astronomical symbol\">astronomical symbol</a> for the planet, <a href=\"/wiki/File:Jupiter_symbol.svg\" class=\"image\" title=\"\u2643\"><img alt=\"\u2643\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jupiter_symbol.svg/14px-Jupiter_symbol.svg.png\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jupiter_symbol.svg/21px-Jupiter_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jupiter_symbol.svg/28px-Jupiter_symbol.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"50\" data-file-height=\"50\"></a>, is a stylized representation of the god's lightning bolt. The original Greek deity <i>Zeus</i> supplies the root <i>zeno-</i>, used to form some Jupiter-related words, such as <i><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zenographic\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikt:zenographic\">zenographic</a></i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-154\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-154\">[152]</a></sup></p>\n<p><i>Jovian</i> is the <a href=\"/wiki/Adjective\" title=\"Adjective\">adjectival</a> form of Jupiter. The older adjectival form <i>jovial</i>, employed by astrologers in the <a href=\"/wiki/Middle_Ages\" title=\"Middle Ages\">Middle Ages</a>, has come to mean \"happy\" or \"merry\", moods ascribed to <a href=\"/wiki/Jupiter_(astrology)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Jupiter (astrology)\">Jupiter's astrological influence</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-155\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-155\">[153]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The Chinese, Koreans and Japanese called it the \"wood star\" (<a href=\"/wiki/Chinese_language\" title=\"Chinese language\">Chinese</a>: <span lang=\"zh\" xml:lang=\"zh\">\u6728\u661f</span>; <a href=\"/wiki/Pinyin\" title=\"Pinyin\">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang=\"zh-Latn-pinyin\" xml:lang=\"zh-Latn-pinyin\">m\u00f9x\u012bng</span></i>), based on the Chinese <a href=\"/wiki/Five_elements_(Chinese_philosophy)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Five elements (Chinese philosophy)\">Five Elements</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-156\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-156\">[154]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-157\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-157\">[155]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-158\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-158\">[156]</a></sup> Chinese Taoism personified it as the <a href=\"/wiki/Fu_star\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Fu star\">Fu star</a>. The Greeks called it \u03a6\u03b1\u03ad\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd, <i>Phaethon</i>,
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp \"blazing\". In <a href=\"/wiki/Jyotisha\" title=\"Jyotisha\">Vedic astrology</a>, Hindu astrologers named the planet after <a href=\"/wiki/Brihaspati\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Brihaspati\">Brihaspati</a>, the religious teacher of the gods, and often called it \"<a href=\"/wiki/Guru\" title=\"Guru\">Guru</a>\", which literally means the \"Heavy One\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-159\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-159\">[157]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In <a href=\"/wiki/Germanic_paganism\" title=\"Germanic paganism\">Germanic mythology</a>, Jupiter is equated to <a href=\"/wiki/Thor\" title=\"Thor\">Thor</a>, whence the English name <i>Thursday</i> for the Roman <i>dies Jovis</i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-160\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-160\">[158]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In the <a href=\"/wiki/Mythology_of_the_Turkic_and_Mongolian_peoples\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Mythology of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples\">Central Asian-Turkic myths</a>, Jupiter is called <i>Erendiz</i> or <i>Erent\u00fcz</i>, from <i>eren</i> (of uncertain meaning) and <i>yultuz</i> (\"star\"). There are many theories about the meaning of <i>eren</i>. These peoples calculated the period of the orbit of Jupiter as 11 years and 300 days. They believed that some social and natural events connected to Erent\u00fcz's movements on the sky.<sup id=\"cite_ref-161\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-161\">[159]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"See also","anchor":"See_also","id":30,"text":"<div role=\"navigation\" aria-label=\"Portals\" class=\"noprint portal plainlist tright\" style=\"margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px\">\n<ul style=\"display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold\"><li style=\"display:table-row\"><span style=\"display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Jupiter_by_Cassini-Huygens.jpg/30px-Jupiter_by_Cassini-Huygens.jpg\" width=\"30\" height=\"28\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Jupiter_by_Cassini-Huygens.jpg/44px-Jupiter_by_Cassini-Huygens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Jupiter_by_Cassini-Huygens.jpg/59px-Jupiter_by_Cassini-Huygens.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1080\" data-file-height=\"1020\"></span><span style=\"display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle\"><a href=\"/wiki/Portal:Jupiter\" title=\"Portal:Jupiter\">Jupiter portal</a></span></li>\n<li style=\"display:table-row\"><span style=\"display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg\" width=\"22\" height=\"28\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4500\" data-file-height=\"5600\"></span><span style=\"display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle\"><a href=\"/wiki/Portal:Solar_System\" title=\"Portal:Solar System\">Solar System portal</a></span></li>\n</ul></div>\n<table class=\"metadata mbox-small\" style=\"border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9\"><tr><td class=\"mbox-image\"><img alt=\"Book icon\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/30px-Office-book.svg.png\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/45px-Office-book.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/60px-Office-book.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"48\" data-file-height=\"48\"></td>\n<td class=\"mbox-text plainlist\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: bold\"><li><a href=\"/wiki/Book:Jupiter\" t
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp itle=\"Book:Jupiter\">Book: Jupiter</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Book:Solar_System\" title=\"Book:Solar System\">Book: Solar System</a></li>\n</ul></td>\n</tr></table><ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/HIP_11915\" title=\"HIP 11915\">HIP 11915</a> \u2013 A <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_analog\" title=\"Solar analog\">solar analog</a> approximately 186 <a href=\"/wiki/Light-year\" title=\"Light-year\">light-years</a> from Earth, whose planetary system contains a Jupiter analog, <a href=\"/wiki/HIP_11915_b\" title=\"HIP 11915 b\">HIP 11915 b</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hot_Jupiter\" title=\"Hot Jupiter\">Hot Jupiter</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Jovian%E2%80%93Plutonian_gravitational_effect\" title=\"Jovian\u2013Plutonian gravitational effect\">Jovian\u2013Plutonian gravitational effect</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Jovian_(fiction)\" title=\"Jovian (fiction)\">Jovian (fiction)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)\" title=\"Juno (spacecraft)\">Juno (spacecraft)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Jupiter_in_fiction\" title=\"Jupiter in fiction\">Jupiter in fiction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Space_exploration\" title=\"Space exploration\">Space exploration</a></li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Notes","anchor":"Notes","id":31,"text":"<div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<ol class=\"references\"><li id=\"cite_note-caption-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-caption_1-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">This image was taken by the <a href=\"/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope\" title=\"Hubble Space Telescope\">Hubble Space Telescope</a>, using the <a href=\"/wiki/Wide_Field_Camera_3\" title=\"Wide Field Camera 3\">Wide Field Camera 3</a>, on 21 April 2014. Jupiter's atomosphere and its appearance <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter#Dynamics\" title=\"Atmosphere of Jupiter\">constantly changes</a>, and hence its current appearance today may not resemble what it was when this image was taken. Depicted in this image, however, are a few features that remain consistent, such as the famous <a href=\"/wiki/Great_Red_Spot\" title=\"Great Red Spot\">Great Red Spot</a>, featured prominently in the lower right of the image, and the planet's recognizable banded appearance.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-1bar-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-1bar_8-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-1bar_8-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-1bar_8-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-1bar_8-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-1bar_8-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-1bar_8-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-1bar_8-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-1bar_8-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Refers to the level of 1 bar atmospheric pressure</span></li>\n</ol></div>","references":""},{"toclevel":1,"line":"References","anchor":"References","id":32,"text":"<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<ol class=\"references\"><li id=\"cite_note-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-2\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Jupiter, entry in the Oxford English Dictionary, prepared by J. A. Simpson and E. S. C. Weiner, vol. 8, second edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198612206\" class=\"internal mw-magiclink-isbn\">ISBN 0-19-861220-6</a> (vol. 8), <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198611862\" class=\"internal mw-magiclink-isbn\">ISBN 0-19-861186-2</a> (set.)</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-planet_years-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-planet_years_3-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Seligman, Courtney. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"ht
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp tp://cseligman.com/text/sky/rotationvsday.htm\">\"Rotation Period and Day Length\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Courtney&amp;rft.aulast=Seligman&amp;rft.btitle=Rotation+Period+and+Day+Length&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcseligman.com%2Ftext%2Fsky%2Frotationvsday.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-fact-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-8\"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-9\"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-10\"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-11\"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-12\"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-13\"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-14\"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-15\"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Williams, David R. (November 16, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/jupiterfact.html\">\"Jupiter Fact Sheet\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 8,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=David+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.btitle=Jupiter+Fact+Sheet&amp;rft.date=2004-11-16&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Fjupiterfact.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-meanplane-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-meanplane_5-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/MeanPlane.gif\">\"The MeanPlane (Invariable plane) of the Solar System passing through the barycenter\"</a>. April 3, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.btitle=The+MeanPlane+%28Invariable+plane%29+of+the+Solar+System+passing+through+the+barycenter&amp;rft.date=2009-04-03&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.surewest.net%2Fkheider%2Fastro%2FMeanPlane.gif&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> (produced with <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/\">Solex 10</a> written by Aldo Vitagliano; see also <a href=\"/wiki/Invariable_plane\" title=\"Invariable plane\">Invariable plane</a>)</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-VSOP87-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-VSOP87_6-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Simon, J.L.; Bretagnon, P.; Chapront, J.; Chapront-Touz\u00e9, M.; Francou, G.; Laskar, J. (February 1994). \"Numerical expressions for precession for
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp mulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets\". <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. <b>282</b> (2): 663\u2013683. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994A&amp;A...282..663S\">1994A&amp;A...282..663S</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Numerical+expressions+for+precession+formulae+and+mean+elements+for+the+Moon+and+planets&amp;rft.au=Bretagnon%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Chapront%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Chapront-Touz%C3%A9%2C+M.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.L.&amp;rft.au=Francou%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Laskar%2C+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Simon&amp;rft.date=1994-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994A%26A...282..663S&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&amp;rft.pages=663-683&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=282\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_7-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_7-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_7-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_7-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_7-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFSeidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al.2007\" class=\"citation journal\">Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Archinal, Brent A.; A'Hearn, Michael F.; et al. (2007). \"Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006\". <i>Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy</i>. <b>98</b> (3): 155\u2013180. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007CeMDA..98..155S\">2007CeMDA..98..155S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10569-007-9072-y\">10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Report+of+the+IAU%2FIAG+Working+Group+on+cartographic+coordinates+and+rotational+elements%3A+2006&amp;rft.au=A%27Hearn%2C+Michael+F.&amp;rft.au=Archinal%2C+Brent+A.&amp;rft.au=Conrad%2C+Albert+R.&amp;rft.au=Consolmagno%2C+Guy+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+Kenneth&amp;rft.au=Hestroffer%2C+Daniel&amp;rft.au=Hilton%2C+James+L.&amp;rft.au=Krasinsky%2C+Georgij+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Seidelmann&amp;rft.au=Neumann%2C+Gregory+A.&amp;rft.au=Oberst%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&amp;rft.au=Stooke%2C+Philip+J.&amp;rft.au=Tedesco%2C+Edward+F.&amp;rft.au=Tholen%2C+David+J.&amp;rft.au=Thomas%2C+Peter+C.&amp;rft.au=Williams%2C+Iwan+P.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007CeMDA..98..155S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10569-007-9072-y&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Celestial+Mechanics+and+Dynamical+Astronomy&amp;rft.pages=155-180&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=98\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nasafact-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nasafact_9-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jupiter&amp;Display=Facts\">\"Solar System Exploration: Jupiter: Facts &amp; Figures\"</a>. <i>NASA</i>. May 7, 2008.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=S
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp olar+System+Exploration%3A+Jupiter%3A+Facts+%26+Figures&amp;rft.date=2008-05-07&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fplanets%2Fprofile.cfm%3FObject%3DJupiter%26Display%3DFacts&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ssd-constants-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ssd-constants_10-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?constants\">\"Astrodynamic Constants\"</a>. JPL Solar System Dynamics. February 27, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 8,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.btitle=Astrodynamic+Constants&amp;rft.date=2009-02-27&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2F%3Fconstants&amp;rft.pub=JPL+Solar+System+Dynamics&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PS15-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-PS15_11-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">de Pater, Imke; Lissauer, Jack J. (2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=stFpBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA250\"><i>Planetary Sciences</i></a> (2nd updated ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a0250. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521853712\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0521853712\">978-0521853712</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Imke&amp;rft.aulast=de+Pater&amp;rft.au=Lissauer%2C+Jack+J.&amp;rft.btitle=Planetary+Sciences&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.edition=2nd+updated&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DstFpBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA250&amp;rft.isbn=978-0521853712&amp;rft.pages=250&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-12\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Seidelmann, P. K.; Abalakin, V. K.; Bursa, M.; Davies, M. E.; de Burgh, C.; Lieske, J. H.; Oberst, J.; Simon, J. L.; Standish, E. M.; Stooke, P.; Thomas, P. C. (2001). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm\">\"Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites: 2000\"</a>. HNSKY Planetarium Program<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 2,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.au=Abalakin%2C+V.+K.&amp;rft.au=Bursa%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Davies%2C+M.+E.&amp;rft.au=de+Burgh%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Lieske%2C+J.+H.&amp;rft.au=Oberst%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Seidelmann%2C+P.+K.&amp;rft.au=Simon%2C+J.+L.&amp;rft.au=Standish%2C+E.+M.&amp;rft.au=Stooke%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Thomas%2C+P.+C.&amp;rft.btitle=Report+of+the+IAU%2FIAG+Working+Group+on+Cartographic+Coordinates+and+Rotational+Elements+of+the+Planets+and+Satellites%3A+2000&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hnsky.org%2Fiau-iag.htm&amp;rft.pub=HNSKY+Planetarium+Program&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp \"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-13\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Anonymous (March 1983). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/messenger/oldmess/2Probe.html\">\"Probe Nephelometer\"</a>. <i>Galileo Messenger</i>. NASA/JPL (6)<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 12,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Probe+Nephelometer&amp;rft.au=Anonymous&amp;rft.date=1983-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fgalileo%2Fmessenger%2Foldmess%2F2Probe.html&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.jtitle=Galileo+Messenger&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-14\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">De Crespigny, Rafe. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20060907044624/http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/decrespigny/HuanLing_part2.pdf\">\"Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asian studies, Online Publications</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/decrespigny/HuanLing_part2.pdf\">the original</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span> on September 7, 2006<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 1,</span> 2012</span>. <q>Xu Huang apparently complained that the astronomy office had failed to give them proper emphasis to the eclipse and to other portents, including the movement of the planet Jupiter (taisui). At his instigation, Chen Shou/Yuan was summoned and questioned, and it was under this pressure that his advice implicated Liang Ji.</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Emperor+Huan+and+Emperor+Ling&amp;rft.aufirst=Rafe&amp;rft.aulast=De+Crespigny&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anu.edu.au%2Fasianstudies%2Fdecrespigny%2FHuanLing_part2.pdf&amp;rft.jtitle=Asian+studies%2C+Online+Publications&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-15\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Stuart Ross Taylor (2001). <i>Solar system evolution: a new perspective\u00a0: an inquiry into the chemical composition, origin, and evolution of the solar system</i> (2nd, illus., revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a0208. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64130-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-521-64130-6\">0-521-64130-6</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.au=Stuart+Ross+Taylor&amp;rft.btitle=Solar+system+evolution%3A+a+new+perspective+%3A+an+inquiry+into+the+chemical+composition%2C+origin%2C+and+evolution+of+the+solar+system&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.edition=2nd%2C+illus.%2C+revised&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-64130-6&amp;rft.pages=208&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-16\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2011/11/18/young-astronomer-captures-a-shadow-cast-by-jupiter/#
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp .UaDO1UAoNAU\">\"Young astronomer captures a shadow cast by Jupiter: Bad Astronomy\"</a>. Blogs.discovermagazine.com. November 18, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.btitle=Young+astronomer+captures+a+shadow+cast+by+Jupiter%3A+Bad+Astronomy&amp;rft.date=2011-11-18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.discovermagazine.com%2Fbadastronomy%2F2011%2F11%2F18%2Fyoung-astronomer-captures-a-shadow-cast-by-jupiter%2F%23.UaDO1UAoNAU&amp;rft.pub=Blogs.discovermagazine.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-coreuncertainty-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-coreuncertainty_17-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Saumon, D.; Guillot, T. (2004). \"Shock Compression of Deuterium and the Interiors of Jupiter and Saturn\". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>609</b> (2): 1170\u20131180. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv\" title=\"ArXiv\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0403393\">astro-ph/0403393</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ApJ...609.1170S\">2004ApJ...609.1170S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F421257\">10.1086/421257</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Shock+Compression+of+Deuterium+and+the+Interiors+of+Jupiter+and+Saturn&amp;rft.au=Guillot%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Saumon%2C+D.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0403393&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004ApJ...609.1170S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F421257&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=1170-1180&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=609\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NYT-20160705-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-NYT-20160705_18-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-NYT-20160705_18-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-NYT-20160705_18-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Chang, Kenneth (July 5, 2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/05/science/juno-enters-jupiters-orbit-capping-5-year-voyage.html\">\"NASA's Juno Spacecraft Enters Jupiter's Orbit\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/New_York_Times\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"New York Times\">New York Times</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=NASA%99s+Juno+Spacecraft+Enters+Jupiter%99s+Orbit&amp;rft.aufirst=Kenneth&amp;rft.aulast=Chang&amp;rft.date=2016-07-05&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F07%2F05%2Fscience%2Fjuno-e
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp nters-jupiters-orbit-capping-5-year-voyage.html&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NYT-20160630-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NYT-20160630_19-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Chang, Kenneth (June 30, 2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/01/science/jupiter-nasa-juno-hubble.html\">\"All Eyes (and Ears) on Jupiter\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/New_York_Times\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"New York Times\">New York Times</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=All+Eyes+%28and+Ears%29+on+Jupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Kenneth&amp;rft.aulast=Chang&amp;rft.date=2016-06-30&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F07%2F01%2Fscience%2Fjupiter-nasa-juno-hubble.html&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-20\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a href=\"/wiki/Konstantin_Batygin\" title=\"Konstantin Batygin\">Konstantin Batygin</a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/112/14/4214.abstract\">\"Jupiter's decisive role in the inner Solar System's early evolution\"</a>. <i>pnas.org</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Jupiter%99s+decisive+role+in+the+inner+Solar+System%99s+early+evolution&amp;rft.au=Konstantin+Batygin&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2F112%2F14%2F4214.abstract&amp;rft.jtitle=pnas.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-21\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Illustration by\u00a0NASA/JPL-Caltech. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/03/150324-jupiter-super-earth-collisions-planets-astronomy-sky-watching\">\"Observe: Jupiter, Wrecking Ball of Early Solar System\"</a>. <i>nationalgeographic.com</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Observe%3A+Jupiter%2C+Wrecking+Ball+of+Early+Solar+System&amp;rft.au=Illustration+by+NASA%2FJPL-Caltech&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2015%2F03%2F150324-jupiter-super-earth-collisions-planets-astronomy-sky-watching&amp;rft.jtitle=nationalgeographic.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-voyager-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-voyager_22-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Gautier, D.; Conrath, B.; Flasar, M.; Hanel, R.; Kunde, V.; Chedin, A.; Scott N. (1981). \"The helium abundance of Jupiter from Voyager\". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>86</b> (A10): 8713\u20138720. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981JGR....86.8713G\">1981JGR....86.8713
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08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp cle&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985Icar...64..233K&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-1035%2885%2990201-5&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=233-48&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=64\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-25\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Niemann, H. B.; Atreya, S. K.; Carignan, G. R.; Donahue, T. M.; Haberman, J. A.; Harpold, D. N.; Hartle, R. E.; Hunten, D. M.; Kasprzak, W. T.; Mahaffy, P. R.; Owen, T. C.; Spencer, N. W.; Way, S. H. (1996). \"The Galileo Probe Mass Spectrometer: Composition of Jupiter's Atmosphere\". <i>Science</i>. <b>272</b> (5263): 846\u2013849. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Sci...272..846N\">1996Sci...272..846N</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.272.5263.846\">10.1126/science.272.5263.846</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8629016\">8629016</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=The+Galileo+Probe+Mass+Spectrometer%3A+Composition+of+Jupiter%27s+Atmosphere&amp;rft.au=Atreya%2C+S.+K.&amp;rft.au=Carignan%2C+G.+R.&amp;rft.au=Donahue%2C+T.+M.&amp;rft.au=Haberman%2C+J.+A.&amp;rft.au=Harpold%2C+D.+N.&amp;rft.au=Hartle%2C+R.+E.&amp;rft.au=Hunten%2C+D.+M.&amp;rft.au=Kasprzak%2C+W.+T.&amp;rft.au=Mahaffy%2C+P.+R.&amp;rft.au=Niemann%2C+H.+B.&amp;rft.au=Owen%2C+T.+C.&amp;rft.au=Spencer%2C+N.+W.&amp;rft.au=Way%2C+S.+H.&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996Sci...272..846N&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.272.5263.846&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8629016&amp;rft.issue=5263&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=846-849&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=272\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-galileo_ms-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-galileo_ms_26-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-galileo_ms_26-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">von Zahn, U.; Hunten, D. M.; Lehmacher, G. (1998). \"Helium in Jupiter's atmosphere: Results from the Galileo probe Helium Interferometer Experiment\". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>103</b> (E10): 22815\u201322829. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JGR...10322815V\">1998JGR...10322815V</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F98JE00695\">10.1029/98JE00695</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Helium+in+Jupiter%27s+atmosphere%3A+Results+from+the+Galileo+probe+Helium+Interferometer+Experiment&amp;rft.aufirst=U.&amp;rft.au=Hunten%2C+D.+M.&amp;rft.aulast=von+Zahn&amp;rft.au=Lehmacher%2C+G.&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998JGR...10322815V&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F98JE00695&amp;rft.issue=E10&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&amp;rft.pages=22815-22829&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=103\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp a href=\"#cite_ref-27\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Ingersoll, A. P.; Hammel, H. B.; Spilker, T. R.; Young, R. E. (June 1, 2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.lpi.usra.edu/opag/outer_planets.pdf\">\"Outer Planets: The Ice Giants\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. Lunar &amp; Planetary Institute<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 1,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.au=Hammel%2C+H.+B.&amp;rft.au=Ingersoll%2C+A.+P.&amp;rft.au=Spilker%2C+T.+R.&amp;rft.au=Young%2C+R.+E.&amp;rft.btitle=Outer+Planets%3A+The+Ice+Giants&amp;rft.date=2005-06-01&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fopag%2Fouter_planets.pdf&amp;rft.pub=Lunar+%26+Planetary+Institute&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-28\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">MacDougal, Douglas W. (6 November 2012). \"A Binary System Close to Home: How the Moon and Earth Orbit Each Other\". <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-5444-1_10\"><i>Newton's Gravity</i></a>. Springer New York. pp.\u00a0193\u2013211. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461454434\" title=\"Special:BookSources/9781461454434\">9781461454434</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 July</span> 2016</span>. <q>the barycenter is 743,000 km from the center of the sun. The Sun's radius is 696,000 km, so it is 47,000 km above the surface.</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=A+Binary+System+Close+to+Home%3A+How+the+Moon+and+Earth+Orbit+Each+Other&amp;rft.aufirst=Douglas+W.&amp;rft.aulast=MacDougal&amp;rft.btitle=Newton%27s+Gravity&amp;rft.date=2012-11-06&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4614-5444-1_10&amp;rft.isbn=9781461454434&amp;rft.pages=193-211&amp;rft.pub=Springer+New+York&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-burgess-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-burgess_29-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-burgess_29-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-burgess_29-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-burgess_29-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-burgess_29-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-burgess_29-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citing sources\"><span title=\"This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2015)\">page\u00a0needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <cite class=\"citation book\">Burgess, Eric (1982). <i>By Jupiter: Odysseys to a Giant</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-05176-X\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-231-05176-X\">0-231-05176-X</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric&amp;rft.aulast=Burgess&amp;rft.btitle=By+Jupiter%3A+Odysseys+to+a+Giant&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-231-05176-X&am
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp p;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-shu82-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-shu82_30-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Shu, Frank H. (1982). <i>The physical universe: an introduction to astronomy</i>. Series of books in astronomy (12th ed.). University Science Books. p.\u00a0426. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-935702-05-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-935702-05-9\">0-935702-05-9</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Frank+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Shu&amp;rft.btitle=The+physical+universe%3A+an+introduction+to+astronomy&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.edition=12th&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-935702-05-9&amp;rft.pages=426&amp;rft.pub=University+Science+Books&amp;rft.series=Series+of+books+in+astronomy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-davis_turekian05-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-davis_turekian05_31-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Davis, Andrew M.; Turekian, Karl K. (2005). <i>Meteorites, comets, and planets</i>. Treatise on geochemistry. <b>1</b>. Elsevier. p.\u00a0624. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-044720-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-08-044720-1\">0-08-044720-1</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.au=Davis%2C+Andrew+M.&amp;rft.au=Turekian%2C+Karl+K.&amp;rft.btitle=Meteorites%2C+comets%2C+and+planets&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-08-044720-1&amp;rft.pages=624&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.series=Treatise+on+geochemistry&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-32\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Jean Schneider (2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://exoplanet.eu/\">\"The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopedia: Interactive Catalogue\"</a>. Paris Observatory.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.au=Jean+Schneider&amp;rft.btitle=The+Extrasolar+Planets+Encyclopedia%3A+Interactive+Catalogue&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexoplanet.eu%2F&amp;rft.pub=Paris+Observatory&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Seager2007-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seager2007_33-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seager2007_33-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Seager, S.; Kuchner, M.; Hier-Majumder, C. A.; Militzer, B. (2007). \"Mass-Radius Relationships for Solid Exoplanets\". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>669</b> (2): 1279\u20131297. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv\" title=\"ArXiv\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//arxiv.org/abs/0707.2895\">0707.2895</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wi
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp kimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...669.1279S\">2007ApJ...669.1279S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F521346\">10.1086/521346</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Mass-Radius+Relationships+for+Solid+Exoplanets&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Hier-Majumder%2C+C.+A.&amp;rft.au=Kuchner%2C+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Seager&amp;rft.au=Militzer%2C+B.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0707.2895&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007ApJ...669.1279S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F521346&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=1279-1297&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=669\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HTUW-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-HTUW_34-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-HTUW_34-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-HTUW_34-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-HTUW_34-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-HTUW_34-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-HTUW_34-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-HTUW_34-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-HTUW_34-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation audio-visual\"><i>How the Universe Works 3</i>. Jupiter: Destroyer or Savior?. Discovery Channel. 2014.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.btitle=How+the+Universe+Works+3&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Discovery+Channel&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-tristan286-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-tristan286_35-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Guillot, Tristan (1999). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/286/5437/72\">\"Interiors of Giant Planets Inside and Outside the Solar System\"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>286</b> (5437): 72\u201377. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Sci...286...72G\">1999Sci...286...72G</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.286.5437.72\">10.1126/science.286.5437.72</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10506563\">10506563</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 28,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Interiors+of+Giant+Planets+Inside+and+Outside+the+Solar+System&amp;rft.aufirst=Tristan&amp;rft.aulast=Guillot&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F286%2F5437%2F72&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Sci...286...72G&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.286.5437.72&amp
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp ;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10506563&amp;rft.issue=5437&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=72-77&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=286\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-36\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Burrows, A.; Hubbard, W. B.; Saumon, D.; Lunine, J. I. (1993). \"An expanded set of brown dwarf and very low mass star models\". <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>406</b> (1): 158\u201371. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993ApJ...406..158B\">1993ApJ...406..158B</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F172427\">10.1086/172427</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=An+expanded+set+of+brown+dwarf+and+very+low+mass+star+models&amp;rft.au=Burrows%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Hubbard%2C+W.+B.&amp;rft.au=Lunine%2C+J.+I.&amp;rft.au=Saumon%2C+D.&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993ApJ...406..158B&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F172427&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=158-71&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=406\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-37\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Queloz, Didier (November 19, 2002). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://eso.org/public/news/eso0232/\">\"VLT Interferometer Measures the Size of Proxima Centauri and Other Nearby Stars\"</a>. European Southern Observatory<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 12,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=VLT+Interferometer+Measures+the+Size+of+Proxima+Centauri+and+Other+Nearby+Stars&amp;rft.aufirst=Didier&amp;rft.aulast=Queloz&amp;rft.date=2002-11-19&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feso.org%2Fpublic%2Fnews%2Feso0232%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-elkins-tanton-38\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_38-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_38-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_38-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_38-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_38-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_38-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_38-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_38-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_38-8\"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_38-9\"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_38-10\"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_38-11\"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_38-12\"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citing sources\"><span title=\"This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2015)\">page\u00a0needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <cite class=\"citation book\">Elkin
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp s-Tanton, Linda T. (2006). <i>Jupiter and Saturn</i>. New York: Chelsea House. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-5196-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-8160-5196-8\">0-8160-5196-8</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Linda+T.&amp;rft.aulast=Elkins-Tanton&amp;rft.btitle=Jupiter+and+Saturn&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8160-5196-8&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Chelsea+House&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-guillot04-39\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-guillot04_39-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-guillot04_39-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-guillot04_39-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-guillot04_39-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Guillot, T.; Stevenson, D. J.; Hubbard, W. B.; Saumon, D. (2004). \"Chapter 3: The Interior of Jupiter\". In Bagenal, F.; Dowling, T. E.; McKinnon, W. B. <i>Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/Cambridge_University\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cambridge University\">Cambridge University</a> Press. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81808-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-521-81808-7\">0-521-81808-7</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+The+Interior+of+Jupiter&amp;rft.au=Guillot%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Hubbard%2C+W.+B.&amp;rft.au=Saumon%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Stevenson%2C+D.+J.&amp;rft.btitle=Jupiter%3A+The+Planet%2C+Satellites+and+Magnetosphere&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-81808-7&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-40\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-40\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Bodenheimer, P. (1974). \"Calculations of the early evolution of Jupiter\". <i>Icarus</i>. 23. <b>23</b> (3): 319\u201325. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974Icar...23..319B\">1974Icar...23..319B</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2874%2990050-5\">10.1016/0019-1035(74)90050-5</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Calculations+of+the+early+evolution+of+Jupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft.aulast=Bodenheimer&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974Icar...23..319B&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-1035%2874%2990050-5&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=319-25&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=23\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-41\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-41\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Guillot, T.; Gautier, D.; Hubbard, W. B. (1997). \"New Constraints on the Composition of Jupiter from Galileo Measurements and Interior Models\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>130</b> (2): 534\u2013539. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv\" title=\"ArXiv\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" hr
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp ef=\"//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9707210\">astro-ph/9707210</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997astro.ph..7210G\">1997astro.ph..7210G</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.1997.5812\">10.1006/icar.1997.5812</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=New+Constraints+on+the+Composition+of+Jupiter+from+Galileo+Measurements+and+Interior+Models&amp;rft.au=Gautier%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Guillot%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Hubbard%2C+W.+B.&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9707210&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997astro.ph..7210G&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.1997.5812&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=534-539&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=130\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-42\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-42\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Various (2006). McFadden, Lucy-Ann; Weissman, Paul; Johnson, Torrence, eds. <i>Encyclopedia of the Solar System</i> (2nd ed.). Academic Press. p.\u00a0412. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-088589-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-12-088589-1\">0-12-088589-1</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.au=Various&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Solar+System&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-088589-1&amp;rft.pages=412&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-43\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-43\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Horia, Yasunori; Sanoa, Takayoshi; Ikomaa, Masahiro; Idaa, Shigeru (2007). \"On uncertainty of Jupiter's core mass due to observational errors\". <i>Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press\" title=\"Cambridge University Press\">Cambridge University Press</a>. <b>3</b> (S249): 163\u2013166. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS1743921308016554\">10.1017/S1743921308016554</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=On+uncertainty+of+Jupiter%27s+core+mass+due+to+observational+errors&amp;rft.au=Horia%2C+Yasunori&amp;rft.au=Idaa%2C+Shigeru&amp;rft.au=Ikomaa%2C+Masahiro&amp;rft.au=Sanoa%2C+Takayoshi&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1743921308016554&amp;rft.issue=S249&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+International+Astronomical+Union&amp;rft.pages=163-166&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=3\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp <li id=\"cite_note-44\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-44\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Lodders, Katharina (2004). \"Jupiter Formed with More Tar than Ice\". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>611</b> (1): 587\u2013597. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ApJ...611..587L\">2004ApJ...611..587L</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F421970\">10.1086/421970</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Jupiter+Formed+with+More+Tar+than+Ice&amp;rft.aufirst=Katharina&amp;rft.aulast=Lodders&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004ApJ...611..587L&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F421970&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=587-597&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=611\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-45\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-45\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Z\u00fcttel, Andreas (September 2003). \"Materials for hydrogen storage\". <i>Materials Today</i>. <b>6</b> (9): 24\u201333. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1369-7021%2803%2900922-2\">10.1016/S1369-7021(03)00922-2</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Materials+for+hydrogen+storage&amp;rft.aufirst=Andreas&amp;rft.aulast=Z%C3%BCttel&amp;rft.date=2003-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1369-7021%2803%2900922-2&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.jtitle=Materials+Today&amp;rft.pages=24-33&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=6\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-46\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-46\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Guillot, T. (1999). \"A comparison of the interiors of Jupiter and Saturn\". <i>Planetary and Space Science</i>. <b>47</b> (10\u201311): 1183\u2013200. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv\" title=\"ArXiv\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9907402\">astro-ph/9907402</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999P&amp;SS...47.1183G\">1999P&amp;SS...47.1183G</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0032-0633%2899%2900043-4\">10.1016/S0032-0633(99)00043-4</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=A+comparison+of+the+interiors+of+Jupiter+and+Saturn&amp;rft.aufirst=T.&amp;rft.aulast=Guillot&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9907402&amp
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp ;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999P%26SS...47.1183G&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0032-0633%2899%2900043-4&amp;rft.issue=10%9311&amp;rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&amp;rft.pages=1183-200&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=47\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-lang03-47\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-lang03_47-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-lang03_47-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Lang, Kenneth R. (2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://ase.tufts.edu/cosmos/view_chapter.asp?id=9&amp;page=3\">\"Jupiter: a giant primitive planet\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 10,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Kenneth+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Lang&amp;rft.btitle=Jupiter%3A+a+giant+primitive+planet&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fase.tufts.edu%2Fcosmos%2Fview_chapter.asp%3Fid%3D9%26page%3D3&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Sieff-48\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Sieff_48-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Seiff, A.; Kirk, D.B.; Knight, T.C.D.; et al. (1998). \"Thermal structure of Jupiter's atmosphere near the edge of a 5-\u03bcm hot spot in the north equatorial belt\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Journal_of_Geophysical_Research\" title=\"Journal of Geophysical Research\">Journal of Geophysical Research</a></i>. <b>103</b> (E10): 22857\u201322889. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JGR...10322857S\">1998JGR...10322857S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F98JE01766\">10.1029/98JE01766</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Thermal+structure+of+Jupiter%27s+atmosphere+near+the+edge+of+a+5-%CE%BCm+hot+spot+in+the+north+equatorial+belt&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.au=Kirk%2C+D.B.&amp;rft.au=Knight%2C+T.C.D.&amp;rft.aulast=Seiff&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998JGR...10322857S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F98JE01766&amp;rft.issue=E10&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&amp;rft.pages=22857-22889&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=103\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Miller_Aylward_et_al._2005-49\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Miller_Aylward_et_al._2005_49-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFMiller_Aylward_et_al.2005\" class=\"citation journal\">Miller, Steve; Aylward, Alan; Millward, George (January 2005). \"Giant Planet Ionospheres and Thermospheres: The Importance of Ion-Neutral Coupling\". <i>Space Science Reviews</i>. <b>116</b> (1\u20132): 319\u2013343. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SSRv..116..319M\">2005SSRv..116..319M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11214-005-1960-4\">10.1007/s11214-005-1960-4</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Giant+Planet+Ionospheres+and+Thermospheres%3A+The+Importanc
08-17 14:35:41.230 debug OkHttp e+of+Ion-Neutral+Coupling&amp;rft.au=Aylward%2C+Alan&amp;rft.aufirst=Steve&amp;rft.aulast=Miller&amp;rft.au=Millward%2C+George&amp;rft.date=2005-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005SSRv..116..319M&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11214-005-1960-4&amp;rft.issue=1%932&amp;rft.jtitle=Space+Science+Reviews&amp;rft.pages=319-343&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=116\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-50\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-50\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Ingersoll, A. P.; Dowling, T. E.; Gierasch, P. J.; Orton, G. S.; Read, P. L.; Sanchez-Lavega, A.; Showman, A. P.; Simon-Miller, A. A.; Vasavada, A. R. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~showman/publications/ingersolletal-2004.pdf\">\"Dynamics of Jupiter's Atmosphere\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. Lunar &amp; Planetary Institute<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 1,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.au=Dowling%2C+T.+E.&amp;rft.au=Gierasch%2C+P.+J.&amp;rft.au=Ingersoll%2C+A.+P.&amp;rft.au=Orton%2C+G.+S.&amp;rft.au=Read%2C+P.+L.&amp;rft.au=Sanchez-Lavega%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Showman%2C+A.+P.&amp;rft.au=Simon-Miller%2C+A.+A.&amp;rft.au=Vasavada%2C+A.+R&amp;rft.btitle=Dynamics+of+Jupiter%27s+Atmosphere&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpl.arizona.edu%2F~showman%2Fpublications%2Fingersolletal-2004.pdf&amp;rft.pub=Lunar+%26+Planetary+Institute&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-51\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-51\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Watanabe, Susan, ed. (February 25, 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/galileo_end.html\">\"Surprising Jupiter: Busy Galileo spacecraft showed jovian system is full of surprises\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.btitle=Surprising+Jupiter%3A+Busy+Galileo+spacecraft+showed+jovian+system+is+full+of+surprises&amp;rft.date=2006-02-25&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fvision%2Funiverse%2Fsolarsystem%2Fgalileo_end.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-52\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-52\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Kerr, Richard A. (2000). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/287/5455/946b\">\"Deep, Moist Heat Drives Jovian Weather\"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>287</b> (5455): 946\u2013947. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5455.946b\">10.1126/science.287.5455.946b</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 24,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Deep%2C+Moist+Heat+Drives+Jovian+Weather&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Kerr&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F287%2F5455%2F946b&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.287.5455.946b&amp;rft.issue=5455&amp;rft.jtitle=Scie
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08-17 14:35:41.235 debug OkHttp "><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2008/27/image/a/\">\"HubbleSite- NewsCenter\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 26,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.btitle=HubbleSite-+NewsCenter&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhubblesite.org%2Fnewscenter%2Farchive%2Freleases%2F2008%2F27%2Fimage%2Fa%2F&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-61\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-61\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Covington, Michael A. (2002). <i>Celestial Objects for Modern Telescopes</i>. Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a053. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52419-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-521-52419-9\">0-521-52419-9</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Covington&amp;rft.btitle=Celestial+Objects+for+Modern+Telescopes&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-52419-9&amp;rft.pages=53&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-62\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-62\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Sommeria, J\u00f6el; Meyers, Steven D.; Swinney, Harry L. (February 25, 1988). \"Laboratory simulation of Jupiter's Great Red Spot\". <i>Nature</i>. <b>331</b> (6158): 689\u2013693. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Natur.331..689S\">1988Natur.331..689S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F331689a0\">10.1038/331689a0</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Laboratory+simulation+of+Jupiter%27s+Great+Red+Spot&amp;rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6el&amp;rft.aulast=Sommeria&amp;rft.au=Meyers%2C+Steven+D.&amp;rft.au=Swinney%2C+Harry+L.&amp;rft.date=1988-02-25&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988Natur.331..689S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F331689a0&amp;rft.issue=6158&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=689-693&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=331\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-63\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-63\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Cardall, C. Y.; Daunt, S. J. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/jupiter/redspot.html\">\"The Great Red Spot\"</a>. University of Tennessee<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 2,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.au=Cardall%2C+C.+Y.&amp;rft.au=Daunt%2C+S.+J&amp;rft.btitle=The+Great+Red+Spot&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsep10.phys.utk.edu%2Fastr161%2Flect%2Fjupiter%2Fredspot.html&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-64\"><span class=\"
08-17 14:35:41.235 debug OkHttp mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-64\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/jupiter-ez.html\">\"Jupiter Data Sheet\"</a>. Space.com<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 2,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.btitle=Jupiter+Data+Sheet&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fscienceastronomy%2Fsolarsystem%2Fjupiter-ez.html&amp;rft.pub=Space.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-65\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-65\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Phillips, Tony (March 3, 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/02mar_redjr.htm\">\"Jupiter's New Red Spot\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 2,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Tony&amp;rft.aulast=Phillips&amp;rft.btitle=Jupiter%27s+New+Red+Spot&amp;rft.date=2006-03-03&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fheadlines%2Fy2006%2F02mar_redjr.htm&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-66\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-66\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/02mar_redjr.htm\">\"Jupiter's New Red Spot\"</a>. 2006<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 9,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.btitle=Jupiter%27s+New+Red+Spot&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fheadlines%2Fy2006%2F02mar_redjr.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-67\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-67\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Steigerwald, Bill (October 14, 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2006/little_red_spot.html\">\"Jupiter's Little Red Spot Growing Stronger\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 2,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Bill&amp;rft.aulast=Steigerwald&amp;rft.btitle=Jupiter%27s+Little+Red+Spot+Growing+Stronger&amp;rft.date=2006-10-14&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Fgoddard%2Fnews%2Ftopstory%2F2006%2Flittle_red_spot.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-68\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-68\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Goudarzi, Sara (May 4, 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2006-05-04-jupiter-jr-spot_x.htm\">\"New storm on Jupiter hints at climate changes\"</a>. USA Today<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 2,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3A
08-17 14:35:41.235 debug OkHttp sid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Sara&amp;rft.aulast=Goudarzi&amp;rft.btitle=New+storm+on+Jupiter+hints+at+climate+changes&amp;rft.date=2006-05-04&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fscience%2Fspace%2F2006-05-04-jupiter-jr-spot_x.htm&amp;rft.pub=USA+Today&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-69\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-69\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Brainerd, Jim (November 22, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.astrophysicsspectator.com/topics/planets/JupiterMagnetosphere.html\">\"Jupiter's Magnetosphere\"</a>. The Astrophysics Spectator<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 10,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Jupiter%27s+Magnetosphere&amp;rft.aufirst=Jim&amp;rft.aulast=Brainerd&amp;rft.date=2004-11-22&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrophysicsspectator.com%2Ftopics%2Fplanets%2FJupiterMagnetosphere.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-70\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-70\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2004/20feb_radiostorms.htm\">\"Radio Storms on Jupiter\"</a>. NASA. February 20, 2004<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 1,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.btitle=Radio+Storms+on+Jupiter&amp;rft.date=2004-02-20&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fheadlines%2Fy2004%2F20feb_radiostorms.htm&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-71\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-71\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Herbst, T. M.; Rix, H.-W. (1999). Guenther, Eike; Stecklum, Bringfried; Klose, Sylvio, eds. <i>Star Formation and Extrasolar Planet Studies with Near-Infrared Interferometry on the LBT</i>. <b>188</b>. San Francisco, Calif.: Astronomical Society of the Pacific. pp.\u00a0341\u2013350. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ASPC..188..341H\">1999ASPC..188..341H</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58381-014-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/1-58381-014-5\">1-58381-014-5</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.au=Herbst%2C+T.+M.&amp;rft.au=Rix%2C+H.-W.&amp;rft.btitle=Star+Formation+and+Extrasolar+Planet+Studies+with+Near-Infrared+Interferometry+on+the+LBT&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999ASPC..188..341H&amp;rft.isbn=1-58381-014-5&amp;rft.pages=341-350&amp;rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+Calif.&amp;rft.pub=Astronomical+Society+of+the+Pacific&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> \u2013 See section 3.4.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-72\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-72\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Michtchenko, T. A.; Ferraz-Mello, S. (February 2001). \"Modeling the 5\u00a0: 2 Mean-Motion Resonance in the
08-17 14:35:41.235 debug OkHttp Jupiter\u2013Saturn Planetary System\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>149</b> (2): 77\u2013115. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Icar..149..357M\">2001Icar..149..357M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.2000.6539\">10.1006/icar.2000.6539</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Modeling+the+5+%3A+2+Mean-Motion+Resonance+in+the+Jupiter%93Saturn+Planetary+System&amp;rft.au=Ferraz-Mello%2C+S.&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Michtchenko&amp;rft.date=2001-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Icar..149..357M&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.2000.6539&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=77-115&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=149\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-73\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-73\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/interplanetaryseasons.html\">\"Interplanetary Seasons\"</a>. Science@NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.btitle=Interplanetary+Seasons&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fheadlines%2Fy2000%2Finterplanetaryseasons.html&amp;rft.pub=Science%40NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-74\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-74\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Ridpath, Ian (1998). <i>Norton's Star Atlas</i> (19th ed.). Prentice Hall. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-35655-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-582-35655-5\">0-582-35655-5</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Ian&amp;rft.aulast=Ridpath&amp;rft.btitle=Norton%27s+Star+Atlas&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.edition=19th&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-582-35655-5&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span><sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citing sources\"><span title=\"This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2015)\">page\u00a0needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-75\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-75\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://history.nasa.gov/SP-349/ch8.htm\">\"Encounter with the Giant\"</a>. NASA. 1974<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 17,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.btitle=Encounter+with+the+Giant&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-349%2Fch8.htm&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-76\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-
08-17 14:35:41.235 debug OkHttp 76\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.wikihow.com/Observe-Jupiter\">\"How to Observe Jupiter\"</a>. WikiHow. July 28, 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.btitle=How+to+Observe+Jupiter&amp;rft.date=2013-07-28&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikihow.com%2FObserve-Jupiter&amp;rft.pub=WikiHow&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-77\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-77\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">A. Sachs (May 2, 1974). \"Babylonian Observational Astronomy\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_of_London\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London\">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</a></i>. <a href=\"/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Royal Society of London\">Royal Society of London</a>. <b>276</b> (1257): 43\u201350 (see p. 44). <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974RSPTA.276...43S\">1974RSPTA.276...43S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.1974.0008\">10.1098/rsta.1974.0008</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/JSTOR\" title=\"JSTOR\">JSTOR</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/74273\">74273</a> \u2013 via <a href=\"/wiki/JSTOR\" title=\"JSTOR\">JSTOR</a>. <span style=\"font-size:90%; color:#555\">(subscription required (<span title=\"Sources are not required to be available online. Online sources do not have to be freely available. The site may require a paid subscription.\" style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help\">help</span>))</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Babylonian+Observational+Astronomy&amp;rft.au=A.+Sachs&amp;rft.date=1974-05-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F74273&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974RSPTA.276...43S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.1974.0008&amp;rft.issue=1257&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&amp;rft.pages=43-50+%28see+p.+44%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=276\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-78\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-78\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\"><a href=\"/wiki/Homer_H._Dubs\" title=\"Homer H. Dubs\">Dubs, Homer H.</a> (1958). \"The Beginnings of Chinese Astronomy\". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>78</b> (4): 295\u2013300.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=The+Beginnings+of+Chinese+Astronomy&amp;rft.aufirst=Homer+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Dubs&amp;rft.date=1958&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&amp;rft.pages=295-300&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=78\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-79\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-79\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Xi, Z. Z. (1981). \"The Discovery of Jupiter's Satellite Made by Gan-De 2000 Years Before Galileo\". <i>Acta
08-17 14:35:41.235 debug OkHttp Astrophysica Sinica</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 87. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981AcApS...1...87X\">1981AcApS...1...87X</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=The+Discovery+of+Jupiter%27s+Satellite+Made+by+Gan-De+2000+Years+Before+Galileo&amp;rft.aufirst=Z.+Z.&amp;rft.aulast=Xi&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981AcApS...1...87X&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Acta+Astrophysica+Sinica&amp;rft.pages=87&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=1\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-80\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-80\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Dong, Paul (2002). <i>China's Major Mysteries: Paranormal Phenomena and the Unexplained in the People's Republic</i>. China Books. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8351-2676-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-8351-2676-5\">0-8351-2676-5</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.aulast=Dong&amp;rft.btitle=China%27s+Major+Mysteries%3A+Paranormal+Phenomena+and+the+Unexplained+in+the+People%27s+Republic&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8351-2676-5&amp;rft.pub=China+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-81\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-81\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Olaf Pedersen (1974). <i>A Survey of the Almagest</i>. Odense University Press. pp.\u00a0423, 428.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.au=Olaf+Pedersen&amp;rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+the+Almagest&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=423%2C+428&amp;rft.pub=Odense+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-82\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-82\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">tr. with notes by Walter Eugene Clark (1930). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/download/The_Aryabhatiya_of_Aryabhata_Clark_1930/The_Aryabhatiya_of_Aryabhata_Clark_1930.pdf\"><i>The Aryabhatiya of Aryabhata</i></a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. University of Chicago Press. p.\u00a09, Stanza 1.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.au=tr.+with+notes+by+Walter+Eugene+Clark&amp;rft.btitle=The+Aryabhatiya+of+Aryabhata&amp;rft.date=1930&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2FThe_Aryabhatiya_of_Aryabhata_Clark_1930%2FThe_Aryabhatiya_of_Aryabhata_Clark_1930.pdf&amp;rft.pages=9%2C+Stanza+1&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-83\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-83\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Pasachoff, Jay M. (2015). \"Simon Marius's Mundus Iovialis: 400th Anniversary in Galileo's Shadow\". <i>Journal for the History of Astronomy</i>. <b>46</b> (2): 218\u2013234. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AAS...22521505P\">2015AAS...22521505P</a>. <
08-17 14:35:41.235 debug OkHttp a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0021828615585493\">10.1177/0021828615585493</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Simon+Marius%27s+Mundus+Iovialis%3A+400th+Anniversary+in+Galileo%27s+Shadow&amp;rft.au=Pasachoff%2C+Jay+M.&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015AAS...22521505P&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0021828615585493&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+History+of+Astronomy&amp;rft.pages=218-234&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=46\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-84\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-84\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Westfall, Richard S. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/galilei_gal.html\">\"Galilei, Galileo\"</a>. The Galileo Project<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 10,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+S&amp;rft.aulast=Westfall&amp;rft.btitle=Galilei%2C+Galileo&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2FCatalog%2FNewFiles%2Fgalilei_gal.html&amp;rft.pub=The+Galileo+Project&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cassini1-85\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-cassini1_85-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (April 2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cassini.html\">\"Giovanni Domenico Cassini\"</a>. University of St. Andrews<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 14,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+J.+J.&amp;rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.+F.&amp;rft.btitle=Giovanni+Domenico+Cassini&amp;rft.date=2003-04&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FCassini.html&amp;rft.pub=University+of+St.+Andrews&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-86\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-86\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Murdin, Paul (2000). <i>Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-226690-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-12-226690-0\">0-12-226690-0</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.aulast=Murdin&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-226690-0&amp;rft.place=Bristol&amp;rft.pub=Institute+of+Physics+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-87\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-87\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://history.nasa.gov/SP-349/ch1.htm\">\"SP-349/396 Pioneer Odyssey\u2014Jupiter, Giant of the Solar System\"</a>. NASA. Aug
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08-17 14:35:41.235 debug OkHttp \"citation news\">Dennis Overbye (July 24, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/25/science/space/25hubble.html?ref=science\">\"Hubble Takes Snapshot of Jupiter's 'Black Eye<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">'</span>\"</a>. New York Times<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 25,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Hubble+Takes+Snapshot+of+Jupiter%27s+%27Black+Eye%27&amp;rft.au=Dennis+Overbye&amp;rft.date=2009-07-24&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F07%2F25%2Fscience%2Fspace%2F25hubble.html%3Fref%3Dscience&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-130\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-130\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Lovett, Richard A. (December 15, 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/12/061215-comet-stardust.html\">\"Stardust's Comet Clues Reveal Early Solar System\"</a>. National Geographic News<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 8,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Stardust%27s+Comet+Clues+Reveal+Early+Solar+System&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Lovett&amp;rft.date=2006-12-15&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2006%2F12%2F061215-comet-stardust.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-131\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-131\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Nakamura, T.; Kurahashi, H. (1998). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/1538-3881/115/2/848/fulltext/\">\"Collisional Probability of Periodic Comets with the Terrestrial Planets: An Invalid Case of Analytic Formulation\"</a>. <i>Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>115</b> (2): 848\u2013854. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AJ....115..848N\">1998AJ....115..848N</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F300206\">10.1086/300206</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 28,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Collisional+Probability+of+Periodic+Comets+with+the+Terrestrial+Planets%3A+An+Invalid+Case+of+Analytic+Formulation&amp;rft.au=Kurahashi%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Nakamura%2C+T.&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2F1538-3881%2F115%2F2%2F848%2Ffulltext%2F&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998AJ....115..848N&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F300206&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=848-854&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=115\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-132\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-132\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Horner, J.; Jones, B. W. (2008). \"Jupiter \u2013 friend or foe? I: the asteroids.\". <i>International Journal of Astrobiology</i>. <b>7</b> (3\u20134): 251\u2013261. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv\" title=\"ArXiv\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=
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08-17 14:35:41.235 debug OkHttp pan></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-impact2012-135\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-impact2012_135-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-impact2012_135-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a href=\"/wiki/Franck_Marchis\" title=\"Franck Marchis\">Franck Marchis</a> (September 10, 2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://cosmicdiary.org/fmarchis/2012/09/10/another-fireball-on-jupiter/\">\"Another fireball on Jupiter? .\"</a>. Cosmic Diary blog<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.au=Franck+Marchis&amp;rft.btitle=Another+fireball+on+Jupiter%3F+++.&amp;rft.date=2012-09-10&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcosmicdiary.org%2Ffmarchis%2F2012%2F09%2F10%2Fanother-fireball-on-jupiter%2F&amp;rft.pub=Cosmic+Diary+blog&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-136\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-136\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Baalke, Ron. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/sl9/\">\"Comet Shoemaker-Levy Collision with Jupiter\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 2,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Ron&amp;rft.aulast=Baalke&amp;rft.btitle=Comet+Shoemaker-Levy+Collision+with+Jupiter&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fsl9%2F&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-137\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-137\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Britt, Robert R. (August 23, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.space.com/273-remnants-1994-comet-impact-leave-puzzle-jupiter.html\">\"Remnants of 1994 Comet Impact Leave Puzzle at Jupiter\"</a>. space.com<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Remnants+of+1994+Comet+Impact+Leave+Puzzle+at+Jupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Britt&amp;rft.date=2004-08-23&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F273-remnants-1994-comet-impact-leave-puzzle-jupiter.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-138\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-138\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Staff (July 21, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-07-21/amateur-astronomer-discovers-jupiter-collision/1362318\">\"Amateur astronomer discovers Jupiter collision\"</a>. <i>ABC News online</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Amateur+astronomer+discovers+Jupiter+collision&amp;rft.au=Staff&amp;rft.date=2009-07-21&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2009-07-21%2Famateur-astronomer-discovers-jupiter-collision%2F1362318&amp;rft.jtitle=ABC+News+online&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span
08-17 14:35:41.235 debug OkHttp ></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-139\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-139\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Salway, Mike (July 19, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.iceinspace.com.au/index.php?id=70,550,0,0,1,0\">\"Breaking News: Possible Impact on Jupiter, Captured by Anthony Wesley\"</a>. IceInSpace. IceInSpace News<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 19,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Mike&amp;rft.aulast=Salway&amp;rft.btitle=Breaking+News%3A+Possible+Impact+on+Jupiter%2C+Captured+by+Anthony+Wesley&amp;rft.date=2009-07-19&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iceinspace.com.au%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D70%2C550%2C0%2C0%2C1%2C0&amp;rft.pub=IceInSpace&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-140\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-140\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Grossman, Lisa (July 20, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17491-jupiter-sports-new-bruise-from-impact.html\">\"Jupiter sports new 'bruise' from impact\"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Jupiter+sports+new+%27bruise%27+from+impact&amp;rft.aufirst=Lisa&amp;rft.aulast=Grossman&amp;rft.date=2009-07-20&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn17491-jupiter-sports-new-bruise-from-impact.html&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-141\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-141\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Bakich, Michael (June 4, 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.astronomy.com/news-observing/news/2010/06/another%20impact%20on%20jupiter\">\"Another impact on Jupiter\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomy_Magazine\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Astronomy Magazine\">Astronomy Magazine</a> online<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Bakich&amp;rft.btitle=Another+impact+on+Jupiter&amp;rft.date=2010-06-04&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronomy.com%2Fnews-observing%2Fnews%2F2010%2F06%2Fanother%2520impact%2520on%2520jupiter&amp;rft.pub=Astronomy+Magazine+online&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-142\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-142\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Beatty, Kelly (August 22, 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/observingblog/101264994.html\">\"Another Flash on Jupiter!\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Sky_%26_Telescope\" title=\"Sky &amp; Telescope\">Sky &amp; Telescope</a></i>. Sky Publishing. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100827180208/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/observingblog/101264994.html\">Archived</a> from the original on August 27, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 23,</span> 2010</span>. <q>Masayuki Tachikawa was observing ... 18:22 Universal Time on the 20th ... Kazuo Aoki posted an image ... Ishimaru of Toyama prefecture o
08-17 14:35:41.235 debug OkHttp bserved the event</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Another+Flash+on+Jupiter%21&amp;rft.aufirst=Kelly&amp;rft.aulast=Beatty&amp;rft.date=2010-08-22&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyandtelescope.com%2Fcommunity%2Fskyblog%2Fobservingblog%2F101264994.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Sky+%26+Telescope&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-143\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-143\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Hall, George (September 2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://georgeastro.weebly.com/jupiter.html\">\"George's Astrophotography\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 17,</span> 2012</span>. <q>10 Sept. 2012 11:35 UT .. observed by Dan Petersen</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=George&amp;rft.aulast=Hall&amp;rft.btitle=George%27s+Astrophotography&amp;rft.date=2012-09&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeorgeastro.weebly.com%2Fjupiter.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-144\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-144\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Malik,SPACE.com, Tariq. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/jupiter-struck-by-an-asteroid-or-a-comet-video/\">\"Jupiter Struck by an Asteroid or a Comet [Video]\"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2016-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Jupiter+Struck+by+an+Asteroid+or+a+Comet+%5BVideo%5D&amp;rft.aufirst=Tariq&amp;rft.aulast=Malik%2CSPACE.com&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fjupiter-struck-by-an-asteroid-or-a-comet-video%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-145\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-145\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Heppenheimer, T. A. (2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nss.org/settlement/ColoniesInSpace/colonies_chap01.html\">\"Colonies in Space, Chapter 1: Other Life in Space\"</a>. National Space Society<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 26,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Heppenheimer&amp;rft.btitle=Colonies+in+Space%2C+Chapter+1%3A+Other+Life+in+Space&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nss.org%2Fsettlement%2FColoniesInSpace%2Fcolonies_chap01.html&amp;rft.pub=National+Space+Society&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-146\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-146\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/J/Jupiterlife.html\">\"Life on Jupiter\"</a>. Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy &amp; Spaceflight<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 9,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedi
08-17 14:35:41.235 debug OkHttp a.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.btitle=Life+on+Jupiter&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daviddarling.info%2Fencyclopedia%2FJ%2FJupiterlife.html&amp;rft.pub=Encyclopedia+of+Astrobiology%2C+Astronomy+%26+Spaceflight&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-147\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-147\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Sagan, C.; Salpeter, E. E. (1976). \"Particles, environments, and possible ecologies in the Jovian atmosphere\". <i>The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series</i>. <b>32</b>: 633\u2013637. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976ApJS...32..737S\">1976ApJS...32..737S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F190414\">10.1086/190414</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Particles%2C+environments%2C+and+possible+ecologies+in+the+Jovian+atmosphere&amp;rft.au=Sagan%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Salpeter%2C+E.+E.&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1976ApJS...32..737S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F190414&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Supplement+Series&amp;rft.pages=633-637&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=32\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-universe_today-148\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-universe_today_148-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Coffey, Jerry (June 17, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/15134/is-there-life-on-jupiter/\">\"Is there Life on Jupiter?\"</a>. Universe Today<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.au=Coffey%2C+Jerry&amp;rft.btitle=Is+there+Life+on+Jupiter%3F&amp;rft.date=2008-06-17&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F15134%2Fis-there-life-on-jupiter%2F&amp;rft.pub=Universe+Today&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-time_life_on_jupiter-149\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-time_life_on_jupiter_149-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,895649,00.html\">\"Science: Life on Jupiter?\"</a>. TIME. August 25, 1961<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.btitle=Science%3A+Life+on+Jupiter%3F&amp;rft.date=1961-08-25&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C895649%2C00.html&amp;rft.pub=TIME&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-150\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-150\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Staff (June 16, 2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110512163240/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200506/s1393223.htm\">\"Stargazers prepare for daylight view of Jupiter\"</a>. ABC News Online. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollo
08-17 14:35:41.235 debug OkHttp w\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200506/s1393223.htm\">the original</a> on May 12, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Stargazers+prepare+for+daylight+view+of+Jupiter&amp;rft.au=Staff&amp;rft.date=2005-06-16&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fnewsitems%2F200506%2Fs1393223.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-151\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-151\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Rogers, J. H. (1998). \"Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions\". <i>Journal of the British Astronomical Association</i>. <b>108</b>: 9\u201328. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JBAA..108....9R\">1998JBAA..108....9R</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Origins+of+the+ancient+constellations%3A+I.+The+Mesopotamian+traditions&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Rogers&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998JBAA..108....9R&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+British+Astronomical+Association&amp;rft.pages=9-28&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=108\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-etymologyonline-152\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-etymologyonline_152-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Harper, Douglas (November 2001). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Jupiter\">\"Jupiter\"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 23,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Douglas&amp;rft.aulast=Harper&amp;rft.btitle=Jupiter&amp;rft.date=2001-11&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DJupiter&amp;rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-153\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-153\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.greek-names.info/greek-names-of-the-planets/\">\"Greek Names of the Planets\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 14,</span> 2012</span>. <q>In Greek the name of the planet Jupiter is Dias, the Greek name of god Zeus.</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.btitle=Greek+Names+of+the+Planets&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greek-names.info%2Fgreek-names-of-the-planets%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> See also the <a href=\"https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82)\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"el:\u0394\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2)\">Greek article about the planet</a>.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-154\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-154\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">See for example: <cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofol
08-17 14:35:41.235 debug OkHttp low\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/02800/02844.html\">\"IAUC 2844: Jupiter; 1975h\"</a>. International Astronomical Union. October 1, 1975<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 24,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=IAUC+2844%3A+Jupiter%3B+1975h&amp;rft.date=1975-10-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbat.eps.harvard.edu%2Fiauc%2F02800%2F02844.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> That particular word has been in use since at least 1966. See: <cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?db_key=AST&amp;text=zenographic%20since%20at%20least%201966\">\"Query Results from the Astronomy Database\"</a>. Smithsonian/NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 29,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.btitle=Query+Results+from+the+Astronomy+Database&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-abs_connect%3Fdb_key%3DAST%26text%3Dzenographic%2520since%2520at%2520least%25201966&amp;rft.pub=Smithsonian%2FNASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-155\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-155\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/jovial\">\"Jovial\"</a>. Dictionary.com<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 29,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.btitle=Jovial&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fjovial&amp;rft.pub=Dictionary.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-156\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-156\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">De Groot, Jan Jakob Maria (1912). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAaP7dyjCrAC&amp;pg=PA300\"><i>Religion in China: universism. a key to the study of Taoism and Confucianism</i></a>. <i>American lectures on the history of religions</i>. <b>10</b>. G. P. Putnam's Sons. p.\u00a0300<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2010-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Jan+Jakob+Maria&amp;rft.aulast=De+Groot&amp;rft.btitle=Religion+in+China%3A+universism.+a+key+to+the+study+of+Taoism+and+Confucianism&amp;rft.date=1912&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZAaP7dyjCrAC%26pg%3DPA300&amp;rft.pages=300&amp;rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-157\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-157\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Crump, Thomas (1992). <i>The Japanese numbers game: the use and understanding of numbers in modern Japan</i>. <i>Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese studies series</i>. Routledge. pp.\u00a039\u201340. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-05609-8\" title=\"Speci
08-17 14:35:41.235 debug OkHttp al:BookSources/0-415-05609-8\">0-415-05609-8</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas&amp;rft.aulast=Crump&amp;rft.btitle=The+Japanese+numbers+game%3A+the+use+and+understanding+of+numbers+in+modern+Japan&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-415-05609-8&amp;rft.pages=39-40&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-158\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-158\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Hulbert, Homer Bezaleel (1909). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=fxwpAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA426\"><i>The passing of Korea</i></a>. Doubleday, Page &amp; company. p.\u00a0426<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2010-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Homer+Bezaleel&amp;rft.aulast=Hulbert&amp;rft.btitle=The+passing+of+Korea&amp;rft.date=1909&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfxwpAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA426&amp;rft.pages=426&amp;rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Page+%26+company&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-159\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-159\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webonautics.com/mythology/guru_jupiter.html\">\"Guru\"</a>. Indian Divinity.com<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 14,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.btitle=Guru&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webonautics.com%2Fmythology%2Fguru_jupiter.html&amp;rft.pub=Indian+Divinity.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-160\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-160\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Falk, Michael; Koresko, Christopher (1999). \"Astronomical Names for the Days of the Week\". <i>Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada</i>. <b>93</b>: 122\u201333. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JRASC..93..122F\">1999JRASC..93..122F</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.newast.2003.07.002\">10.1016/j.newast.2003.07.002</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Astronomical+Names+for+the+Days+of+the+Week&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.au=Koresko%2C+Christopher&amp;rft.aulast=Falk&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999JRASC..93..122F&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.newast.2003.07.002&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society+of+Canada&amp;rft.pages=122-33&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=93\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-161\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-161\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25085903/\">\"T\u00fcrk Astrolojisi\"</a>. ntvmsnbc.com<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span c
08-17 14:35:41.235 debug OkHttp lass=\"nowrap\">April 23,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrk+Astrolojisi&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntvmsnbc.com%2Fid%2F25085903%2F&amp;rft.pub=ntvmsnbc.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n</ol></div>","references":""},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Further reading","anchor":"Further_reading","id":33,"text":"<ul><li><cite class=\"citation book\">Bagenal, F.; Dowling, T. E.; McKinnon, W. B., eds. (2004). <i>Jupiter: The planet, satellites, and magnetosphere</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81808-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-521-81808-7\">0-521-81808-7</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.btitle=Jupiter%3A+The+planet%2C+satellites%2C+and+magnetosphere&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-81808-7&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation book\"><a href=\"/wiki/Reta_Beebe\" title=\"Reta Beebe\">Beebe, Reta</a> (1997). <i>Jupiter: The Giant Planet</i> (Second ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56098-731-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/1-56098-731-6\">1-56098-731-6</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Reta&amp;rft.aulast=Beebe&amp;rft.btitle=Jupiter%3A+The+Giant+Planet&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.edition=Second&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-56098-731-6&amp;rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&amp;rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation magazine\">Gore, Rick (January 1980). \"What Voyager Saw: Jupiter's Dazzling Realm\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)\" title=\"National Geographic (magazine)\">National Geographic</a></i>. Vol.\u00a0157 no.\u00a01. pp.\u00a02\u201330. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-9358\">0027-9358</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/OCLC\" title=\"OCLC\">OCLC</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/oclc/643483454\">643483454</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Rick&amp;rft.aulast=Gore&amp;rft.btitle=What+Voyager+Saw%3A+Jupiter%27s+Dazzling+Realm&amp;rft.date=1980-01&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643483454&amp;rft.issn=0027-9358&amp;rft.pages=2-30&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"External links","anchor":"External_links","id":34,"text":"<table class=\"metadata plainlinks mbox-small\" style=\"padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.5em 0.75em;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#f9f9f9;\"><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"padding-bottom:0.75em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;\">\n<div style=\"clear:both;\">Find more about<br><b>Jupiter</b><br>\nat Wikipedia's <a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects\" title=\"Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects\">sister projects</a></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td style=\"padding-top:0.75em;\"><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.or
08-17 14:35:41.235 debug OkHttp g/wiki/Special:Search/Jupiter\" title=\"Search Wiktionary\"><img alt=\"Search Wiktionary\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/25px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"391\" data-file-height=\"391\"></a></td>\n<td style=\"padding-top:0.75em;\"><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jupiter\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikt:Special:Search/Jupiter\">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jupiter\" title=\"Search Commons\"><img alt=\"Search Commons\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png\" width=\"18\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1024\" data-file-height=\"1376\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jupiter\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"c:Special:Search/Jupiter\">Media</a> from Commons</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jupiter\" title=\"Search Wikinews\"><img alt=\"Search Wikinews\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"759\" data-file-height=\"415\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jupiter\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"n:Special:Search/Jupiter\">News</a> from Wikinews</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jupiter\" title=\"Search Wikiquote\"><img alt=\"Search Wikiquote\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png\" width=\"21\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"355\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jupiter\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"q:Special:Search/Jupiter\">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jupiter\" title=\"Search Wikisource\"><img alt=\"Search Wikisource\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png\" width=\"24\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"410\" data-file-height=\"430\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jupiter\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"s:Special:Search/Jupiter\">Texts</a> from Wikisource</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jupiter\" title=\"Search Wikibooks\"><img alt=\"Search Wikibooks\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload
08-17 14:35:41.235 debug OkHttp .wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"300\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jupiter\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"b:Special:Search/Jupiter\">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jupiter\" title=\"Search Wikiversity\"><img alt=\"Search Wikiversity\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"23\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/38px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1000\" data-file-height=\"900\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jupiter\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"v:Special:Search/Jupiter\">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</td>\n</tr></table><ul><li><cite class=\"citation web\">Hans Lohninger; et al. (November 2, 2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.vias.org/spacetrip/jupiter_1.html\">\"Jupiter, As Seen By Voyager 1\"</a>. <i>A Trip into Space</i>. Virtual Institute of Applied Science<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Jupiter%2C+As+Seen+By+Voyager+1&amp;rft.au=Hans+Lohninger&amp;rft.date=2005-11-02&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vias.org%2Fspacetrip%2Fjupiter_1.html&amp;rft.jtitle=A+Trip+into+Space&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\">Dunn, Tony (2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://orbitsimulator.com/gravity/articles/joviansystem.html\">\"The Jovian System\"</a>. <i>Gravity Simulator</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=The+Jovian+System&amp;rft.aufirst=Tony&amp;rft.aulast=Dunn&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forbitsimulator.com%2Fgravity%2Farticles%2Fjoviansystem.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Gravity+Simulator&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span>\u2014A simulation of the 62 moons of Jupiter.</li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\">Seronik, G.; Ashford, A. R. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20070713090641/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/planets/3307071.html\">\"Chasing the Moons of Jupiter\"</a>. Sky &amp; Telescope. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://skytonight.com/observing/objects/planets/3307071.html?page=1&amp;c=y\">the original</a> on July 13, 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.au=Ashford%2C+A.+R&amp;rft.au=Seronik%2C+G.&amp;rft.btitle=Chasing+the+Moons+of+Jupiter&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskytonight.com%2Fobserving%2Fobjects%2Fplanets%2F3307071.html%3Fpage%3D1%26c%3Dy&amp;rft.pub=Sky+%26+Telescope&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Anonymous (May 2, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/6614557.stm\">\"In Pictures: New views of Jupiter\"</a>. BBC News<span class=\"refe
08-17 14:35:41.235 debug OkHttp rence-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 2,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=In+Pictures%3A+New+views+of+Jupiter&amp;rft.au=Anonymous&amp;rft.date=2007-05-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fin_pictures%2F6614557.stm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\">Cain, Fraser. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.astronomycast.com/2007/10/episode-56-jupiter/\">\"Jupiter\"</a>. Universe Today<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Fraser&amp;rft.aulast=Cain&amp;rft.btitle=Jupiter&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronomycast.com%2F2007%2F10%2Fepisode-56-jupiter%2F&amp;rft.pub=Universe+Today&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://science1.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2007/01may_fantasticflyby/\">\"Fantastic Flyby of the New Horizons spacecraft (May 1, 2007.)\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 21,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.btitle=Fantastic+Flyby+of+the+New+Horizons+spacecraft+%28May+1%2C+2007.%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience1.nasa.gov%2Fscience-news%2Fscience-at-nasa%2F2007%2F01may_fantasticflyby%2F&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Archive/Archive-Jupiter.html\">\"Moons of Jupiter articles in Planetary Science Research Discoveries\"</a>. <i>Planetary Science Research Discoveries</i>. University of Hawaii, NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2015-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Moons+of+Jupiter+articles+in+Planetary+Science+Research+Discoveries&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psrd.hawaii.edu%2FArchive%2FArchive-Jupiter.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Planetary+Science+Research+Discoveries&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Us6EXc5Hyng\">June 2010 impact video</a></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\">Bauer, Amanda; Merrifield, Michael (2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/jupiter.htm\">\"Jupiter\"</a>. <i>Sixty Symbols</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/Brady_Haran\" title=\"Brady Haran\">Brady Haran</a> for the <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Nottingham\" title=\"University of Nottingham\">University of Nottingham</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.atitle=Jupiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Amanda&amp;rft.aulast=Bauer&amp;rft.au=Merrifield%2C+Michael&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sixtysymbols.com%2Fvideos%2Fjupiter.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=Sixty+Symbols&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jupiter&amp;Display=Facts\">\"NASA
08-17 14:35:41.235 debug OkHttp Solar System Jupiter\"</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+Solar+System+Jupiter&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fplanets%2Fprofile.cfm%3FObject%3DJupiter%26Display%3DFacts&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://digitalcollections.ucsc.edu/cdm/search/collection/p265101coll10/searchterm/Jupiter%20(planet)/order/title\">Photographs of Jupiter circa 1920s from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections</a></li>\n</ul>"}]}}
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08-17 14:35:48.525 debug OkHttp Date: Wed, 17 Aug 2016 20:36:59 GMT
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08-17 14:35:48.535 debug OkHttp {"mobileview":{"ns":0,"lastmodified":"2016-08-17T08:12:08Z","revision":734880244,"languagecount":187,"displaytitle":"Saturn","id":44474,"description":"sixth planet from the sun","image":{"file":"Saturn during Equinox.jpg","width":4613,"height":2233},"thumb":{"url":"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Saturn_during_Equinox.jpg/640px-Saturn_during_Equinox.jpg","width":640,"height":310},"sections":[{"id":0,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">This article is about the planet. For other uses, see <a href=\"/wiki/Saturn_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-disambig\" title=\"Saturn (disambiguation)\">Saturn (disambiguation)</a>.</div>\n<table class=\"infobox\" style=\"width:22em\"><caption class=\"fn org\">Saturn <a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturn_symbol.svg\" class=\"image\" title=\"Astronomical symbol for Saturn\"><img alt=\"Astronomical symbol for Saturn\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saturn_symbol.svg/25px-Saturn_symbol.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saturn_symbol.svg/38px-Saturn_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saturn_symbol.svg/50px-Saturn_symbol.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"50\" data-file-height=\"50\"></a></caption>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturn_during_Equinox.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Saturn during Equinox.jpg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Saturn_during_Equinox.jpg/300px-Saturn_during_Equinox.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"145\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Saturn_during_Equinox.jpg/450px-Saturn_during_Equinox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Saturn_during_Equinox.jpg/600px-Saturn_during_Equinox.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4613\" data-file-height=\"2233\"></a>\n<div>Saturn in natural color, photographed by<br><i><a href=\"/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens\" title=\"Cassini–Huygens\">Cassini</a></i> in July 2008, approaching <a href=\"/wiki/Equinox\" title=\"Equinox\">equinox</a>. The little white dot in the bottom left corner is <a href=\"/wiki/Titan_(moon)\" title=\"Titan (moon)\">Titan</a>.</div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">Designations</th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">Pronunciation</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"noexcerpt\"><a href=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/En-us-Saturn.ogg\" title=\"Listen\"><img alt=\"Listen\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/11px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png\" width=\"11\" height=\"11\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/17px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/22px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"11\" data-file-height=\"11\"></a><sup><span class=\"IPA\" style=\"color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;padding:0 .1em\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:En-us-Saturn.ogg\" title=\"File:En-us-Saturn.ogg\">i</a></span></sup></span><span class=\"IPA nopopups\"><a href=\"/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English\" title=\"Help:IPA for English\">/<span style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted\"><span title=\"/ˈ/ primary stress follows\">ˈ</span><span title=\"'s' in 'sigh'\">s</span><span title=\"/æ/ short 'a' in 'bad'\">æ</span><span title=\"'t' in 'tie'\">t</span><span title=\"/ər/ 'er' in 'finger'\">ər</span><span title=\"'n' in 'no'\">n</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-walter2003_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-walter2003-1\">[1]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_adjectivals_and_demonyms_of_astronomical_bodies\" title=\"List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies\">Adjectives</a></th>\n<td>Saturnian, Cronian</td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/Osculating_orbi
08-17 14:35:48.535 debug OkHttp t\" title=\"Osculating orbit\">Orbital characteristics</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-VSOP87_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-VSOP87-2\">[2]</a></sup></th>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)\" title=\"Epoch (astronomy)\">Epoch</a> <a href=\"/wiki/J2000.0\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"J2000.0\">J2000.0</a></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Aphelion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Aphelion\">Aphelion</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7012150884412388020♠</span>10.086 <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_unit\" title=\"Astronomical unit\">AU</a></span><br>\n(<span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7012150900000000000♠</span>1,509 Gm</span></span>)</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Perihelion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Perihelion\">Perihelion</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7012134997118519679♠</span>9.024 AU</span><br>\n(<span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7012135000000000000♠</span>1,350 Gm</span></span>)</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Semi-major_axis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Semi-major axis\">Semi-major axis</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7012142939404113226♠</span>9.554<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">909</span> AU</span><br>\n(<span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7012142939000000000♠</span>1,429.39 Gm</span></span>)<sup id=\"cite_ref-VSOP87_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-VSOP87-2\">[2]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity\" title=\"Orbital eccentricity\">Eccentricity</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6998555500000000000♠</span>0.055<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">55</span></span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_period\" title=\"Orbital period\">Orbital period</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7001294571000000000♠</span>29.4571 <a href=\"/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)\" title=\"Julian year (astronomy)\">yr</a></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7008929596608000000♠</span>10,759.22 d</span></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7004244910700000000♠</span>24,491.07</span></span> Saturnian <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_day\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Solar day\">solar days</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-CSeligman_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CSeligman-3\">[3]</a></sup></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_period\" title=\"Orbital period\">Synodic period</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>378.09 days<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Average <a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_speed\" title=\"Orbital speed\">orbital speed</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>9.69 km/s<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Mean_anomaly\" title=\"Mean anomaly\">Mean anomaly</a></div>\n<
08-17 14:35:48.535 debug OkHttp /th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000553304279467243♠</span>317.020°</span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_inclination\" title=\"Orbital inclination\">Inclination</a></th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6998433756207022639♠</span>2.485<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">240</span>°</span> to <a href=\"/wiki/Ecliptic\" title=\"Ecliptic\">ecliptic</a></li>\n<li>5.51° to <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/Equator\" title=\"Equator\">equator</a></li>\n<li>0.93° to <a href=\"/wiki/Invariable_plane\" title=\"Invariable plane\">invariable plane</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-meanplane_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-meanplane-5\">[5]</a></sup></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Longitude_of_the_ascending_node\" title=\"Longitude of the ascending node\">Longitude of ascending node</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000198382849427935♠</span>113.665°</span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis\" title=\"Argument of periapsis\">Argument of perihelion</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000592350785492860♠</span>339.392°</span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">Known <a href=\"/wiki/Natural_satellite\" title=\"Natural satellite\">satellites</a></th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn\" title=\"Moons of Saturn\">62</a> with formal designations; innumerable additional <a href=\"/wiki/Moonlet\" title=\"Moonlet\">moonlets</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">Physical characteristics</th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Mean radius</div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7007582320000000000♠</span>58,232<span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">±</span>6 km</span></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-SeidelmannArchinalA.27hearn_2007_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SeidelmannArchinalA.27hearn_2007-6\">[6]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-1bar_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1bar-7\">[a]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Equator\" title=\"Equator\">Equatorial</a> radius</div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7007602680000000000♠</span>60,268<span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">±</span>4 km</span></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-SeidelmannArchinalA.27hearn_2007_6-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SeidelmannArchinalA.27hearn_2007-6\">[6]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-1bar_7-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1bar-7\">[a]</a></sup></li>\n<li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000944920000000000♠</span>9.4492</span> Earths</li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Geographical_pole\" title=\"Geographical pole\">Polar</a> radius</div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7007543640000000000♠</span>54,364<span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">±</span>10 km</span></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-SeidelmannArch
08-17 14:35:48.535 debug OkHttp inalA.27hearn_2007_6-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SeidelmannArchinalA.27hearn_2007-6\">[6]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-1bar_7-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1bar-7\">[a]</a></sup></li>\n<li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000855209999999999♠</span>8.5521 Earths</span></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Flattening\" title=\"Flattening\">Flattening</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6998979600000000000♠</span>0.097<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">96</span><span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">±</span>0.000<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">18</span></span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Spheroid#Surface_area\" title=\"Spheroid\">Surface area</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7016426999999999999♠</span>4.27<span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">×</span>10<sup>10</sup> km<sup>2</sup></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-1bar_7-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1bar-7\">[a]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-nasafact_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nasafact-8\">[7]</a></sup></li>\n<li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7001837030000000000♠</span>83.703 Earths</span></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Volume\" title=\"Volume\">Volume</a></th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7023827130000000000♠</span>8.2713<span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">×</span>10<sup>14</sup> km<sup>3</sup></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-1bar_7-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1bar-7\">[a]</a></sup></li>\n<li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7002763590000000000♠</span>763.59 Earths</span></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Mass\" title=\"Mass\">Mass</a></th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7026568360000000000♠</span>5.6836<span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">×</span>10<sup>26</sup> kg</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup></li>\n<li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7001951590000000000♠</span>95.159 Earths</span></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Mean <a href=\"/wiki/Density\" title=\"Density\">density</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7002687000000000000♠</span>0.687 g/cm<sup>3</sup></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-1bar_7-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1bar-7\">[a]</a></sup><br>\n(less than water)</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Surface_gravity\" title=\"Surface gravity\">Surface gravity</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li>10.44 <a href=\"/wiki/Acceleration\" title=\"Acceleration\">m/s²</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-1bar_7-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1bar-7\">[a]</a></sup></li>\n<li>1.065 <i><a href=\"/wiki/G-force\" title=\"G-force\">g</a></i></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width
08-17 14:35:48.535 debug OkHttp :11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Moment_of_inertia_factor\" title=\"Moment of inertia factor\">Moment of inertia factor</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6999210000000000000♠</span>0.210</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-PS15_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PS15-9\">[8]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Escape_velocity\" title=\"Escape velocity\">Escape velocity</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>35.5 km/s<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-1bar_7-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1bar-7\">[a]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Sidereal <a href=\"/wiki/Rotation_period\" title=\"Rotation period\">rotation period</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>10.55 hours<sup id=\"cite_ref-saturnDay_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-saturnDay-10\">[9]</a></sup><br>\n(10 hr 33 min)</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Equatorial rotation velocity</div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7003987000000000000♠</span>9.87 km/s</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-1bar_7-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1bar-7\">[a]</a></sup></li>\n<li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7003986111111111111♠</span>35,500 km/h</span></span></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Axial_tilt\" title=\"Axial tilt\">Axial tilt</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>26.73° (to orbit)<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">North pole <span class=\"nowrap\"><a href=\"/wiki/Right_ascension\" title=\"Right ascension\">right ascension</a></span></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li>2<sup>h</sup> 42<sup>m</sup> 21<sup>s</sup></li>\n<li>40.589°<sup id=\"cite_ref-SeidelmannArchinalA.27hearn_2007_6-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SeidelmannArchinalA.27hearn_2007-6\">[6]</a></sup></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">North pole <a href=\"/wiki/Declination\" title=\"Declination\">declination</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>83.537°<sup id=\"cite_ref-SeidelmannArchinalA.27hearn_2007_6-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SeidelmannArchinalA.27hearn_2007-6\">[6]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Albedo\" title=\"Albedo\">Albedo</a></th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li>0.342 (<a href=\"/wiki/Bond_albedo\" title=\"Bond albedo\">Bond</a>)</li>\n<li>0.47 (<a href=\"/wiki/Geometric_albedo\" title=\"Geometric albedo\">geometric</a>)<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; border:none; background-color:#f9f9f9; margin:0; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em; white-space:nowrap\"><tr><th style=\"width:33%; padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">Surface <a href=\"/wiki/Temperature\" title=\"Temperature\">temp.</a></th>\n<th style=\"padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">min</th>\n<th style=\"padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">mean</th>\n<th style=\"padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">max</th>\n</tr><tr><th style=\"padding-left:1.0em\">1 bar level</th>\n<td></td>\n<td>134 <a href=\"/wiki/Kelvin\"
08-17 14:35:48.535 debug OkHttp title=\"Kelvin\">K</a> (−139°C)<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr><tr><th style=\"padding-left:1.0em\">0.1 bar</th>\n<td></td>\n<td>84 K<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr></table></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Apparent_magnitude\" title=\"Apparent magnitude\">Apparent magnitude</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>+1.47 to −0.24<sup id=\"cite_ref-magnitude_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-magnitude-11\">[10]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Angular_diameter\" title=\"Angular diameter\">Angular diameter</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>14.5″ to 20.1″<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup><br>\n(excludes rings)</td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">Atmosphere<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup></th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Scale_height\" title=\"Scale height\">Scale height</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>59.5 km</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry#Atmospheric_composition\" title=\"Atmospheric chemistry\">Composition by volume</a></th>\n<td>\n<p>by volume:</p>\n<table><tr style=\"vertical-align:top\"><td>≈ 96%</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen\" title=\"Hydrogen\">hydrogen</a> (H<sub>2</sub>)</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"vertical-align:top\"><td>≈ 3%</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Helium\" title=\"Helium\">helium</a> (He)</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"vertical-align:top\"><td>≈ 0.4%</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Methane\" title=\"Methane\">methane</a> (CH<sub>4</sub>)</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"vertical-align:top\"><td>≈ 0.01%</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Ammonia\" title=\"Ammonia\">ammonia</a> (NH<sub>3</sub>)</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"vertical-align:top\"><td>≈ 0.01%</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride\" title=\"Hydrogen deuteride\">hydrogen deuteride</a> (HD)</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"vertical-align:top\"><td>0.0007%</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Ethane\" title=\"Ethane\">ethane</a> (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>)</td>\n</tr></table><b>Ices</b>:\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Ammonia\" title=\"Ammonia\">ammonia</a> (NH<sub>3</sub>)</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Water_(molecule)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Water (molecule)\">water</a> (H<sub>2</sub>O)</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ammonium_hydrosulfide\" title=\"Ammonium hydrosulfide\">ammonium hydrosulfide</a> (NH<sub>4</sub>SH)</li>\n</ul></td>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\"></div>\n</td>\n</tr></table><p><b>Saturn</b> is the sixth <a href=\"/wiki/Planet\" title=\"Planet\">planet</a> from the <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a> and the second-largest in the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_System\" title=\"Solar System\">Solar System</a>, after <a href=\"/wiki/Jupiter\" title=\"Jupiter\">Jupiter</a>. It is a <a href=\"/wiki/Gas_giant\" title=\"Gas giant\">gas giant</a> with an average radius about nine times that of <a href=\"/wiki/Earth\" title=\"Earth\">Earth</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Radius_ref_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Radius_ref-12\">[11]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Radius_ref_2_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Radius_ref_2-13\">[12]</a></sup> Although only one-eighth the average density of Earth, with its larger volume Saturn is just over 95 times more massive.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Mass_ref_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Mass_ref-14\">[13]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Mass_ref_2_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Mass_ref_2-15\">[14]</a></sup><
08-17 14:35:48.535 debug OkHttp sup id=\"cite_ref-Mass_ref_3_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Mass_ref_3-16\">[15]</a></sup> Saturn is named after the <a href=\"/wiki/Roman_mythology\" title=\"Roman mythology\">Roman</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)\" title=\"Saturn (mythology)\">god of agriculture</a>; its <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_symbol\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Astronomical symbol\">astronomical symbol</a> (♄) represents the god's <a href=\"/wiki/Sickle\" title=\"Sickle\">sickle</a>.</p>\n<p>Saturn's interior is probably composed of a core of <a href=\"/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93nickel_alloy\" title=\"Iron–nickel alloy\">iron–nickel</a> and rock (<a href=\"/wiki/Silicon\" title=\"Silicon\">silicon</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Oxygen\" title=\"Oxygen\">oxygen</a> compounds). This core is surrounded by a deep layer of <a href=\"/wiki/Metallic_hydrogen\" title=\"Metallic hydrogen\">metallic hydrogen</a>, an intermediate layer of <a href=\"/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen\" title=\"Liquid hydrogen\">liquid hydrogen</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Liquid_helium\" title=\"Liquid helium\">liquid helium</a>, and finally outside the <a href=\"/wiki/Frenkel_line\" title=\"Frenkel line\">Frenkel line</a> a gaseous outer layer.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Composition_ref_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Composition_ref-17\">[16]</a></sup> Saturn has a pale yellow hue due to <a href=\"/wiki/Ammonia\" title=\"Ammonia\">ammonia</a> crystals in its upper atmosphere. <a href=\"/wiki/Electrical_current\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Electrical current\">Electrical current</a> within the metallic hydrogen layer is thought to give rise to Saturn's planetary <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetic_field\" title=\"Magnetic field\">magnetic field</a>, which is weaker than Earth's, but has a <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetic_moment\" title=\"Magnetic moment\">magnetic moment</a> 580 times that of Earth due to Saturn's larger size. Saturn's magnetic field strength is around one-twentieth of Jupiter's.<sup id=\"cite_ref-mag_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mag-18\">[17]</a></sup> The outer <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere\" title=\"Atmosphere\">atmosphere</a> is generally bland and lacking in contrast, although long-lived features can appear. <a href=\"/wiki/Wind_speed\" title=\"Wind speed\">Wind speeds</a> on Saturn can reach 1,800 km/h (500 m/s), higher than on Jupiter, but not as high as those on <a href=\"/wiki/Neptune\" title=\"Neptune\">Neptune</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Science_Ch._2004_19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Science_Ch._2004-19\">[18]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Saturn has a prominent <a href=\"/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn\" title=\"Rings of Saturn\">ring system</a> that consists of nine continuous main rings and three discontinuous arcs and that is composed mostly of ice particles with a smaller amount of rocky debris and <a href=\"/wiki/Cosmic_dust\" title=\"Cosmic dust\">dust</a>. Sixty-two<sup id=\"cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\">[19]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn\" title=\"Moons of Saturn\">moons</a> are known to orbit Saturn, of which fifty-three are officially named. This does not include the hundreds of <a href=\"/wiki/Moonlet\" title=\"Moonlet\">moonlets</a> comprising the rings. <a href=\"/wiki/Titan_(moon)\" title=\"Titan (moon)\">Titan</a>, Saturn's largest moon, and the second-largest in the Solar System, is larger than the planet <a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(planet)\" title=\"Mercury (planet)\">Mercury</a>, although less massive, and is the only moon in the Solar System to have a substantial atmosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Titan_ref_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Titan_ref-21\">[20]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"toclimit-3\"></div>"}],"protection":{"edit":["autoconfirmed"],"move":["sysop"]},"editable":false}}
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08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp {"mobileview":{"sections":[{"toclevel":1,"line":"Physical characteristics","anchor":"Physical_characteristics","id":1,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:202px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturn,_Earth_size_comparison.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Saturn%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg/200px-Saturn%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"173\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Saturn%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg/300px-Saturn%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Saturn%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg/400px-Saturn%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3000\" data-file-height=\"2601\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturn,_Earth_size_comparison.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nComposite image roughly comparing the sizes of Saturn and Earth</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Saturn is a <a href=\"/wiki/Gas_giant\" title=\"Gas giant\">gas giant</a> because it is predominantly composed of hydrogen and helium ('gas'). It lacks a definite surface, though it may have a solid core.<sup id=\"cite_ref-melosh2011_22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-melosh2011-22\">[21]</a></sup> Saturn's rotation causes it to have the shape of an <a href=\"/wiki/Oblate_spheroid\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Oblate spheroid\">oblate spheroid</a>; that is, it is flattened at the poles and bulges at its equator. Its equatorial and polar radii differ by almost 10%: 60,268\u00a0km versus 54,364\u00a0km, respectively.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup> Jupiter, <a href=\"/wiki/Uranus\" title=\"Uranus\">Uranus</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Neptune\" title=\"Neptune\">Neptune</a>, the other giant planets in the Solar System, are also oblate but to a lesser extent. Saturn is the only planet of the Solar System that is less dense than water\u2014about 30% less.<sup id=\"cite_ref-preserve_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-preserve-23\">[22]</a></sup> Although Saturn's <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_core\" title=\"Planetary core\">core</a> is considerably denser than water, the average <a href=\"/wiki/Relative_density\" title=\"Relative density\">specific density</a> of the planet is 0.69\u00a0g/cm<sup>3</sup> due to the atmosphere. Jupiter has 318\u00a0times the Earth's mass,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Jupiter_fact_24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Jupiter_fact-24\">[23]</a></sup> while Saturn is 95 times the mass of the <a href=\"/wiki/Earth\" title=\"Earth\">Earth</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup> Together, Jupiter and Saturn hold 92% of the total planetary mass in the Solar System.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ssr152_1_423_25-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ssr152_1_423-25\">[24]</a></sup></p>\n<p>On 8 January 2015, NASA reported determining the center of the planet Saturn and its <a href=\"/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn\" title=\"Moons of Saturn\">family of moons</a> to within 4\u00a0km (2.5\u00a0mi).<sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-20150108_26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NASA-20150108-26\">[25]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Internal structure","anchor":"Internal_structure","id":2,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:602px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturn_diagram.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Saturn_diagram.svg/600px-Saturn_diagram.svg.png\" width=\"600\" height=\"300\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Saturn_diagram.svg/900px-Saturn_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Saturn_diagram.svg/1200px-Saturn_diagram.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"4000\"
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp data-file-height=\"2000\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturn_diagram.svg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nDiagram of Saturn, to scale.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Despite consisting mostly of hydrogen and helium, most of Saturn's mass is not in the <a href=\"/wiki/Gas\" title=\"Gas\">gas</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Phase_(matter)\" title=\"Phase (matter)\">phase</a>, because hydrogen becomes a <a href=\"/wiki/Ideal_solution\" title=\"Ideal solution\">non-ideal liquid</a> when the density is above 0.01\u00a0g/cm<sup>3</sup>, which is reached at a radius containing 99.9% of Saturn's mass. The temperature, pressure, and density inside Saturn all rise steadily toward the core, which causes hydrogen to transition into a metal in the deeper layers.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ssr152_1_423_25-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ssr152_1_423-25\">[24]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Standard planetary models suggest that the interior of Saturn is similar to that of <a href=\"/wiki/Jupiter\" title=\"Jupiter\">Jupiter</a>, having a small rocky core surrounded by <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen\" title=\"Hydrogen\">hydrogen</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Helium\" title=\"Helium\">helium</a> with trace amounts of various <a href=\"/wiki/Volatiles\" title=\"Volatiles\">volatiles</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-guillot_et_al2009_27-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-guillot_et_al2009-27\">[26]</a></sup> This core is similar in composition to the Earth, but more dense. Examination of Saturn's <a href=\"/wiki/Gravitational_moment\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Gravitational moment\">gravitational moment</a>, in combination with physical models of the interior, allowed French astronomers Didier Saumon and Tristan Guillot to place constraints on the mass of Saturn's core. In 2004, they estimated that the core must be 9\u201322\u00a0times the mass of the Earth,<sup id=\"cite_ref-science305_5689_1414_28-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-science305_5689_1414-28\">[27]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-apj609_2_1170_29-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-apj609_2_1170-29\">[28]</a></sup> which corresponds to a diameter of about 25,000\u00a0km.<sup id=\"cite_ref-30\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-30\">[29]</a></sup> This is surrounded by a thicker liquid <a href=\"/wiki/Metallic_hydrogen\" title=\"Metallic hydrogen\">metallic hydrogen</a> layer, followed by a liquid layer of helium-saturated <a href=\"/wiki/Molecular_hydrogen\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Molecular hydrogen\">molecular hydrogen</a> that gradually transitions to a gas with increasing altitude. The outermost layer spans 1,000\u00a0km and consists of gas.<sup id=\"cite_ref-faure_mensing2007_31-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-faure_mensing2007-31\">[30]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NMM_Saturn_32-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NMM_Saturn-32\">[31]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-33\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-33\">[32]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Saturn has a hot interior, reaching 11,700\u00a0\u00b0C at its core, and it radiates 2.5 times more energy into space than it receives from the Sun. Jupiter's <a href=\"/wiki/Thermal_energy\" title=\"Thermal energy\">thermal energy</a> is generated by the <a href=\"/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_mechanism\" title=\"Kelvin\u2013Helmholtz mechanism\">Kelvin\u2013Helmholtz mechanism</a> of slow <a href=\"/wiki/Gravitational_compression\" title=\"Gravitational compression\">gravitational compression</a>, but this alone may not be sufficient to explain heat production for Saturn, because it is less massive. An alternative or additional mechanism may be generation of heat through the \"raining out\" of droplets of helium deep in Saturn's interior. As the droplets descend through the lower-density hydrogen, the process releases heat by <a href=\"/wiki/Friction\" title=\"Friction\">friction</a> and leaves Saturn's outer layers depleted of helium.<sup id=\"cite_ref-de_
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp pater_lissauer2010_34-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-de_pater_lissauer2010-34\">[33]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-nasa_saturn_35-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nasa_saturn-35\">[34]</a></sup> These descending droplets may have accumulated into a helium shell surrounding the core.<sup id=\"cite_ref-guillot_et_al2009_27-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-guillot_et_al2009-27\">[26]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Atmosphere","anchor":"Atmosphere","id":3,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:127px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA18354-Saturn-MethaneBands-20150906.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/PIA18354-Saturn-MethaneBands-20150906.jpg/125px-PIA18354-Saturn-MethaneBands-20150906.jpg\" width=\"125\" height=\"125\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/PIA18354-Saturn-MethaneBands-20150906.jpg/188px-PIA18354-Saturn-MethaneBands-20150906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/PIA18354-Saturn-MethaneBands-20150906.jpg/250px-PIA18354-Saturn-MethaneBands-20150906.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1020\" data-file-height=\"1020\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA18354-Saturn-MethaneBands-20150906.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Methane\" title=\"Methane\">Methane</a> bands circle Saturn (rel 1 February 2016)</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The outer atmosphere of Saturn contains 96.3% molecular hydrogen and 3.25% helium by volume.<sup id=\"cite_ref-36\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-36\">[35]</a></sup> The proportion of helium is significantly deficient compared to the abundance of this element in the Sun.<sup id=\"cite_ref-guillot_et_al2009_27-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-guillot_et_al2009-27\">[26]</a></sup> The quantity of elements heavier than helium is not known precisely, but the proportions are assumed to match the primordial abundances from the formation of the Solar System. The total mass of these heavier elements is estimated to be 19\u201331\u00a0times the mass of the Earth, with a significant fraction located in Saturn's core region.<sup id=\"cite_ref-science286_37-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-science286-37\">[36]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Trace amounts of ammonia, <a href=\"/wiki/Acetylene\" title=\"Acetylene\">acetylene</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Ethane\" title=\"Ethane\">ethane</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Propane\" title=\"Propane\">propane</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Phosphine\" title=\"Phosphine\">phosphine</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Methane\" title=\"Methane\">methane</a> have been detected in Saturn's atmosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-baas15_831_38-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-baas15_831-38\">[37]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-cain2009_24029_39-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cain2009_24029-39\">[38]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-pfsaa2008_40-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pfsaa2008-40\">[39]</a></sup> The upper clouds are composed of ammonia crystals, while the lower level clouds appear to consist of either <a href=\"/wiki/Ammonium_hydrosulfide\" title=\"Ammonium hydrosulfide\">ammonium hydrosulfide</a> (NH<sub>4</sub>SH) or water.<sup id=\"cite_ref-martinez20050905_41-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-martinez20050905-41\">[40]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Ultraviolet\" title=\"Ultraviolet\">Ultraviolet</a> radiation from the Sun causes methane <a href=\"/wiki/Photolysis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Photolysis\">photolysis</a> in the upper atmosphere, leading to a series of <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrocarbon\" title=\"Hydrocarbon\">hydrocarbon</a> chemical reactions with the resulting products being carried downward by eddies and diffusion. This <a href=\"/wiki/Photochemical_cycle\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Photochemical cycle\">photochemical cycle</a> is modulated by Saturn's annual
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp seasonal cycle.<sup id=\"cite_ref-pfsaa2008_40-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pfsaa2008-40\">[39]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Cloud layers","anchor":"Cloud_layers","id":4,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturn_Storm.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Saturn_Storm.jpg/220px-Saturn_Storm.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"220\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Saturn_Storm.jpg/330px-Saturn_Storm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Saturn_Storm.jpg/440px-Saturn_Storm.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1015\" data-file-height=\"1015\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturn_Storm.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nA global storm girdles the planet in 2011. The head of the storm (bright area) passes the tail circling around the left limb.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Saturn's atmosphere exhibits a banded pattern similar to Jupiter's, but Saturn's bands are much fainter and are much wider near the equator. The nomenclature used to describe these bands is the same as on Jupiter. Saturn's finer cloud patterns were not observed until the flybys of the Voyager spacecraft during the 1980s. Since then, Earth-based <a href=\"/wiki/Telescope\" title=\"Telescope\">telescopy</a> has improved to the point where regular observations can be made.<sup id=\"cite_ref-emp105_2_143_42-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-emp105_2_143-42\">[41]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The composition of the clouds varies with depth and increasing pressure. In the upper cloud layers, with the temperature in the range 100\u2013160\u00a0K and pressures extending between 0.5\u20132 <a href=\"/wiki/Bar_(unit)\" title=\"Bar (unit)\">bar</a>, the clouds consist of ammonia ice. Water <a href=\"/wiki/Ice_cloud\" title=\"Ice cloud\">ice clouds</a> begin at a level where the pressure is about 2.5 bar and extend down to 9.5 bar, where temperatures range from 185\u2013270\u00a0K. Intermixed in this layer is a band of ammonium hydrosulfide ice, lying in the pressure range 3\u20136 bar with temperatures of 290\u2013235\u00a0K. Finally, the lower layers, where pressures are between 10\u201320 bar and temperatures are 270\u2013330\u00a0K, contains a region of water droplets with ammonia in aqueous solution.<sup id=\"cite_ref-dougherty_esposito2009_43-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-dougherty_esposito2009-43\">[42]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Saturn's usually bland atmosphere occasionally exhibits long-lived ovals and other features common on Jupiter. In 1990, the <a href=\"/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope\" title=\"Hubble Space Telescope\">Hubble Space Telescope</a> imaged an enormous white cloud near Saturn's equator that was not present during the Voyager encounters and in 1994, another, smaller storm was observed. The 1990 storm was an example of a <a href=\"/wiki/Great_White_Spot\" title=\"Great White Spot\">Great White Spot</a>, a unique but short-lived phenomenon that occurs once every Saturnian year, roughly every 30 Earth years, around the time of the northern hemisphere's <a href=\"/wiki/Summer_solstice\" title=\"Summer solstice\">summer solstice</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-icarus176_1_155_44-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-icarus176_1_155-44\">[43]</a></sup> Previous Great White Spots were observed in 1876, 1903, 1933 and 1960, with the 1933 storm being the most famous. If the periodicity is maintained, another storm will occur in about 2020.<sup id=\"cite_ref-45\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-45\">[44]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The winds on Saturn are the second fastest among the Solar System's planets, after Neptune's. <a href=\"/wiki/Voyager_program\" title=\"Voyager program\">Voyager</a> data indicate peak easterly winds of 500\u00a0m/s (1800\u00a0km/h).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Voyager
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp _Summary_1_46-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Voyager_Summary_1-46\">[45]</a></sup> In images from the <a href=\"/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens\" title=\"Cassini\u2013Huygens\">Cassini</a> spacecraft during 2007, Saturn's northern hemisphere displayed a bright blue hue, similar to Uranus. The color was most likely caused by <a href=\"/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering\" title=\"Rayleigh scattering\">Rayleigh scattering</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-47\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-47\">[46]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Thermography\" title=\"Thermography\">Thermography</a> has shown that Saturn's south pole has a warm <a href=\"/wiki/Polar_vortex\" title=\"Polar vortex\">polar vortex</a>, the only known example of such a phenomenon in the Solar System.<sup id=\"cite_ref-MCP_48-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MCP-48\">[47]</a></sup> Whereas temperatures on Saturn are normally \u2212185\u00a0\u00b0C, temperatures on the vortex often reach as high as \u2212122\u00a0\u00b0C, suspected to be the warmest spot on Saturn.<sup id=\"cite_ref-MCP_48-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MCP-48\">[47]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"North pole hexagonal cloud pattern","anchor":"North_pole_hexagonal_cloud_pattern","id":5,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:127px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA18274-Saturn-NorthPolarHexagon-Cassini-20140402.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/PIA18274-Saturn-NorthPolarHexagon-Cassini-20140402.jpg/125px-PIA18274-Saturn-NorthPolarHexagon-Cassini-20140402.jpg\" width=\"125\" height=\"116\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/PIA18274-Saturn-NorthPolarHexagon-Cassini-20140402.jpg/188px-PIA18274-Saturn-NorthPolarHexagon-Cassini-20140402.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/PIA18274-Saturn-NorthPolarHexagon-Cassini-20140402.jpg/250px-PIA18274-Saturn-NorthPolarHexagon-Cassini-20140402.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1021\" data-file-height=\"944\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA18274-Saturn-NorthPolarHexagon-Cassini-20140402.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nSaturn \u2013 <a href=\"/wiki/Saturn%27s_hexagon\" title=\"Saturn's hexagon\">North polar hexagon</a> and vortex as well as rings (2 April 2014)</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Saturn%27s_hexagon\" title=\"Saturn's hexagon\">Saturn's hexagon</a></div>\n<p>A persisting <a href=\"/wiki/Hexagon\" title=\"Hexagon\">hexagonal</a> wave pattern around the north polar vortex in the atmosphere at about 78\u00b0N was first noted in the Voyager images.<sup id=\"cite_ref-49\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-49\">[48]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-50\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-50\">[49]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20140806_51-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT-20140806-51\">[50]</a></sup> The sides of the hexagon are each about 13,800\u00a0km (8,600\u00a0mi) long, which is longer than the diameter of the Earth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Hexagon_ref_52-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hexagon_ref-52\">[51]</a></sup> The entire structure rotates with a period of <span class=\"nowrap\">10h 39m 24s</span> (the same period as that of the planet's radio emissions) which is assumed to be equal to the period of rotation of Saturn's interior.<sup id=\"cite_ref-science247_4947_1206_53-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-science247_4947_1206-53\">[52]</a></sup> The hexagonal feature does not shift in longitude like the other clouds in the visible atmosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-pss57_14_1671_54-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pss57_14_1671-54\">[53]</a></sup> The pattern's origin is a matter of much speculation. Most scientists think it is a <a href=\"/wiki/Standing_wave\" title=\"Standing wave\">stan
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp ding wave</a> pattern in the atmosphere. Polygonal shapes have been replicated in the laboratory through differential rotation of fluids.<sup id=\"cite_ref-55\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-55\">[54]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-labmodel_56-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-labmodel-56\">[55]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"South pole vortex","anchor":"South_pole_vortex","id":6,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:127px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Looking_saturn_in_the_eye.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Looking_saturn_in_the_eye.jpg/125px-Looking_saturn_in_the_eye.jpg\" width=\"125\" height=\"130\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Looking_saturn_in_the_eye.jpg/188px-Looking_saturn_in_the_eye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Looking_saturn_in_the_eye.jpg/250px-Looking_saturn_in_the_eye.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"516\" data-file-height=\"535\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Looking_saturn_in_the_eye.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nA storm at Saturn's south pole</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope\" title=\"Hubble Space Telescope\">HST</a> imaging of the south polar region indicates the presence of a <a href=\"/wiki/Jet_stream\" title=\"Jet stream\">jet stream</a>, but no strong polar vortex nor any hexagonal standing wave.<sup id=\"cite_ref-57\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-57\">[56]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a> reported in November 2006 that Cassini had observed a \"<a href=\"/wiki/Hurricane\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Hurricane\">hurricane</a>-like\" storm locked to the south pole that had a clearly defined <a href=\"/wiki/Eyewall\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Eyewall\">eyewall</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-58\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-58\">[57]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-59\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-59\">[58]</a></sup> Eyewall clouds had not previously been seen on any planet other than Earth. For example, images from the <a href=\"/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)\" title=\"Galileo (spacecraft)\">Galileo</a> spacecraft did not show an eyewall in the <a href=\"/wiki/Great_Red_Spot\" title=\"Great Red Spot\">Great Red Spot</a> of Jupiter.<sup id=\"cite_ref-60\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-60\">[59]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The south pole storm may have been present for billions of years.<sup id=\"cite_ref-spole_61-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-spole-61\">[60]</a></sup> This vortex is comparable to the size of Earth, and it has winds of 550\u00a0km/h.<sup id=\"cite_ref-spole_61-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-spole-61\">[60]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Other features","anchor":"Other_features","id":7,"text":"<p>Cassini has observed a series of cloud features nicknamed \"String of Pearls\" found in northern latitudes. These features are cloud clearings that reside in deeper cloud layers.<sup id=\"cite_ref-62\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-62\">[61]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Magnetosphere","anchor":"Magnetosphere","id":8,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Saturn\" title=\"Magnetosphere of Saturn\">Magnetosphere of Saturn</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:127px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturn%27s_double_aurorae_(captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope).jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Saturn%27s_double_aurorae_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg/125px-Saturn%27s_double_aurorae_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg\" width=\"125\" height=\"125\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp thumb/b/b1/Saturn%27s_double_aurorae_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg/188px-Saturn%27s_double_aurorae_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Saturn%27s_double_aurorae_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg/250px-Saturn%27s_double_aurorae_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1024\" data-file-height=\"1024\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturn%27s_double_aurorae_(captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope).jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nPolar aurorae on Saturn</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:127px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Hubble_sees_a_flickering_light_display_on_Saturn.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hubble_sees_a_flickering_light_display_on_Saturn.jpg/125px-Hubble_sees_a_flickering_light_display_on_Saturn.jpg\" width=\"125\" height=\"79\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hubble_sees_a_flickering_light_display_on_Saturn.jpg/188px-Hubble_sees_a_flickering_light_display_on_Saturn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hubble_sees_a_flickering_light_display_on_Saturn.jpg/250px-Hubble_sees_a_flickering_light_display_on_Saturn.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3519\" data-file-height=\"2222\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Hubble_sees_a_flickering_light_display_on_Saturn.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nAuroral lights at Saturn\u2019s north pole.<sup id=\"cite_ref-63\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-63\">[62]</a></sup></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Saturn has an intrinsic <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetic\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Magnetic\">magnetic</a> field that has a simple, symmetric shape \u2013 a magnetic <a href=\"/wiki/Dipole\" title=\"Dipole\">dipole</a>. Its strength at the equator \u2013 0.2\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Gauss_(unit)\" title=\"Gauss (unit)\">gauss</a> (20\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Microtesla\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Microtesla\">\u00b5T</a>) \u2013 is approximately one twentieth of that of the field around Jupiter and slightly weaker than Earth's <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetic_field\" title=\"Magnetic field\">magnetic field</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-mag_18-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mag-18\">[17]</a></sup> As a result, Saturn's <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetosphere\" title=\"Magnetosphere\">magnetosphere</a> is much smaller than Jupiter's.<sup id=\"cite_ref-mag_2_64-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mag_2-64\">[63]</a></sup> When Voyager 2 entered the magnetosphere, the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_wind\" title=\"Solar wind\">solar wind</a> pressure was high and the magnetosphere extended only 19 Saturn radii, or 1.1 million km (712,000\u00a0mi),<sup id=\"cite_ref-65\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-65\">[64]</a></sup> although it enlarged within several hours, and remained so for about three days.<sup id=\"cite_ref-atkinson2010_66-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-atkinson2010-66\">[65]</a></sup> Most probably, the magnetic field is generated similarly to that of Jupiter \u2013 by currents in the liquid metallic-hydrogen layer called a metallic-hydrogen dynamo.<sup id=\"cite_ref-mag_2_64-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mag_2-64\">[63]</a></sup> This magnetosphere is efficient at deflecting the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_wind\" title=\"Solar wind\">solar wind</a> particles from the <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a>. The moon Titan orbits within the outer part of Saturn's magnetosphere and contributes plasma from the <a href=\"/wiki/Ion\" title=\"Ion\">ionized</a> particles in Titan's outer atmosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-mag_18-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mag-18\">[17]</a></sup> Saturn's magnetosphere
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp , like <a href=\"/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field\" title=\"Earth's magnetic field\">Earth's</a>, produces <a href=\"/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Aurora (astronomy)\">aurorae</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-67\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-67\">[66]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Orbit and rotation","anchor":"Orbit_and_rotation","id":9,"text":"<p>The average distance between Saturn and the <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a> is over 1.4 billion kilometres (9 <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_unit\" title=\"Astronomical unit\">AU</a>). With an average orbital speed of 9.69\u00a0km/s,<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup> it takes Saturn 10,759 Earth days (or about <span class=\"frac nowrap\">29<span class=\"visualhide\">\u00a0</span><sup>1</sup>\u2044<sub>2</sub></span>\u00a0years),<sup id=\"cite_ref-cain2009_68-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cain2009-68\">[67]</a></sup> to finish one revolution around the Sun.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup> The elliptical orbit of Saturn is inclined 2.48\u00b0 relative to the orbital plane of the Earth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup> The <a href=\"/wiki/Apsis\" title=\"Apsis\">perihelion and aphelion</a> distances are, respectively, 9.022 and 10.053\u00a0AU, on average.<sup id=\"cite_ref-AA_69-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AA-69\">[68]</a></sup> The visible features on Saturn rotate at different rates depending on latitude and multiple rotation periods have been assigned to various regions (as in Jupiter's case).</p>\n<p>Astronomers use three different systems for specifying the rotation rate of Saturn. <i>System I</i> has a period of 10\u00a0hr 14\u00a0min 00\u00a0sec (844.3\u00b0/d) and encompasses the Equatorial Zone, the South Equatorial Belt and the North Equatorial Belt. The polar regions are considered to have rotation rates similar to <i>System I</i>. All other Saturnian latitudes, excluding the north and south polar regions, are indicated as <i>System\u00a0II</i> and have been assigned a rotation period of 10\u00a0hr 38\u00a0min 25.4\u00a0sec (810.76\u00b0/d). <i>System\u00a0III</i> refers to Saturn's internal rotation rate. Based on <a href=\"/wiki/Radio_astronomy\" title=\"Radio astronomy\">radio</a> emissions from the planet in the period of the Voyager flybys, it has been assigned a rotation period of 10\u00a0hr 39\u00a0min 22.4\u00a0sec (810.8\u00b0/d). Because it is close to System\u00a0II, it has largely superseded it.<sup id=\"cite_ref-benton2006_70-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-benton2006-70\">[69]</a></sup></p>\n<p>A precise value for the rotation period of the interior remains elusive. While approaching Saturn in 2004, Cassini found that the radio rotation period of Saturn had increased appreciably, to approximately 10\u00a0hr 45\u00a0min 45\u00a0sec (\u00b1\u00a036\u00a0sec).<sup id=\"cite_ref-71\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-71\">[70]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-72\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-72\">[71]</a></sup> The latest estimate of Saturn's rotation (as an indicated rotation rate for Saturn as a whole) based on a compilation of various measurements from the Cassini, Voyager and Pioneer probes was reported in September 2007 is 10\u00a0hr 32\u00a0min 35\u00a0sec.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Anderson2007_73-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Anderson2007-73\">[72]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In March 2007, it was found that the variation of radio emissions from the planet did not match Saturn's rotation rate. This variance may be caused by geyser activity on Saturn's moon <a href=\"/wiki/Enceladus_(moon)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Enceladus (moon)\">Enceladus</a>. The water vapor emitted into Saturn's orbit by this activity becomes charged and creates a drag upon Saturn's magnetic field,
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp slowing its rotation slightly relative to the rotation of the planet.<sup id=\"cite_ref-74\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-74\">[73]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-science316_5823_442_75-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-science316_5823_442-75\">[74]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-science316_5823_380_76-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-science316_5823_380-76\">[75]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Natural satellites","anchor":"Natural_satellites","id":10,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn\" title=\"Moons of Saturn\">Moons of Saturn</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturn_System_Montage_-_GPN-2000-000439.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Saturn_System_Montage_-_GPN-2000-000439.jpg/220px-Saturn_System_Montage_-_GPN-2000-000439.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"189\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Saturn_System_Montage_-_GPN-2000-000439.jpg/330px-Saturn_System_Montage_-_GPN-2000-000439.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Saturn_System_Montage_-_GPN-2000-000439.jpg/440px-Saturn_System_Montage_-_GPN-2000-000439.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2351\" data-file-height=\"2015\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturn_System_Montage_-_GPN-2000-000439.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nA montage of Saturn and its principal <a href=\"/wiki/Natural_satellite\" title=\"Natural satellite\">moons</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Dione_(moon)\" title=\"Dione (moon)\">Dione</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Tethys_(moon)\" title=\"Tethys (moon)\">Tethys</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Mimas_(moon)\" title=\"Mimas (moon)\">Mimas</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Enceladus_(moon)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Enceladus (moon)\">Enceladus</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Rhea_(moon)\" title=\"Rhea (moon)\">Rhea</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Titan_(moon)\" title=\"Titan (moon)\">Titan</a>; <a href=\"/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)\" title=\"Iapetus (moon)\">Iapetus</a> not shown). This famous image was created from photographs taken in November 1980 by the <a href=\"/wiki/Voyager_1\" title=\"Voyager 1\">Voyager 1</a> spacecraft.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Saturn has 62 known <a href=\"/wiki/Natural_satellite\" title=\"Natural satellite\">moons</a>, 53 of which have formal names.<sup id=\"cite_ref-JPLmoons_77-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-JPLmoons-77\">[76]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-78\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-78\">[77]</a></sup> In addition, there is evidence of dozens to hundreds of moonlets with diameters of 40\u2013500 meters in Saturn's rings,<sup id=\"cite_ref-79\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-79\">[78]</a></sup> which are not considered to be true moons. <a href=\"/wiki/Titan_(moon)\" title=\"Titan (moon)\">Titan</a>, the largest moon, comprises more than 90% of the mass in orbit around Saturn, including the rings.<sup id=\"cite_ref-brunier2005_80-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-brunier2005-80\">[79]</a></sup> Saturn's second-largest moon, <a href=\"/wiki/Rhea_(moon)\" title=\"Rhea (moon)\">Rhea</a>, may have a tenuous <a href=\"/wiki/Rings_of_Rhea\" title=\"Rings of Rhea\">ring system of its own</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Jones2008_81-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Jones2008-81\">[80]</a></sup> along with a tenuous <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere\" title=\"Atmosphere\">atmosphere</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-atkinson20101126_82-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-atkinson20101126-82\">[81]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-83\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-83\">[82]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-84\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-84\">[83]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-ryan20101126_85-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ryan20101126-85\">[84]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thu
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp mb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA18078-PossibleBeginning-NewMoonOfPlanetSaturn-20130415.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/PIA18078-PossibleBeginning-NewMoonOfPlanetSaturn-20130415.jpg/220px-PIA18078-PossibleBeginning-NewMoonOfPlanetSaturn-20130415.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"220\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/PIA18078-PossibleBeginning-NewMoonOfPlanetSaturn-20130415.jpg/330px-PIA18078-PossibleBeginning-NewMoonOfPlanetSaturn-20130415.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/PIA18078-PossibleBeginning-NewMoonOfPlanetSaturn-20130415.jpg/440px-PIA18078-PossibleBeginning-NewMoonOfPlanetSaturn-20130415.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"496\" data-file-height=\"496\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA18078-PossibleBeginning-NewMoonOfPlanetSaturn-20130415.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nPossible beginning of a new moon (white dot) of Saturn (image taken by Cassini on 15 April 2013).</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Many of the other moons are small: 34 are less than 10\u00a0km in diameter and another 14 between 10 and 50\u00a0km in diameter.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Saturn_moons_86-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Saturn_moons-86\">[85]</a></sup> Traditionally, most of Saturn's moons have been named after <a href=\"/wiki/Titan_(mythology)\" title=\"Titan (mythology)\">Titans</a> of Greek mythology. Titan is the only satellite in the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_System\" title=\"Solar System\">Solar System</a> with a major <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Titan\" title=\"Atmosphere of Titan\">atmosphere</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-87\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-87\">[86]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-88\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-88\">[87]</a></sup> in which a complex organic chemistry occurs. It is the only satellite with <a href=\"/wiki/Lakes_of_Titan\" title=\"Lakes of Titan\">hydrocarbon lakes</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-89\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-89\">[88]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-90\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-90\">[89]</a></sup></p>\n<p>On 6 June 2013, scientists at the <a href=\"/wiki/Instituto_de_Astrof%C3%ADsica_de_Andaluc%C3%ADa\" title=\"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Andaluc\u00eda\">IAA-CSIC</a> reported the detection of <a href=\"/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbons\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons\">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Upper_atmosphere\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Upper atmosphere\">upper atmosphere</a> of Titan, a <a href=\"/wiki/PAH_world_hypothesis\" title=\"PAH world hypothesis\">possible precursor for life</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-IAA-20130606_91-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IAA-20130606-91\">[90]</a></sup> On 23 June 2014, NASA claimed to have strong evidence that <a href=\"/wiki/Nitrogen\" title=\"Nitrogen\">nitrogen</a> in the atmosphere of <a href=\"/wiki/Titan_(moon)\" title=\"Titan (moon)\">Titan</a> came from materials in the <a href=\"/wiki/Oort_cloud\" title=\"Oort cloud\">Oort cloud</a>, associated with <a href=\"/wiki/Comets\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Comets\">comets</a>, and not from the materials that formed Saturn in earlier times.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-201450623_92-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NASA-201450623-92\">[91]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Saturn's moon <a href=\"/wiki/Enceladus_(moon)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Enceladus (moon)\">Enceladus</a>, which seems similar in chemical makeup to comets,<sup id=\"cite_ref-NS-20080326_93-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NS-20080326-93\">[92]</a></sup> has often been regarded as a potential <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_habitability\" title=\"Planetary habitability\">habitat</a> for <a href=\"/wiki/Microorganism\" title=\"Microorganism\">microbial l
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp ife</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-94\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-94\">[93]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-madrigal20090624_95-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-madrigal20090624-95\">[94]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-spotts20050928_96-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-spotts20050928-96\">[95]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-97\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-97\">[96]</a></sup> Evidence of this possibility includes the satellite's salt-rich particles having an \"ocean-like\" composition that indicates most of Enceladus's expelled <a href=\"/wiki/Ice\" title=\"Ice\">ice</a> comes from the evaporation of liquid salt water.<sup id=\"cite_ref-98\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-98\">[97]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-99\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-99\">[98]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-100\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-100\">[99]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In April 2014, NASA scientists reported the possible beginning of a new <a href=\"/wiki/Natural_satellite\" title=\"Natural satellite\">moon</a>, within the <a href=\"/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#A_Ring\" title=\"Rings of Saturn\">A Ring</a>, of the <a href=\"/wiki/Planet\" title=\"Planet\">planet</a> Saturn, which was imaged by Cassini on 15 April 2013.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-20140414a_101-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NASA-20140414a-101\">[100]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Planetary rings","anchor":"Planetary_rings","id":11,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn\" title=\"Rings of Saturn\">Rings of Saturn</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tmulti tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:224px;max-width:224px\">\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"margin:1px;width:222px;max-width:222px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturn_from_Cassini_Orbiter_(2007-01-19).jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Saturn_from_Cassini_Orbiter_%282007-01-19%29.jpg/220px-Saturn_from_Cassini_Orbiter_%282007-01-19%29.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"156\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Saturn_from_Cassini_Orbiter_%282007-01-19%29.jpg/330px-Saturn_from_Cassini_Orbiter_%282007-01-19%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Saturn_from_Cassini_Orbiter_%282007-01-19%29.jpg/440px-Saturn_from_Cassini_Orbiter_%282007-01-19%29.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4088\" data-file-height=\"2908\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\">The <a href=\"/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn\" title=\"Rings of Saturn\">rings of Saturn</a> (imaged here by <a href=\"/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens\" title=\"Cassini\u2013Huygens\">Cassini</a> in 2007) are the most massive and conspicuous in the Solar System.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NMM_Saturn_32-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NMM_Saturn-32\">[31]</a></sup></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"margin:1px;width:222px;max-width:222px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturn%27s_A_Ring_From_the_Inside_Out.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Saturn%27s_A_Ring_From_the_Inside_Out.jpg/220px-Saturn%27s_A_Ring_From_the_Inside_Out.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"153\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Saturn%27s_A_Ring_From_the_Inside_Out.jpg/330px-Saturn%27s_A_Ring_From_the_Inside_Out.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Saturn%27s_A_Ring_From_the_Inside_Out.jpg/440px-Saturn%27s_A_Ring_From_the_Inside_Out.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"691\" data-file-height=\"482\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\">False-color <a href=\"/wiki/UV\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"UV\">UV</a> image of Saturn's outer <a href=\"/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#B_Ring\" title=\"Rings of Saturn\">B</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#A_Ring\" title=\"Rings of Saturn\">A</a> rings; dirtier ringlets in the <
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp a href=\"/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#Cassini_Division\" title=\"Rings of Saturn\">Cassini Division</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#Encke_Gap\" title=\"Rings of Saturn\">Encke Gap</a> show up red.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Saturn is probably best known for the system of <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_ring\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Planetary ring\">planetary rings</a> that makes it visually unique.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NMM_Saturn_32-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NMM_Saturn-32\">[31]</a></sup> The rings extend from 6,630\u00a0km to 120,700\u00a0km outward from Saturn's equator, average approximately 20\u00a0meters in thickness and are composed of 93% water ice with traces of <a href=\"/wiki/Tholin\" title=\"Tholin\">tholin</a> impurities and 7% amorphous <a href=\"/wiki/Carbon\" title=\"Carbon\">carbon</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-102\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-102\">[101]</a></sup> The particles that make up the rings range in size from specks of dust up to 10\u00a0m.<sup id=\"cite_ref-103\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-103\">[102]</a></sup> While the other <a href=\"/wiki/Gas_giant\" title=\"Gas giant\">gas giants</a> also have ring systems, Saturn's is the largest and most visible.</p>\n<p>There are two main hypotheses regarding the origin of the rings. One hypothesis is that the rings are remnants of a destroyed moon of Saturn. The second hypothesis is that the rings are left over from the original <a href=\"/wiki/Nebula\" title=\"Nebula\">nebular</a> material from which Saturn formed. Some ice in the E ring comes from the moon Enceladus's geysers.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Spahn_104-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Spahn-104\">[103]</a></sup> <sup id=\"cite_ref-105\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-105\">[104]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-106\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-106\">[105]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In the past, astronomers once thought the rings formed alongside the planet when it formed billions of years ago.<sup id=\"cite_ref-107\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-107\">[106]</a></sup> Instead, the age of these planetary rings is probably some hundreds of millions of years.<sup id=\"cite_ref-108\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-108\">[107]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Beyond the main rings at a distance of 12 million km from the planet is the sparse Phoebe ring, which is tilted at an angle of 27\u00b0 to the other rings and, like <a href=\"/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)\" title=\"Phoebe (moon)\">Phoebe</a>, orbits in <a href=\"/wiki/Retrograde_motion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Retrograde motion\">retrograde</a> fashion.<sup id=\"cite_ref-109\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-109\">[108]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Some of the moons of Saturn, including <a href=\"/wiki/Pandora_(moon)\" title=\"Pandora (moon)\">Pandora</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Prometheus_(moon)\" title=\"Prometheus (moon)\">Prometheus</a>, act as shepherd moons to confine the rings and prevent them from spreading out.<sup id=\"cite_ref-russell2004_110-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-russell2004-110\">[109]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Pan_(moon)\" title=\"Pan (moon)\">Pan</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Atlas_(moon)\" title=\"Atlas (moon)\">Atlas</a> cause weak, linear density waves in Saturn's rings that have yielded more reliable calculations of their masses.<sup id=\"cite_ref-111\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-111\">[110]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"History of observation and exploration","anchor":"History_of_observation_and_exploration","id":12,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn\" title=\"Exploration of Saturn\">Exploration of Saturn</a></div>\n<p>There have been three main phases in the observation and exploration of Saturn. The first era was ancient observations (such as with the <a href=\"/wiki/Naked_eye\" title=\"Naked eye\">naked eye</a>), before the invention of the modern telescopes. Starting
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp in the 17th century progressively more advanced telescopic observations from Earth have been made. The other type is visitation by spacecraft, either by orbiting or flyby. In the 21st century observations continue from the Earth (or Earth-orbiting observatories) and from the Cassini orbiter at Saturn.</p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Ancient observations","anchor":"Ancient_observations","id":13,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)\" title=\"Saturn (mythology)\">Saturn (mythology)</a></div>\n<p>Saturn has been known since prehistoric times.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NMM_Saturn_2_112-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NMM_Saturn_2-112\">[111]</a></sup> In ancient times, it was the most distant of the five known planets in the Solar System (excluding Earth) and thus a major character in various mythologies. <a href=\"/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy\" title=\"Babylonian astronomy\">Babylonian astronomers</a> systematically observed and recorded the movements of Saturn.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ptrsl276_1257_43_113-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ptrsl276_1257_43-113\">[112]</a></sup> In <a href=\"/wiki/Roman_mythology\" title=\"Roman mythology\">ancient Roman mythology</a>, the god <a href=\"/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)\" title=\"Saturn (mythology)\">Saturnus</a>, from which the planet takes its name, was the god of agriculture.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Saturn_in_ancient_mythologies_114-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Saturn_in_ancient_mythologies-114\">[113]</a></sup> The Romans considered Saturnus the equivalent of the <a href=\"/wiki/Greek_mythology\" title=\"Greek mythology\">Greek god</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Cronus\" title=\"Cronus\">Cronus</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Saturn_in_ancient_mythologies_114-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Saturn_in_ancient_mythologies-114\">[113]</a></sup> The Greeks had made the outermost planet sacred to Cronus,<sup id=\"cite_ref-evans1998_115-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-evans1998-115\">[114]</a></sup> and the Romans followed suit. (In modern <a href=\"/wiki/Greek_language\" title=\"Greek language\">Greek</a>, the planet retains its ancient name <i>Cronus</i>\u2014\u039a\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2: <i>Kronos</i>.)<sup id=\"cite_ref-116\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-116\">[115]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The Greek scientist <a href=\"/wiki/Ptolemy\" title=\"Ptolemy\">Ptolemy</a> based his calculations of Saturn's orbit on observations he made while it was in <a href=\"/wiki/Opposition_(planets)\" title=\"Opposition (planets)\">opposition</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ps04_1893_862_117-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ps04_1893_862-117\">[116]</a></sup> In <a href=\"/wiki/Jyotisha\" title=\"Jyotisha\">Hindu astrology</a>, there are nine astrological objects, known as <a href=\"/wiki/Navagraha\" title=\"Navagraha\">Navagrahas</a>. Saturn, one of them is known as \"<a href=\"/wiki/Shani\" title=\"Shani\">Shani</a>\" and judges everyone based on the good and bad deeds performed in life.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Saturn_in_ancient_mythologies_114-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Saturn_in_ancient_mythologies-114\">[113]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-ps04_1893_862_117-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ps04_1893_862-117\">[116]</a></sup> Ancient <a href=\"/wiki/Chinese_astrology\" title=\"Chinese astrology\">Chinese</a> and Japanese culture designated the planet Saturn as the \"earth star\" (<span lang=\"zh\">\u571f\u661f</span>). This was based on <a href=\"/wiki/Five_elements_(Chinese_philosophy)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Five elements (Chinese philosophy)\">Five Elements</a> which were traditionally used to classify natural elements.<sup id=\"cite_ref-118\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-118\">[117]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-119\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-119\">[118]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-120\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-120\">[119]</a></sup></p>\n<p
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp >In ancient <a href=\"/wiki/Hebrew_language\" title=\"Hebrew language\">Hebrew</a>, Saturn is called 'Shabbathai'.<sup id=\"cite_ref-121\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-121\">[120]</a></sup> Its angel is <a href=\"/wiki/Cassiel\" title=\"Cassiel\">Cassiel</a>. Its intelligence or beneficial spirit is <a href=\"/wiki/Agiel\" title=\"Agiel\">Agiel</a> (layga) and its spirit (darker aspect) is Zazel (lzaz). In <a href=\"/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language\" title=\"Ottoman Turkish language\">Ottoman Turkish</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Urdu\" title=\"Urdu\">Urdu</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Malay_language\" title=\"Malay language\">Malay</a>, its name is 'Zuhal', derived from <a href=\"/wiki/Arabic_language\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Arabic language\">Arabic</a> \u0632\u062d\u0644.</p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"European observations (17th\u201319th centuries)","anchor":"European_observations_.2817th.E2.80.9319th_centuries.29","id":14,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturn_Robert_Hooke_1666.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Saturn_Robert_Hooke_1666.jpg/220px-Saturn_Robert_Hooke_1666.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Saturn_Robert_Hooke_1666.jpg/330px-Saturn_Robert_Hooke_1666.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Saturn_Robert_Hooke_1666.jpg/440px-Saturn_Robert_Hooke_1666.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"886\" data-file-height=\"594\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturn_Robert_Hooke_1666.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Robert_Hooke\" title=\"Robert Hooke\">Robert Hooke</a> noted the shadows (a and b) cast by both the globe and the rings on each other in this drawing of Saturn in 1666.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Saturn's rings require at least a 15-mm-diameter <a href=\"/wiki/Telescope\" title=\"Telescope\">telescope</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-binoculars_122-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-binoculars-122\">[121]</a></sup> to resolve and thus were not known to exist until <a href=\"/wiki/Galileo\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Galileo\">Galileo</a> first saw them in 1610.<sup id=\"cite_ref-chan2000_123-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-chan2000-123\">[122]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-cain2008_15390_124-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cain2008_15390-124\">[123]</a></sup> He thought of them as two moons on Saturn's sides.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cain2008_15418_125-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cain2008_15418-125\">[124]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-cain2008_46237_126-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cain2008_46237-126\">[125]</a></sup> It was not until <a href=\"/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens\" title=\"Christiaan Huygens\">Christiaan Huygens</a> used greater telescopic magnification that this notion was refuted. Huygens discovered Saturn's moon Titan; <a href=\"/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Cassini\" title=\"Giovanni Domenico Cassini\">Giovanni Domenico Cassini</a> later discovered four other moons: <a href=\"/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)\" title=\"Iapetus (moon)\">Iapetus</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Rhea_(moon)\" title=\"Rhea (moon)\">Rhea</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Tethys_(moon)\" title=\"Tethys (moon)\">Tethys</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Dione_(moon)\" title=\"Dione (moon)\">Dione</a>. In 1675, Cassini discovered the gap now known as the <a href=\"/wiki/Cassini_Division\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cassini Division\">Cassini Division</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-micek2007_127-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-micek2007-127\">[126]</a></sup></p>\n<p>No further discoveries of significance were made until 1789 when <a href=\"/wiki/William_Herschel\" title=\"William Herschel\">William Herschel</a> discovered two further moons, <a href=\"/wiki/Mimas_(moon)\" title=\"Mimas (moon)\">Mimas</a> and <a hr
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp ef=\"/wiki/Enceladus_(moon)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Enceladus (moon)\">Enceladus</a>. The irregularly shaped satellite <a href=\"/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)\" title=\"Hyperion (moon)\">Hyperion</a>, which has a <a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_resonance\" title=\"Orbital resonance\">resonance</a> with Titan, was discovered in 1848 by a British team.<sup id=\"cite_ref-pa54_122_128-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pa54_122-128\">[127]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In 1899 <a href=\"/wiki/William_Henry_Pickering\" title=\"William Henry Pickering\">William Henry Pickering</a> discovered <a href=\"/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)\" title=\"Phoebe (moon)\">Phoebe</a>, a highly <a href=\"/wiki/Irregular_satellite\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Irregular satellite\">irregular satellite</a> that does not rotate synchronously with Saturn as the larger moons do.<sup id=\"cite_ref-pa54_122_128-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pa54_122-128\">[127]</a></sup> Phoebe was the first such satellite found and it takes more than a year to orbit Saturn in a <a href=\"/wiki/Retrograde_orbit\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Retrograde orbit\">retrograde orbit</a>. During the early 20th century, research on Titan led to the confirmation in 1944 that it had a thick atmosphere \u2013 a feature unique among the Solar System's moons.<sup id=\"cite_ref-apj100_378_129-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-apj100_378-129\">[128]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Modern NASA and ESA probes","anchor":"Modern_NASA_and_ESA_probes","id":15,"text":""},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Pioneer 11 flyby","anchor":"Pioneer_11_flyby","id":16,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:P11saturnb.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/P11saturnb.jpg/220px-P11saturnb.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"127\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/P11saturnb.jpg/330px-P11saturnb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/P11saturnb.jpg/440px-P11saturnb.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"646\" data-file-height=\"373\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:P11saturnb.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nPioneer 11 image of Saturn</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Pioneer_11\" title=\"Pioneer 11\">Pioneer 11</a> carried out the first flyby of Saturn in September 1979, when it passed within 20,000\u00a0km of the planet's cloud tops. Images were taken of the planet and a few of its moons, although their resolution was too low to discern surface detail. The spacecraft also studied Saturn's rings, revealing the thin F-ring and the fact that dark gaps in the rings are bright when viewed at high <a href=\"/wiki/Phase_angle_(astronomy)\" title=\"Phase angle (astronomy)\">phase angle</a> (towards the Sun), meaning that they contain fine light-scattering material. In addition, Pioneer 11 measured the temperature of Titan.<sup id=\"cite_ref-130\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-130\">[129]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Voyager flybys","anchor":"Voyager_flybys","id":17,"text":"<p>In November 1980, the <a href=\"/wiki/Voyager_1\" title=\"Voyager 1\">Voyager 1</a> probe visited the Saturn system. It sent back the first high-resolution images of the planet, its rings and satellites. Surface features of various moons were seen for the first time. Voyager\u00a01 performed a close flyby of Titan, increasing knowledge of the atmosphere of the moon. It proved that Titan's atmosphere is impenetrable in visible wavelengths, therefore no surface details were seen. The flyby changed the spacecraft's trajectory out from the plane of the Solar System.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Voyager_131-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Voyager-131\">[130]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Almost a year later, in August 1981, <a href=\"/wiki/Voyager_2\" title=\"Voyager 2\">Voyager 2</a> c
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp ontinued the study of the Saturn system. More close-up images of Saturn's moons were acquired, as well as evidence of changes in the atmosphere and the rings. Unfortunately, during the flyby, the probe's turnable camera platform stuck for a couple of days and some planned imaging was lost. Saturn's gravity was used to direct the spacecraft's trajectory towards Uranus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Voyager_131-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Voyager-131\">[130]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The probes discovered and confirmed several new satellites orbiting near or within the planet's rings, as well as the small <a href=\"/wiki/Maxwell_Gap\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Maxwell Gap\">Maxwell Gap</a> (a gap within the <a href=\"/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#C_Ring\" title=\"Rings of Saturn\">C Ring</a>) and <a href=\"/wiki/Keeler_gap\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Keeler gap\">Keeler gap</a> (a 42\u00a0km wide gap in the <a href=\"/wiki/A_Ring\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"A Ring\">A Ring</a>).</p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Cassini\u2013Huygens spacecraft","anchor":"Cassini.E2.80.93Huygens_spacecraft","id":18,"text":"<p>On 1 July 2004, the <a href=\"/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens\" title=\"Cassini\u2013Huygens\">Cassini\u2013Huygens</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Space_probe\" title=\"Space probe\">space probe</a> performed the SOI (Saturn Orbit Insertion) maneuver and entered orbit around Saturn. Before the SOI, Cassini had already studied the system extensively. In June 2004, it had conducted a close flyby of <a href=\"/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)\" title=\"Phoebe (moon)\">Phoebe</a>, sending back high-resolution images and data.</p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:NASA-Cassini-Saturn-TitanFlybyTests-20140617.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/NASA-Cassini-Saturn-TitanFlybyTests-20140617.jpg/220px-NASA-Cassini-Saturn-TitanFlybyTests-20140617.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"153\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/NASA-Cassini-Saturn-TitanFlybyTests-20140617.jpg/330px-NASA-Cassini-Saturn-TitanFlybyTests-20140617.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/NASA-Cassini-Saturn-TitanFlybyTests-20140617.jpg/440px-NASA-Cassini-Saturn-TitanFlybyTests-20140617.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"720\" data-file-height=\"500\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:NASA-Cassini-Saturn-TitanFlybyTests-20140617.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Cassini_(spacecraft)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cassini (spacecraft)\">Cassini</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/Titan_(moon)\" title=\"Titan (moon)\">Titan</a> flyby radio-signal studies (artist's concept)</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Cassini's flyby of Saturn's largest moon, Titan, has captured radar images of large lakes and their coastlines with numerous islands and mountains. The orbiter completed two Titan flybys before releasing the <a href=\"/wiki/Huygens_probe\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Huygens probe\">Huygens probe</a> on 25 December 2004. Huygens descended onto the surface of Titan on 14 January 2005, sending a flood of data during the atmospheric descent and after the landing.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nature438_7069_758_132-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nature438_7069_758-132\">[131]</a></sup> Cassini has since conducted multiple flybys of Titan and other icy satellites.</p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Earth-Moon_system_as_seen_from_Saturn_(PIA17171).jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Earth-Moon_system_as_seen_from_Saturn_%28PIA17171%29.jpg/220px-Earth-Moon_system_as_seen_from_Saturn_%28PIA17171%29.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"124\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Earth-Moon_system_as_see
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp n_from_Saturn_%28PIA17171%29.jpg/330px-Earth-Moon_system_as_seen_from_Saturn_%28PIA17171%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Earth-Moon_system_as_seen_from_Saturn_%28PIA17171%29.jpg/440px-Earth-Moon_system_as_seen_from_Saturn_%28PIA17171%29.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1920\" data-file-height=\"1080\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Earth-Moon_system_as_seen_from_Saturn_(PIA17171).jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nPhotograph of <a href=\"/wiki/Earth\" title=\"Earth\">Earth</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Moon\" title=\"Moon\">Moon</a> by <a href=\"/wiki/Cassini_spacecraft\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cassini spacecraft\">Cassini</a>, visible in the bottom-right.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Rotatingsaturnhexagon.gif\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rotatingsaturnhexagon.gif/220px-Rotatingsaturnhexagon.gif\" width=\"220\" height=\"220\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rotatingsaturnhexagon.gif/330px-Rotatingsaturnhexagon.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Rotatingsaturnhexagon.gif 2x\" data-file-width=\"384\" data-file-height=\"384\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Rotatingsaturnhexagon.gif\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nAnimation of Saturn's north polar vortex seen in infrared light</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Since early 2005, scientists have been tracking lightning on Saturn. The power of the lightning is approximately 1,000\u00a0times that of lightning on Earth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-133\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-133\">[132]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In 2006, NASA reported that Cassini had found evidence of liquid water reservoirs that erupt in <a href=\"/wiki/Geyser\" title=\"Geyser\">geysers</a> on Saturn's moon <a href=\"/wiki/Enceladus_(moon)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Enceladus (moon)\">Enceladus</a>. Images had shown jets of icy particles being emitted into orbit around Saturn from vents in the moon's south polar region. According to Andrew Ingersoll, California Institute of Technology, \"Other moons in the Solar System have liquid-water oceans covered by kilometers of icy crust. What's different here is that pockets of liquid water may be no more than tens of meters below the surface.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-134\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-134\">[133]</a></sup> Over 100 geysers have been identified on Enceladus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-20140728_135-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NASA-20140728-135\">[134]</a></sup> In May 2011, NASA scientists at an Enceladus Focus Group Conference reported that Enceladus \"is emerging as the most habitable spot beyond Earth in the Solar System for life as we know it\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-136\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-136\">[135]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-137\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-137\">[136]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Cassini photographs have led to other significant discoveries. They have revealed a previously undiscovered planetary ring, outside the brighter main rings of Saturn and inside the G and E\u00a0rings. The source of this ring is hypothesized to be the crashing of a meteoroid off <a href=\"/wiki/Janus_(moon)\" title=\"Janus (moon)\">Janus</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Epimetheus_(moon)\" title=\"Epimetheus (moon)\">Epimetheus</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-138\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-138\">[137]</a></sup> In July 2006, Cassini images provided evidence of hydrocarbon lakes near Titan's north pole, the presence of which were confirmed in January 2007. In March 2007, additional images near Titan's north pole revealed hydrocarbon seas, the largest of which is almost the size of the <a href=\"/wiki/Caspian_Sea\" title=\"Caspian Sea\"
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp >Caspian Sea</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-139\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-139\">[138]</a></sup> In October 2006, the probe detected an 8,000\u00a0km diameter cyclone-like storm with an eyewall at Saturn's south pole.<sup id=\"cite_ref-140\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-140\">[139]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Enceladus_geysers.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Enceladus_geysers.jpg/220px-Enceladus_geysers.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"136\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Enceladus_geysers.jpg/330px-Enceladus_geysers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Enceladus_geysers.jpg/440px-Enceladus_geysers.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1580\" data-file-height=\"977\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Enceladus_geysers.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nAt Enceladus's south pole geysers spray water from many locations along the <a href=\"/wiki/Tiger_stripes_(Enceladus)\" title=\"Tiger stripes (Enceladus)\">tiger stripes</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-20140728_135-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NASA-20140728-135\">[134]</a></sup></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>From 2004 to 2 November 2009, the probe discovered and confirmed eight new satellites. Its primary mission ended in 2008 when the spacecraft had completed 74\u00a0orbits around the planet. The probe's mission was extended to September 2010 and then extended again to 2017, to study a full period of Saturn's seasons.<sup id=\"cite_ref-141\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-141\">[140]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In April 2013 Cassini sent back images of a hurricane at the planet's north pole 20 times larger than those found on Earth, with winds faster than 530\u00a0km/h.<sup id=\"cite_ref-142\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-142\">[141]</a></sup></p>\n<p>On 19 July 2013, \"<a href=\"/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled\" title=\"The Day the Earth Smiled\">The Day the Earth Smiled</a>\", Cassini was pointed towards Earth to capture an image of the <a href=\"/wiki/Earth\" title=\"Earth\">Earth</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Moon\" title=\"Moon\">Moon</a> (and, as well, <a href=\"/wiki/Venus\" title=\"Venus\">Venus</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Mars\" title=\"Mars\">Mars</a>) as part of a natural light, multi-image portrait of the entire Saturn system. It was the first time NASA informed the people of Earth that a long-distance photo was being taken in advance.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20131112_143-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT-20131112-143\">[142]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Observation","anchor":"Observation","id":19,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturn-27-03-04.jpeg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Saturn-27-03-04.jpeg/220px-Saturn-27-03-04.jpeg\" width=\"220\" height=\"140\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Saturn-27-03-04.jpeg/330px-Saturn-27-03-04.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Saturn-27-03-04.jpeg 2x\" data-file-width=\"440\" data-file-height=\"280\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturn-27-03-04.jpeg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nAmateur telescopic view of Saturn</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:177px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturnoppositions-animated.gif\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Saturnoppositions-animated.gif\" width=\"175\" height=\"112\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-width=\"175\" data-file-height=\"112\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp \"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturnoppositions-animated.gif\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nSimulated appearance of Saturn as seen from Earth at <a href=\"/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Opposition (astronomy)\">opposition</a>, 2001-2029</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Saturn is the most distant of the five planets easily visible to the naked eye from Earth, the other four being <a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(planet)\" title=\"Mercury (planet)\">Mercury</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Venus\" title=\"Venus\">Venus</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Mars\" title=\"Mars\">Mars</a> and Jupiter. (Uranus and occasionally <a href=\"/wiki/4_Vesta\" title=\"4 Vesta\">4 Vesta</a> are visible to the naked eye in dark skies.) Saturn appears to the naked eye in the night sky as a bright, yellowish point of light with an <a href=\"/wiki/Apparent_magnitude\" title=\"Apparent magnitude\">apparent magnitude</a> of usually between +1 and 0. It takes approximately 29.5 years for the planet to complete an entire circuit of the <a href=\"/wiki/Ecliptic\" title=\"Ecliptic\">ecliptic</a> against the background constellations of the <a href=\"/wiki/Zodiac\" title=\"Zodiac\">zodiac</a>. Most people will require an optical aid (very large binoculars or a small telescope) that magnifies at least 30 times to achieve an image of Saturn's rings, in which clear resolution is present.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NMM_Saturn_32-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NMM_Saturn-32\">[31]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-binoculars_122-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-binoculars-122\">[121]</a></sup> Twice every Saturnian year (roughly every 15 Earth years), the rings briefly disappear from view, due to the way in which they are angled and because they are so thin.<sup id=\"cite_ref-144\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-144\">[143]</a></sup> Such a \"disappearance\" will next occur in 2025, but Saturn will be too close to the Sun for any ring-crossing observation to be possible.<sup id=\"cite_ref-145\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-145\">[144]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Saturn and its rings are best seen when the planet is at, or near, <a href=\"/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Opposition (astronomy)\">opposition</a>, the configuration of a planet when it is at an <a href=\"/wiki/Elongation_(astronomy)\" title=\"Elongation (astronomy)\">elongation</a> of 180\u00b0, and thus appears opposite the Sun in the sky. A Saturnian opposition occurs every year\u2014approximately every 378 days\u2014and results in the planet appearing at its brightest. However, both the Earth and Saturn orbit the Sun on eccentric orbits, which means their distances from the Sun vary over time, and therefore so do their distances from each other, hence varying the brightness of Saturn from one opposition to the other. Also, Saturn appears brighter when the rings are angled such that they are more visible. For example, during the opposition of 17 December 2002, Saturn appeared at its brightest due to a favorable <a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturnoppositions.jpg\" title=\"File:Saturnoppositions.jpg\">orientation of its rings</a> relative to the Earth,<sup id=\"cite_ref-opp2002_146-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-opp2002-146\">[145]</a></sup> even though Saturn was closer to the Earth and Sun in late 2003.<sup id=\"cite_ref-opp2002_146-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-opp2002-146\">[145]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturn_eclipse.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Saturn_eclipse.jpg/220px-Saturn_eclipse.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"108\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Saturn_eclipse.jpg/330px-Saturn_eclipse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Saturn_eclipse.jpg/440px-Saturn_eclipse.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp 2766\" data-file-height=\"1364\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturn_eclipse.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nSaturn eclipses the Sun, as seen from <a href=\"/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens\" title=\"Cassini\u2013Huygens\">Cassini</a>. The rings are clearly visible, including the F Ring.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Also, from time to time Saturn is <a href=\"/wiki/Occultation\" title=\"Occultation\">occulted</a> by the Moon (that is, the Moon covers up Saturn in the sky). As with all the planets in the Solar System, occultations of Saturn occur in \u201cseasons\u201d. Saturnian occultations will take place 12 or more times over a 12-month period, followed by about a five-year period in which no such activity is registered.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Jon_147-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Jon-147\">[146]</a></sup> Australian astronomy experts Hill and Horner explain the seasonal nature of Saturnian occultations:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>This is the result of the fact that the moon\u2019s orbit around the Earth is tilted to the orbit of the Earth around the Sun \u2013 and so most of the time, the moon will pass above or below Saturn in the sky, and no occultation will occur. It is only when Saturn lies near the point that the moon\u2019s orbit crosses the \u201cplane of the ecliptic\u201d that occultations can happen \u2013 and then they occur every time the moon swings by, until Saturn moves away from the crossing point.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Jon_147-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Jon-147\">[146]</a></sup></p>\n</blockquote>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"In culture","anchor":"In_culture","id":20,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturn-bonatti.PNG\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Saturn-bonatti.PNG/220px-Saturn-bonatti.PNG\" width=\"220\" height=\"154\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Saturn-bonatti.PNG/330px-Saturn-bonatti.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Saturn-bonatti.PNG/440px-Saturn-bonatti.PNG 2x\" data-file-width=\"588\" data-file-height=\"411\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturn-bonatti.PNG\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nSaturn, from a 1550 edition of <a href=\"/wiki/Guido_Bonatti\" title=\"Guido Bonatti\">Guido Bonatti</a>'s <i>Liber astronomiae</i></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Further information: <a href=\"/wiki/Saturn_in_fiction\" title=\"Saturn in fiction\">Saturn in fiction</a></div>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Saturn_(astrology)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Saturn (astrology)\">Saturn in astrology</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturn_symbol.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Saturn symbol.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saturn_symbol.svg/22px-Saturn_symbol.svg.png\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saturn_symbol.svg/33px-Saturn_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saturn_symbol.svg/44px-Saturn_symbol.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"50\" data-file-height=\"50\"></a>) is the ruling planet of <a href=\"/wiki/Capricorn_(astrology)\" title=\"Capricorn (astrology)\">Capricorn</a> and, traditionally, <a href=\"/wiki/Aquarius_(astrology)\" title=\"Aquarius (astrology)\">Aquarius</a>.</li>\n<li><i>Saturn, <a href=\"/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)\" title=\"Saturn (mythology)\">the Bringer of Old Age</a></i> is a movement in <a href=\"/wiki/Gustav_Holst\" title=\"Gustav Holst\">Gustav Holst</a>'s <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Planets\" title=\"The Planets\">The Planets</a></i>.</li>\n<li>The <a href=\"/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)\" title=\"Saturn (rocket family)\">Saturn</a> family of <a href=\"/wiki/Rocket\" title=\"Rocket\">rockets</a> were
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp developed by a team of mostly German rocket scientists led by <a href=\"/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun\" title=\"Wernher von Braun\">Wernher von Braun</a> to launch heavy payloads to Earth orbit and beyond.<sup id=\"cite_ref-bilstein1999_148-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-bilstein1999-148\">[147]</a></sup> Originally proposed as a military satellite launcher, they were adopted as the launch vehicles for the <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_program\" title=\"Apollo program\">Apollo program</a>.</li>\n<li>The day Saturday is, like the planet Saturn, named after the Roman god of agriculture, <a href=\"/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)\" title=\"Saturn (mythology)\">Saturn</a> (linked to the Greek god <a href=\"/wiki/Cronus\" title=\"Cronus\">Cronus</a>).<sup id=\"cite_ref-plotner20080222_149-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-plotner20080222-149\">[148]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-reis_jones2009_150-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-reis_jones2009-150\">[149]</a></sup></li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"See also","anchor":"See_also","id":21,"text":"<div role=\"navigation\" aria-label=\"Portals\" class=\"noprint portal plainlist tright\" style=\"margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px\">\n<ul style=\"display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold\"><li style=\"display:table-row\"><span style=\"display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg\" width=\"22\" height=\"28\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4500\" data-file-height=\"5600\"></span><span style=\"display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle\"><a href=\"/wiki/Portal:Solar_System\" title=\"Portal:Solar System\">Solar System portal</a></span></li>\n</ul></div>\n<table class=\"metadata mbox-small\" style=\"border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9\"><tr><td class=\"mbox-image\"><img alt=\"Book icon\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/30px-Office-book.svg.png\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/45px-Office-book.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/60px-Office-book.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"48\" data-file-height=\"48\"></td>\n<td class=\"mbox-text plainlist\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: bold\"><li><a href=\"/wiki/Book:Saturn\" title=\"Book:Saturn\">Book: Saturn</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Book:Solar_System\" title=\"Book:Solar System\">Book: Solar System</a></li>\n</ul></td>\n</tr></table><ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Dragon_Storm_(astronomy)\" title=\"Dragon Storm (astronomy)\">Dragon Storm (astronomy)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Sixth_planet_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-disambig\" title=\"Sixth planet (disambiguation)\">Sixth planet (disambiguation)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Space_exploration\" title=\"Space exploration\">Space exploration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_the_far_future\" title=\"Timeline of the far future\">Timeline of the far future</a></li>\n</ul><div style=\"clear:both;\"></div>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Notes","anchor":"Notes","id":22,"text":"<div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<ol class=\"references\"><li id=\"cite_note-1bar-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-1bar_7-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-1bar_7-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-1bar_7-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-1bar_7-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-1bar_7-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp href=\"#cite_ref-1bar_7-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-1bar_7-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-1bar_7-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-1bar_7-8\"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Refers to the level of 1 bar atmospheric pressure</span></li>\n</ol></div>","references":""},{"toclevel":1,"line":"References","anchor":"References","id":23,"text":"<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<ol class=\"references\"><li id=\"cite_note-walter2003-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-walter2003_1-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Walter, Elizabeth (21 April 2003). <i>Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary</i> (Second ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53106-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53106-1\">978-0-521-53106-1</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&amp;rft.aulast=Walter&amp;rft.btitle=Cambridge+Advanced+Learner%27s+Dictionary&amp;rft.date=2003-04-21&amp;rft.edition=Second&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-53106-1&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-VSOP87-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-VSOP87_2-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-VSOP87_2-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Simon, J.L.; Bretagnon, P.; Chapront, J.; Chapront-Touz\u00e9, M.; Francou, G.; Laskar, J. (February 1994). \"Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets\". <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. <b>282</b> (2): 663\u2013683. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994A&amp;A...282..663S\">1994A&amp;A...282..663S</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Numerical+expressions+for+precession+formulae+and+mean+elements+for+the+Moon+and+planets&amp;rft.au=Bretagnon%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Chapront%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Chapront-Touz%C3%A9%2C+M.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.L.&amp;rft.au=Francou%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Laskar%2C+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Simon&amp;rft.date=1994-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994A%26A...282..663S&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&amp;rft.pages=663-683&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=282\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CSeligman-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-CSeligman_3-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Seligman, Courtney. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://cseligman.com/text/sky/rotationvsday.htm\">\"Rotation Period and Day Length\"</a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/60qT3Ukn5\">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Courtney&amp;rft.aulast=Seligman&amp;rft.btitle=Rotation+Period+and+Day+Length&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcseligman.com%2Ftext%2Fsky%2Frotationvsday.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp "><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-fact-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-8\"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-9\"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-10\"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-11\"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-12\"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-13\"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-14\"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-15\"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-16\"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-17\"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-18\"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Williams, David R. (7 September 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/saturnfact.html\">\"Saturn Fact Sheet\"</a>. NASA. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/6OhjS0EU7\">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">31 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=David+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn+Fact+Sheet&amp;rft.date=2006-09-07&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Fsaturnfact.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-meanplane-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-meanplane_5-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/MeanPlane.gif\">\"The MeanPlane (Invariable plane) of the Solar System passing through the barycenter\"</a>. 3 April 2009. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/5glwILykY\">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">10 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.btitle=The+MeanPlane+%28Invariable+plane%29+of+the+Solar+System+passing+through+the+barycenter&amp;rft.date=2009-04-03&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.surewest.net%2Fkheider%2Fastro%2FMeanPlane.gif&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> (produced with <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/\">Solex 10</a> written by Aldo Vitagliano; see also <a href=\"/wiki/Invariable_plane\" title=\"Invariable plane\">Invariable plane</a>)</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SeidelmannArchinalA.27hearn_2007-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-SeidelmannArchinalA.27hearn_2007_6-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-SeidelmannArchinalA.27hearn_2007_6-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-SeidelmannArchinalA.27hearn_2007_6-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-SeidelmannArchinalA.27hearn_2007
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp _6-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-SeidelmannArchinalA.27hearn_2007_6-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFSeidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al.2007\" class=\"citation journal\">Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Archinal, Brent A.; A'Hearn, Michael F.; et al. (2007). \"Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006\". <i>Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy</i>. <b>98</b> (3): 155\u2013180. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007CeMDA..98..155S\">2007CeMDA..98..155S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10569-007-9072-y\">10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Report+of+the+IAU%2FIAG+Working+Group+on+cartographic+coordinates+and+rotational+elements%3A+2006&amp;rft.au=A%27Hearn%2C+Michael+F.&amp;rft.au=Archinal%2C+Brent+A.&amp;rft.au=Conrad%2C+Albert+R.&amp;rft.au=Consolmagno%2C+Guy+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+Kenneth&amp;rft.au=Hestroffer%2C+Daniel&amp;rft.au=Hilton%2C+James+L.&amp;rft.au=Krasinsky%2C+Georgij+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Seidelmann&amp;rft.au=Neumann%2C+Gregory+A.&amp;rft.au=Oberst%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&amp;rft.au=Stooke%2C+Philip+J.&amp;rft.au=Tedesco%2C+Edward+F.&amp;rft.au=Tholen%2C+David+J.&amp;rft.au=Thomas%2C+Peter+C.&amp;rft.au=Williams%2C+Iwan+P.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007CeMDA..98..155S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10569-007-9072-y&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Celestial+Mechanics+and+Dynamical+Astronomy&amp;rft.pages=155-180&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=98\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nasafact-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nasafact_8-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Saturn&amp;Display=Facts\">\"NASA: Solar System Exploration: Planets: Saturn: Facts &amp; Figures\"</a>. Solarsystem.nasa.gov. 22 March 2011. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DnOn9pq\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">8 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.btitle=NASA%3A+Solar+System+Exploration%3A+Planets%3A+Saturn%3A+Facts+%26+Figures&amp;rft.date=2011-03-22&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fplanets%2Fprofile.cfm%3FObject%3DSaturn%26Display%3DFacts&amp;rft.pub=Solarsystem.nasa.gov&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PS15-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-PS15_9-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">de Pater, Imke; Lissauer, Jack J. (2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=stFpBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA250\"><i>Planetary Sciences</i></a> (2nd updated ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a0250. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521853712\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0521853712\">978-0521853712</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Imke&amp;rft.aulast=de+Pater&amp;rft.au=Lissauer%2C+Jack+J.&amp;
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp rft.btitle=Planetary+Sciences&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.edition=2nd+updated&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DstFpBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA250&amp;rft.isbn=978-0521853712&amp;rft.pages=250&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-saturnDay-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-saturnDay_10-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">\"<span style=\"padding-left:0.2em;\">'</span>Nature' (Saturn's fast spin determined from its gravitational field and oblateness)\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Nature_(journal)\" title=\"Nature (journal)\">Nature</a></i>. 2 February 2015.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=%27Nature%27+%28Saturn%27s+fast+spin+determined+from+its+gravitational+field+and+oblateness%29&amp;rft.date=2015-02-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-magnitude-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-magnitude_11-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Schmude, Richard W. Junior (2001). \"Wideband photoelectric magnitude measurements of Saturn in 2000\". <b>59</b> (3). Georgia Journal of Science: 123\u2013127.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Wideband+photoelectric+magnitude+measurements+of+Saturn+in+2000&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+W.+Junior&amp;rft.aulast=Schmude&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=123-127&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=59\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Radius_ref-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Radius_ref_12-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Brainerd, Jerome James (24 November 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.astrophysicsspectator.com/tables/Saturn.html\">\"Characteristics of Saturn\"</a>. The Astrophysics Spectator. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62D9kpF9j\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Jerome+James&amp;rft.aulast=Brainerd&amp;rft.btitle=Characteristics+of+Saturn&amp;rft.date=2004-11-24&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrophysicsspectator.com%2Ftables%2FSaturn.html&amp;rft.pub=The+Astrophysics+Spectator&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Radius_ref_2-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Radius_ref_2_13-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://scienceray.com/astronomy/general-information-about-saturn-2/1/\">\"General Information About Saturn\"</a>. <i>Scienceray</i>. 28 July 2011. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DnS5PZe\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">17 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=General+Information+About+Saturn&amp;rft.date=2011-07-28&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscienceray.com%2
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp Fastronomy%2Fgeneral-information-about-saturn-2%2F1%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Scienceray&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Mass_ref-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Mass_ref_14-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Brainerd, Jerome James (6 October 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.astrophysicsspectator.com/tables/PlanetComparativeData.html\">\"Solar System Planets Compared to Earth\"</a>. The Astrophysics Spectator. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DnSq27J\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Jerome+James&amp;rft.aulast=Brainerd&amp;rft.btitle=Solar+System+Planets+Compared+to+Earth&amp;rft.date=2004-10-06&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrophysicsspectator.com%2Ftables%2FPlanetComparativeData.html&amp;rft.pub=The+Astrophysics+Spectator&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Mass_ref_2-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Mass_ref_2_15-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Dunbar, Brian (29 November 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://mynasa.nasa.gov/worldbook/saturn_worldbook.html\">\"NASA \u2013 Saturn\"</a>. NASA. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DnSzntL\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">21 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Brian&amp;rft.aulast=Dunbar&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+%93+Saturn&amp;rft.date=2007-11-29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmynasa.nasa.gov%2Fworldbook%2Fsaturn_worldbook.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Mass_ref_3-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Mass_ref_3_16-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Cain, Fraser (3 July 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/15378/mass-of-saturn/\">\"Mass of Saturn\"</a>. Universe Today<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">17 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Fraser&amp;rft.aulast=Cain&amp;rft.btitle=Mass+of+Saturn&amp;rft.date=2008-07-03&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F15378%2Fmass-of-saturn%2F&amp;rft.pub=Universe+Today&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Composition_ref-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Composition_ref_17-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Brainerd, Jerome James (27 October 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.astrophysicsspectator.com/topics/planets/GiantGaseousPlanets.html\">\"Giant Gaseous Planets\"</a>. The Astrophysics Spectator. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62D9le2df\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><spa
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp n title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Jerome+James&amp;rft.aulast=Brainerd&amp;rft.btitle=Giant+Gaseous+Planets&amp;rft.date=2004-10-27&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrophysicsspectator.com%2Ftopics%2Fplanets%2FGiantGaseousPlanets.html&amp;rft.pub=The+Astrophysics+Spectator&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-mag-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-mag_18-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-mag_18-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-mag_18-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Russell, C. T.; et al. (1997). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu/personnel/russell/papers/sat_mag.html\">\"Saturn: Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere\"</a>. UCLA \u2013 IGPP Space Physics Center. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DA9rN1s\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.au=Luhmann%2C+J.+G.&amp;rft.au=Russell%2C+C.+T.&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn%3A+Magnetic+Field+and+Magnetosphere&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu%2Fpersonnel%2Frussell%2Fpapers%2Fsat_mag.html&amp;rft.pub=UCLA+%93+IGPP+Space+Physics+Center&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Science_Ch._2004-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Science_Ch._2004_19-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">\"The Planets ('Giants')\". <a href=\"/wiki/Science_(TV_network)\" title=\"Science (TV network)\">Science Channel</a>. 8 June 2004.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=The+Planets+%28%27Giants%27%29&amp;rft.date=2004-06-08&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-20\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Piazza, Enrico. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/moons/\">\"Saturn's Moons\"</a>. <i>Cassini, Equinox Mission</i>. JPL NASA. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62D9ohM2V\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">22 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Saturn%27s+Moons&amp;rft.aufirst=Enrico&amp;rft.aulast=Piazza&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaturn.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fscience%2Fmoons%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Cassini%2C+Equinox+Mission&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Titan_ref-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Titan_ref_21-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Munsell, Kirk (6 April 2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/features/saturn-story/moons.cfm\">\"The Story of Saturn\"</a>. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/617Vt6xrq\">Archived</a> from th
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp e original on 22 August 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">7 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Kirk&amp;rft.aulast=Munsell&amp;rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Saturn&amp;rft.date=2005-04-06&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaturn.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2Fsaturn-story%2Fmoons.cfm&amp;rft.pub=NASA+Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory%3B+California+Institute+of+Technology&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-melosh2011-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-melosh2011_22-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Melosh, H. Jay (2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=3bQD1DJgliIC&amp;pg=PA5\"><i>Planetary Surface Processes</i></a>. Cambridge Planetary Science. <b>13</b>. Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a05. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-51418-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-521-51418-5\">0-521-51418-5</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+Jay&amp;rft.aulast=Melosh&amp;rft.btitle=Planetary+Surface+Processes&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3bQD1DJgliIC%26pg%3DPA5&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-51418-5&amp;rft.pages=5&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.series=Cambridge+Planetary+Science&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-preserve-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-preserve_23-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.preservearticles.com/201101233659/saturn-the-most-beautiful-planet-of-our-solar-system.html\">\"Saturn \u2013 The Most Beautiful Planet of our solar system\"</a>. <i>Preserve Articles</i>. 23 January 2011. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62D9uTOJ0\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">24 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Saturn+%93+The+Most+Beautiful+Planet+of+our+solar+system&amp;rft.date=2011-01-23&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.preservearticles.com%2F201101233659%2Fsaturn-the-most-beautiful-planet-of-our-solar-system.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Preserve+Articles&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Jupiter_fact-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Jupiter_fact_24-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Williams, David R. (16 November 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/jupiterfact.html\">\"Jupiter Fact Sheet\"</a>. NASA. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62D9vKbZz\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=David+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.btitle=Jupiter+Fact+Sheet&amp;rft.date=2004-11-16&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Fjupiterfact.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ssr152_1_423-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-ssr152_1_423_25-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ssr152_1_423_25-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Fortney, Jonathan J.; Nettelmann, Nadine (May 2010). \"The Interior Structure, Composition, and Evolution of Giant Planets\". <i>Space Science Reviews</i>. <b>152</b> (1\u20134): 423\u2013447. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv\" title=\"ArXiv\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//arxiv.org/abs/0912.0533\">0912.0533</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SSRv..152..423F\">2010SSRv..152..423F</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11214-009-9582-x\">10.1007/s11214-009-9582-x</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=The+Interior+Structure%2C+Composition%2C+and+Evolution+of+Giant+Planets&amp;rft.aufirst=Jonathan+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Fortney&amp;rft.au=Nettelmann%2C+Nadine&amp;rft.date=2010-05&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0912.0533&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010SSRv..152..423F&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11214-009-9582-x&amp;rft.issue=1%934&amp;rft.jtitle=Space+Science+Reviews&amp;rft.pages=423-447&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=152\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NASA-20150108-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NASA-20150108_26-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Dyches, Preston; et al. (8 January 2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2015-010\">\"Scientists Pinpoint Saturn With Exquisite Accuracy\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">9 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Scientists+Pinpoint+Saturn+With+Exquisite+Accuracy&amp;rft.au=Finley%2C+Dave&amp;rft.aufirst=Preston&amp;rft.aulast=Dyches&amp;rft.date=2015-01-08&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews.php%3Frelease%3D2015-010&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-guillot_et_al2009-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-guillot_et_al2009_27-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-guillot_et_al2009_27-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-guillot_et_al2009_27-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Guillot, Tristan; et al. (2009). \"Saturn's Exploration Beyond Cassini-Huygens\". In Dougherty, Michele K.; Esposito, Larry W.; Krimigis, Stamatios M. <i>Saturn from Cassini
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp -Huygens</i>. Springer Science+Business Media B.V. p.\u00a0745. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv\" title=\"ArXiv\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//arxiv.org/abs/0912.2020\">0912.2020</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009sfch.book..745G\">2009sfch.book..745G</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9217-6_23\">10.1007/978-1-4020-9217-6_23</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9216-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9216-9\">978-1-4020-9216-9</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Saturn%27s+Exploration+Beyond+Cassini-Huygens&amp;rft.au=Atreya%2C+Sushil&amp;rft.au=Charnoz%2C+S%C3%A9bastien&amp;rft.au=Dougherty%2C+Michele+K.&amp;rft.aufirst=Tristan&amp;rft.aulast=Guillot&amp;rft.au=Read%2C+Peter&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn+from+Cassini-Huygens&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0912.2020&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009sfch.book..745G&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9217-6_23&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4020-9216-9&amp;rft.pages=745&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media+B.V.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-science305_5689_1414-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-science305_5689_1414_28-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Fortney, Jonathan J. (2004). \"Looking into the Giant Planets\". <i>Science</i>. <b>305</b> (5689): 1414\u20131415. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1101352\">10.1126/science.1101352</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15353790\">15353790</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Looking+into+the+Giant+Planets&amp;rft.aufirst=Jonathan+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Fortney&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1101352&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15353790&amp;rft.issue=5689&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1414-1415&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=305\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-apj609_2_1170-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-apj609_2_1170_29-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Saumon, D.; Guillot, T. (July 2004). \"Shock Compression of Deuterium and the Interiors of Jupiter and Saturn\". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>609</b> (2): 1170\u20131180. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv\" title=\"ArXiv\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0403393\"
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp >astro-ph/0403393</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ApJ...609.1170S\">2004ApJ...609.1170S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F421257\">10.1086/421257</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Shock+Compression+of+Deuterium+and+the+Interiors+of+Jupiter+and+Saturn&amp;rft.aufirst=D.&amp;rft.au=Guillot%2C+T.&amp;rft.aulast=Saumon&amp;rft.date=2004-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0403393&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004ApJ...609.1170S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F421257&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=1170-1180&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=609\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-30\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A383960\">\"Saturn\"</a>. BBC. 2000. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/616W1dNHA\">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdna%2Fh2g2%2FA383960&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-faure_mensing2007-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-faure_mensing2007_31-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Faure, Gunter; Mensing, Teresa M. (2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=U4FZp6f6q6MC&amp;pg=PA337\"><i>Introduction to planetary science: the geological perspective</i></a>. Springer. p.\u00a0337. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-5233-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/1-4020-5233-2\">1-4020-5233-2</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Gunter&amp;rft.aulast=Faure&amp;rft.au=Mensing%2C+Teresa+M.&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+planetary+science%3A+the+geological+perspective&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU4FZp6f6q6MC%26pg%3DPA337&amp;rft.isbn=1-4020-5233-2&amp;rft.pages=337&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NMM_Saturn-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-NMM_Saturn_32-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-NMM_Saturn_32-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-NMM_Saturn_32-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp cite_ref-NMM_Saturn_32-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.286\">\"Saturn\"</a>. National Maritime Museum. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DnaWpNg\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">6 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmm.ac.uk%2Fserver%2Fshow%2FconWebDoc.286&amp;rft.pub=National+Maritime+Museum&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-33\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/saturn/interior/S_int_structure_overview.html\">\"Structure of Saturn's Interior\"</a>. Windows to the Universe. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/616W0N0ci\">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.btitle=Structure+of+Saturn%27s+Interior&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.windows2universe.org%2Fsaturn%2Finterior%2FS_int_structure_overview.html&amp;rft.pub=Windows+to+the+Universe&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-de_pater_lissauer2010-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-de_pater_lissauer2010_34-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">de Pater, Imke; Lissauer, Jack J. (2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=a_ijoTgDhnEC&amp;pg=PA254\"><i>Planetary Sciences</i></a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.\u00a0254\u2013255. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85371-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-521-85371-0\">0-521-85371-0</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Imke&amp;rft.aulast=de+Pater&amp;rft.au=Lissauer%2C+Jack+J.&amp;rft.btitle=Planetary+Sciences&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da_ijoTgDhnEC%26pg%3DPA254&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-85371-0&amp;rft.pages=254-255&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nasa_saturn-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nasa_saturn_35-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/saturn_worldbook.html\">\"NASA \u2013 Saturn\"</a>. NASA. 2004. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/616W1CQJQ\">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">27 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+%93+Saturn&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fworldbook%2Fsaturn_worldbook.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp 2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-36\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.universeguide.com/Saturn.aspx\">Saturn</a>. Universe Guide. Retrieved 29 March 2009.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-science286-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-science286_37-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Guillot, Tristan (1999). \"Interiors of Giant Planets Inside and Outside the Solar System\". <i>Science</i>. <b>286</b> (5437): 72\u201377. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Sci...286...72G\">1999Sci...286...72G</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.286.5437.72\">10.1126/science.286.5437.72</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10506563\">10506563</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Interiors+of+Giant+Planets+Inside+and+Outside+the+Solar+System&amp;rft.aufirst=Tristan&amp;rft.aulast=Guillot&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Sci...286...72G&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.286.5437.72&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10506563&amp;rft.issue=5437&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=72-77&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=286\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-baas15_831-38\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-baas15_831_38-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Courtin, R.; et al. (1967). \"The Composition of Saturn's Atmosphere at Temperate Northern Latitudes from Voyager IRIS spectra\". <i>Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society</i>. <b>15</b>: 831. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983BAAS...15..831C\">1983BAAS...15..831C</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=The+Composition+of+Saturn%27s+Atmosphere+at+Temperate+Northern+Latitudes+from+Voyager+IRIS+spectra&amp;rft.au=Bezard%2C+B.&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.au=Gautier%2C+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Courtin&amp;rft.au=Marten%2C+A.&amp;rft.date=1967&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983BAAS...15..831C&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft.pages=831&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=15\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cain2009_24029-39\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-cain2009_24029_39-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Cain, Fraser (22 January 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/24029/atmosphere-of-saturn/\">\"Atmosphere of Saturn\"</a>. Universe Today. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62D9wWBZg\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Fraser&amp;rft.aulast=Cain&amp;rft.btitle=Atmosphere+of+Saturn&amp;rft.date=2009-01-22&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F24029%2Fatmosphere-of-saturn%2F&amp;rft.pub=Universe+Today&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-pfsaa2008-40\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-pfsaa2008_40-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pfsaa2008_40-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Guerlet, S.; Fouchet, T.; B\u00e9zard, B. (November 2008). Charbonnel, C.; Combes, F.; Samadi, R., eds. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008sf2a.conf..405G\">\"Ethane, acetylene and propane distribution in Saturn's stratosphere from Cassini/CIRS limb observations\"</a>. <i>SF2A-2008: Proceedings of the Annual meeting of the French Society of Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>: 405. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008sf2a.conf..405G\">2008sf2a.conf..405G</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Ethane%2C+acetylene+and+propane+distribution+in+Saturn%27s+stratosphere+from+Cassini%2FCIRS+limb+observations&amp;rft.au=B%C3%A9zard%2C+B.&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Fouchet%2C+T.&amp;rft.aulast=Guerlet&amp;rft.date=2008-11&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2008sf2a.conf..405G&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008sf2a.conf..405G&amp;rft.jtitle=SF2A-2008%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Annual+meeting+of+the+French+Society+of+Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&amp;rft.pages=405&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-martinez20050905-41\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-martinez20050905_41-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Martinez, Carolina (5 September 2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/whycassini/cassini-090505-clouds.html\">\"Cassini Discovers Saturn's Dynamic Clouds Run Deep\"</a>. NASA. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62D9wz6i7\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Carolina&amp;rft.aulast=Martinez&amp;rft.btitle=Cassini+Discovers+Saturn%27s+Dynamic+Clouds+Run+Deep&amp;rft.date=2005-09-05&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fcassini%2Fwhycassini%2Fcassini-090505-clouds.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-emp105_2_143-42\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-emp105_2_143_42-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Orton, Glenn S. (September 2009). \"Ground-Based Observational Support for Spacecraft Exploration of the Outer Planets\". <i>Earth, Moon, and Planets</i>. <b>105</b> (2\u20134): 143\u2013152. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EM&amp;P..105..143O\">2009EM&amp;P..105..143O</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11038-009-9295-x\">10.1007/s11038-009-9295-x</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Ground-Based+Observational+Support+for+Spacecraft+E
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp xploration+of+the+Outer+Planets&amp;rft.aufirst=Glenn+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Orton&amp;rft.date=2009-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009EM%26P..105..143O&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11038-009-9295-x&amp;rft.issue=2%934&amp;rft.jtitle=Earth%2C+Moon%2C+and+Planets&amp;rft.pages=143-152&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=105\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-dougherty_esposito2009-43\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-dougherty_esposito2009_43-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Dougherty, Michele K.; Esposito, Larry W.; Krimigis, Stamatios M. (2009). Dougherty, Michele K.; Esposito, Larry W.; Krimigis, Stamatios M., eds. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=M56CHHxVMP4C&amp;pg=PA162\">\"Saturn from Cassini-Huygens\"</a>. <i>Saturn from Cassini-Huygens</i>. Springer: 162. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009sfch.book.....D\">2009sfch.book.....D</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9217-6\">10.1007/978-1-4020-9217-6</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-9216-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/1-4020-9216-4\">1-4020-9216-4</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Saturn+from+Cassini-Huygens&amp;rft.au=Esposito%2C+Larry+W.&amp;rft.aufirst=Michele+K.&amp;rft.au=Krimigis%2C+Stamatios+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Dougherty&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM56CHHxVMP4C%26pg%3DPA162&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009sfch.book.....D&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9217-6&amp;rft.isbn=1-4020-9216-4&amp;rft.jtitle=Saturn+from+Cassini-Huygens&amp;rft.pages=162&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-icarus176_1_155-44\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-icarus176_1_155_44-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">P\u00e9rez-Hoyos, S.; S\u00e1nchez-Laveg, A.; French, R. G.; J. F., Rojas (2005). \"Saturn's cloud structure and temporal evolution from ten years of Hubble Space Telescope images (1994\u20132003)\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>176</b> (1): 155\u2013174. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Icar..176..155P\">2005Icar..176..155P</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2005.01.014\">10.1016/j.icarus.2005.01.014</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Saturn%27s+cloud+structure+and+temporal+evolution+from+ten+years+of+Hubble+Space+Telescope+images+%281994%932003%29&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=French%2C+R.+G.&amp;rft.au=J.+F.%2C+Rojas&amp;rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez-Hoyos&amp;rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez-Laveg%2C+A.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Icar..176..155P&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2005.01.014&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=155-174&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=176\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-45\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-4
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp 5\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"/wiki/Patrick_Moore\" title=\"Patrick Moore\">Patrick Moore</a>, ed., <i>1993 Yearbook of Astronomy</i>, (London: W.W. Norton &amp; Company, 1992), Mark Kidger, \"The 1990 Great White Spot of Saturn\", pp. 176\u2013215.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Voyager_Summary_1-46\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Voyager_Summary_1_46-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Hamilton, Calvin J. (1997). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/vgrsat.htm\">\"Voyager Saturn Science Summary\"</a>. Solarviews. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DA0AJg8\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Calvin+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Hamilton&amp;rft.btitle=Voyager+Saturn+Science+Summary&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.solarviews.com%2Feng%2Fvgrsat.htm&amp;rft.pub=Solarviews&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-47\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-47\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Watanabe, Susan (27 March 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/pia09188.html\">\"Saturn's Strange Hexagon\"</a>. NASA. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/5nEDDHMNK\">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">6 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Susan&amp;rft.aulast=Watanabe&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn%27s+Strange+Hexagon&amp;rft.date=2007-03-27&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fcassini%2Fmultimedia%2Fpia09188.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MCP-48\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-MCP_48-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-MCP_48-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.mcpstars.org/node/353\">\"Warm Polar Vortex on Saturn\"</a>. Merrillville Community Planetarium. 2007. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DA17ga2\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">25 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.btitle=Warm+Polar+Vortex+on+Saturn&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcpstars.org%2Fnode%2F353&amp;rft.pub=Merrillville+Community+Planetarium&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-49\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-49\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Godfrey, D. A. (1988). \"A hexagonal feature around Saturn's North Pole\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>76</b> (2): 335. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Icar...76..335G\">1988Icar...76..335G</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital obje
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp ct identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2888%2990075-9\">10.1016/0019-1035(88)90075-9</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=A+hexagonal+feature+around+Saturn%27s+North+Pole&amp;rft.au=Godfrey%2C+D.+A.&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988Icar...76..335G&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-1035%2888%2990075-9&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=335&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=76\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-50\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-50\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Sanchez-Lavega, A.; et al. (1993). \"Ground-based observations of Saturn's north polar SPOT and hexagon\". <i>Science</i>. <b>260</b> (5106): 329\u201332. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Sci...260..329S\">1993Sci...260..329S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.260.5106.329\">10.1126/science.260.5106.329</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17838249\">17838249</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Ground-based+observations+of+Saturn%27s+north+polar+SPOT+and+hexagon&amp;rft.au=Colas%2C+F.&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.au=Laques%2C+P.&amp;rft.aulast=Sanchez-Lavega&amp;rft.au=Lecacheux%2C+J.&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993Sci...260..329S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.260.5106.329&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17838249&amp;rft.issue=5106&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=329-32&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=260\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NYT-20140806-51\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NYT-20140806_51-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a href=\"/wiki/Dennis_Overbye\" title=\"Dennis Overbye\">Overbye, Dennis</a> (6 August 2014). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/06/science/space/storm-chasing-on-saturn.html\">\"Storm Chasing on Saturn\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/New_York_Times\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"New York Times\">New York Times</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">6 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Storm+Chasing+on+Saturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Dennis&amp;rft.aulast=Overbye&amp;rft.date=2014-08-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F08%2F06%2Fscience%2Fspace%2Fstorm-chasing-on-saturn.html&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Hexagon_ref-52\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Hexagon_ref_52-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34352533/ns/technology_and_science-space/t/new-images-show-saturns-weird-hexagon-cloud/\">\"New images show Saturn's weird hexagon cloud\"</a>. MSNBC. 12 December 2009. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DA5Yz33\">Ar
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp chived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=New+images+show+Saturn%27s+weird+hexagon+cloud&amp;rft.date=2009-12-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F34352533%2Fns%2Ftechnology_and_science-space%2Ft%2Fnew-images-show-saturns-weird-hexagon-cloud%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-science247_4947_1206-53\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-science247_4947_1206_53-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Godfrey, D. A. (9 March 1990). \"The Rotation Period of Saturn's Polar Hexagon\". <i>Science</i>. <b>247</b> (4947): 1206\u20131208. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Sci...247.1206G\">1990Sci...247.1206G</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.247.4947.1206\">10.1126/science.247.4947.1206</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17809277\">17809277</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=The+Rotation+Period+of+Saturn%27s+Polar+Hexagon&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Godfrey&amp;rft.date=1990-03-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990Sci...247.1206G&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.247.4947.1206&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17809277&amp;rft.issue=4947&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1206-1208&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=247\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-pss57_14_1671-54\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-pss57_14_1671_54-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Baines, Kevin H.; et al. (December 2009). \"Saturn's north polar cyclone and hexagon at depth revealed by Cassini/VIMS\". <i>Planetary and Space Science</i>. <b>57</b> (14\u201315): 1671\u20131681. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009P&amp;SS...57.1671B\">2009P&amp;SS...57.1671B</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pss.2009.06.026\">10.1016/j.pss.2009.06.026</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Saturn%27s+north+polar+cyclone+and+hexagon+at+depth+revealed+by+Cassini%2FVIMS&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C+Robert+H.&amp;rft.au=Buratti%2C+Bonnie+J.&amp;rft.au=Clark%2C+Roger+N.&amp;rft.aufirst=Kevin+H.&amp;rft.au=Fletcher%2C+Leigh+N.&amp;rft.aulast=Baines&amp;rft.au=Momary%2C+Thomas+W.&amp;rft.au=Nicholson%2C+Philip+D.&amp;rft.au=Roos-Serote%2C+Maarten&amp;rft.au=Showman%2C+Adam+P.&amp;rft.date=2009-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009P%26SS...57.1671B&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pss.2009.06.026&amp;rft.issue=14%9315&amp;rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&amp;rft.pages=1671-1681&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=57\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-55\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-55\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp class=\"citation journal\">Ball, Philip (19 May 2006). \"Geometric whirlpools revealed\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Nature_(journal)\" title=\"Nature (journal)\">Nature</a></i>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews060515-17\">10.1038/news060515-17</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Geometric+whirlpools+revealed&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft.aulast=Ball&amp;rft.date=2006-05-19&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews060515-17&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> Bizarre geometric shapes that appear at the centre of swirling vortices in planetary atmospheres might be explained by a simple experiment with a bucket of water but correlating this to Saturn's pattern is by no means certain.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-labmodel-56\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-labmodel_56-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Aguiar, Ana C. Barbosa; et al. (April 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103509004382\">\"A laboratory model of Saturn's North Polar Hexagon\"</a>. <i>Icarus</i>. <b>206</b> (2): 755\u2013763. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Icar..206..755B\">2010Icar..206..755B</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2009.10.022\">10.1016/j.icarus.2009.10.022</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=A+laboratory+model+of+Saturn%27s+North+Polar+Hexagon&amp;rft.aufirst=Ana+C.+Barbosa&amp;rft.au=Hiro+Yamazaki%2C+Y.&amp;rft.aulast=Aguiar&amp;rft.au=Read%2C+Peter+L.&amp;rft.au=Salter%2C+Tara&amp;rft.au=Wordsworth%2C+Robin+D&amp;rft.date=2010-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0019103509004382&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Icar..206..755B&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2009.10.022&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=755-763&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=206\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> Laboratory experiment of spinning disks in a liquid solution forms vortices around a stable hexagonal pattern similar to that of Saturn's.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-57\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-57\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">S\u00e1nchez-Lavega, A.; et al. (8 October 2002). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://aas.org/archives/BAAS/v34n3/dps2002/10.htm\">\"Hubble Space Telescope Observations of the Atmospheric Dynamics in Saturn's South Pole from 1997 to 2002\"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society</i>. American Astronomical Society. p.\u00a0857. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002DPS....34.1307S\">2002DPS....34.1307S</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">6 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Hubble+Space+Telescope+Observations+of+the+Atmospheric+Dynamics+in+Saturn%27s+South+Pole+from+1997+to+2002&amp;rft.au=French%2C+R.+G.&amp;rft.au=P%C3%A9rez-Hoyos%2C+S.&a
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp mp;rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez-Lavega%2C+A.&amp;rft.date=2002-10-08&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faas.org%2Farchives%2FBAAS%2Fv34n3%2Fdps2002%2F10.htm&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002DPS....34.1307S&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft.pages=857&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-58\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-58\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA09187\">\"NASA catalog page for image PIA09187\"</a>. NASA Planetary Photojournal. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DA8MbqG\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+catalog+page+for+image+PIA09187&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphotojournal.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fcatalog%2FPIA09187&amp;rft.pub=NASA+Planetary+Photojournal&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-59\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-59\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6135450.stm?lsm\">\"Huge 'hurricane' rages on Saturn\"</a>. BBC News. 10 November 2006. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DA8ZsRl\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Huge+%27hurricane%27+rages+on+Saturn&amp;rft.date=2006-11-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F6135450.stm%3Flsm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-60\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-60\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=703\">\"NASA Sees into the Eye of a Monster Storm on Saturn\"</a>. NASA. 9 November 2006. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DA9W8s8\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+Sees+into+the+Eye+of+a+Monster+Storm+on+Saturn&amp;rft.date=2006-11-09&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaturn.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fpress-release-details.cfm%3FnewsID%3D703&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-spole-61\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-spole_61-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-spole_61-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap061113.html\">\"A Hurricane Over the South Pole of Saturn\"</a>. <i>NASA</i>. NASA. 13 November 2006<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">1 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp .88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=A+Hurricane+Over+the+South+Pole+of+Saturn&amp;rft.date=2006-11-13&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapod.nasa.gov%2Fapod%2Fap061113.html&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-62\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-62\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation pressrelease\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/media/cassini-20061011a.html\">\"Cassini Image Shows Saturn Draped in a String of Pearls\"</a> (Press release). Carolina Martinez , NASA. 10 November 2006<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">3 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.btitle=Cassini+Image+Shows+Saturn+Draped+in+a+String+of+Pearls&amp;rft.date=2006-11-10&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fcassini%2Fmedia%2Fcassini-20061011a.html&amp;rft.pub=Carolina+Martinez+%2C+NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-63\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-63\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1420a/\">\"Hubble sees a flickering light display on Saturn\"</a>. <i>ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Hubble+sees+a+flickering+light+display+on+Saturn&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacetelescope.org%2Fimages%2Fpotw1420a%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=ESA%2FHubble+Picture+of+the+Week&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-mag_2-64\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-mag_2_64-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-mag_2_64-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">McDermott, Matthew (2000). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://library.thinkquest.org/C005921/Saturn/satuAtmo.htm\">\"Saturn: Atmosphere and Magnetosphere\"</a>. Thinkquest Internet Challenge. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DA9bsti\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">15 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Matthew&amp;rft.aulast=McDermott&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn%3A+Atmosphere+and+Magnetosphere&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.thinkquest.org%2FC005921%2FSaturn%2FsatuAtmo.htm&amp;rft.pub=Thinkquest+Internet+Challenge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-65\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-65\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/saturn_magnetosphere.html\">\"Voyager \u2013 Saturn's Magnetosphere\"</a>. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 18 October 2010. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DnXqAYk\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"referenc
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp e-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.btitle=Voyager+%93+Saturn%27s+Magnetosphere&amp;rft.date=2010-10-18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoyager.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fscience%2Fsaturn_magnetosphere.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA+Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-atkinson2010-66\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-atkinson2010_66-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Atkinson, Nancy (14 December 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/81713/hot-plasma-explosions-inflate-saturns-magnetic-field/\">\"Hot Plasma Explosions Inflate Saturn's Magnetic Field\"</a>. Universe Today. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DnY9Cu6\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">24 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Hot+Plasma+Explosions+Inflate+Saturn%27s+Magnetic+Field&amp;rft.aufirst=Nancy&amp;rft.aulast=Atkinson&amp;rft.date=2010-12-14&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F81713%2Fhot-plasma-explosions-inflate-saturns-magnetic-field%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-67\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-67\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Russell, Randy (3 June 2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/saturn/upper_atmosphere.html\">\"Saturn Magnetosphere Overview\"</a>. Windows to the Universe. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DnYSLUB\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.au=Russell%2C+Randy&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn+Magnetosphere+Overview&amp;rft.date=2003-06-03&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.windows2universe.org%2Fsaturn%2Fupper_atmosphere.html&amp;rft.pub=Windows+to+the+Universe&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cain2009-68\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-cain2009_68-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Cain, Fraser (26 January 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/24168/orbit-of-saturn/\">\"Orbit of Saturn\"</a>. Universe Today. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DnYuJLb\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Fraser&amp;rft.aulast=Cain&amp;rft.btitle=Orbit+of+Saturn&amp;rft.date=2009-01-26&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F24168%2Forbit-of-saturn%2F&amp;rft.pub=Universe+Today&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AA-69\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-AA_69-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Jean Meeus, <i>Astronomical Al
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp gorithms</i> (Richmond, VA: Willmann-Bell, 1998). Average of the nine extremes on p 273. All are within 0.02\u00a0AU of the averages.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-benton2006-70\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-benton2006_70-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Benton, Julius (2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=779fPuQmWeYC&amp;pg=PA136\"><i>Saturn and how to observe it</i></a>. Astronomers' observing guides (11th ed.). Springer Science &amp; Business. p.\u00a0136. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85233-887-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/1-85233-887-3\">1-85233-887-3</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Julius&amp;rft.aulast=Benton&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn+and+how+to+observe+it&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=11th&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D779fPuQmWeYC%26pg%3DPA136&amp;rft.isbn=1-85233-887-3&amp;rft.pages=136&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business&amp;rft.series=Astronomers%27+observing+guides&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-71\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-71\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/media/cassini-062804.html\">\"Scientists Find That Saturn's Rotation Period is a Puzzle\"</a>. NASA. 28 June 2004. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/616VzbaQF\">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">22 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.btitle=Scientists+Find+That+Saturn%27s+Rotation+Period+is+a+Puzzle&amp;rft.date=2004-06-28&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fcassini%2Fmedia%2Fcassini-062804.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-72\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-72\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Cain, Fraser. \"<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/15298/saturn/\">Saturn</a>.\" Universe Today. 30 June 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2011. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DnZFyxl\">Archived</a> 5 October 2011 at <a href=\"/wiki/WebCite\" title=\"WebCite\">WebCite</a></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Anderson2007-73\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Anderson2007_73-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Anderson, J. D.; Schubert, G. (2007). \"Saturn's gravitational field, internal rotation and interior structure\". <i>Science</i>. <b>317</b> (5843): 1384\u20131387. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...317.1384A\">2007Sci...317.1384A</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1144835\">10.1126/science.1144835</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17823351\">17823351</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3As
08-17 14:35:48.905 debug OkHttp id%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Saturn%27s+gravitational+field%2C+internal+rotation+and+interior+structure&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson&amp;rft.au=Schubert%2C+G.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Sci...317.1384A&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1144835&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17823351&amp;rft.issue=5843&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1384-1387&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=317\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-74\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-74\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation pressrelease\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/media/cassini-20070322.html\">\"Enceladus Geysers Mask the Length of Saturn's Day\"</a> (Press release). NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 22 March 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">22 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.btitle=Enceladus+Geysers+Mask+the+Length+of+Saturn%27s+Day&amp;rft.date=2007-03-22&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fcassini%2Fmedia%2Fcassini-20070322.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA+Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DnZvSKY\">Archived</a> 5 October 2011 at <a href=\"/wiki/WebCite\" title=\"WebCite\">WebCite</a></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-science316_5823_442-75\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-science316_5823_442_75-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Gurnett, D. A.; et al. (2007). \"The Variable Rotation Period of the Inner Region of Saturn's Plasma Disc\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Science_(journal)\" title=\"Science (journal)\">Science</a></i>. <b>316</b> (5823): 442\u20135. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...316..442G\">2007Sci...316..442G</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1138562\">10.1126/science.1138562</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17379775\">17379775</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=The+Variable+Rotation+Period+of+the+Inner+Region+of+Saturn%27s+Plasma+Disc&amp;rft.au=Averkamp%2C+T.+F.&amp;rft.au=Dougherty%2C+M.+K.&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+A.&amp;rft.au=Groene%2C+J.+B.&amp;rft.au=Kurth%2C+W.+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Gurnett&amp;rft.au=Persoon%2C+A.+M.&amp;rft.au=Southwood%2C+D.+J.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Sci...316..442G&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1138562&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17379775&amp;rft.issue=5823&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=442-5&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=316\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-science316_5823_380-76\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-science316_5823_380_76-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Bagenal, F. (2007). \"A New Spin on Saturn's Rotation\". <i>Science</i>. <b>316</b> (5823): 380\u20131. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"ex
08-17 14:35:48.910 debug OkHttp ternal text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1142329\">10.1126/science.1142329</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17446379\">17446379</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=A+New+Spin+on+Saturn%27s+Rotation&amp;rft.aufirst=F.&amp;rft.aulast=Bagenal&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1142329&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17446379&amp;rft.issue=5823&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=380-1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=316\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-JPLmoons-77\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-JPLmoons_77-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sat_discovery\">\"Solar System Dynamics - Planetary Satellite Discovery Circumstances\"</a>. NASA. 9 March 2015<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.btitle=Solar+System+Dynamics+-+Planetary+Satellite+Discovery+Circumstances&amp;rft.date=2015-03-09&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2F%3Fsat_discovery&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-78\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-78\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Wall, Mike (21 June 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.space.com/12032-saturn-moon-helene-photo-cassini.html\">\"Saturn's 'Ice Queen' Moon Helene Shimmers in New Photo\"</a>. Space.com. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DnbkDpz\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Saturn%27s+%27Ice+Queen%27+Moon+Helene+Shimmers+in+New+Photo&amp;rft.aufirst=Mike&amp;rft.aulast=Wall&amp;rft.date=2011-06-21&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F12032-saturn-moon-helene-photo-cassini.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-79\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-79\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation arxiv\">Tiscareno, Matthew (17 July 2013). \"The population of propellers in Saturn's A Ring\". <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv\" title=\"ArXiv\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//arxiv.org/abs/0710.4547\">0710.4547</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=The+population+of+propellers+in+Saturn%27s+A+Ring&amp;rft.aufirst=Matthew&amp;rft.aulast=Tiscareno&amp;rft.date=2013-07-17
08-17 14:35:48.910 debug OkHttp &amp;rft.genre=preprint&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0710.4547&amp;rft.jtitle=arXiv&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-brunier2005-80\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-brunier2005_80-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Brunier, Serge (2005). <i>Solar System Voyage</i>. Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a0164. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80724-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80724-1\">978-0-521-80724-1</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Serge&amp;rft.aulast=Brunier&amp;rft.btitle=Solar+System+Voyage&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-80724-1&amp;rft.pages=164&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Jones2008-81\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Jones2008_81-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Jones, G. H.; et al. (7 March 2008). \"The Dust Halo of Saturn's Largest Icy Moon, Rhea\". <i>Science</i>. <b>319</b> (5868): 1380\u20131384. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...319.1380J\">2008Sci...319.1380J</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1151524\">10.1126/science.1151524</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18323452\">18323452</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=The+Dust+Halo+of+Saturn%27s+Largest+Icy+Moon%2C+Rhea&amp;rft.au=Beckmann%2C+U.&amp;rft.au=Coates%2C+A.+J.&amp;rft.au=Crary%2C+F.&amp;rft.au=Dandouras%2C+I.&amp;rft.au=Dikarev%2C+V.&amp;rft.au=Dougherty%2C+M.+K.&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+H.&amp;rft.au=Krupp%2C+N.&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.au=Roussos%2C+E.&amp;rft.date=2008-03-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sci...319.1380J&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1151524&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18323452&amp;rft.issue=5868&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1380-1384&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=319\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-atkinson20101126-82\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-atkinson20101126_82-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Atkinson, Nancy (26 November 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/8023/tenuous-oxygen-atmosphere-found-around-saturns-moon-rhea/\">\"Tenuous Oxygen Atmosphere Found Around Saturn's Moon Rhea\"</a>. Universe Today. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62Dncp9IE\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Tenuous+Oxygen+Atmosphere+Found+Around+Saturn%27s+Moon+Rhea&amp;rft.aufirst=Nancy&amp;rft.aulast=Atkinson&amp;rft.date=2010-11-26&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F8023%2Ftenuous-oxygen-atmosphere-found-around-saturns-moon-rhea%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Ao
08-17 14:35:48.910 debug OkHttp fi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-83\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-83\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">NASA (30 November 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101128222041.htm\">\"Thin air: Oxygen atmosphere found on Saturn's moon Rhea\"</a>. ScienceDaily. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DnctqqW\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Thin+air%3A+Oxygen+atmosphere+found+on+Saturn%27s+moon+Rhea&amp;rft.au=NASA&amp;rft.date=2010-11-30&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2010%2F11%2F101128222041.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-84\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-84\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1333294/Oxygen-Saturn-moon-Nasa-spacecraft-discovers-Rhea-atmosphere-rich-O2.html\">\"Oxygen found on Saturn moon: NASA spacecraft discovers Rhea has thin atmosphere rich in O2\"</a>. Daily Mail. 26 November 2010. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DndEEUw\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Oxygen+found+on+Saturn+moon%3A+NASA+spacecraft+discovers+Rhea+has+thin+atmosphere+rich+in+O2&amp;rft.date=2010-11-26&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fsciencetech%2Farticle-1333294%2FOxygen-Saturn-moon-Nasa-spacecraft-discovers-Rhea-atmosphere-rich-O2.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ryan20101126-85\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ryan20101126_85-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Ryan, Clare (26 November 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/whycassini/cassini20101126.html\">\"Cassini reveals oxygen atmosphere of Saturn\u2032s moon Rhea\"</a>. UCL Mullard Space Science Laboratory. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DneNysk\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Cassini+reveals+oxygen+atmosphere+of+Saturn%B2s+moon+Rhea&amp;rft.aufirst=Clare&amp;rft.aulast=Ryan&amp;rft.date=2010-11-26&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fcassini%2Fwhycassini%2Fcassini20101126.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Saturn_moons-86\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Saturn_moons_86-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/satsatdata.html\">\"Saturn's Known Satellites\"</a>. Department of Terrestrial Magnetism. <a rel=
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08-17 14:35:48.910 debug OkHttp \"external text\" href=\"http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/news/2109/ethane-lake-finally-confirmed-titan\">\"Hydrocarbon lake finally confirmed on Titan\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Cosmos_(magazine)\" title=\"Cosmos (magazine)\">Cosmos Magazine</a></i>. 31 July 2008. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DngLEx4\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Hydrocarbon+lake+finally+confirmed+on+Titan&amp;rft.date=2008-07-31&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cosmosmagazine.com%2Fnews%2F2109%2Fethane-lake-finally-confirmed-titan&amp;rft.jtitle=Cosmos+Magazine&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-IAA-20130606-91\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-IAA-20130606_91-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">L\u00f3pez-Puertas, Manuel (6 June 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.iaa.es/content/pahs-titans-upper-atmosphere\">\"PAH's in Titan's Upper Atmosphere\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/CSIC\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"CSIC\">CSIC</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">6 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=PAH%27s+in+Titan%27s+Upper+Atmosphere&amp;rft.aufirst=Manuel&amp;rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez-Puertas&amp;rft.date=2013-06-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaa.es%2Fcontent%2Fpahs-titans-upper-atmosphere&amp;rft.jtitle=CSIC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NASA-201450623-92\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NASA-201450623_92-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Dyches, Preston; et al. (23 June 2014). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-200\">\"Titan's Building Blocks Might Pre-date Saturn\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">24 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Titan%27s+Building+Blocks+Might+Pre-date+Saturn&amp;rft.au=Clavin%2C+Clavin&amp;rft.aufirst=Preston&amp;rft.aulast=Dyches&amp;rft.date=2014-06-23&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews.php%3Frelease%3D2014-200&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NS-20080326-93\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NS-20080326_93-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Battersby, Stephen (26 March 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13541-saturns-moon-enceladus-surprisingly-cometlike.html\">\"Saturn's moon Enceladus surprisingly comet-like\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/New_Scientist\" title=\"New Scientist\">New Scientist</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Saturn%27s+moon+Enceladus+surprisingly+comet-like&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen&amp;rft.aulast=Battersby&amp;rft.date=2008-03-26&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn13541-saturns-moon-enc
08-17 14:35:48.910 debug OkHttp eladus-surprisingly-cometlike.html&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-94\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-94\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">NASA (21 April 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/04/080420122601.htm\">\"Could There Be Life On Saturn's Moon Enceladus?\"</a>. ScienceDaily. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DngmfnJ\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.au=NASA&amp;rft.btitle=Could+There+Be+Life+On+Saturn%27s+Moon+Enceladus%3F&amp;rft.date=2008-04-21&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2008%2F04%2F080420122601.htm&amp;rft.pub=ScienceDaily&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-madrigal20090624-95\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-madrigal20090624_95-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Madrigal, Alexis (24 June 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/06/enceladusocean/\">\"Hunt for Life on Saturnian Moon Heats Up\"</a>. Wired Science. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DnhA5pt\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Hunt+for+Life+on+Saturnian+Moon+Heats+Up&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexis&amp;rft.aulast=Madrigal&amp;rft.date=2009-06-24&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwiredscience%2F2009%2F06%2Fenceladusocean%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-spotts20050928-96\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-spotts20050928_96-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Spotts, Peter N. (28 September 2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2005-09-28-solar-system-life_x.htm\">\"Life beyond Earth? Potential solar system sites pop up\"</a>. USA Today. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DnhtWmA\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">21 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Life+beyond+Earth%3F+Potential+solar+system+sites+pop+up&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter+N.&amp;rft.aulast=Spotts&amp;rft.date=2005-09-28&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fscience%2Fspace%2F2005-09-28-solar-system-life_x.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-97\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-97\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Pili, Unofre (9 September 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://scienceray.com/astronomy/enceladus-saturns-moon-has-liquid-ocean-of-water/\">\"Enceladus: Saturn\u2032s Moon, Has Liquid Ocean of Water\"</a>. <i>Scienceray</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"exte
08-17 14:35:48.910 debug OkHttp rnal text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DniPTNa\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">21 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Enceladus%3A+Saturn%B2s+Moon%2C+Has+Liquid+Ocean+of+Water&amp;rft.aufirst=Unofre&amp;rft.aulast=Pili&amp;rft.date=2009-09-09&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscienceray.com%2Fastronomy%2Fenceladus-saturns-moon-has-liquid-ocean-of-water%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Scienceray&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-98\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-98\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-06-strongest-evidence-icy-saturn-moon.html\">\"Strongest evidence yet indicates Enceladus hiding saltwater ocean\"</a>. Physorg. 22 June 2011. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DnjNuaJ\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Strongest+evidence+yet+indicates+Enceladus+hiding+saltwater+ocean&amp;rft.date=2011-06-22&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physorg.com%2Fnews%2F2011-06-strongest-evidence-icy-saturn-moon.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-99\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-99\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Kaufman, Marc (22 June 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/saturns-moon-enceladus-shows-evidence-of-an-ocean-beneath-its-surface/2011/06/22/AGWYaPgH_story.html\">\"Saturn\u2032s moon Enceladus shows evidence of an ocean beneath its surface\"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62Dnk6EPJ\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Saturn%B2s+moon+Enceladus+shows+evidence+of+an+ocean+beneath+its+surface&amp;rft.aufirst=Marc&amp;rft.aulast=Kaufman&amp;rft.date=2011-06-22&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Fhealth-science%2Fsaturns-moon-enceladus-shows-evidence-of-an-ocean-beneath-its-surface%2F2011%2F06%2F22%2FAGWYaPgH_story.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-100\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-100\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Greicius, Tony; et al. (22 June 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/whycassini/cassini20110622.html\">\"Cassini Captures Ocean-Like Spray at Saturn Moon\"</a>. NASA. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DnkyeG2\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">17 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Cassini+Captures+Ocean-Like+Spray+at+Saturn+Moon&amp;rft.au=Dunbar%2C+Brian&amp;rf
08-17 14:35:48.910 debug OkHttp t.au=Greicius%2C+Tony&amp;rft.date=2011-06-22&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fcassini%2Fwhycassini%2Fcassini20110622.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NASA-20140414a-101\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NASA-20140414a_101-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Platt, Jane; et al. (14 April 2014). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-112\">\"NASA Cassini Images May Reveal Birth of a Saturn Moon\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">14 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=NASA+Cassini+Images+May+Reveal+Birth+of+a+Saturn+Moon&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C+Dwayne&amp;rft.aufirst=Jane&amp;rft.aulast=Platt&amp;rft.date=2014-04-14&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews.php%3Frelease%3D2014-112&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-102\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-102\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Poulet F.; et al. (2002). \"The Composition of Saturn's Rings\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>160</b> (2): 350. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Icar..160..350P\">2002Icar..160..350P</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.2002.6967\">10.1006/icar.2002.6967</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=The+Composition+of+Saturn%27s+Rings&amp;rft.au=Cuzzi+J.N.&amp;rft.au=Poulet+F.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Icar..160..350P&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.2002.6967&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=350&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=160\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-103\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-103\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Shafiq, Muhammad (2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ee.kth.se/php/modules/publications/reports/2005/TRITA-ALP-2005-03.pdf\">\"Dusty Plasma Response to a Moving Test Change\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">25 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Muhammad&amp;rft.aulast=Shafiq&amp;rft.btitle=Dusty+Plasma+Response+to+a+Moving+Test+Change&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ee.kth.se%2Fphp%2Fmodules%2Fpublications%2Freports%2F2005%2FTRITA-ALP-2005-03.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Spahn-104\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Spahn_104-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Spahn, F.; et al. (2006). \"Cassini Dust Measurements at Enceladus and Implications for the Origin of the E Ring\". <i>Science</i>. <b>311</b> (5766): 1416\u20131418. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\
08-17 14:35:48.910 debug OkHttp "external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...311.1416S\">2006Sci...311.1416S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1121375\">10.1126/science.1121375</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527969\">16527969</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Cassini+Dust+Measurements+at+Enceladus+and+Implications+for+the+Origin+of+the+E+Ring&amp;rft.au=Albers%2C+Nicole&amp;rft.au=Dikarev%2C+Valeri&amp;rft.aufirst=F.&amp;rft.au=H%C3%B6rning%2C+Marcel&amp;rft.au=Kempf%2C+Sascha&amp;rft.aulast=Spahn&amp;rft.au=Makuch%2C+Martin&amp;rft.au=Schmidt%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&amp;rft.au=Sei%C3%9F%2C+Martin&amp;rft.au=Srama%2C+Ralf&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Sci...311.1416S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1121375&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16527969&amp;rft.issue=5766&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1416-1418&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=311\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-105\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-105\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://ciclops.org/view_event/205?js=1\">\"Finger-like Ring Structures In Saturn's E Ring Produced By Enceladus' Geysers (Saturn Images from NASA's Cassini Spacecraft)\"</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.btitle=Finger-like+Ring+Structures+In+Saturn%99s+E+Ring+Produced+By+Enceladus%99+Geysers+%28Saturn+Images+from+NASA%27s+Cassini+Spacecraft%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fciclops.org%2Fview_event%2F205%3Fjs%3D1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-106\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-106\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ciclops.org/view.php?id=8016\">\"ICY TENDRILS REACHING INTO SATURN RING TRACED TO THEIR SOURCE (Cassini Press Release)\"</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.btitle=ICY+TENDRILS+REACHING+INTO+SATURN+RING+TRACED+TO+THEIR+SOURCE+%28Cassini+Press+Release%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciclops.org%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D8016&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-107\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-107\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://science1.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2002/12feb_rings/\">\"The Real Lord of the Rings\"</a>. <i>Science@NASA</i>. 12 February 2002. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DnbX3jV\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">24 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=The+Real+Lord+of+the+Rings&amp;rft.date=2002-02-12&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience1.nasa.gov%2Fscience-news%2Fscience-at-nasa%2F2002%2F12feb_rings%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Science%40NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:no
08-17 14:35:48.910 debug OkHttp ne;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-108\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-108\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://creationconcepts.org/resources/RINGS.pdf\">\"Age and Fate of Saturn's Rings\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PD)</span>. Creation Concepts<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.btitle=Age+and+Fate+of+Saturn%27s+Rings&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcreationconcepts.org%2Fresources%2FRINGS.pdf&amp;rft.pub=Creation+Concepts&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-109\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-109\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Cowen, Rob (7 November 1999). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/48097/title/Largest_known_planetary_ring_discovered\">\"Largest known planetary ring discovered\"</a>. <i>Science News</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DnaeSgs\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">9 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Largest+known+planetary+ring+discovered&amp;rft.aufirst=Rob&amp;rft.aulast=Cowen&amp;rft.date=1999-11-07&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencenews.org%2Fview%2Fgeneric%2Fid%2F48097%2Ftitle%2FLargest_known_planetary_ring_discovered&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-russell2004-110\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-russell2004_110-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Russell, Randy (7 June 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/saturn/moons_and_rings.html\">\"Saturn Moons and Rings\"</a>. Windows to the Universe. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DnawXlL\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Randy&amp;rft.aulast=Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn+Moons+and+Rings&amp;rft.date=2004-06-07&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.windows2universe.org%2Fsaturn%2Fmoons_and_rings.html&amp;rft.pub=Windows+to+the+Universe&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-111\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-111\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (3 March 2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/02/050225110106.htm\">\"NASA's Cassini Spacecraft Continues Making New Discoveries\"</a>. ScienceDaily. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DnbG4WW\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=NASA%27s+Cassini+Spacecraft+Continues+Making+New+Discoveries&amp;rft.au=NASA+Jet+
08-17 14:35:48.910 debug OkHttp Propulsion+Laboratory&amp;rft.date=2005-03-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2005%2F02%2F050225110106.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NMM_Saturn_2-112\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NMM_Saturn_2_112-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20070422014136/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.13852/viewPage/5\">\"Saturn &gt; Observing Saturn\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum\" title=\"National Maritime Museum\">National Maritime Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.13852/viewPage/5\">the original</a> on 22 April 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">6 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn+%3E+Observing+Saturn&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmm.ac.uk%2Fserver%2Fshow%2FconWebDoc.13852%2FviewPage%2F5&amp;rft.pub=National+Maritime+Museum&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ptrsl276_1257_43-113\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ptrsl276_1257_43_113-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Sachs, A. (2 May 1974). \"Babylonian Observational Astronomy\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_of_London\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London\">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</a></i>. <a href=\"/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Royal Society of London\">Royal Society of London</a>. <b>276</b> (1257): 43\u201350 [45 &amp; 48\u20139]. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974RSPTA.276...43S\">1974RSPTA.276...43S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.1974.0008\">10.1098/rsta.1974.0008</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/JSTOR\" title=\"JSTOR\">JSTOR</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/74273\">74273</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Babylonian+Observational+Astronomy&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.aulast=Sachs&amp;rft.date=1974-05-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F74273&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974RSPTA.276...43S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.1974.0008&amp;rft.issue=1257&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&amp;rft.pages=43-50+45+%26+48-9&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=276\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Saturn_in_ancient_mythologies-114\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Saturn_in_ancient_mythologies_114-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Saturn_in_ancient_mythologies_114-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Saturn_in_ancient_mythologies_114-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.starrynight.com/sntimes/2006/2006-01-full.html\">\"Starry Night Times\"</a>. Imaginova Corp. 2006. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/616WGH
08-17 14:35:48.910 debug OkHttp Gw2\">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.btitle=Starry+Night+Times&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.starrynight.com%2Fsntimes%2F2006%2F2006-01-full.html&amp;rft.pub=Imaginova+Corp.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-evans1998-115\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-evans1998_115-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Evans, James (1998). <i>The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy</i>. Oxford University Press. pp.\u00a0296\u20137. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509539-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509539-5\">978-0-19-509539-5</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft.aulast=Evans&amp;rft.btitle=The+History+and+Practice+of+Ancient+Astronomy&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-509539-5&amp;rft.pages=296-7&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-116\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-116\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.greek-names.info/greek-names-of-the-planets/\">\"Greek Names of the Planets\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">14 July</span> 2012</span>. <q>The Greek name of the planet Saturn is Kronos. The Titan Cronus was the father of <a href=\"/wiki/Zeus\" title=\"Zeus\">Zeus</a>, while Saturn was the Roman God of agriculture.</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.btitle=Greek+Names+of+the+Planets&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greek-names.info%2Fgreek-names-of-the-planets%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> See also the <a href=\"https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82)\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"el:\u039a\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2)\">Greek article about the planet</a>.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ps04_1893_862-117\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-ps04_1893_862_117-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ps04_1893_862_117-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Corporation, Bonnier (April 1893). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=cSADAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA862\">\"Popular Miscellany \u2013 Superstitions about Saturn\"</a>. <i>The Popular Science Monthly</i>: 862.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Popular+Miscellany+%93+Superstitions+about+Saturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Bonnier&amp;rft.aulast=Corporation&amp;rft.date=1893-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcSADAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA862&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Popular+Science+Monthly&amp;rft.pages=862&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-118\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-118\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\
08-17 14:35:48.910 debug OkHttp "reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">De Groot, Jan Jakob Maria (1912). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAaP7dyjCrAC&amp;pg=PA300\"><i>Religion in China: universism. a key to the study of Taoism and Confucianism</i></a>. <i>American lectures on the history of religions</i>. <b>10</b>. G. P. Putnam's Sons. p.\u00a0300<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2010-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Jan+Jakob+Maria&amp;rft.aulast=De+Groot&amp;rft.btitle=Religion+in+China%3A+universism.+a+key+to+the+study+of+Taoism+and+Confucianism&amp;rft.date=1912&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZAaP7dyjCrAC%26pg%3DPA300&amp;rft.pages=300&amp;rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-119\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-119\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Crump, Thomas (1992). <i>The Japanese numbers game: the use and understanding of numbers in modern Japan</i>. <i>Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese studies series</i>. Routledge. pp.\u00a039\u201340. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415056098\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0415056098\">0415056098</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas&amp;rft.aulast=Crump&amp;rft.btitle=The+Japanese+numbers+game%3A+the+use+and+understanding+of+numbers+in+modern+Japan&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0415056098&amp;rft.pages=39-40&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-120\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-120\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Hulbert, Homer Bezaleel (1909). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=fxwpAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA426\"><i>The passing of Korea</i></a>. Doubleday, Page &amp; company. p.\u00a0426<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2010-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Homer+Bezaleel&amp;rft.aulast=Hulbert&amp;rft.btitle=The+passing+of+Korea&amp;rft.date=1909&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfxwpAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA426&amp;rft.pages=426&amp;rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Page+%26+company&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-121\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-121\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Cessna, Abby (15 November 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/45087/when-was-saturn-discovered/\">\"When Was Saturn Discovered?\"</a>. Universe Today. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DnlspZi\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">21 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Abby&amp;rft.aulast=Cessna&amp;rft.btitle=When+Was+Saturn+Discovered%3F&amp;rft.date=2009-11-15&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F45087%2Fwhen-was-saturn-discovered%2F&amp;rft.pub=Universe+Today&amp;r
08-17 14:35:48.910 debug OkHttp ft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-binoculars-122\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-binoculars_122-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-binoculars_122-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Eastman, Jack (1998). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.thedas.org/dfiles/eastman_saturn.html\">\"Saturn in Binoculars\"</a>. The Denver Astronomical Society. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/616W4KJeF\">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">3 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Jack&amp;rft.aulast=Eastman&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn+in+Binoculars&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedas.org%2Fdfiles%2Feastman_saturn.html&amp;rft.pub=The+Denver+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-chan2000-123\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-chan2000_123-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Chan, Gary (2000). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://library.thinkquest.org/C005921/Saturn/satuHist.htm\">\"Saturn: History Timeline\"</a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/616W4pog0\">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Gary&amp;rft.aulast=Chan&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn%3A+History+Timeline&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.thinkquest.org%2FC005921%2FSaturn%2FsatuHist.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cain2008_15390-124\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-cain2008_15390_124-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Cain, Fraser (3 July 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/15390/history-of-saturn/\">\"History of Saturn\"</a>. Universe Today. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DnmMOUO\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">24 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Fraser&amp;rft.aulast=Cain&amp;rft.btitle=History+of+Saturn&amp;rft.date=2008-07-03&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F15390%2Fhistory-of-saturn%2F&amp;rft.pub=Universe+Today&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cain2008_15418-125\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-cain2008_15418_125-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Cain, Fraser (7 July 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/15418/interesting-facts-about-saturn/\">\"Interesting Facts About Saturn\"</a>. Universe Today. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62Dnme0hP\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">17 September</span>
08-17 14:35:48.910 debug OkHttp 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Fraser&amp;rft.aulast=Cain&amp;rft.btitle=Interesting+Facts+About+Saturn&amp;rft.date=2008-07-07&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F15418%2Finteresting-facts-about-saturn%2F&amp;rft.pub=Universe+Today&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cain2008_46237-126\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-cain2008_46237_126-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Cain, Fraser (27 November 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/46237/who-discovered-saturn/\">\"Who Discovered Saturn?\"</a>. Universe Today. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62Dnmx32Y\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">17 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Fraser&amp;rft.aulast=Cain&amp;rft.btitle=Who+Discovered+Saturn%3F&amp;rft.date=2009-11-27&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F46237%2Fwho-discovered-saturn%2F&amp;rft.pub=Universe+Today&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-micek2007-127\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-micek2007_127-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Micek, Catherine. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://huygensgcms.gsfc.nasa.gov/Shistory.htm\">\"Saturn: History of Discoveries\"</a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/616W5Itgs\">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">15 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Catherine&amp;rft.aulast=Micek&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn%3A+History+of+Discoveries&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhuygensgcms.gsfc.nasa.gov%2FShistory.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-pa54_122-128\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-pa54_122_128-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pa54_122_128-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Barton, Samuel G. (April 1946). \"The names of the satellites\". <i>Popular Astronomy</i>. <b>54</b>: 122\u2013130. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1946PA.....54..122B\">1946PA.....54..122B</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=The+names+of+the+satellites&amp;rft.aufirst=Samuel+G.&amp;rft.aulast=Barton&amp;rft.date=1946-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1946PA.....54..122B&amp;rft.jtitle=Popular+Astronomy&amp;rft.pages=122-130&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=54\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-apj100_378-129\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-apj100_378_129-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\"><a href=\"/wiki/Gerard_Kuiper\" title=\"Gerard Kuiper\">Kuiper, Gerard P.</a> (November 1944). \"Titan: a Satellite with an Atmosphere\". <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>100</b>: 3
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08-17 14:35:48.910 debug OkHttp \" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16319826\">16319826</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=An+overview+of+the+descent+and+landing+of+the+Huygens+probe+on+Titan&amp;rft.au=Blancquaert%2C+Thierry&amp;rft.au=Couzin%2C+Patrice&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&amp;rft.au=Gurvits%2C+Leonid+I.&amp;rft.au=Jones%2C+Jeremy+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Lebreton&amp;rft.au=Matson%2C+Dennis+L.&amp;rft.au=Schipper%2C+Anne-Marie&amp;rft.au=Sollazzo%2C+Claudio&amp;rft.au=Witasse%2C+Olivier&amp;rft.date=2005-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.438..758L&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature04347&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16319826&amp;rft.issue=7069&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=758-764&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=438\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-133\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-133\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/02/060215090726.htm\">\"Astronomers Find Giant Lightning Storm At Saturn\"</a>. ScienceDaily LLC. 2007. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/616W9ngSD\">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">27 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.btitle=Astronomers+Find+Giant+Lightning+Storm+At+Saturn&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2006%2F02%2F060215090726.htm&amp;rft.pub=ScienceDaily+LLC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-134\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-134\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Pence, Michael (9 March 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/media/cassini-20060309.html\">\"NASA's Cassini Discovers Potential Liquid Water on Enceladus\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/NASA_Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory\">NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/616WARlPz\">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">3 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Pence&amp;rft.btitle=NASA%27s+Cassini+Discovers+Potential+Liquid+Water+on+Enceladus&amp;rft.date=2006-03-09&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fcassini%2Fmedia%2Fcassini-20060309.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA+Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NASA-20140728-135\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-NASA-20140728_135-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-NASA-20140728_135-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Dyches, Preston; et al. (28 July 2014). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-246&amp;2\">\"Cassini Spacecraft Reveals 101 Geysers and More on Icy Saturn Moon\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver
08-17 14:35:48.910 debug OkHttp =Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Cassini+Spacecraft+Reveals+101+Geysers+and+More+on+Icy+Saturn+Moon&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C+Dwayne&amp;rft.aufirst=Preston&amp;rft.aulast=Dyches&amp;rft.au=Mullins%2C+Steve&amp;rft.date=2014-07-28&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews.php%3Frelease%3D2014-246%262&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-136\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-136\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Lovett, Richard A. (31 May 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110531/full/news.2011.337.html\">\"Enceladus named sweetest spot for alien life\"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/Nature_(journal)\" title=\"Nature (journal)\">Nature</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2011.337\">10.1038/news.2011.337</a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DnnTQPR\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">3 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Enceladus+named+sweetest+spot+for+alien+life&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Lovett&amp;rft.date=2011-05-31&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F110531%2Ffull%2Fnews.2011.337.html&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews.2011.337&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-137\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-137\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Kazan, Casey (2 June 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2011/06/saturns-enceladus-moves-to-top-of-most-likely-to-have-life-list.html\">\"Saturn's Enceladus Moves to Top of \"Most-Likely-to-Have-Life\" List\"</a>. The Daily Galaxy. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/616WAzkcp\">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">3 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Casey&amp;rft.aulast=Kazan&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn%27s+Enceladus+Moves+to+Top+of+%22Most-Likely-to-Have-Life%22+List&amp;rft.date=2011-06-02&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailygalaxy.com%2Fmy_weblog%2F2011%2F06%2Fsaturns-enceladus-moves-to-top-of-most-likely-to-have-life-list.html&amp;rft.pub=The+Daily+Galaxy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-138\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-138\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Shiga, David (20 September 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10124-faint-new-ring-discovered-around-saturn/\">\"Faint new ring discovered around Saturn\"</a>. NewScientist.com. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/616WDn9aA\">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">8 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.
08-17 14:35:48.910 debug OkHttp aulast=Shiga&amp;rft.btitle=Faint+new+ring+discovered+around+Saturn&amp;rft.date=2007-09-20&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn10124-faint-new-ring-discovered-around-saturn%2F&amp;rft.pub=NewScientist.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-139\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-139\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Rincon, Paul (14 March 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6449081.stm\">\"Probe reveals seas on Saturn moon\"</a>. BBC. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62Dno9eEL\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Probe+reveals+seas+on+Saturn+moon&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.aulast=Rincon&amp;rft.date=2007-03-14&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F6449081.stm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-140\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-140\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Rincon, Paul (10 November 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6135450.stm\">\"Huge 'hurricane' rages on Saturn\"</a>. BBC. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62Dnp4804\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Huge+%27hurricane%27+rages+on+Saturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.aulast=Rincon&amp;rft.date=2006-11-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F6135450.stm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-141\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-141\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/introduction/\">\"Mission overview \u2013 introduction\"</a>. <i>Cassini Solstice Mission</i>. NASA / JPL. 2010. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/616WEGPJ0\">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Mission+overview+%93+introduction&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaturn.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fmission%2Fintroduction%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Cassini+Solstice+Mission&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-142\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-142\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.3news.co.nz/Massive-storm-at-Saturns-north-pole/tabid/1160/articleID/296026/Default.aspx\">\"Massive storm at Saturn's north pole\"</a>. <i>3 News NZ</i>. 30 April 2013.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=M
08-17 14:35:48.910 debug OkHttp assive+storm+at+Saturn%27s+north+pole&amp;rft.date=2013-04-30&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.3news.co.nz%2FMassive-storm-at-Saturns-north-pole%2Ftabid%2F1160%2FarticleID%2F296026%2FDefault.aspx&amp;rft.jtitle=3+News+NZ&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NYT-20131112-143\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NYT-20131112_143-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Overbye, Dennis (12 November 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/12/science/space/the-view-from-saturn.html\">\"The View From Saturn\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/New_York_Times\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"New York Times\">New York Times</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=The+View+From+Saturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Dennis&amp;rft.aulast=Overbye&amp;rft.date=2013-11-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F11%2F12%2Fscience%2Fspace%2Fthe-view-from-saturn.html&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-144\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-144\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&amp;dat=19680706&amp;id=EQMqAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=CSgEAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3124,1519852\">\"Why do Saturn's rings Sometimes Disappear?\"</a>. Google News<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">4 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.btitle=Why+do+Saturn%27s+rings+Sometimes+Disappear%3F&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1499%26dat%3D19680706%26id%3DEQMqAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DCSgEAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3124%2C1519852&amp;rft.pub=Google+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-145\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-145\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.classicalastronomy.com/news/anmviewer.asp?a=313&amp;z=28\">\"Saturn's Rings Edge-On\"</a>. Classical Astronomy. 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">4 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn%27s+Rings+Edge-On&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicalastronomy.com%2Fnews%2Fanmviewer.asp%3Fa%3D313%26z%3D28&amp;rft.pub=Classical+Astronomy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-opp2002-146\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-opp2002_146-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-opp2002_146-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Schmude, Richard W Jr. (Winter 2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.freepatentsonline.com/article/Georgia-Journal-Science/113429393.html\">\"Saturn in 2002\u201303\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Georgia_Journal_of_Science&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" class=\"new\" title=\"Georgia Journal of Science (page does not exist)\">Georgia Journal of Science</a></i>. <a href=\"
08-17 14:35:48.910 debug OkHttp /w/index.php?title=Georgia_Academy_of_Science&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" class=\"new\" title=\"Georgia Academy of Science (page does not exist)\">Georgia Academy of Science</a>. <b>61</b> (4). <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0147-9369\">0147-9369</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Saturn+in+2002%9303&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+W+Jr.&amp;rft.aulast=Schmude&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freepatentsonline.com%2Farticle%2FGeorgia-Journal-Science%2F113429393.html&amp;rft.issn=0147-9369&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Georgia+Journal+of+Science&amp;rft.ssn=winter&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=61\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Jon-147\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Jon_147-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Jon_147-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Tanya Hill; et al. (9 May 2014). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://theconversation.com/bright-saturn-will-blink-out-across-australia-for-an-hour-anyway-26217?utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=Latest+from+The+Conversation+for+9+May+2014&amp;utm_content=Latest+from+The+Conversation+for+9+May+2014+CID_448ce06c55a4db94c86d3b1c3772b20e&amp;utm_source=campaign_monitor&amp;utm_term=Bright%20Saturn%20will%20blink%20out%20across%20Australia%20%20for%20an%20hour%20anyway\">\"Bright Saturn will blink out across Australia \u2013 for an hour, anyway\"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">11 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Bright+Saturn+will+blink+out+across+Australia+%93+for+an+hour%2C+anyway&amp;rft.au=Jonti+Horner&amp;rft.au=Tanya+Hill&amp;rft.date=2014-05-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fbright-saturn-will-blink-out-across-australia-for-an-hour-anyway-26217%3Futm_medium%3Demail%26utm_campaign%3DLatest%2Bfrom%2BThe%2BConversation%2Bfor%2B9%2BMay%2B2014%26utm_content%3DLatest%2Bfrom%2BThe%2BConversation%2Bfor%2B9%2BMay%2B2014%2BCID_448ce06c55a4db94c86d3b1c3772b20e%26utm_source%3Dcampaign_monitor%26utm_term%3DBright%2520Saturn%2520will%2520blink%2520out%2520across%2520Australia%2520%2520for%2520an%2520hour%2520anyway&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-bilstein1999-148\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-bilstein1999_148-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Bilstein, Roger E. (1999). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=JnoZTbVLx0MC&amp;pg=PA37\"><i>Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicle</i></a>. DIANE Publishing. p.\u00a037. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7881-8186-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-7881-8186-6\">0-7881-8186-6</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&amp;rft.aulast=Bilstein&amp;rft.btitle=Stages+to+Saturn%3A+A+Technological+History+of+the+Apollo%2FSaturn+Launch+Vehicle&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJnoZTbVLx0MC%26pg%3DPA37&am
08-17 14:35:48.910 debug OkHttp p;rft.isbn=0-7881-8186-6&amp;rft.pages=37&amp;rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-plotner20080222-149\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-plotner20080222_149-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Plotner, Tammy (22 February 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/12926/time-to-observe-saturn-opposition-occurs-february-23/\">\"Time to Observe Saturn \u2013 Opposition Occurs February 23!\"</a>. Universe Today. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/62DnsTWVi\">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Tammy&amp;rft.aulast=Plotner&amp;rft.btitle=Time+to+Observe+Saturn+%93+Opposition+Occurs+February+23%21&amp;rft.date=2008-02-22&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F12926%2Ftime-to-observe-saturn-opposition-occurs-february-23%2F&amp;rft.pub=Universe+Today&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-reis_jones2009-150\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-reis_jones2009_150-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Reis, Ricardo Cardoso; Jones, Jane H. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.astronomy2009.org/static/archives/presentations/pdf/saturn_gn.pdf\">\"Saturn: The Ringed Planet\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union\" title=\"International Astronomical Union\">IAU</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Ricardo+Cardoso&amp;rft.au=Jones%2C+Jane+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Reis&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn%3A+The+Ringed+Planet&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronomy2009.org%2Fstatic%2Farchives%2Fpresentations%2Fpdf%2Fsaturn_gn.pdf&amp;rft.pub=IAU&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n</ol></div>","references":""},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Further reading","anchor":"Further_reading","id":24,"text":"<ul><li><cite class=\"citation magazine\">Gore, Rick (July 1981). \"Voyager 1 at Saturn: Riddles of the Rings\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)\" title=\"National Geographic (magazine)\">National Geographic</a></i>. Vol.\u00a0160 no.\u00a01. pp.\u00a03\u201331. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-9358\">0027-9358</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/OCLC\" title=\"OCLC\">OCLC</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/oclc/643483454\">643483454</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Rick&amp;rft.aulast=Gore&amp;rft.btitle=Voyager+1+at+Saturn%3A+Riddles+of+the+Rings&amp;rft.date=1981-07&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643483454&amp;rft.issn=0027-9358&amp;rft.pages=3-31&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation book\">Lovett, L.; et al. (2006). <i>Saturn: A New View</i>. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u0
08-17 14:35:48.910 debug OkHttp 0a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-3090-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-3090-2\">978-0-8109-3090-2</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.au=Cuzzi%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Horvath%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Lovett%2C+L.&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn%3A+A+New+View&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8109-3090-2&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams%2C+Inc.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation book\">Karttunen, H.; et al. (2007). <i>Fundamental Astronomy</i> (5th ed.). New York: Springer. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34143-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34143-7\">978-3-540-34143-7</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.au=Karttunen%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Kr%C3%B6ger%2C+P.&amp;rft.btitle=Fundamental+Astronomy&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.edition=5th&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-540-34143-7&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"External links","anchor":"External_links","id":25,"text":"<div id=\"section_SpokenWikipedia\" class=\"infobox sisterproject plainlinks haudio\">\n<div style=\"text-align: center; white-space:nowrap\"><b>Listen to this article</b> (<a href=\"/wiki/File:Saturn.ogg\" title=\"File:Saturn.ogg\">info/dl</a>)\n<div class=\"center\">\n<div class=\"floatnone\">\n<div class=\"mediaContainer\" style=\"width:200px\"><audio id=\"mwe_player_0\" controls=\"\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width:200px\" class=\"kskin\" data-durationhint=\"2373.0793650794\" data-startoffset=\"0\" data-mwtitle=\"Saturn.ogg\" data-mwprovider=\"wikimediacommons\"><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Saturn.ogg\" type='audio/ogg; codecs=\"vorbis\"' data-title=\"Original Ogg file (68 kbps)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg source\" data-width=\"0\" data-height=\"0\" data-bandwidth=\"68414\" data-mwtitle=\"TimedText:Saturn.ogg.en.srt\" data-mwprovider=\"wikimediacommons\" data-dir=\"ltr\"></source><track src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:Saturn.ogg.en.srt&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text%2Fx-srt\" kind=\"subtitles\" type=\"text/x-srt\" title=\"TimedText:Saturn.ogg.en.srt\" provider=\"wikimediacommons\" srclang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" label=\"English (en) subtitles\"></track></audio></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p><br></p>\n<div style=\"float: left; margin-left: 5px;\">\n<div class=\"floatnone\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png\" title=\"Spoken Wikipedia\" width=\"45\" height=\"34\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"128\" data-file-height=\"96\"></div>\n</div>\n<div style=\"font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1.6em; margin-left: 60px;\">This audio file was created from a revision of the \"<span class=\"fn\">Saturn</span>\" article dated 2013-08-18, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (<a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help\" title=\"Wikipedia:Media help\">Audio help</a>)</div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center; clear: both\"><b><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles\" title=\"Wikipedia:Spoken articles\">More spoken articles</a></b></div>\n</div>\n<table class=\"metadata plainlinks mbox-small\" style=\"padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.5em 0.75em;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#f9f9f9;\"><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"padding-bottom:0.75em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;\">\
08-17 14:35:48.910 debug OkHttp n<div style=\"clear:both;\">Find more about<br><b>Saturn</b><br>\nat Wikipedia's <a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects\" title=\"Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects\">sister projects</a></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td style=\"padding-top:0.75em;\"><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Saturn\" title=\"Search Wiktionary\"><img alt=\"Search Wiktionary\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/25px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"391\" data-file-height=\"391\"></a></td>\n<td style=\"padding-top:0.75em;\"><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Saturn\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikt:Special:Search/Saturn\">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(planet)\" title=\"Search Commons\"><img alt=\"Search Commons\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png\" width=\"18\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1024\" data-file-height=\"1376\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(planet)\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"c:Saturn (planet)\">Media</a> from Commons</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Saturn\" title=\"Search Wikinews\"><img alt=\"Search Wikinews\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"759\" data-file-height=\"415\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Saturn\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"n:Special:Search/Saturn\">News</a> from Wikinews</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Solar_System/Saturn\" title=\"Search Wikibooks\"><img alt=\"Search Wikibooks\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"300\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Solar_System/Saturn\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"b:Solar System/Saturn\">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Saturn\" title=\"Search Wikiversity\"><img alt=\"Search Wikiversity\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"23\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/38px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1000\" data-file-height=\"900\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Saturn\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"v:Special:Search/Saturn\">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</td>\n</tr></table><ul><li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.
08-17 14:35:48.910 debug OkHttp gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Saturn\">Saturn profile</a> at NASA's Solar System Exploration site</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/saturnfact.html\">Saturn Fact Sheet</a>, by NASA</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/?System=Saturn\">Gazeteer of Planetary Nomenclature \u2013 Saturn (USGS)</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Cassini\u2013Huygens mission</a> to Saturn, by NASA</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/space_time/saturn/\">Research News</a> about Saturn</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/saturn.htm\">General information</a> about Saturn</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.affs.org/html/studies_on_the_rings_of_saturn.html\">Studies on the Rings</a> of Saturn</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.astronomycast.com/2007/10/episode-59-saturn/\">Astronomy Cast: Saturn</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://secure.flickr.com/photos/vontom/5362248377/\">Saturn in Daytime (12\u00a0inch telescope)</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ciclops.org/view_event/185/Saturn_Rev_175_Raw_Preview?js=1\">Saturn 'Rev 175' Raw Preview</a></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\">Haese, Paul. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/saturn_photpgrapher.htm\">\"Capturing Saturn\"</a>. <i>Sixty Symbols</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/Brady_Haran\" title=\"Brady Haran\">Brady Haran</a> for the <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Nottingham\" title=\"University of Nottingham\">University of Nottingham</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn&amp;rft.atitle=Capturing+Saturn&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.aulast=Haese&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sixtysymbols.com%2Fvideos%2Fsaturn_photpgrapher.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=Sixty+Symbols&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06vmr1m\">BBC In Our Time radio program</a></li>\n</ul>"}]}}
08-17 14:35:48.910 debug OkHttp <-- END HTTP (274460-byte body)
08-17 14:35:48.955 debug PageCache Writing to cache: Saturn
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08-17 14:35:50.000 debug Spoon Captured screenshot 'Saturn'.
08-17 14:35:51.830 debug WikipediaWeb file:///android_asset/index.html:0 - Cross-origin text track load denied by Cross-Origin Resource Sharing policy.
08-17 14:35:55.000 debug org.wikipedia.page.PageLoadTest testPages():91: title=Uranus tag=Uranus
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08-17 14:35:55.095 debug OkHttp x-analytics: pageview=1
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08-17 14:35:55.260 debug OkHttp Date: Wed, 17 Aug 2016 20:37:05 GMT
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08-17 14:35:55.265 debug OkHttp {"mobileview":{"ns":0,"lastmodified":"2016-08-17T08:19:31Z","revision":734880788,"languagecount":185,"displaytitle":"Uranus","id":44475,"description":"seventh planet from the sun","image":{"file":"Uranus2.jpg","width":1720,"height":1720},"thumb":{"url":"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Uranus2.jpg/640px-Uranus2.jpg","width":640,"height":640},"sections":[{"id":0,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">This article is about the planet. For other uses, see <a href=\"/wiki/Uranus_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-disambig\" title=\"Uranus (disambiguation)\">Uranus (disambiguation)</a>.</div>\n<table class=\"infobox\" style=\"width:22em\"><caption class=\"fn org\">Uranus <a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranus_symbol.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Uranus symbol.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Uranus_symbol.svg/25px-Uranus_symbol.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Uranus_symbol.svg/38px-Uranus_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Uranus_symbol.svg/50px-Uranus_symbol.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"50\" data-file-height=\"50\"></a></caption>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranus2.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Uranus2.jpg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Uranus2.jpg/260px-Uranus2.jpg\" width=\"260\" height=\"260\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Uranus2.jpg/390px-Uranus2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Uranus2.jpg/520px-Uranus2.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1720\" data-file-height=\"1720\"></a>\n<div>Uranus as a featureless disc, photographed<br>\nby <i><a href=\"/wiki/Voyager_2\" title=\"Voyager 2\">Voyager 2</a></i> in 1986</div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">Discovery</th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">Discovered by</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/William_Herschel\" title=\"William Herschel\">William Herschel</a></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">Discovery date</th>\n<td>March 13, 1781</td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">Designations</th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">Pronunciation</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"noexcerpt\"><a href=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/En-us-Uranus%282%29.oga\" title=\"Listen\"><img alt=\"Listen\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/11px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png\" width=\"11\" height=\"11\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/17px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/22px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"11\" data-file-height=\"11\"></a><sup><span class=\"IPA\" style=\"color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;padding:0 .1em\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranus.ogg\" title=\"File:Uranus.ogg\">i</a></span></sup></span><span class=\"IPA nopopups\"><a href=\"/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English\" title=\"Help:IPA for English\">/<span style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted\"><span title=\"/ˈ/ primary stress follows\">ˈ</span><span title=\"/jʊər/ 'ure' in 'cure'\">jʊər</span><span title=\"/ə/ 'a' in 'about'\">ə</span><span title=\"'n' in 'no'\">n</span><span title=\"/ə/ 'a' in 'about'\">ə</span><span title=\"'s' in 'sigh'\">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"noexcerpt\"><a href=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/En-us-Uranus.ogg\" title=\"Listen\"><img alt=\"Listen\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/11px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png\" width=\"11\" height=\"11\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/17px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/22px-Speakerlink-new.sv
08-17 14:35:55.265 debug OkHttp g.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"11\" data-file-height=\"11\"></a><sup><span class=\"IPA\" style=\"color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;padding:0 .1em\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:En-us-Uranus.ogg\" title=\"File:En-us-Uranus.ogg\">i</a></span></sup></span><span class=\"IPA nopopups\"><a href=\"/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English\" title=\"Help:IPA for English\">/<span style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted\"><span title=\"/j/ 'y' in 'yes'\">j</span><span title=\"/ʊ/ short 'oo' in 'foot'\">ʊ</span><span title=\"/ˈ/ primary stress follows\">ˈ</span><span title=\"'r' in 'rye'\">r</span><span title=\"/eɪ/ long 'a' in 'base'\">eɪ</span><span title=\"'n' in 'no'\">n</span><span title=\"/ə/ 'a' in 'about'\">ə</span><span title=\"'s' in 'sigh'\">s</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-OED_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-OED-1\">[1]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-BBCOUP_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BBCOUP-2\">[2]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_adjectivals_and_demonyms_of_astronomical_bodies\" title=\"List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies\">Adjectives</a></th>\n<td>Uranian</td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/Osculating_orbit\" title=\"Osculating orbit\">Orbital characteristics</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-VSOP87_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-VSOP87-7\">[7]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-8\">[a]</a></sup></th>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)\" title=\"Epoch (astronomy)\">Epoch</a> <a href=\"/wiki/J2000\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"J2000\">J2000</a></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Aphelion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Aphelion\">Aphelion</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7012300841317977700♠</span>20.11 <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_unit\" title=\"Astronomical unit\">AU</a></span><br>\n(<span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7012300800000000000♠</span>3,008 Gm</span></span>)</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Perihelion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Perihelion\">Perihelion</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7012274212896993099♠</span>18.33 AU</span><br>\n(<span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7012274200000000000♠</span>2,742 Gm</span></span>)</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Semi-major_axis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Semi-major axis\">Semi-major axis</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7012287503171826088♠</span>19.2184 AU</span><br>\n(<span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7012287504000000000♠</span>2,875.04 Gm</span></span>)</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity\" title=\"Orbital eccentricity\">Eccentricity</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6998463810000000000♠</span>0.046<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">381</span></span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_period\" title=\"Orbital period\">Orbital period</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7001840205000000000♠</span>84.0205 <a href=\"/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)\" title=\"Julian year (astronomy)\">yr</a></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7009265148640000000♠</span>30,688.5 
08-17 14:35:55.270 debug OkHttp d</span></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-nasafact_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nasafact-3\">[3]</a></sup></li>\n<li><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7004427180000000000♠</span>42,718</span></span> Uranian <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_day\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Solar day\">solar days</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-CSeligman_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CSeligman-4\">[4]</a></sup></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_period\" title=\"Orbital period\">Synodic period</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>369.66 days<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-5\">[5]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Average <a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_speed\" title=\"Orbital speed\">orbital speed</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>6.80 km/s<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_5-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-5\">[5]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Mean_anomaly\" title=\"Mean anomaly\">Mean anomaly</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000248253189342721♠</span>142.238<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">600</span>°</span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_inclination\" title=\"Orbital inclination\">Inclination</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6998134913951179161♠</span>0.773°</span> to <a href=\"/wiki/Ecliptic\" title=\"Ecliptic\">ecliptic</a><br>\n6.48° to <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/Equator\" title=\"Equator\">equator</a><br>\n1.02° to <a href=\"/wiki/Invariable_plane\" title=\"Invariable plane\">invariable plane</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-meanplane_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-meanplane-6\">[6]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Longitude_of_the_ascending_node\" title=\"Longitude of the ascending node\">Longitude of ascending node</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000129164836623092♠</span>74.006°</span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis\" title=\"Argument of periapsis\">Argument of perihelion</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000169294942532115♠</span>96.998<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">857</span>°</span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">Known <a href=\"/wiki/Natural_satellite\" title=\"Natural satellite\">satellites</a></th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus\" title=\"Moons of Uranus\">27</a></td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">Physical characteristics</th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Mean radius</div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7007253620000000000♠</span>25,362<span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">±</span>7 km</span></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007-9\">[8]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-atmospheric_pressure_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-atmospheric_pressure-10\">[b]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Equator\" title=\"Equator\">Equatorial</a> radius</div>\n</th>\n
08-17 14:35:55.270 debug OkHttp <td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7007255590000000000♠</span>25,559<span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">±</span>4 km</span></span><br>\n4.007 Earths<sup id=\"cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_9-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007-9\">[8]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-atmospheric_pressure_10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-atmospheric_pressure-10\">[b]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Geographical_pole\" title=\"Geographical pole\">Polar</a> radius</div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7007249730000000000♠</span>24,973<span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">±</span>20 km</span></span><br>\n3.929 Earths<sup id=\"cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_9-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007-9\">[8]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-atmospheric_pressure_10-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-atmospheric_pressure-10\">[b]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Flattening\" title=\"Flattening\">Flattening</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6998229000000000000♠</span>0.0229<span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">±</span>0.0008</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-11\">[c]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">Circumference</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7008159354100000000♠</span>159,354.1 km</span></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-nasafact_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nasafact-3\">[3]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Spheroid#Surface_area\" title=\"Spheroid\">Surface area</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7015811560000000000♠</span>8.1156<span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> km<sup>2</sup></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-nasafact_3-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nasafact-3\">[3]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-atmospheric_pressure_10-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-atmospheric_pressure-10\">[b]</a></sup><br>\n15.91 Earths</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Volume\" title=\"Volume\">Volume</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7022683300000000000♠</span>6.833<span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">×</span>10<sup>13</sup> km<sup>3</sup></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_5-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-5\">[5]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-atmospheric_pressure_10-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-atmospheric_pressure-10\">[b]</a></sup><br>\n63.086 Earths</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Mass\" title=\"Mass\">Mass</a></th>\n<td>\n<p><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7025868100000000000♠</span>(8.6810<span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">±</span>0.0013)<span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">×</span>10<sup>25</sup> kg</span><br>\n14.536 Earths<sup id=\"cite_ref-Jacobson_Campbell_et_al._1992_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Jacobson_Campbell_et_al._1992-12\">[9]</a></sup><br></p>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Standard_gravitational_parameter\" title=\"Standard gravitational parameter\">GM</a>=<span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7006579393900000000♠</span>5,793,939<span sty
08-17 14:35:55.270 debug OkHttp le=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">±</span>13 km<sup>3</sup>/s<sup>2</sup></span></span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Mean <a href=\"/wiki/Density\" title=\"Density\">density</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7003127000000000000♠</span>1.27 g/cm<sup>3</sup></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_5-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-5\">[5]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-atmospheric_pressure_10-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-atmospheric_pressure-10\">[b]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Surface_gravity\" title=\"Surface gravity\">Surface gravity</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<p><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000869000000000000♠</span>8.69 <a href=\"/wiki/Metre_per_second_squared\" title=\"Metre per second squared\">m/s<sup>2</sup></a></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_5-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-5\">[5]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-atmospheric_pressure_10-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-atmospheric_pressure-10\">[b]</a></sup><br>\n0.886 <a href=\"/wiki/G-force\" title=\"G-force\">g</a></p>\n0.210</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Moment_of_inertia_factor\" title=\"Moment of inertia factor\">Moment of inertia factor</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6999230000000000000♠</span>0.23</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-PS15_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PS15-13\">[10]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Escape_velocity\" title=\"Escape velocity\">Escape velocity</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>21.3 km/s<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_5-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-5\">[5]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-atmospheric_pressure_10-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-atmospheric_pressure-10\">[b]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Sidereal <a href=\"/wiki/Rotation_period\" title=\"Rotation period\">rotation period</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7004620637120000000♠</span>0.718<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">33</span> d</span><br><span class=\"nowrap\">17 <a href=\"/wiki/Hour\" title=\"Hour\">h</a> 14 min 24 <a href=\"/wiki/Second\" title=\"Second\">s</a></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_9-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007-9\">[8]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Equatorial rotation velocity</div>\n</th>\n<td>2.59 km/s<br>\n9,320 km/h</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Axial_tilt\" title=\"Axial tilt\">Axial tilt</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>97.77° (to orbit)<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_5-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-5\">[5]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">North pole <span class=\"nowrap\"><a href=\"/wiki/Right_ascension\" title=\"Right ascension\">right ascension</a></span></div>\n</th>\n<td>17<sup>h</sup> 9<sup>m</sup> 15<sup>s</sup><br>\n257.311°<sup id=\"cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_9-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007-9\">[8]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">North pole <a hre
08-17 14:35:55.270 debug OkHttp f=\"/wiki/Declination\" title=\"Declination\">declination</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>−15.175°<sup id=\"cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_9-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007-9\">[8]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Albedo\" title=\"Albedo\">Albedo</a></th>\n<td>0.300 (<a href=\"/wiki/Bond_albedo\" title=\"Bond albedo\">Bond</a>)<br>\n0.51 (<a href=\"/wiki/Geometric_albedo\" title=\"Geometric albedo\">geom.</a>)<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_5-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-5\">[5]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; border:none; background-color:#f9f9f9; margin:0; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em; white-space:nowrap\"><tr><th style=\"width:33%; padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">Surface <a href=\"/wiki/Temperature\" title=\"Temperature\">temp.</a></th>\n<th style=\"padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">min</th>\n<th style=\"padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">mean</th>\n<th style=\"padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">max</th>\n</tr><tr><th style=\"padding-left:1.0em\">1 <a href=\"/wiki/Bar_(unit)\" title=\"Bar (unit)\">bar</a> level<sup id=\"cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-14\">[11]</a></sup></th>\n<td></td>\n<td>76 K (−197.2 °C)</td>\n<td></td>\n</tr><tr><th style=\"padding-left:1.0em\">0.1 bar<br>\n(<a href=\"/wiki/Tropopause\" title=\"Tropopause\">tropopause</a>)<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-15\">[12]</a></sup></th>\n<td>47 K</td>\n<td>53 K</td>\n<td>57 K</td>\n</tr></table></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Apparent_magnitude\" title=\"Apparent magnitude\">Apparent magnitude</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>5.9<sup id=\"cite_ref-ephemeris_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ephemeris-16\">[13]</a></sup> to 5.32<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_5-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-5\">[5]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Angular_diameter\" title=\"Angular diameter\">Angular diameter</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>3.3″ to 4.1″<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_5-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-5\">[5]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">Atmosphere<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-15\">[12]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Lindal_Lyons_et_al._1987_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lindal_Lyons_et_al._1987-17\">[14]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Conrath_Gautier_et_al._1987_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Conrath_Gautier_et_al._1987-18\">[15]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\">[d]</a></sup></th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Scale_height\" title=\"Scale height\">Scale height</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>27.7 km<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_5-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-5\">[5]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry#Atmospheric_composition\" title=\"Atmospheric chemistry\">Composition by volume</a></th>\n<td>\n<p><i>(Below 1.3 bar)</i><br><b>Gases</b>:</p>\n<ul><li>83 ± 3% <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen\" title=\"Hydrogen\">hydrogen</a> (H<sub>2</sub>)</li>\n<li>15 ± 3% <a href=\"/wiki/Helium\" title=\"Helium\">helium</a> (He)</li>\n<li>2.3% <a href=\"/wiki/Methane\" title=\"Methane\">methane</a> (CH<sub>4</sub>)</li>\n<li>0.009% (0.007–0.015%) <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride\" title=\"Hydrogen deuteride\">hydrogen deuteride</a> (HD)</li>\n</ul><p
08-17 14:35:55.270 debug OkHttp ><b>Ices</b>:</p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Ammonia\" title=\"Ammonia\">ammonia</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Water_(molecule)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Water (molecule)\">water</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ammonium_hydrosulfide\" title=\"Ammonium hydrosulfide\">ammonium hydrosulfide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Methane_hydrate\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Methane hydrate\">methane hydrate</a></li>\n</ul></td>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\"></div>\n</td>\n</tr></table><p><b>Uranus</b> is the seventh <a href=\"/wiki/Planet\" title=\"Planet\">planet</a> from the <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a>. It has the third-largest planetary radius and fourth-largest planetary mass in the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_System\" title=\"Solar System\">Solar System</a>. Uranus is similar in composition to <a href=\"/wiki/Neptune\" title=\"Neptune\">Neptune</a>, and both have different bulk chemical composition from that of the larger <a href=\"/wiki/Gas_giant\" title=\"Gas giant\">gas giants</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Jupiter\" title=\"Jupiter\">Jupiter</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Saturn\" title=\"Saturn\">Saturn</a>. For this reason, scientists often classify Uranus and Neptune as \"<a href=\"/wiki/Ice_giant\" title=\"Ice giant\">ice giants</a>\" to distinguish them from the gas giants. Uranus's atmosphere is similar to Jupiter's and Saturn's in its primary composition of <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen\" title=\"Hydrogen\">hydrogen</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Helium\" title=\"Helium\">helium</a>, but it contains more \"<a href=\"/wiki/Volatiles\" title=\"Volatiles\">ices</a>\" such as water, <a href=\"/wiki/Ammonia\" title=\"Ammonia\">ammonia</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Methane\" title=\"Methane\">methane</a>, along with traces of other <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrocarbon\" title=\"Hydrocarbon\">hydrocarbons</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-15\">[12]</a></sup> It is the coldest planetary <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere\" title=\"Atmosphere\">atmosphere</a> in the Solar System, with a minimum temperature of 49 K (−224.2 °C), and has a complex, layered <a href=\"/wiki/Cloud\" title=\"Cloud\">cloud</a> structure with water thought to make up the lowest clouds and methane the uppermost layer of clouds.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-15\">[12]</a></sup> The interior of Uranus is mainly composed of ices and rock.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_14-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-14\">[11]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Uranus is the only planet whose name is derived from a figure from <a href=\"/wiki/Greek_mythology\" title=\"Greek mythology\">Greek mythology</a>, from the Latinized version of the Greek god of the sky <a href=\"/wiki/Ouranos\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Ouranos\">Ouranos</a>. Like the other <a href=\"/wiki/Giant_planet\" title=\"Giant planet\">giant planets</a>, Uranus has a <a href=\"/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus\" title=\"Rings of Uranus\">ring system</a>, a <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetosphere\" title=\"Magnetosphere\">magnetosphere</a>, and numerous <a href=\"/wiki/Natural_satellite\" title=\"Natural satellite\">moons</a>. The Uranian system has a unique configuration among those of the planets because its <a href=\"/wiki/Axis_of_rotation\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Axis of rotation\">axis of rotation</a> is tilted sideways, nearly into the plane of its solar orbit. Its north and south poles, therefore, lie where most other planets have their <a href=\"/wiki/Equator\" title=\"Equator\">equators</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986-20\">[16]</a></sup> In 1986, images from <a href=\"/wiki/Voyager_2\" title=\"Voyager 2\">Voyager 2</a> showed Uranus as an almost featureless planet in visible light, without the cloud bands or storm
08-17 14:35:55.270 debug OkHttp s associated with the other giant planets.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986_20-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986-20\">[16]</a></sup> Observations from Earth have shown seasonal change and increased weather activity as Uranus approached its <a href=\"/wiki/Equinox\" title=\"Equinox\">equinox</a> in 2007. Wind speeds can reach 250 metres per second (900 km/h, 560 mph).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005-21\">[17]</a></sup></p>\n<p></p>"}],"protection":{"edit":["autoconfirmed"],"move":["sysop"]},"editable":false}}
08-17 14:35:55.270 debug OkHttp <-- END HTTP (28810-byte body)
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08-17 14:35:55.575 debug OkHttp {"mobileview":{"sections":[{"toclevel":1,"line":"History","anchor":"History","id":1,"text":"<p>Like the five <a href=\"/wiki/Classical_planet\" title=\"Classical planet\">classical planets</a>, Uranus is visible to the naked eye, but it was never recognized as a planet by ancient observers because of its dimness and slow orbit.<sup id=\"cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-22\">[18]</a></sup> Sir <a href=\"/wiki/William_Herschel\" title=\"William Herschel\">William Herschel</a> announced its discovery on 13 March 1781, expanding the known boundaries of the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_System\" title=\"Solar System\">Solar System</a> for the first time in history and making Uranus the first planet discovered with a <a href=\"/wiki/Telescope\" title=\"Telescope\">telescope</a>.</p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Discovery","anchor":"Discovery","id":2,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:William_Herschel01.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/William_Herschel01.jpg/170px-William_Herschel01.jpg\" width=\"170\" height=\"208\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/William_Herschel01.jpg/255px-William_Herschel01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/William_Herschel01.jpg/340px-William_Herschel01.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1936\" data-file-height=\"2368\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:William_Herschel01.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n<a href=\"/wiki/William_Herschel\" title=\"William Herschel\">William Herschel</a>, discoverer of Uranus</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Uranus had been observed on many occasions before its recognition as a planet, but it was generally mistaken for a star. Possibly the earliest known observation was by <a href=\"/wiki/Hipparchos\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Hipparchos\">Hipparchos</a>, who in 128 BC may have recorded it as a star for his <a href=\"/wiki/Star_catalogue\" title=\"Star catalogue\">star catalogue</a> that was later incorporated into <a href=\"/wiki/Ptolemy\" title=\"Ptolemy\">Ptolemy</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/Almagest\" title=\"Almagest\">Almagest</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-23\">[19]</a></sup> The earliest definite sighting was in 1690 when <a href=\"/wiki/John_Flamsteed\" title=\"John Flamsteed\">John Flamsteed</a> observed it at least six times, cataloguing it as <span id=\"34_Tauri\"></span>34 <a href=\"/wiki/Taurus_(constellation)\" title=\"Taurus (constellation)\">Tauri</a>. The French astronomer <a href=\"/wiki/Pierre_Lemonnier\" title=\"Pierre Lemonnier\">Pierre Lemonnier</a> observed Uranus at least twelve times between 1750 and 1769,<sup id=\"cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-24\">[20]</a></sup> including on four consecutive nights.</p>\n<p>Sir <a href=\"/wiki/William_Herschel\" title=\"William Herschel\">William Herschel</a> observed Uranus on 13 March 1781 from the garden of his house at 19 New King Street in <a href=\"/wiki/Bath,_Somerset\" title=\"Bath, Somerset\">Bath, Somerset</a>, England (now the <a href=\"/wiki/Herschel_Museum_of_Astronomy\" title=\"Herschel Museum of Astronomy\">Herschel Museum of Astronomy</a>),<sup id=\"cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\">[21]</a></sup> and initially reported it (on 26 April 1781) as a <a href=\"/wiki/Comet\" title=\"Comet\">comet</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-26\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-26\">[22]</a></sup> Herschel \"engaged in a series of observations on the parallax of the fixed stars\",<sup id=\"cite_ref-Ref-1_27-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ref-1-27\">[23]</a></sup> using a telescope of his own design.</p>\n<p>He recorded in his journal \"In the quartile near <a href=\"/wiki/Zeta_Tauri\" title=\"Zeta Tauri\">\u03b6 Tauri</a>\u00a0... either [a] Nebulous star
08-17 14:35:55.575 debug OkHttp or perhaps a comet\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-28\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-28\">[24]</a></sup> On 17 March he noted, \"I looked for the Comet or Nebulous Star and found that it is a Comet, for it has changed its place\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-29\">[25]</a></sup> When he presented his discovery to the <a href=\"/wiki/Royal_Society\" title=\"Royal Society\">Royal Society</a>, he continued to assert that he had found a comet, but also implicitly compared it to a planet:<sup id=\"cite_ref-Ref-1_27-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ref-1-27\">[23]</a></sup></p>\n<blockquote class=\"templatequote\">\n<p><i>\"The power I had on when I first saw the comet was 227. From experience I know that the diameters of the fixed stars are not proportionally magnified with higher powers, as planets are; therefore I now put the powers at 460 and 932, and found that the diameter of the comet increased in proportion to the power, as it ought to be, on the supposition of its not being a fixed star, while the diameters of the stars to which I compared it were not increased in the same ratio. Moreover, the comet being magnified much beyond what its light would admit of, appeared hazy and ill-defined with these great powers, while the stars preserved that lustre and distinctness which from many thousand observations I knew they would retain. The sequel has shown that my surmises were well-founded, this proving to be the Comet we have lately observed\"</i>.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:192px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:HerschelTelescope.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/HerschelTelescope.jpg/190px-HerschelTelescope.jpg\" width=\"190\" height=\"244\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/HerschelTelescope.jpg/285px-HerschelTelescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/HerschelTelescope.jpg/380px-HerschelTelescope.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1493\" data-file-height=\"1914\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:HerschelTelescope.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nReplica of the telescope used by Herschel to discover Uranus</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Herschel notified the <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomer_Royal\" title=\"Astronomer Royal\">Astronomer Royal</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Nevil_Maskelyne\" title=\"Nevil Maskelyne\">Nevil Maskelyne</a>, of his discovery and received this flummoxed reply from him on 23 April: \"I don't know what to call it. It is as likely to be a regular planet moving in an orbit nearly circular to the sun as a Comet moving in a very eccentric ellipsis. I have not yet seen any coma or tail to it\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-30\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-30\">[26]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Although Herschel continued to describe his new object as a comet, other astronomers had already begun to suspect otherwise. Finnish-Swedish astronomer <a href=\"/wiki/Anders_Johan_Lexell\" title=\"Anders Johan Lexell\">Anders Johan Lexell</a>, working in Russia, was the first to compute the orbit of the new object<sup id=\"cite_ref-lexell_31-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-lexell-31\">[27]</a></sup> and its nearly circular orbit led him to a conclusion that it was a planet rather than a comet. Berlin astronomer <a href=\"/wiki/Johann_Elert_Bode\" title=\"Johann Elert Bode\">Johann Elert Bode</a> described Herschel's discovery as \"a moving star that can be deemed a hitherto unknown planet-like object circulating beyond the orbit of Saturn\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-32\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-32\">[28]</a></sup> Bode concluded that its near-circular orbit was more like a planet than a comet.<sup id=\"cite_ref-33\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-33\">[29]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The object was soon universally accepted as a ne
08-17 14:35:55.575 debug OkHttp w planet. By 1783, Herschel acknowledged this to Royal Society president <a href=\"/wiki/Joseph_Banks\" title=\"Joseph Banks\">Joseph Banks</a>: \"By the observation of the most eminent Astronomers in Europe it appears that the new star, which I had the honour of pointing out to them in March 1781, is a Primary Planet of our Solar System.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-Dreyer_34-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Dreyer-34\">[30]</a></sup> In recognition of his achievement, <a href=\"/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom\" title=\"George III of the United Kingdom\">King George III</a> gave Herschel an annual <a href=\"/wiki/Stipend\" title=\"Stipend\">stipend</a> of \u00a3200 on condition that he move to Windsor so that the Royal Family could look through his telescopes.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Miner12_35-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Miner12-35\">[31]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Name","anchor":"Name","id":3,"text":"<p>Uranus is named after the ancient Greek deity of the sky <a href=\"/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)\" title=\"Uranus (mythology)\">Uranus</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Ancient_Greek\" title=\"Ancient Greek\">Ancient\u00a0Greek</a>: <span lang=\"grc\" xml:lang=\"grc\"><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BF%E1%BD%90%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikt:\u03bf\u1f50\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2\">\u039f\u1f50\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2</a></span>), the father of <a href=\"/wiki/Cronus\" title=\"Cronus\">Cronus</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)\" title=\"Saturn (mythology)\">Saturn</a>) and grandfather of <a href=\"/wiki/Zeus\" title=\"Zeus\">Zeus</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)\" title=\"Jupiter (mythology)\">Jupiter</a>), which in Latin became \"\u016aranus\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-OED_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-OED-1\">[1]</a></sup> It is the only planet whose name is derived from a figure of <a href=\"/wiki/Greek_mythology\" title=\"Greek mythology\">Greek mythology</a>. The adjective of Uranus is \"Uranian\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-36\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-36\">[32]</a></sup> The pronunciation of the name <i>Uranus</i> preferred among <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomers\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Astronomers\">astronomers</a> is <span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"IPA nopopups\"><a href=\"/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English\" title=\"Help:IPA for English\">/<span style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted\"><span title=\"/\u02c8/ primary stress follows\">\u02c8</span><span title=\"/j\u028a\u0259r/ 'ure' in 'cure'\">j\u028a\u0259r</span><span title=\"/\u0259/ 'a' in 'about'\">\u0259</span><span title=\"'n' in 'no'\">n</span><span title=\"/\u0259/ 'a' in 'about'\">\u0259</span><span title=\"'s' in 'sigh'\">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-BBCOUP_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BBCOUP-2\">[2]</a></sup> with stress on the first syllable as in Latin <i>\u016aranus,</i> in contrast to <span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"IPA nopopups\"><a href=\"/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English\" title=\"Help:IPA for English\">/<span style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted\"><span title=\"/j/ 'y' in 'yes'\">j</span><span title=\"/\u028a/ short 'oo' in 'foot'\">\u028a</span><span title=\"/\u02c8/ primary stress follows\">\u02c8</span><span title=\"'r' in 'rye'\">r</span><span title=\"/e\u026a/ long 'a' in 'base'\">e\u026a</span><span title=\"'n' in 'no'\">n</span><span title=\"/\u0259/ 'a' in 'about'\">\u0259</span><span title=\"'s' in 'sigh'\">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>, with stress on the second syllable and a <a href=\"/wiki/Vowel_length#Traditional_long_and_short_vowels_in_English_orthography\" title=\"Vowel length\">long <i>a</i></a>, though both are considered acceptable.<sup id=\"cite_ref-38\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-38\">[e]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Consensus on the name was not reached until almost 70 years after the planet's discovery. During the original discussions following discovery, Maskelyne asked Her
08-17 14:35:55.575 debug OkHttp schel to \"do the astronomical world the faver [<i><a href=\"/wiki/Sic\" title=\"Sic\">sic</a></i>] to give a name to your planet, which is entirely your own, [and] which we are so much obliged to you for the discovery of\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-39\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-39\">[34]</a></sup> In response to Maskelyne's request, Herschel decided to name the object <i>Georgium Sidus</i> (George's Star), or the \"Georgian Planet\" in honour of his new patron, King George III.<sup id=\"cite_ref-40\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-40\">[35]</a></sup> He explained this decision in a letter to Joseph Banks:<sup id=\"cite_ref-Dreyer_34-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Dreyer-34\">[30]</a></sup></p>\n<blockquote class=\"templatequote\">\n<p>In the fabulous ages of ancient times the appellations of Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn were given to the Planets, as being the names of their principal heroes and divinities. In the present more philosophical era it would hardly be allowable to have recourse to the same method and call it Juno, Pallas, Apollo or Minerva, for a name to our new heavenly body. The first consideration of any particular event, or remarkable incident, seems to be its chronology: if in any future age it should be asked, when this last-found Planet was discovered? It would be a very satisfactory answer to say, 'In the reign of King George the Third'.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Herschel's proposed name was not popular outside Britain, and alternatives were soon proposed. Astronomer <a href=\"/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Lalande\" title=\"J\u00e9r\u00f4me Lalande\">J\u00e9r\u00f4me Lalande</a> proposed that it be named <i>Herschel</i> in honour of its discoverer.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Francisca_41-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Francisca-41\">[36]</a></sup> Swedish astronomer <a href=\"/wiki/Erik_Prosperin\" title=\"Erik Prosperin\">Erik Prosperin</a> proposed the name <i>Neptune</i>, which was supported by other astronomers who liked the idea to commemorate the victories of the British <a href=\"/wiki/Royal_Navy\" title=\"Royal Navy\">Royal Naval</a> fleet in the course of the <a href=\"/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War\" title=\"American Revolutionary War\">American Revolutionary War</a> by calling the new planet even <i>Neptune George III</i> or <i>Neptune Great Britain</i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-lexell_31-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-lexell-31\">[27]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In a March 1782 treatise, <a href=\"/wiki/Johann_Elert_Bode\" title=\"Johann Elert Bode\">Bode</a> proposed <i>Uranus</i>, the Latinized version of the <a href=\"/wiki/Greek_mythology\" title=\"Greek mythology\">Greek god</a> of the sky, <a href=\"/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)\" title=\"Uranus (mythology)\">Ouranos</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Bode_42-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Bode-42\">[37]</a></sup> Bode argued that the name should follow the mythology so as not to stand out as different from the other planets, and that Uranus was an appropriate name as the father of the first generation of the <a href=\"/wiki/Titan_(mythology)\" title=\"Titan (mythology)\">Titans</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Bode_42-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Bode-42\">[37]</a></sup> He also noted that elegance of the name in that just as <a href=\"/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)\" title=\"Saturn (mythology)\">Saturn</a> was the father of <a href=\"/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)\" title=\"Jupiter (mythology)\">Jupiter</a>, the new planet should be named after the father of Saturn.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Miner12_35-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Miner12-35\">[31]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Bode_42-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Bode-42\">[37]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-planetsbeyond_43-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-planetsbeyond-43\">[38]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-44\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-44\">[39]</a></sup> In 1789, Bode's <a href=\"/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academ
08-17 14:35:55.575 debug OkHttp y_of_Sciences\" title=\"Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences\">Royal Academy</a> colleague <a href=\"/wiki/Martin_Klaproth\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Martin Klaproth\">Martin Klaproth</a> named his newly discovered element <a href=\"/wiki/Uranium\" title=\"Uranium\">uranium</a> in support of Bode's choice.<sup id=\"cite_ref-45\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-45\">[40]</a></sup> Ultimately, Bode's suggestion became the most widely used, and became universal in 1850 when <a href=\"/wiki/HM_Nautical_Almanac_Office\" title=\"HM Nautical Almanac Office\">HM Nautical Almanac Office</a>, the final holdout, switched from using <i>Georgium Sidus</i> to <i>Uranus</i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-planetsbeyond_43-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-planetsbeyond-43\">[38]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Uranus has two <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_symbol\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Astronomical symbol\">astronomical symbols</a>. The first to be proposed, \u2645,<sup id=\"cite_ref-symbol_first_46-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-symbol_first-46\">[f]</a></sup> was suggested by Lalande in 1784. In a letter to Herschel, Lalande described it as \"un globe surmont\u00e9 par la premi\u00e8re lettre de votre nom\" (\"a globe surmounted by the first letter of your surname\").<sup id=\"cite_ref-Francisca_41-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Francisca-41\">[36]</a></sup> A later proposal, \u26e2,<sup id=\"cite_ref-symbol_later_47-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-symbol_later-47\">[g]</a></sup> is a hybrid of the symbols for <a href=\"/wiki/Mars\" title=\"Mars\">Mars</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a> because Uranus was the Sky in Greek mythology, which was thought to be dominated by the combined powers of the Sun and Mars.<sup id=\"cite_ref-48\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-48\">[41]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Uranus is called by a variety of translations in other languages. In <a href=\"/wiki/Chinese_language\" title=\"Chinese language\">Chinese</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_language\" title=\"Japanese language\">Japanese</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Korean_language\" title=\"Korean language\">Korean</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Vietnamese_language\" title=\"Vietnamese language\">Vietnamese</a>, its name is literally translated as the \"sky king star\" (<span lang=\"zh\" xml:lang=\"zh\">\u5929\u738b\u661f</span>).<sup id=\"cite_ref-49\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-49\">[42]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-50\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-50\">[43]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-51\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-51\">[44]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-52\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-52\">[45]</a></sup> In <a href=\"/wiki/Thai_language\" title=\"Thai language\">Thai</a>, its official name is <i>Dao Yurenat</i> (\u0e14\u0e32\u0e27\u0e22\u0e39\u0e40\u0e23\u0e19\u0e31\u0e2a), as in English. Its other name in Thai is <i>Dao Maritayu</i> (\u0e14\u0e32\u0e27\u0e21\u0e24\u0e15\u0e22\u0e39, Star of M\u1e5btyu), after the <a href=\"/wiki/Sanskrit_language\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Sanskrit language\">Sanskrit</a> word for \"death\", <a href=\"/wiki/Mrtyu\" title=\"Mrtyu\">Mrtyu</a> (\u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941). In <a href=\"/wiki/Mongolian_language\" title=\"Mongolian language\">Mongolian</a>, its name is <i>Tengeriin Van</i> (\u0422\u044d\u043d\u0433\u044d\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043d \u0432\u0430\u043d), translated as \"King of the Sky\", reflecting its namesake god's role as the ruler of the heavens. In <a href=\"/wiki/Hawaiian_language\" title=\"Hawaiian language\">Hawaiian</a>, its name is <i>Hele\u2018ekala</i>. In <a href=\"/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language\" title=\"M\u0101ori language\">M\u0101ori</a>, its name is <i>Wh\u0113rangi</i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-53\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-53\">[46]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-54\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-54\">[47]</a></sup> It is also named in M\u0101ori as <i>Rangip\u014d</i>. I
08-17 14:35:55.575 debug OkHttp n <a href=\"/wiki/Nahuatl_language\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Nahuatl language\">Nahuatl</a>, Uranus is known as \"Ilhuicate\u014dc\u012btlalli\", named after the word for \"sky\", \"ilhuicatl\". It is also named in Nahuatl as \"Xiuht\u0113ucc\u012btlalli\", after the god <a href=\"/wiki/Xiuhtecuhtli\" title=\"Xiuhtecuhtli\">Xiuhtecuhtli</a>.</p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Orbit and rotation","anchor":"Orbit_and_rotation","id":4,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranusandrings.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Uranusandrings.jpg/220px-Uranusandrings.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"220\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Uranusandrings.jpg/330px-Uranusandrings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Uranusandrings.jpg/440px-Uranusandrings.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1494\" data-file-height=\"1494\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranusandrings.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nA 1998 false-colour near-<a href=\"/wiki/Infrared\" title=\"Infrared\">infrared</a> image of Uranus showing cloud bands, <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_ring\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Planetary ring\">rings</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Natural_satellite\" title=\"Natural satellite\">moons</a> obtained by the <a href=\"/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope\" title=\"Hubble Space Telescope\">Hubble Space Telescope</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/Near_Infrared_Camera_and_Multi-Object_Spectrometer\" title=\"Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer\">NICMOS camera</a>.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Uranus orbits the Sun once every 84 years. Its average distance from the Sun is roughly 3 <a href=\"/wiki/1,000,000,000_(number)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"1,000,000,000 (number)\">billion</a>\u00a0km (about 20 <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_Units\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Astronomical Units\">AU</a>). The difference between its minimum and maximum distance from the Sun is 1.8 AU, larger than that of any other planet, though not as large as that of <a href=\"/wiki/Dwarf_planet\" title=\"Dwarf planet\">dwarf planet</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Pluto\" title=\"Pluto\">Pluto</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-AA_55-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AA-55\">[48]</a></sup> The intensity of sunlight varies inversely with the square of distance, and so on Uranus (at about 20 times the distance from the Sun compared to Earth) it is about 1/400 the intensity of light on Earth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-56\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-56\">[49]</a></sup> Its orbital elements were first calculated in 1783 by <a href=\"/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace\" title=\"Pierre-Simon Laplace\">Pierre-Simon Laplace</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-georgeforbes_57-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-georgeforbes-57\">[50]</a></sup> With time, discrepancies began to appear between the predicted and observed orbits, and in 1841, <a href=\"/wiki/John_Couch_Adams\" title=\"John Couch Adams\">John Couch Adams</a> first proposed that the differences might be due to the gravitational tug of an unseen planet. In 1845, <a href=\"/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier\" title=\"Urbain Le Verrier\">Urbain Le Verrier</a> began his own independent research into Uranus's orbit. On September 23, 1846, <a href=\"/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Galle\" title=\"Johann Gottfried Galle\">Johann Gottfried Galle</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Discovery_of_Neptune\" title=\"Discovery of Neptune\">located a new planet</a>, later named <a href=\"/wiki/Neptune\" title=\"Neptune\">Neptune</a>, at nearly the position predicted by Le Verrier.<sup id=\"cite_ref-58\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-58\">[51]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The rotational period of the interior of Uranus is 17\u00a0hours, 14\u00a0minutes. As on all the <a href=\"/wiki/Giant_planet\" title=\"Giant planet\">giant planets</a>, its
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp upper atmosphere experiences strong winds in the direction of rotation. At some latitudes, such as about 60 degrees south, visible features of the atmosphere move much faster, making a full rotation in as little as 14 hours.<sup id=\"cite_ref-59\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-59\">[52]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Axial tilt","anchor":"Axial_tilt","id":5,"text":"<p>The Uranian axis of rotation is approximately parallel with the plane of the Solar System, with an <a href=\"/wiki/Axial_tilt\" title=\"Axial tilt\">axial tilt</a> of 97.77\u00b0 (as defined by prograde rotation). This gives it seasonal changes completely unlike those of the other planets. Near the <a href=\"/wiki/Solstice\" title=\"Solstice\">solstice</a>, one pole faces the Sun continuously and the other faces away. Only a narrow strip around the equator experiences a rapid day\u2013night cycle, but with the Sun low over the horizon. At the other side of Uranus's orbit the orientation of the poles towards the Sun is reversed. Each pole gets around 42\u00a0years of continuous sunlight, followed by 42\u00a0years of darkness.<sup id=\"cite_ref-60\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-60\">[53]</a></sup> Near the time of the <a href=\"/wiki/Equinox\" title=\"Equinox\">equinoxes</a>, the Sun faces the equator of Uranus giving a period of day\u2013night cycles similar to those seen on most of the other planets. In contrast to the other planets, whose motions around the Sun resemble that of spinning tops, Uranus's motion can be visualized as that of a ball rolling on the <a href=\"/wiki/Ecliptic\" title=\"Ecliptic\">ecliptic</a> plane near solstices and of a spinning rifle bullet near equinoxes.</p>\n<p>Uranus reached its most recent equinox on December 7, 2007.<sup id=\"cite_ref-61\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-61\">[54]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-weather_62-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-weather-62\">[55]</a></sup></p>\n<table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20px;\"><tr><th>Northern hemisphere</th>\n<th>Year</th>\n<th>Southern hemisphere</th>\n</tr><tr><td>Winter solstice</td>\n<td>1902, 1986</td>\n<td>Summer solstice</td>\n</tr><tr><td>Vernal equinox</td>\n<td>1923, 2007</td>\n<td>Autumnal equinox</td>\n</tr><tr><td>Summer solstice</td>\n<td>1944, 2028</td>\n<td>Winter solstice</td>\n</tr><tr><td>Autumnal equinox</td>\n<td>1965, 2049</td>\n<td>Vernal equinox</td>\n</tr></table><p>One result of this axis orientation is that, averaged over the Uranian year, the polar regions of Uranus receive a greater energy input from the Sun than its equatorial regions. Nevertheless, Uranus is hotter at its equator than at its poles. The underlying mechanism that causes this is unknown. The reason for Uranus's unusual axial tilt is also not known with certainty, but the usual speculation is that during the formation of the Solar System, an Earth-sized <a href=\"/wiki/Protoplanet\" title=\"Protoplanet\">protoplanet</a> collided with Uranus, causing the skewed orientation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-63\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-63\">[56]</a></sup> Uranus's south pole was pointed almost directly at the Sun at the time of Voyager\u00a02's flyby in 1986. The labelling of this pole as \"south\" uses the definition currently endorsed by the <a href=\"/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union\" title=\"International Astronomical Union\">International Astronomical Union</a>, namely that the north pole of a planet or satellite is the pole that points above the invariable plane of the Solar System, regardless of the direction the planet is spinning.<sup id=\"cite_ref-64\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-64\">[57]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-65\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-65\">[58]</a></sup> A different convention is sometimes used, in which a body's north and south poles are defined according to the <a href=\"/wiki/Right-hand_rule\" title=\"Right-hand rule\">right-hand rule</a> in rel
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp ation to the direction of rotation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-66\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-66\">[59]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Visibility","anchor":"Visibility","id":6,"text":"<p>From 1995 to 2006, Uranus's <a href=\"/wiki/Apparent_magnitude\" title=\"Apparent magnitude\">apparent magnitude</a> fluctuated between +5.6 and +5.9, placing it just within the limit of <a href=\"/wiki/Naked_eye\" title=\"Naked eye\">naked eye</a> visibility at +6.5.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ephemeris_16-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ephemeris-16\">[13]</a></sup> Its <a href=\"/wiki/Angular_diameter\" title=\"Angular diameter\">angular diameter</a> is between 3.4 and 3.7\u00a0arcseconds, compared with 16 to 20\u00a0arcseconds for Saturn and 32 to 45\u00a0arcseconds for Jupiter.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ephemeris_16-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ephemeris-16\">[13]</a></sup> At opposition, Uranus is visible to the naked eye in dark skies, and becomes an easy target even in urban conditions with binoculars.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_5-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-5\">[5]</a></sup> In larger amateur telescopes with an objective diameter of between 15 and 23\u00a0cm, Uranus appears as a pale cyan disk with distinct <a href=\"/wiki/Limb_darkening\" title=\"Limb darkening\">limb darkening</a>. With a large telescope of 25\u00a0cm or wider, cloud patterns, as well as some of the larger satellites, such as <a href=\"/wiki/Titania_(moon)\" title=\"Titania (moon)\">Titania</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Oberon_(moon)\" title=\"Oberon (moon)\">Oberon</a>, may be visible.<sup id=\"cite_ref-67\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-67\">[60]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Physical characteristics","anchor":"Physical_characteristics","id":7,"text":""},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Internal structure","anchor":"Internal_structure","id":8,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranus,_Earth_size_comparison_2.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Uranus%2C_Earth_size_comparison_2.jpg/220px-Uranus%2C_Earth_size_comparison_2.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Uranus%2C_Earth_size_comparison_2.jpg/330px-Uranus%2C_Earth_size_comparison_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Uranus%2C_Earth_size_comparison_2.jpg/440px-Uranus%2C_Earth_size_comparison_2.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3000\" data-file-height=\"2251\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranus,_Earth_size_comparison_2.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nSize comparison of Earth and Uranus</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranus-intern-en.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Uranus-intern-en.png/220px-Uranus-intern-en.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"164\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Uranus-intern-en.png/330px-Uranus-intern-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Uranus-intern-en.png/440px-Uranus-intern-en.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1000\" data-file-height=\"744\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranus-intern-en.png\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nDiagram of the interior of Uranus</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Uranus's mass is roughly 14.5 times that of Earth, making it the least massive of the giant planets. Its diameter is slightly larger than Neptune's at roughly four times that of Earth. A resulting density of 1.27\u00a0g/cm<sup>3</sup> makes Uranus the second least dense planet, after Saturn.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_9-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#c
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp ite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007-9\">[8]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Jacobson_Campbell_et_al._1992_12-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Jacobson_Campbell_et_al._1992-12\">[9]</a></sup> This value indicates that it is made primarily of various ices, such as water, ammonia, and methane.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_14-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-14\">[11]</a></sup> The total mass of ice in Uranus's interior is not precisely known, because different figures emerge depending on the model chosen; it must be between 9.3\u00a0and 13.5\u00a0Earth masses.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_14-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-14\">[11]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Podolak_Podolak_et_al._2000_68-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Podolak_Podolak_et_al._2000-68\">[61]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen\" title=\"Hydrogen\">Hydrogen</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Helium\" title=\"Helium\">helium</a> constitute only a small part of the total, with between 0.5 and 1.5\u00a0Earth masses.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_14-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-14\">[11]</a></sup> The remainder of the non-ice mass (0.5 to 3.7\u00a0Earth masses) is accounted for by <a href=\"/wiki/Rock_(geology)\" title=\"Rock (geology)\">rocky material</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_14-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-14\">[11]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The standard model of Uranus's structure is that it consists of three layers: a rocky (<a href=\"/wiki/Silicate\" title=\"Silicate\">silicate</a>/<a href=\"/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93nickel_alloy\" title=\"Iron\u2013nickel alloy\">iron\u2013nickel</a>) <a href=\"/wiki/Core_(geology)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Core (geology)\">core</a> in the centre, an icy <a href=\"/wiki/Mantle_(geology)\" title=\"Mantle (geology)\">mantle</a> in the middle and an outer gaseous hydrogen/helium envelope.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_14-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-14\">[11]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Faure2007_69-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Faure2007-69\">[62]</a></sup> The core is relatively small, with a mass of only 0.55\u00a0Earth masses and a radius less than 20% of Uranus's; the mantle comprises its bulk, with around 13.4\u00a0Earth masses, and the upper atmosphere is relatively insubstantial, weighing about 0.5\u00a0Earth masses and extending for the last 20% of Uranus's radius.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_14-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-14\">[11]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Faure2007_69-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Faure2007-69\">[62]</a></sup> Uranus's core <a href=\"/wiki/Density\" title=\"Density\">density</a> is around 9\u00a0g/cm<sup>3</sup>, with a <a href=\"/wiki/Pressure\" title=\"Pressure\">pressure</a> in the center of 8\u00a0million\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Bar_(unit)\" title=\"Bar (unit)\">bars</a> (800 <a href=\"/wiki/Gigapascal\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Gigapascal\">GPa</a>) and a temperature of about 5000\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Kelvin\" title=\"Kelvin\">K</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Podolak_Podolak_et_al._2000_68-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Podolak_Podolak_et_al._2000-68\">[61]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Faure2007_69-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Faure2007-69\">[62]</a></sup> The ice mantle is not in fact composed of ice in the conventional sense, but of a hot and dense fluid consisting of water, ammonia and other <a href=\"/wiki/Volatiles\" title=\"Volatiles\">volatiles</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_14-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-14\">[11]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Faure2007_69-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_no
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp te-Faure2007-69\">[62]</a></sup> This fluid, which has a high electrical conductivity, is sometimes called a water\u2013ammonia ocean.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Atreya2006_70-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Atreya2006-70\">[63]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The extreme pressure and temperature deep within Uranus may break up the methane molecules, with the carbon atoms condensing into crystals of diamond that rain down through the mantle like hailstones.<sup id=\"cite_ref-71\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-71\">[64]</a></sup> Very-high-pressure experiments at the <a href=\"/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory\" title=\"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory\">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a> suggest that the base of the mantle may comprise an ocean of liquid diamond, with floating solid 'diamond-bergs'.<sup id=\"cite_ref-72\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-72\">[65]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-73\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-73\">[66]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The bulk compositions of Uranus and Neptune are different from those of Jupiter and <a href=\"/wiki/Saturn\" title=\"Saturn\">Saturn</a>, with ice dominating over gases, hence justifying their separate classification as <a href=\"/wiki/Ice_giant\" title=\"Ice giant\">ice giants</a>. There may be a layer of ionic water where the water molecules break down into a soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions, and deeper down <a href=\"/wiki/Superionic_water\" title=\"Superionic water\">superionic water</a> in which the oxygen crystallises but the hydrogen ions move freely within the oxygen lattice.<sup id=\"cite_ref-74\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-74\">[67]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Although the model considered above is reasonably standard, it is not unique; other models also satisfy observations. For instance, if substantial amounts of hydrogen and rocky material are mixed in the ice mantle, the total mass of ices in the interior will be lower, and, correspondingly, the total mass of rocks and hydrogen will be higher. Presently available data does not allow science to determine which model is correct.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Podolak_Podolak_et_al._2000_68-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Podolak_Podolak_et_al._2000-68\">[61]</a></sup> The fluid interior structure of Uranus means that it has no solid surface. The gaseous atmosphere gradually transitions into the internal liquid layers.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_14-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-14\">[11]</a></sup> For the sake of convenience, a revolving <a href=\"/wiki/Oblate_spheroid\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Oblate spheroid\">oblate spheroid</a> set at the point at which atmospheric pressure equals 1\u00a0bar (100 kPa) is conditionally designated as a \"surface\". It has equatorial and <a href=\"/wiki/Geographical_pole\" title=\"Geographical pole\">polar</a> radii of <span class=\"nowrap\">25 559 \u00b1 4</span> and <span class=\"nowrap\">24 973 \u00b1 20\u00a0km</span>, respectively.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_9-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007-9\">[8]</a></sup> This surface is used throughout this article as a zero point for altitudes.</p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Internal heat","anchor":"Internal_heat","id":9,"text":"<p>Uranus's <a href=\"/wiki/Internal_heat\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Internal heat\">internal heat</a> appears markedly lower than that of the other giant planets; in astronomical terms, it has a low <a href=\"/wiki/Thermal_flux\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Thermal flux\">thermal flux</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005-21\">[17]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Hanel_Conrath_et_al._1986_75-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hanel_Conrath_et_al._1986-75\">[68]</a></sup> Why Uranus's internal temperature is so low is still n
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp ot understood. Neptune, which is Uranus's near twin in size and composition, radiates 2.61 times as much energy into space as it receives from the Sun,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005-21\">[17]</a></sup> but Uranus radiates hardly any excess heat at all. The total power radiated by Uranus in the <a href=\"/wiki/Far_infrared\" title=\"Far infrared\">far infrared</a> (i.e. heat) part of the spectrum is <span class=\"nowrap\">1.06 \u00b1 0.08</span> times the solar energy absorbed in its <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere\" title=\"Atmosphere\">atmosphere</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-15\">[12]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990_76-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990-76\">[69]</a></sup> Uranus's heat flux is only <span class=\"nowrap\">0.042 \u00b1 0.047 W/m<sup>2</sup></span>, which is lower than the internal heat flux of Earth of about 0.075\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Flux\" title=\"Flux\">W/m<sup>2</sup></a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990_76-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990-76\">[69]</a></sup> The lowest temperature recorded in Uranus's <a href=\"/wiki/Tropopause\" title=\"Tropopause\">tropopause</a> is 49\u00a0K (\u2212224\u00a0\u00b0C), making Uranus the coldest planet in the Solar System.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-15\">[12]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990_76-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990-76\">[69]</a></sup></p>\n<p>One of the hypotheses for this discrepancy suggests that when Uranus was hit by a supermassive impactor, which caused it to expel most of its primordial heat, it was left with a depleted core temperature.<sup id=\"cite_ref-77\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-77\">[70]</a></sup> Another hypothesis is that some form of barrier exists in Uranus's upper layers that prevents the core's heat from reaching the surface.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_14-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-14\">[11]</a></sup> For example, <a href=\"/wiki/Convection\" title=\"Convection\">convection</a> may take place in a set of compositionally different layers, which may inhibit the upward <a href=\"/wiki/Heat_conduction\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Heat conduction\">heat transport</a>;<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-15\">[12]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990_76-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990-76\">[69]</a></sup> perhaps <a href=\"/wiki/Double_diffusive_convection\" title=\"Double diffusive convection\">double diffusive convection</a> is a limiting factor.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_14-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-14\">[11]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Atmosphere","anchor":"Atmosphere","id":10,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Uranus\" title=\"Atmosphere of Uranus\">Atmosphere of Uranus</a></div>\n<p>Although there is no well-defined solid surface within Uranus's interior, the outermost part of Uranus's gaseous envelope that is accessible to remote sensing is called its <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere\" title=\"Atmosphere\">atmosphere</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-15\">[12]</a></sup> Remote-sensing capability extends down to roughly 300\u00a0km below the 1 bar (100 kPa) level, with a corresponding pressure around 100\u00a0bar (10\u00a0MPa) and temperature of 320\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Kelvin\" title=\"Kelvin\">K</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-de_Pater_Romani_et_al._1991_78-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-de_Pate
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp r_Romani_et_al._1991-78\">[71]</a></sup> The tenuous <a href=\"/wiki/Thermosphere\" title=\"Thermosphere\">thermosphere</a> extends over two planetary radii from the nominal surface, which is defined to lie at a pressure of 1 bar.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Herbert_Sandel_et_al._1987_79-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Herbert_Sandel_et_al._1987-79\">[72]</a></sup> The Uranian atmosphere can be divided into three layers: the <a href=\"/wiki/Troposphere\" title=\"Troposphere\">troposphere</a>, between altitudes of \u2212300 and 50\u00a0km and pressures from 100 to 0.1\u00a0bar (10\u00a0MPa to 10\u00a0kPa); the <a href=\"/wiki/Stratosphere\" title=\"Stratosphere\">stratosphere</a>, spanning altitudes between 50 and 4000\u00a0km and pressures of between <span class=\"nowrap\">0.1 and 10<sup>\u221210</sup>\u00a0bar</span> (10\u00a0kPa to 10\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Micropascal\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Micropascal\">\u00b5Pa</a>); and the thermosphere extending from 4,000\u00a0km to as high as 50,000\u00a0km from the surface.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-15\">[12]</a></sup> There is no <a href=\"/wiki/Mesosphere\" title=\"Mesosphere\">mesosphere</a>.</p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Composition","anchor":"Composition","id":11,"text":"<p>The composition of Uranus's atmosphere is different from its bulk, consisting mainly of <a href=\"/wiki/Molecular_hydrogen\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Molecular hydrogen\">molecular hydrogen</a> and helium.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-15\">[12]</a></sup> The helium <a href=\"/wiki/Gas_composition\" title=\"Gas composition\">molar fraction</a>, i.e. the number of helium <a href=\"/wiki/Atom\" title=\"Atom\">atoms</a> per molecule of gas, is <span class=\"nowrap\">0.15 \u00b1 0.03</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-Conrath_Gautier_et_al._1987_18-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Conrath_Gautier_et_al._1987-18\">[15]</a></sup> in the upper troposphere, which corresponds to a mass fraction <span class=\"nowrap\">0.26 \u00b1 0.05</span>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-15\">[12]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990_76-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990-76\">[69]</a></sup> This value is close to the protosolar helium mass fraction of <span class=\"nowrap\">0.275 \u00b1 0.01</span>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lodders_2003_80-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lodders_2003-80\">[73]</a></sup> indicating that helium has not settled in its centre as it has in the gas giants.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-15\">[12]</a></sup> The third-most-abundant component of Uranus's atmosphere is methane <span class=\"nowrap\">(CH<sub>4</sub>)</span>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-15\">[12]</a></sup> Methane has prominent <a href=\"/wiki/Absorption_band\" title=\"Absorption band\">absorption bands</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Visible_spectrum\" title=\"Visible spectrum\">visible</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Near-infrared\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Near-infrared\">near-infrared</a> (IR), making Uranus <a href=\"/wiki/Aquamarine_(color)\" title=\"Aquamarine (color)\">aquamarine</a> or <a href=\"/wiki/Cyan\" title=\"Cyan\">cyan</a> in colour.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-15\">[12]</a></sup> Methane molecules account for 2.3% of the atmosphere by molar fraction below the methane cloud deck at the pressure level of 1.3\u00a0bar (130\u00a0kPa); this represents about 20 to 30\u00a0times the carbon abundance found in the Sun.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-15\">[12]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Lindal_Lyons_et_al._1987_17-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp cite_note-Lindal_Lyons_et_al._1987-17\">[14]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Tyler_1986_81-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Tyler_1986-81\">[74]</a></sup> The mixing ratio<sup id=\"cite_ref-82\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-82\">[h]</a></sup> is much lower in the upper atmosphere due to its extremely low temperature, which lowers the saturation level and causes excess methane to freeze out.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Bishop_Atreya_et_al._1990_83-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Bishop_Atreya_et_al._1990-83\">[75]</a></sup> The abundances of less volatile compounds such as ammonia, water, and <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide\" title=\"Hydrogen sulfide\">hydrogen sulfide</a> in the deep atmosphere are poorly known. They are probably also higher than solar values.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-15\">[12]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-de_Pater_Romani_et_al._1989_84-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-de_Pater_Romani_et_al._1989-84\">[76]</a></sup> Along with methane, trace amounts of various <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrocarbon\" title=\"Hydrocarbon\">hydrocarbons</a> are found in the stratosphere of Uranus, which are thought to be produced from methane by <a href=\"/wiki/Photolysis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Photolysis\">photolysis</a> induced by the solar <a href=\"/wiki/Ultraviolet\" title=\"Ultraviolet\">ultraviolet</a> (UV) radiation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Summers_.26_Strobel_1989_85-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Summers_.26_Strobel_1989-85\">[77]</a></sup> They include <a href=\"/wiki/Ethane\" title=\"Ethane\">ethane</a> <span class=\"nowrap\">(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>)</span>, <a href=\"/wiki/Acetylene\" title=\"Acetylene\">acetylene</a> <span class=\"nowrap\">(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>)</span>, <a href=\"/wiki/Methylacetylene\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Methylacetylene\">methylacetylene</a> <span class=\"nowrap\">(CH<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>H)</span>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Diacetylene\" title=\"Diacetylene\">diacetylene</a> <span class=\"nowrap\">(C<sub>2</sub>HC<sub>2</sub>H)</span>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Bishop_Atreya_et_al._1990_83-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Bishop_Atreya_et_al._1990-83\">[75]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Burgdorf_Orton_et_al._2006_86-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Burgdorf_Orton_et_al._2006-86\">[78]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Encrenaz_2003_87-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Encrenaz_2003-87\">[79]</a></sup> Spectroscopy has also uncovered traces of water vapor, <a href=\"/wiki/Carbon_monoxide\" title=\"Carbon monoxide\">carbon monoxide</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Carbon_dioxide\" title=\"Carbon dioxide\">carbon dioxide</a> in the upper atmosphere, which can only originate from an external source such as infalling dust and <a href=\"/wiki/Comet\" title=\"Comet\">comets</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Burgdorf_Orton_et_al._2006_86-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Burgdorf_Orton_et_al._2006-86\">[78]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Encrenaz_2003_87-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Encrenaz_2003-87\">[79]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Encrenaz_Lellouch_et_al._2004_88-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Encrenaz_Lellouch_et_al._2004-88\">[80]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Troposphere","anchor":"Troposphere","id":12,"text":"<p>The troposphere is the lowest and densest part of the atmosphere and is characterized by a decrease in temperature with altitude.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-15\">[12]</a></sup> The temperature falls from about 320\u00a0K at the base of the nominal troposphere at \u2212300\u00a0km to 53\u00a0K at 50\u00a0km.<sup id=\"cite_ref-de_Pater_Romani_et_al._1991_78-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-de_Pater_Romani_et_al._1991-78\">[71]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Tyler_1986_81-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Tyler_1986-81\">[74]</a></sup> The tem
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp peratures in the coldest upper region of the troposphere (the <a href=\"/wiki/Tropopause\" title=\"Tropopause\">tropopause</a>) actually vary in the range between 49 and 57\u00a0K depending on planetary latitude.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-15\">[12]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Hanel_Conrath_et_al._1986_75-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hanel_Conrath_et_al._1986-75\">[68]</a></sup> The tropopause region is responsible for the vast majority of Uranus's thermal <a href=\"/wiki/Far_infrared\" title=\"Far infrared\">far infrared</a> emissions, thus determining its <a href=\"/wiki/Effective_temperature\" title=\"Effective temperature\">effective temperature</a> of <span class=\"nowrap\">59.1 \u00b1 0.3 K</span>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Hanel_Conrath_et_al._1986_75-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hanel_Conrath_et_al._1986-75\">[68]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990_76-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990-76\">[69]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The troposphere is thought to have a highly complex cloud structure; water clouds are hypothesised to lie in the pressure range of <span class=\"nowrap\">50 to 100 bar</span> (5 to 10 MPa), <a href=\"/wiki/Ammonium_hydrosulfide\" title=\"Ammonium hydrosulfide\">ammonium hydrosulfide</a> clouds in the range of <span class=\"nowrap\">20 to 40 bar</span> (2 to 4 MPa), ammonia or <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide\" title=\"Hydrogen sulfide\">hydrogen sulfide</a> clouds at between 3 and 10\u00a0bar (0.3 to 1\u00a0MPa) and finally directly detected thin methane clouds at <span class=\"nowrap\">1 to 2 bar</span> (0.1 to 0.2\u00a0MPa).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-15\">[12]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Lindal_Lyons_et_al._1987_17-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lindal_Lyons_et_al._1987-17\">[14]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-de_Pater_Romani_et_al._1991_78-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-de_Pater_Romani_et_al._1991-78\">[71]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Atreya_Wong_2005_89-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Atreya_Wong_2005-89\">[81]</a></sup> The troposphere is a dynamic part of the atmosphere, exhibiting strong winds, bright clouds and seasonal changes.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005-21\">[17]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Upper atmosphere","anchor":"Upper_atmosphere","id":13,"text":"<p>The middle layer of the Uranian atmosphere is the <a href=\"/wiki/Stratosphere\" title=\"Stratosphere\">stratosphere</a>, where temperature generally increases with altitude from 53\u00a0K in the <a href=\"/wiki/Tropopause\" title=\"Tropopause\">tropopause</a> to between 800 and 850\u00a0K at the base of the thermosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Herbert_Sandel_et_al._1987_79-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Herbert_Sandel_et_al._1987-79\">[72]</a></sup> The heating of the stratosphere is caused by absorption of solar UV and IR radiation by methane and other <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrocarbon\" title=\"Hydrocarbon\">hydrocarbons</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Young_et_al._2001_90-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Young_et_al._2001-90\">[82]</a></sup> which form in this part of the atmosphere as a result of methane <a href=\"/wiki/Photolysis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Photolysis\">photolysis</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Summers_.26_Strobel_1989_85-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Summers_.26_Strobel_1989-85\">[77]</a></sup> Heat is also conducted from the hot thermosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Young_et_al._2001_90-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Young_et_al._2001-90\">[82]</a></sup> The hydrocarbons occupy a relatively narrow layer at altitudes of between 100 and 300\u00a0km corresponding to a pressure range of 10 to 0.1\u00a0mbar (1000 to 10 kPa) and temperatures of between 75 and 170\u00a0K.<s
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp up id=\"cite_ref-Bishop_Atreya_et_al._1990_83-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Bishop_Atreya_et_al._1990-83\">[75]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Burgdorf_Orton_et_al._2006_86-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Burgdorf_Orton_et_al._2006-86\">[78]</a></sup> The most abundant hydrocarbons are methane, <a href=\"/wiki/Acetylene\" title=\"Acetylene\">acetylene</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Ethane\" title=\"Ethane\">ethane</a> with <a href=\"/wiki/Mixing_ratio\" title=\"Mixing ratio\">mixing ratios</a> of around 10<sup>\u22127</sup> relative to hydrogen. The mixing ratio of <a href=\"/wiki/Carbon_monoxide\" title=\"Carbon monoxide\">carbon monoxide</a> is similar at these altitudes.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Bishop_Atreya_et_al._1990_83-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Bishop_Atreya_et_al._1990-83\">[75]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Burgdorf_Orton_et_al._2006_86-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Burgdorf_Orton_et_al._2006-86\">[78]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Encrenaz_Lellouch_et_al._2004_88-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Encrenaz_Lellouch_et_al._2004-88\">[80]</a></sup> Heavier hydrocarbons and <a href=\"/wiki/Carbon_dioxide\" title=\"Carbon dioxide\">carbon dioxide</a> have mixing ratios three orders of magnitude lower.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Burgdorf_Orton_et_al._2006_86-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Burgdorf_Orton_et_al._2006-86\">[78]</a></sup> The abundance ratio of water is around 7<span style=\"margin:0 .15em 0 .25em\">\u00d7</span>10<sup>\u2212<span style=\"white-space:nowrap\">9</span></sup>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Encrenaz_2003_87-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Encrenaz_2003-87\">[79]</a></sup> Ethane and acetylene tend to condense in the colder lower part of stratosphere and tropopause (below 10\u00a0mBar level) forming haze layers,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Summers_.26_Strobel_1989_85-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Summers_.26_Strobel_1989-85\">[77]</a></sup> which may be partly responsible for the bland appearance of Uranus. The concentration of hydrocarbons in the Uranian stratosphere above the haze is significantly lower than in the stratospheres of the other giant planets.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Bishop_Atreya_et_al._1990_83-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Bishop_Atreya_et_al._1990-83\">[75]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999_91-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999-91\">[83]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The outermost layer of the Uranian atmosphere is the thermosphere and corona, which has a uniform temperature around 800 to 850\u00a0K.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-15\">[12]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999_91-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999-91\">[83]</a></sup> The heat sources necessary to sustain such a high level are not understood, as neither the solar UV nor the <a href=\"/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Aurora (astronomy)\">auroral</a> activity can provide the necessary energy to maintain these temperatures. The weak cooling efficiency due to the lack of hydrocarbons in the stratosphere above 0.1\u00a0mBar pressure level may contribute too.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Herbert_Sandel_et_al._1987_79-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Herbert_Sandel_et_al._1987-79\">[72]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999_91-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999-91\">[83]</a></sup> In addition to molecular hydrogen, the thermosphere-corona contains many free hydrogen atoms. Their small mass and high temperatures explain why the corona extends as far as 50\u00a0000\u00a0km, or two Uranian radii, from its surface.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Herbert_Sandel_et_al._1987_79-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Herbert_Sandel_et_al._1987-79\">[72]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999_91-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp _note-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999-91\">[83]</a></sup> This extended corona is a unique feature of Uranus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999_91-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999-91\">[83]</a></sup> Its effects include a <a href=\"/wiki/Drag_(physics)\" title=\"Drag (physics)\">drag</a> on small particles orbiting Uranus, causing a general depletion of dust in the Uranian rings.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Herbert_Sandel_et_al._1987_79-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Herbert_Sandel_et_al._1987-79\">[72]</a></sup> The Uranian thermosphere, together with the upper part of the stratosphere, corresponds to the <a href=\"/wiki/Ionosphere\" title=\"Ionosphere\">ionosphere</a> of Uranus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Tyler_1986_81-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Tyler_1986-81\">[74]</a></sup> Observations show that the ionosphere occupies altitudes from 2\u00a0000\u00a0to 10\u00a0000\u00a0km.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Tyler_1986_81-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Tyler_1986-81\">[74]</a></sup> The Uranian ionosphere is denser than that of either Saturn or Neptune, which may arise from the low concentration of hydrocarbons in the stratosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999_91-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999-91\">[83]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Trafton_Miller_et_al._1999_92-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Trafton_Miller_et_al._1999-92\">[84]</a></sup> The ionosphere is mainly sustained by solar UV radiation and its density depends on the <a href=\"/wiki/Space_weather\" title=\"Space weather\">solar activity</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Encrenaz_Drossart_et_al._2003_93-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Encrenaz_Drossart_et_al._2003-93\">[85]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Auroral\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Auroral\">Auroral</a> activity is insignificant as compared to Jupiter and Saturn.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999_91-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999-91\">[83]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Lam_Miller_et_al._1997_94-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lam_Miller_et_al._1997-94\">[86]</a></sup></p>\n<ul class=\"gallery mw-gallery-traditional\" style=\"max-width: 886px;_width: 886px;\"><li class=\"gallerycaption\">Uranus's atmosphere</li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 435px\">\n<div style=\"width: 435px\">\n<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 430px;\">\n<div style=\"margin:73.5px auto;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Tropospheric_profile_Uranus_new.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tropospheric_profile_Uranus_new.svg/400px-Tropospheric_profile_Uranus_new.svg.png\" width=\"400\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tropospheric_profile_Uranus_new.svg/600px-Tropospheric_profile_Uranus_new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tropospheric_profile_Uranus_new.svg/800px-Tropospheric_profile_Uranus_new.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1052\" data-file-height=\"744\"></a></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>Temperature profile of the Uranian troposphere and lower stratosphere. Cloud and haze layers are also indicated.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 435px\">\n<div style=\"width: 435px\">\n<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 430px;\">\n<div style=\"margin:15px auto;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranian_wind_speeds.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Uranian_wind_speeds.png/295px-Uranian_wind_speeds.png\" width=\"295\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Uranian_wind_speeds.png/443px-Uranian_wind_speeds.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Uranian_wind_speeds.png/591px-Uranian_wind_speeds.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1194\" data-file-height=\"1616\"></a></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp n<p>Zonal wind speeds on Uranus. Shaded areas show the southern collar and its future northern counterpart. The red curve is a symmetrical fit to the data.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Magnetosphere","anchor":"Magnetosphere","id":14,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:302px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranian_Magnetic_field.gif\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Uranian_Magnetic_field.gif/300px-Uranian_Magnetic_field.gif\" width=\"300\" height=\"219\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Uranian_Magnetic_field.gif/450px-Uranian_Magnetic_field.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Uranian_Magnetic_field.gif/600px-Uranian_Magnetic_field.gif 2x\" data-file-width=\"900\" data-file-height=\"658\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranian_Magnetic_field.gif\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nThe magnetic field of Uranus as observed by Voyager\u00a02 in 1986. S and N are magnetic south and north poles.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Before the arrival of Voyager\u00a02, no measurements of the Uranian <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetosphere\" title=\"Magnetosphere\">magnetosphere</a> had been taken, so its nature remained a mystery. Before 1986, scientists had expected the <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetic_field\" title=\"Magnetic field\">magnetic field</a> of Uranus to be in line with the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_wind\" title=\"Solar wind\">solar wind</a>, because it would then align with Uranus's poles that lie in the <a href=\"/wiki/Ecliptic\" title=\"Ecliptic\">ecliptic</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986_95-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986-95\">[87]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Voyager's observations revealed that Uranus's magnetic field is peculiar, both because it does not originate from its geometric centre, and because it is tilted at 59\u00b0 from the axis of rotation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986_95-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986-95\">[87]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Russell993_96-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Russell993-96\">[88]</a></sup> In fact the magnetic dipole is shifted from the Uranus's center towards the south rotational pole by as much as one third of the planetary radius.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986_95-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986-95\">[87]</a></sup> This unusual geometry results in a highly asymmetric magnetosphere, where the magnetic field strength on the surface in the southern hemisphere can be as low as 0.1\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Gauss_(unit)\" title=\"Gauss (unit)\">gauss</a> (10\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Microtesla\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Microtesla\">\u00b5T</a>), whereas in the northern hemisphere it can be as high as 1.1\u00a0gauss (110\u00a0\u00b5T).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986_95-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986-95\">[87]</a></sup> The average field at the surface is 0.23\u00a0gauss (23\u00a0\u00b5T).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986_95-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986-95\">[87]</a></sup> In comparison, the magnetic field of Earth is roughly as strong at either pole, and its \"magnetic equator\" is roughly parallel with its geographical equator.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Russell993_96-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Russell993-96\">[88]</a></sup> The dipole moment of Uranus is 50\u00a0times that of Earth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986_95-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986-95\">[87]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Russell993_96-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Russell993-96\">[88]</a></sup> Neptune has a similarly displaced and
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp tilted magnetic field, suggesting that this may be a common feature of ice giants.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Russell993_96-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Russell993-96\">[88]</a></sup> One hypothesis is that, unlike the magnetic fields of the terrestrial and gas giants, which are generated within their cores, the ice giants' magnetic fields are generated by motion at relatively shallow depths, for instance, in the water\u2013ammonia ocean.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Atreya2006_70-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Atreya2006-70\">[63]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-97\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-97\">[89]</a></sup> Another possible explanation for the magnetosphere's alignment is that there are oceans of liquid diamond in Uranus's interior that would deter the magnetic field.<sup id=\"cite_ref-98\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-98\">[90]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Despite its curious alignment, in other respects the Uranian magnetosphere is like those of other planets: it has a <a href=\"/wiki/Bow_shock\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bow shock\">bow shock</a> at about 23 Uranian radii ahead of it, a <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetopause\" title=\"Magnetopause\">magnetopause</a> at 18 Uranian radii, a fully developed <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetotail\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Magnetotail\">magnetotail</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Radiation_belt\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Radiation belt\">radiation belts</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986_95-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986-95\">[87]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Russell993_96-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Russell993-96\">[88]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Krimigis_Armstrong_et_al._1986_99-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Krimigis_Armstrong_et_al._1986-99\">[91]</a></sup> Overall, the structure of Uranus's magnetosphere is different from Jupiter's and more similar to Saturn's.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986_95-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986-95\">[87]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Russell993_96-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Russell993-96\">[88]</a></sup> Uranus's <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetotail\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Magnetotail\">magnetotail</a> trails behind it into space for millions of kilometres and is twisted by its sideways rotation into a long corkscrew.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986_95-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986-95\">[87]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-100\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-100\">[92]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Uranus's magnetosphere contains <a href=\"/wiki/Charged_particle\" title=\"Charged particle\">charged particles</a>: mainly <a href=\"/wiki/Proton\" title=\"Proton\">protons</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Electron\" title=\"Electron\">electrons</a>, with a small amount of <a href=\"/wiki/Dihydrogen_cation\" title=\"Dihydrogen cation\">H<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup></a> <a href=\"/wiki/Ion\" title=\"Ion\">ions</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Russell993_96-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Russell993-96\">[88]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Krimigis_Armstrong_et_al._1986_99-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Krimigis_Armstrong_et_al._1986-99\">[91]</a></sup> No heavier ions have been detected. Many of these particles probably derive from the hot atmospheric corona.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Krimigis_Armstrong_et_al._1986_99-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Krimigis_Armstrong_et_al._1986-99\">[91]</a></sup> The ion and electron energies can be as high as 4 and 1.2\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Megaelectronvolt\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Megaelectronvolt\">megaelectronvolts</a>, respectively.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Krimigis_Armstrong_et_al._1986_99-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Krimigis_Armstrong_et_al._1986-99\">[91]</a></sup> The density of low-energy (below 1\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Kiloelectronvolt\" class=\"mw-redirect\
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp " title=\"Kiloelectronvolt\">kiloelectronvolt</a>) ions in the inner magnetosphere is about 2\u00a0cm<sup>\u22123</sup>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Bridge1986_101-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Bridge1986-101\">[93]</a></sup> The particle population is strongly affected by the Uranian moons, which sweep through the magnetosphere, leaving noticeable gaps.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Krimigis_Armstrong_et_al._1986_99-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Krimigis_Armstrong_et_al._1986-99\">[91]</a></sup> The particle <a href=\"/wiki/Flux\" title=\"Flux\">flux</a> is high enough to cause darkening or <a href=\"/wiki/Space_weathering\" title=\"Space weathering\">space weathering</a> of their surfaces on an astronomically rapid timescale of 100,000\u00a0years.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Krimigis_Armstrong_et_al._1986_99-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Krimigis_Armstrong_et_al._1986-99\">[91]</a></sup> This may be the cause of the uniformly dark colouration of the Uranian satellites and rings.<sup id=\"cite_ref-summary_102-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-summary-102\">[94]</a></sup> Uranus has relatively well developed aurorae, which are seen as bright arcs around both magnetic poles.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999_91-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999-91\">[83]</a></sup> Unlike Jupiter's, Uranus's aurorae seem to be insignificant for the energy balance of the planetary thermosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lam_Miller_et_al._1997_94-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lam_Miller_et_al._1997-94\">[86]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Climate","anchor":"Climate","id":15,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Climate_of_Uranus\" title=\"Climate of Uranus\">Climate of Uranus</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranuscolour.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Uranuscolour.png/220px-Uranuscolour.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"116\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Uranuscolour.png/330px-Uranuscolour.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Uranuscolour.png/440px-Uranuscolour.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"864\" data-file-height=\"457\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranuscolour.png\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nUranus's southern hemisphere in approximate natural colour (left) and in shorter wavelengths (right), showing its faint cloud bands and atmospheric \"hood\" as seen by Voyager\u00a02</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>At ultraviolet and visible wavelengths, Uranus's atmosphere is bland in comparison to the other giant planets, even to Neptune, which it otherwise closely resembles.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005-21\">[17]</a></sup> When Voyager\u00a02 flew by Uranus in 1986, it observed a total of ten <a href=\"/wiki/Cloud\" title=\"Cloud\">cloud</a> features across the entire planet.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986_20-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986-20\">[16]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-planetary_103-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-planetary-103\">[95]</a></sup> One proposed explanation for this dearth of features is that Uranus's <a href=\"/wiki/Internal_heat\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Internal heat\">internal heat</a> appears markedly lower than that of the other giant planets. The lowest temperature recorded in Uranus's tropopause is 49\u00a0K, making Uranus the coldest planet in the Solar System, colder than Neptune.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-15\">[12]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990_76-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990-76\">[69]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Banded structure, winds and clouds","anchor":"Banded_structure.2C_winds_and_clouds","id":16,"text":"<p>In 1986, Voyager\u00a02 found that the visible southern hemisphere of Uranus can be subdivided into two regions: a bright polar cap and dark equatorial bands.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986_20-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986-20\">[16]</a></sup> Their boundary is located at about \u221245\u00b0 of <a href=\"/wiki/Latitude\" title=\"Latitude\">latitude</a>. A narrow band straddling the latitudinal range from \u221245 to \u221250\u00b0 is the brightest large feature on its visible surface.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986_20-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986-20\">[16]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2003.2C_2005_104-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2003.2C_2005-104\">[96]</a></sup> It is called a southern \"collar\". The cap and collar are thought to be a dense region of methane clouds located within the pressure range of 1.3 to 2\u00a0bar (see above).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Rages_Hammel_et_al._2004_105-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Rages_Hammel_et_al._2004-105\">[97]</a></sup> Besides the large-scale banded structure, Voyager\u00a02 observed ten small bright clouds, most lying several degrees to the north from the collar.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986_20-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986-20\">[16]</a></sup> In all other respects Uranus looked like a dynamically dead planet in 1986. Voyager\u00a02 arrived during the height of Uranus's southern summer and could not observe the northern hemisphere. At the beginning of the 21st century, when the northern polar region came into view, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and <a href=\"/wiki/Keck_telescopes\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Keck telescopes\">Keck</a> telescope initially observed neither a collar nor a polar cap in the northern hemisphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2003.2C_2005_104-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2003.2C_2005-104\">[96]</a></sup> So Uranus appeared to be asymmetric: bright near the south pole and uniformly dark in the region north of the southern collar.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2003.2C_2005_104-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2003.2C_2005-104\">[96]</a></sup> In 2007, when Uranus passed its equinox, the southern collar almost disappeared, and a faint northern collar emerged near 45\u00b0 of <a href=\"/wiki/Latitude\" title=\"Latitude\">latitude</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sromovsky_Fry_et_al._2009_106-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sromovsky_Fry_et_al._2009-106\">[98]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranus_Dark_spot.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Uranus_Dark_spot.jpg/220px-Uranus_Dark_spot.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Uranus_Dark_spot.jpg/330px-Uranus_Dark_spot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Uranus_Dark_spot.jpg/440px-Uranus_Dark_spot.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"800\" data-file-height=\"600\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranus_Dark_spot.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nThe first dark spot observed on Uranus. Image obtained by the HST <a href=\"/wiki/Advanced_Camera_for_Surveys\" title=\"Advanced Camera for Surveys\">ACS</a> in 2006.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>In the 1990s, the number of the observed bright cloud features grew considerably partly because new high-
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp resolution imaging techniques became available.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005-21\">[17]</a></sup> Most were found in the northern hemisphere as it started to become visible.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005-21\">[17]</a></sup> An early explanation\u2014that bright clouds are easier to identify in its dark part, whereas in the southern hemisphere the bright collar masks them \u2013 was shown to be incorrect.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Karkoschka_.28.27Uranus.27.29_2001_107-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Karkoschka_.28.27Uranus.27.29_2001-107\">[99]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2004.2C_2005_108-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2004.2C_2005-108\">[100]</a></sup> Nevertheless there are differences between the clouds of each hemisphere. The northern clouds are smaller, sharper and brighter.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2004.2C_2005_108-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2004.2C_2005-108\">[100]</a></sup> They appear to lie at a higher altitude.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2004.2C_2005_108-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2004.2C_2005-108\">[100]</a></sup> The lifetime of clouds spans several orders of magnitude. Some small clouds live for hours; at least one southern cloud may have persisted since the Voyager flyby.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005-21\">[17]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-planetary_103-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-planetary-103\">[95]</a></sup> Recent observation also discovered that cloud features on Uranus have a lot in common with those on Neptune.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005-21\">[17]</a></sup> For example, the dark spots common on Neptune had never been observed on Uranus before 2006, when the first such feature dubbed <a href=\"/wiki/Climate_of_Uranus#Uranus_Dark_Spot\" title=\"Climate of Uranus\">Uranus Dark Spot</a> was imaged.<sup id=\"cite_ref-DarkSpot_109-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DarkSpot-109\">[101]</a></sup> The speculation is that Uranus is becoming more Neptune-like during its equinoctial season.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Hammel2007_110-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hammel2007-110\">[102]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The tracking of numerous cloud features allowed determination of <a href=\"/wiki/Zonal_and_meridional\" title=\"Zonal and meridional\">zonal</a> winds blowing in the upper troposphere of Uranus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005-21\">[17]</a></sup> At the equator winds are retrograde, which means that they blow in the reverse direction to the planetary rotation. Their speeds are from \u2212100 to \u221250\u00a0m/s.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005-21\">[17]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2003.2C_2005_104-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2003.2C_2005-104\">[96]</a></sup> Wind speeds increase with the distance from the equator, reaching zero values near \u00b120\u00b0 latitude, where the troposphere's temperature minimum is located.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005-21\">[17]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Hanel_Conrath_et_al._1986_75-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hanel_Conrath_et_al._1986-75\">[68]</a></sup> Closer to the poles, the winds shift to a prograde direction, flowing with Uranus's rotation. Wind speeds c
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp ontinue to increase reaching maxima at \u00b160\u00b0 latitude before falling to zero at the poles.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005-21\">[17]</a></sup> Wind speeds at \u221240\u00b0 latitude range from 150 to 200\u00a0m/s. Because the collar obscures all clouds below that parallel, speeds between it and the southern pole are impossible to measure.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005-21\">[17]</a></sup> In contrast, in the northern hemisphere maximum speeds as high as 240\u00a0m/s are observed near +50\u00b0 latitude.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005-21\">[17]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2003.2C_2005_104-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2003.2C_2005-104\">[96]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Hammel_Rages_et_al._2001_111-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hammel_Rages_et_al._2001-111\">[103]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Seasonal variation","anchor":"Seasonal_variation","id":17,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranus_clouds.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Uranus_clouds.jpg/170px-Uranus_clouds.jpg\" width=\"170\" height=\"250\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Uranus_clouds.jpg/255px-Uranus_clouds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Uranus_clouds.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"260\" data-file-height=\"383\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranus_clouds.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nUranus in 2005. Rings, southern collar and a bright cloud in the northern hemisphere are visible (HST ACS image).</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>For a short period from March to May 2004, large clouds appeared in the Uranian atmosphere, giving it a Neptune-like appearance.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2004.2C_2005_108-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2004.2C_2005-108\">[100]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-112\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-112\">[104]</a></sup> Observations included record-breaking wind speeds of 229\u00a0m/s (824\u00a0km/h) and a persistent thunderstorm referred to as \"Fourth of July fireworks\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-planetary_103-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-planetary-103\">[95]</a></sup> On August 23, 2006, researchers at the Space Science Institute (Boulder, Colorado) and the University of Wisconsin observed a dark spot on Uranus's surface, giving scientists more insight into Uranus's atmospheric activity.<sup id=\"cite_ref-DarkSpot_109-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DarkSpot-109\">[101]</a></sup> Why this sudden upsurge in activity occurred is not fully known, but it appears that Uranus's extreme axial tilt results in extreme seasonal variations in its weather.<sup id=\"cite_ref-weather_62-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-weather-62\">[55]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Hammel2007_110-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hammel2007-110\">[102]</a></sup> Determining the nature of this seasonal variation is difficult because good data on Uranus's atmosphere have existed for less than 84 years, or one full Uranian year. <a href=\"/wiki/Photometry_(astronomy)\" title=\"Photometry (astronomy)\">Photometry</a> over the course of half a Uranian year (beginning in the 1950s) has shown regular variation in the brightness in two <a href=\"/wiki/Spectral_band\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Spectral band\">spectral bands</a>, with maxima occurring at the solstices and minima occurring at the equinoxes.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lockwood_.26_J
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp erzykiewicz_2006_113-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lockwood_.26_Jerzykiewicz_2006-113\">[105]</a></sup> A similar periodic variation, with maxima at the solstices, has been noted in <a href=\"/wiki/Microwave\" title=\"Microwave\">microwave</a> measurements of the deep troposphere begun in the 1960s.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Klein_.26_Hofstadter_2006_114-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Klein_.26_Hofstadter_2006-114\">[106]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Stratosphere\" title=\"Stratosphere\">Stratospheric</a> temperature measurements beginning in the 1970s also showed maximum values near the 1986 solstice.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Young_et_al._2001_90-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Young_et_al._2001-90\">[82]</a></sup> The majority of this variability is thought to occur owing to changes in the viewing geometry.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Karkoschka_.28.27Uranus.27.29_2001_107-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Karkoschka_.28.27Uranus.27.29_2001-107\">[99]</a></sup></p>\n<p>There are some indications that physical seasonal changes are happening in Uranus. Although Uranus is known to have a bright south polar region, the north pole is fairly dim, which is incompatible with the model of the seasonal change outlined above.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Hammel2007_110-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hammel2007-110\">[102]</a></sup> During its previous northern solstice in 1944, Uranus displayed elevated levels of brightness, which suggests that the north pole was not always so dim.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lockwood_.26_Jerzykiewicz_2006_113-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lockwood_.26_Jerzykiewicz_2006-113\">[105]</a></sup> This information implies that the visible pole brightens some time before the solstice and darkens after the equinox.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Hammel2007_110-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hammel2007-110\">[102]</a></sup> Detailed analysis of the visible and microwave data revealed that the periodical changes of brightness are not completely symmetrical around the solstices, which also indicates a change in the <a href=\"/wiki/Meridional\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Meridional\">meridional</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Albedo\" title=\"Albedo\">albedo</a> patterns.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Hammel2007_110-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hammel2007-110\">[102]</a></sup> In the 1990s, as Uranus moved away from its solstice, Hubble and ground-based telescopes revealed that the south polar cap darkened noticeably (except the southern collar, which remained bright),<sup id=\"cite_ref-Rages_Hammel_et_al._2004_105-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Rages_Hammel_et_al._2004-105\">[97]</a></sup> whereas the northern hemisphere demonstrated increasing activity,<sup id=\"cite_ref-planetary_103-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-planetary-103\">[95]</a></sup> such as cloud formations and stronger winds, bolstering expectations that it should brighten soon.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2004.2C_2005_108-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2004.2C_2005-108\">[100]</a></sup> This indeed happened in 2007 when it passed an equinox: a faint northern polar collar arose, and the southern collar became nearly invisible, although the zonal wind profile remained slightly asymmetric, with northern winds being somewhat slower than southern.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sromovsky_Fry_et_al._2009_106-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sromovsky_Fry_et_al._2009-106\">[98]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The mechanism of these physical changes is still not clear.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Hammel2007_110-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hammel2007-110\">[102]</a></sup> Near the summer and winter solstices, Uranus's hemispheres lie alternately either in full glare of the Sun's rays or facing deep space. The brightening of the sunlit hemisphere is thought to result from the local thickening of the methane clouds and haze layers located in
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp the troposphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Rages_Hammel_et_al._2004_105-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Rages_Hammel_et_al._2004-105\">[97]</a></sup> The bright collar at \u221245\u00b0 latitude is also connected with methane clouds.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Rages_Hammel_et_al._2004_105-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Rages_Hammel_et_al._2004-105\">[97]</a></sup> Other changes in the southern polar region can be explained by changes in the lower cloud layers.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Rages_Hammel_et_al._2004_105-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Rages_Hammel_et_al._2004-105\">[97]</a></sup> The variation of the microwave <a href=\"/wiki/Emission_(electromagnetic_radiation)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Emission (electromagnetic radiation)\">emission</a> from Uranus is probably caused by changes in the deep tropospheric <a href=\"/wiki/Circulation_(fluid_dynamics)\" title=\"Circulation (fluid dynamics)\">circulation</a>, because thick polar clouds and haze may inhibit convection.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Hofstadter_.26_Butler_2003_115-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hofstadter_.26_Butler_2003-115\">[107]</a></sup> Now that the spring and autumn equinoxes are arriving on Uranus, the dynamics are changing and convection can occur again.<sup id=\"cite_ref-planetary_103-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-planetary-103\">[95]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Hofstadter_.26_Butler_2003_115-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hofstadter_.26_Butler_2003-115\">[107]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Formation","anchor":"Formation","id":18,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System\" title=\"Formation and evolution of the Solar System\">Formation and evolution of the Solar System</a></div>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">For details of the evolution of Uranus's orbit, see <a href=\"/wiki/Nice_model\" title=\"Nice model\">Nice model</a>.</div>\n<p>Many argue that the differences between the ice giants and the gas giants extend to their formation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Thommes1999_116-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Thommes1999-116\">[108]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Brunini1999_117-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Brunini1999-117\">[109]</a></sup> The Solar System is hypothesized to have formed from a giant rotating ball of gas and dust known as the <a href=\"/wiki/Presolar_nebula\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Presolar nebula\">presolar nebula</a>. Much of the nebula's gas, primarily hydrogen and helium, formed the Sun, and the dust grains collected together to form the first protoplanets. As the planets grew, some of them eventually accreted enough matter for their gravity to hold on to the nebula's leftover gas.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Thommes1999_116-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Thommes1999-116\">[108]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Brunini1999_117-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Brunini1999-117\">[109]</a></sup> The more gas they held onto, the larger they became; the larger they became, the more gas they held onto until a critical point was reached, and their size began to increase exponentially. The ice giants, with only a few Earth masses of nebular gas, never reached that critical point.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Thommes1999_116-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Thommes1999-116\">[108]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Brunini1999_117-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Brunini1999-117\">[109]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Sheppard_Jewitt_Kleyna_2006_118-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sheppard_Jewitt_Kleyna_2006-118\">[110]</a></sup> Recent simulations of <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_migration\" title=\"Planetary migration\">planetary migration</a> have suggested that both ice giants formed closer to the Sun than their present positions, and moved outwards after formation (the <a href=\"/wiki/Nice_model\" title=\"Nice model\">Nice model</a>).<sup id=\"
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp cite_ref-Thommes1999_116-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Thommes1999-116\">[108]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Moons","anchor":"Moons","id":19,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus\" title=\"Moons of Uranus\">Moons of Uranus</a></div>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_natural_satellites\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their natural satellites\">Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their natural satellites</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranian_moon_montage.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Uranian_moon_montage.jpg/220px-Uranian_moon_montage.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"69\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Uranian_moon_montage.jpg/330px-Uranian_moon_montage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Uranian_moon_montage.jpg/440px-Uranian_moon_montage.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2537\" data-file-height=\"800\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranian_moon_montage.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nMajor moons of Uranus in order of increasing distance (left to right), at their proper relative sizes and <a href=\"/wiki/Albedo\" title=\"Albedo\">albedos</a> (collage of Voyager\u00a02 photographs)</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:ESO_-_Uranus_(by).jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ESO_-_Uranus_%28by%29.jpg/220px-ESO_-_Uranus_%28by%29.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"221\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ESO_-_Uranus_%28by%29.jpg/330px-ESO_-_Uranus_%28by%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ESO_-_Uranus_%28by%29.jpg/440px-ESO_-_Uranus_%28by%29.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"702\" data-file-height=\"706\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:ESO_-_Uranus_(by).jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nThe Uranus System (<a href=\"/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope#Instruments\" title=\"Very Large Telescope\">NACO</a>/<a href=\"/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope\" title=\"Very Large Telescope\">VLT</a> image)</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Uranus has 27 known <a href=\"/wiki/Natural_satellites\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Natural satellites\">natural satellites</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sheppard_Jewitt_Kleyna_2006_118-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sheppard_Jewitt_Kleyna_2006-118\">[110]</a></sup> The names of these satellites are chosen from characters in the works of <a href=\"/wiki/Shakespeare\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Shakespeare\">Shakespeare</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Alexander_Pope\" title=\"Alexander Pope\">Alexander Pope</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Faure2007_69-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Faure2007-69\">[62]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Nineplanets_119-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Nineplanets-119\">[111]</a></sup> The five main satellites are <a href=\"/wiki/Miranda_(moon)\" title=\"Miranda (moon)\">Miranda</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Ariel_(moon)\" title=\"Ariel (moon)\">Ariel</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Umbriel_(moon)\" title=\"Umbriel (moon)\">Umbriel</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Titania_(moon)\" title=\"Titania (moon)\">Titania</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Oberon_(moon)\" title=\"Oberon (moon)\">Oberon</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Faure2007_69-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Faure2007-69\">[62]</a></sup> The Uranian satellite system is the least massive among those of the giant planets; the combined mass of the five major satellites would be less than half that
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp of <a href=\"/wiki/Triton_(moon)\" title=\"Triton (moon)\">Triton</a> (largest moon of <a href=\"/wiki/Neptune\" title=\"Neptune\">Neptune</a>) alone.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Jacobson_Campbell_et_al._1992_12-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Jacobson_Campbell_et_al._1992-12\">[9]</a></sup> The largest of Uranus's satellites, Titania, has a radius of only 788.9\u00a0km, or less than half that of the <a href=\"/wiki/Moon\" title=\"Moon\">Moon</a>, but slightly more than Rhea, the second-largest satellite of Saturn, making Titania the <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites_by_diameter\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"List of natural satellites by diameter\">eighth-largest moon</a> in the Solar System. Uranus's satellites have relatively low albedos; ranging from 0.20 for Umbriel to 0.35 for Ariel (in green light).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986_20-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986-20\">[16]</a></sup> They are ice\u2013rock conglomerates composed of roughly 50% ice and 50% rock. The ice may include ammonia and <a href=\"/wiki/Carbon_dioxide\" title=\"Carbon dioxide\">carbon dioxide</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-summary_102-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-summary-102\">[94]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Hussmann2006_120-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hussmann2006-120\">[112]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Among the Uranian satellites, Ariel appears to have the youngest surface with the fewest impact craters and Umbriel's the oldest.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986_20-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986-20\">[16]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-summary_102-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-summary-102\">[94]</a></sup> Miranda has fault canyons 20\u00a0kilometres deep, terraced layers, and a chaotic variation in surface ages and features.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986_20-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986-20\">[16]</a></sup> Miranda's past geologic activity is thought to have been driven by <a href=\"/wiki/Tidal_heating\" title=\"Tidal heating\">tidal heating</a> at a time when its orbit was more eccentric than currently, probably as a result of a former 3:1 <a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_resonance\" title=\"Orbital resonance\">orbital resonance</a> with Umbriel.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Tittemore_Wisdom_1990_121-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Tittemore_Wisdom_1990-121\">[113]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Rift\" title=\"Rift\">Extensional</a> processes associated with upwelling <a href=\"/wiki/Diapir\" title=\"Diapir\">diapirs</a> are the likely origin of Miranda's 'racetrack'-like <a href=\"/wiki/Corona_(planetary_geology)\" title=\"Corona (planetary geology)\">coronae</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-122\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-122\">[114]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-123\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-123\">[115]</a></sup> Ariel is thought to have once been held in a 4:1 resonance with Titania.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Tittemore_1990_124-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Tittemore_1990-124\">[116]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Uranus has at least one <a href=\"/wiki/Horseshoe_orbit\" title=\"Horseshoe orbit\">horseshoe orbiter</a> occupying the <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a>\u2013Uranus <a href=\"/wiki/Lagrangian_point#L3\" title=\"Lagrangian point\">L<sub>3</sub></a> <a href=\"/wiki/Lagrangian_point\" title=\"Lagrangian point\">Lagrangian point</a>\u2014a gravitationally unstable region at 180\u00b0 in its orbit, <a href=\"/wiki/83982_Crantor\" title=\"83982 Crantor\">83982 Crantor</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-coorbital1_125-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-coorbital1-125\">[117]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-coorbital2_126-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-coorbital2-126\">[118]</a></sup> Crantor moves inside Uranus's co-orbital region on a complex, temporary horseshoe orbit. <span class=\"nowrap\"><a href=\"/wiki/20
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp 10_EU65\" title=\"2010 EU65\">2010 EU<span style=\"position: relative; top: 0.3em;\"><span style=\"font-size:80%;\">65</span></span></a></span> is also a promising Uranus horseshoe librator candidate.<sup id=\"cite_ref-coorbital2_126-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-coorbital2-126\">[118]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Planetary rings","anchor":"Planetary_rings","id":20,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus\" title=\"Rings of Uranus\">Rings of Uranus</a></div>\n<p>The rings are composed of extremely dark particles, which vary in size from micrometres to a fraction of a metre.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986_20-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986-20\">[16]</a></sup> Thirteen distinct rings are presently known, the brightest being the \u03b5 ring. All except two rings of Uranus are extremely narrow \u2013 they are usually a few kilometres wide. The rings are probably quite young; the dynamics considerations indicate that they did not form with Uranus. The matter in the rings may once have been part of a moon (or moons) that was shattered by high-speed impacts. From numerous pieces of debris that formed as a result of those impacts, only a few particles survived, in stable zones corresponding to the locations of the present rings.<sup id=\"cite_ref-summary_102-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-summary-102\">[94]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Esposito2002_127-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Esposito2002-127\">[119]</a></sup></p>\n<p>William Herschel described a possible ring around Uranus in 1789. This sighting is generally considered doubtful, because the rings are quite faint, and in the two following centuries none were noted by other observers. Still, Herschel made an accurate description of the epsilon ring's size, its angle relative to Earth, its red colour, and its apparent changes as Uranus travelled around the Sun.<sup id=\"cite_ref-128\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-128\">[120]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-129\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-129\">[121]</a></sup> The ring system was definitively discovered on March 10, 1977 by <a href=\"/wiki/James_L._Elliot\" title=\"James L. Elliot\">James L. Elliot</a>, Edward W. Dunham, and <a href=\"/wiki/Jessica_Mink\" title=\"Jessica Mink\">Jessica Mink</a> using the <a href=\"/wiki/Kuiper_Airborne_Observatory\" title=\"Kuiper Airborne Observatory\">Kuiper Airborne Observatory</a>. The discovery was serendipitous; they planned to use the <a href=\"/wiki/Occultation\" title=\"Occultation\">occultation</a> of the star SAO 158687 (also known as HD 128598) by Uranus to study its <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere\" title=\"Atmosphere\">atmosphere</a>. When their observations were analysed, they found that the star had disappeared briefly from view five times both before and after it disappeared behind Uranus. They concluded that there must be a ring system around Uranus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Elliot1977_130-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Elliot1977-130\">[122]</a></sup> Later they detected four additional rings.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Elliot1977_130-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Elliot1977-130\">[122]</a></sup> The rings were directly imaged when Voyager\u00a02 passed Uranus in 1986.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986_20-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986-20\">[16]</a></sup> Voyager\u00a02 also discovered two additional faint rings, bringing the total number to eleven.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986_20-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986-20\">[16]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In December 2005, the <a href=\"/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope\" title=\"Hubble Space Telescope\">Hubble Space Telescope</a> detected a pair of previously unknown rings. The largest is located twice as far from Uranus as the previously known rings.
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp These new rings are so far from Uranus that they are called the \"outer\" ring system. Hubble also spotted two small satellites, one of which, <a href=\"/wiki/Mab_(moon)\" title=\"Mab (moon)\">Mab</a>, shares its orbit with the outermost newly discovered ring. The new rings bring the total number of Uranian rings to 13.<sup id=\"cite_ref-131\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-131\">[123]</a></sup> In April 2006, images of the new rings from the <a href=\"/wiki/Keck_Observatory\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Keck Observatory\">Keck Observatory</a> yielded the colours of the outer rings: the outermost is blue and the other one red.<sup id=\"cite_ref-dePater2006_132-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-dePater2006-132\">[124]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-133\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-133\">[125]</a></sup> One hypothesis concerning the outer ring's blue colour is that it is composed of minute particles of water ice from the surface of Mab that are small enough to scatter blue light.<sup id=\"cite_ref-dePater2006_132-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-dePater2006-132\">[124]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-134\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-134\">[126]</a></sup> In contrast, Uranus's inner rings appear grey.<sup id=\"cite_ref-dePater2006_132-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-dePater2006-132\">[124]</a></sup></p>\n<ul class=\"gallery mw-gallery-traditional\" style=\"max-width: 729px;_width: 729px;\"><li class=\"gallerycaption\">Uranus's rings</li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 235px\">\n<div style=\"width: 235px\">\n<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 230px;\">\n<div style=\"margin:31px auto;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranus_rings_discovery.gif\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Uranus_rings_discovery.gif/200px-Uranus_rings_discovery.gif\" width=\"200\" height=\"168\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Uranus_rings_discovery.gif/300px-Uranus_rings_discovery.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Uranus_rings_discovery.gif/400px-Uranus_rings_discovery.gif 2x\" data-file-width=\"500\" data-file-height=\"420\"></a></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>Animation about the discovering occultation in 1977. (Click on it to start)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 235px\">\n<div style=\"width: 235px\">\n<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 230px;\">\n<div style=\"margin:15px auto;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranian_rings_scheme.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Uranian_rings_scheme.png/169px-Uranian_rings_scheme.png\" width=\"169\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Uranian_rings_scheme.png/254px-Uranian_rings_scheme.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Uranian_rings_scheme.png/338px-Uranian_rings_scheme.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1395\" data-file-height=\"1650\"></a></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>Uranus has a complicated <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_ring\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Planetary ring\">planetary ring</a> system, which was the second such system to be discovered in the Solar System after <a href=\"/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn\" title=\"Rings of Saturn\">Saturn's</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Esposito2002_127-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Esposito2002-127\">[119]</a></sup></p>\n</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 235px\">\n<div style=\"width: 235px\">\n<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 230px;\">\n<div style=\"margin:15px auto;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranuslight.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Uranuslight.jpg/200px-Uranuslight.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Uranuslight.jpg/300px-Uranuslight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wi
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp kipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Uranuslight.jpg/400px-Uranuslight.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"602\" data-file-height=\"602\"></a></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>Uranus's aurorae against its equatorial rings, imaged by the Hubble telescope. Unlike the aurorae of Earth and Jupiter, those of Uranus are not in line with its poles, due to its lopsided magnetic field.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Exploration","anchor":"Exploration","id":21,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus\" title=\"Exploration of Uranus\">Exploration of Uranus</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranus_Final_Image.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Uranus_Final_Image.jpg/170px-Uranus_Final_Image.jpg\" width=\"170\" height=\"206\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Uranus_Final_Image.jpg/255px-Uranus_Final_Image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Uranus_Final_Image.jpg/340px-Uranus_Final_Image.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"794\" data-file-height=\"960\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranus_Final_Image.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nCrescent Uranus as imaged by Voyager\u00a02 while en route to Neptune</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>In 1986, <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/Voyager_2\" title=\"Voyager 2\">Voyager\u00a02</a> interplanetary probe encountered Uranus. This <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_flyby\" title=\"Planetary flyby\">flyby</a> remains the only investigation of Uranus carried out from a short distance and no other visits are planned. Launched in 1977, Voyager\u00a02 made its closest approach to Uranus on January 24, 1986, coming within 81,500\u00a0kilometres of the cloudtops, before continuing its journey to Neptune. The spacecraft studied the structure and chemical composition of Uranus's atmosphere,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Tyler_1986_81-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Tyler_1986-81\">[74]</a></sup> including its unique weather, caused by its axial tilt of 97.77\u00b0. It made the first detailed investigations of its five largest moons and discovered 10 new ones. It examined all nine of the <a href=\"/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus\" title=\"Rings of Uranus\">system's known rings</a> and discovered two more.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986_20-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986-20\">[16]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-summary_102-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-summary-102\">[94]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-135\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-135\">[127]</a></sup> It also studied the magnetic field, its irregular structure, its tilt and its unique corkscrew <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetosphere\" title=\"Magnetosphere\">magnetotail</a> caused by Uranus's sideways orientation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986_95-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986-95\">[87]</a></sup></p>\n<p><i><a href=\"/wiki/Voyager_1\" title=\"Voyager 1\">Voyager 1</a></i> was unable to visit Uranus because investigation of <a href=\"/wiki/Saturn\" title=\"Saturn\">Saturn</a>'s moon <a href=\"/wiki/Titan_(moon)\" title=\"Titan (moon)\">Titan</a> was considered a priority. This trajectory took <i>Voyager\u00a01</i> out the plane of the <a href=\"/wiki/Ecliptic\" title=\"Ecliptic\">ecliptic</a>, ending its planetary science mission.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Swift1997_136-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Swift1997-136\">[128]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">:118</sup></p>\n<p>The possibility of sending the <a href=\"/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens\" title=\"Cassini\u2013Huygens\"><i>Cassini</i> spacecraft</a> from Saturn to Uranus was evaluated du
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp ring a mission extension planning phase in 2009.<sup id=\"cite_ref-spilker_137-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-spilker-137\">[129]</a></sup> It would take about twenty years to get to the Uranian system after departing Saturn.<sup id=\"cite_ref-spilker_137-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-spilker-137\">[129]</a></sup> A <a href=\"/wiki/Uranus_orbiter_and_probe\" title=\"Uranus orbiter and probe\">Uranus orbiter and probe</a> was recommended by the 2013\u20132022 <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_Science_Decadal_Survey\" title=\"Planetary Science Decadal Survey\">Planetary Science Decadal Survey</a> published in 2011; the proposal envisages launch during 2020\u20132023 and a 13-year cruise to Uranus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-uop_138-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-uop-138\">[130]</a></sup> A Uranus entry probe could use <a href=\"/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe\" title=\"Pioneer Venus Multiprobe\">Pioneer Venus Multiprobe</a> heritage and descend to 1\u20135 atmospheres.<sup id=\"cite_ref-uop_138-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-uop-138\">[130]</a></sup> The ESA evaluated a \"medium-class\" mission called <a href=\"/wiki/Uranus_Pathfinder\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Uranus Pathfinder\">Uranus Pathfinder</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-139\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-139\">[131]</a></sup> A New Frontiers Uranus Orbiter has been evaluated and recommended in the study, <i>The Case for a Uranus Orbiter</i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-hof_140-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hof-140\">[132]</a></sup> Such a mission is aided by the ease with which a relatively big mass can be sent to the system\u2014over 1500\u00a0kg with an Atlas 521 and 12-year journey.<sup id=\"cite_ref-hof2_141-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hof2-141\">[133]</a></sup> For more concepts see <a href=\"/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus#Proposed_missions\" title=\"Exploration of Uranus\">Proposed Uranus missions</a>.</p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"In culture","anchor":"In_culture","id":22,"text":"<p>In <a href=\"/wiki/Astrology\" title=\"Astrology\">astrology</a>, the planet Uranus (<a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranus%27s_astrological_symbol.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Uranus's astrological symbol.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Uranus%27s_astrological_symbol.svg/22px-Uranus%27s_astrological_symbol.svg.png\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Uranus%27s_astrological_symbol.svg/33px-Uranus%27s_astrological_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Uranus%27s_astrological_symbol.svg/44px-Uranus%27s_astrological_symbol.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"50\" data-file-height=\"50\"></a>) is the ruling planet of <a href=\"/wiki/Aquarius_(astrology)\" title=\"Aquarius (astrology)\">Aquarius</a>. Because Uranus is <a href=\"/wiki/Cyan\" title=\"Cyan\">cyan</a> and Uranus is associated with electricity, the colour <a href=\"/wiki/Electric_blue_(color)\" title=\"Electric blue (color)\">electric blue</a>, which is close to cyan, is associated with the sign Aquarius<sup id=\"cite_ref-142\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-142\">[134]</a></sup> (see <a href=\"/wiki/Uranus_(astrology)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Uranus (astrology)\">Uranus in astrology</a>).</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Chemical_element\" title=\"Chemical element\">chemical element</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Uranium\" title=\"Uranium\">uranium</a>, discovered in 1789 by the German chemist <a href=\"/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth\" title=\"Martin Heinrich Klaproth\">Martin Heinrich Klaproth</a>, was named after the newly discovered planet Uranus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-143\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-143\">[135]</a></sup></p>\n<p>\"Uranus, the <a href=\"/wiki/Magician_(paranormal)\" title=\"Magician (paranormal)\">Magician</a>\" is a movement in <a href=\"/wiki/Gustav_Holst\" title=\"Gustav Holst\">Gustav Holst</a>'s <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_P
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp lanets\" title=\"The Planets\">The Planets</a></i>, written between 1914 and 1916.</p>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Uranus\" title=\"Operation Uranus\">Operation Uranus</a> was the successful <a href=\"/wiki/Military_operation\" title=\"Military operation\">military operation</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II\" title=\"World War II\">World War II</a> by the <a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_army\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Soviet army\">Soviet army</a> to take back <a href=\"/wiki/Stalingrad\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Stalingrad\">Stalingrad</a> and marked the turning point in the land war against the <a href=\"/wiki/Wehrmacht\" title=\"Wehrmacht\">Wehrmacht</a>.</p>\n<p>The lines \"Then felt I like some watcher of the skies/When a new planet swims into his ken\", from <a href=\"/wiki/John_Keats\" title=\"John Keats\">John Keats</a>'s \"<a href=\"/wiki/On_First_Looking_Into_Chapman%27s_Homer\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"On First Looking Into Chapman's Homer\">On First Looking Into Chapman's Homer</a>\", are a reference to Herschel's discovery of Uranus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-144\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-144\">[136]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"See also","anchor":"See_also","id":23,"text":"<div role=\"navigation\" aria-label=\"Portals\" class=\"noprint portal plainlist tright\" style=\"margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px\">\n<ul style=\"display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold\"><li style=\"display:table-row\"><span style=\"display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg\" width=\"22\" height=\"28\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4500\" data-file-height=\"5600\"></span><span style=\"display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle\"><a href=\"/wiki/Portal:Solar_System\" title=\"Portal:Solar System\">Solar System portal</a></span></li>\n<li style=\"display:table-row\"><span style=\"display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Uranus2.jpg/28px-Uranus2.jpg\" width=\"28\" height=\"28\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Uranus2.jpg/42px-Uranus2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Uranus2.jpg/56px-Uranus2.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1720\" data-file-height=\"1720\"></span><span style=\"display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle\"><a href=\"/wiki/Portal:Uranus\" title=\"Portal:Uranus\">Uranus portal</a></span></li>\n</ul></div>\n<table class=\"metadata mbox-small\" style=\"border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9\"><tr><td class=\"mbox-image\"><img alt=\"Book icon\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/30px-Office-book.svg.png\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/45px-Office-book.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/60px-Office-book.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"48\" data-file-height=\"48\"></td>\n<td class=\"mbox-text plainlist\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: bold\"><li><a href=\"/wiki/Book:Uranus\" title=\"Book:Uranus\">Book: Uranus</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Book:Solar_System\" title=\"Book:Solar System\">Book: Solar System</a></li>\n</ul></td>\n</tr></table><ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><a href=\"/wiki/2011_QF99\" title=\"2011 QF99\">2011 QF<span style=\"position: relative; top: 0.3em;\"><span style=\"font-size:80%;\">99</span></span></a></span>, the only known Uranus
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp trojan</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Colonization_of_Uranus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Colonization of Uranus\">Colonization of Uranus</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Uranus_(astrology)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Uranus (astrology)\">Uranus in astrology</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Uranus_in_fiction\" title=\"Uranus in fiction\">Uranus in fiction</a></li>\n</ul><div style=\"clear:both;\"></div>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Notes","anchor":"Notes","id":24,"text":"<div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<ol class=\"references\"><li id=\"cite_note-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-8\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">These are the mean elements from VSOP87, together with derived quantities.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-atmospheric_pressure-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-atmospheric_pressure_10-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-atmospheric_pressure_10-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-atmospheric_pressure_10-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-atmospheric_pressure_10-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-atmospheric_pressure_10-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-atmospheric_pressure_10-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-atmospheric_pressure_10-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-atmospheric_pressure_10-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Refers to the level of 1 bar atmospheric pressure.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-11\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Calculated using data from Seidelmann, 2007.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_9-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007-9\">[8]</a></sup></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-19\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Calculation of He, H<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> molar fractions is based on a 2.3% mixing ratio of methane to hydrogen and the 15/85 He/H<sub>2</sub> proportions measured at the tropopause.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-38\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-38\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Because, in the English-speaking world, the latter sounds like \"your <a href=\"/wiki/Anus\" title=\"Anus\">anus</a>\", the former pronunciation also saves embarrassment: as <a href=\"/wiki/Pamela_L._Gay\" title=\"Pamela L. Gay\">Pamela Gay</a>, an astronomer at <a href=\"/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University_Edwardsville\" title=\"Southern Illinois University Edwardsville\">Southern Illinois University Edwardsville</a>, noted on her podcast, to avoid \"being made fun of by any small schoolchildren\u00a0... when in doubt, don't emphasise anything and just say <span title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\" class=\"IPA\">/\u02c8j\u028a\u0259r\u0259n\u0259s/</span>. And then run, quickly.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-37\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-37\">[33]</a></sup></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-symbol_first-46\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-symbol_first_46-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Cf. <a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranus%27s_astrological_symbol.svg\" class=\"image\" title=\"Astronomical symbol for Uranus\"><img alt=\"Astronomical symbol for Uranus\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Uranus%27s_astrological_symbol.svg/20px-Uranus%27s_astrological_symbol.svg.png\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Uranus%27s_astrological_symbol.svg/30px-Uranus%27s_astrological_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Uranus%27s_astrological_symbol.svg/40px-Uranus%27s_astrological_symbol
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp .svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"50\" data-file-height=\"50\"></a> (not supported by all fonts)</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-symbol_later-47\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-symbol_later_47-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Cf. <a href=\"/wiki/File:Uranus_symbol.svg\" class=\"image\" title=\"Astronomical symbol for Uranus\"><img alt=\"Astronomical symbol for Uranus\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Uranus_symbol.svg/20px-Uranus_symbol.svg.png\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Uranus_symbol.svg/30px-Uranus_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Uranus_symbol.svg/40px-Uranus_symbol.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"50\" data-file-height=\"50\"></a> (not supported by all fonts)</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-82\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-82\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Mixing ratio is defined as the number of molecules of a compound per a molecule of hydrogen.</span></li>\n</ol></div>","references":""},{"toclevel":1,"line":"References","anchor":"References","id":25,"text":"<div class=\"reflist columns references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<ol class=\"references\"><li id=\"cite_note-OED-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-OED_1-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-OED_1-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation encyclopaedia\">\"Uranus\". <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (2 ed.). 1989.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Uranus&amp;rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BBCOUP-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-BBCOUP_2-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-BBCOUP_2-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">The BBC Pronunciation Unit notes that <span title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\" class=\"IPA\">/\u02c8j\u028a\u0259r\u0259n\u0259s/</span> \"is the preferred usage of astronomers\": <cite class=\"citation book\">Olausson, Lena; Sangster, Catherine (2006). <i>The Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation</i>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p.\u00a0404. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280710-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280710-6\">978-0-19-280710-6</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.aufirst=Lena&amp;rft.aulast=Olausson&amp;rft.au=Sangster%2C+Catherine&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+BBC+Guide+to+Pronunciation&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-280710-6&amp;rft.pages=404&amp;rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nasafact-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-nasafact_3-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-nasafact_3-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-nasafact_3-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Munsell, Kirk (May 14, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Uranus&amp;Display=Facts\">\"NASA: Solar System Exploration: Planets: Uranus: Facts &amp; Figures\"</a>. NASA
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp <span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.aufirst=Kirk&amp;rft.aulast=Munsell&amp;rft.btitle=NASA%3A+Solar+System+Exploration%3A+Planets%3A+Uranus%3A+Facts+%26+Figures&amp;rft.date=2007-05-14&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fplanets%2Fprofile.cfm%3FObject%3DUranus%26Display%3DFacts&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CSeligman-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-CSeligman_4-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Seligman, Courtney. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://cseligman.com/text/sky/rotationvsday.htm\">\"Rotation Period and Day Length\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.aufirst=Courtney&amp;rft.aulast=Seligman&amp;rft.btitle=Rotation+Period+and+Day+Length&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcseligman.com%2Ftext%2Fsky%2Frotationvsday.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-fact-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_5-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_5-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_5-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_5-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_5-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_5-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_5-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_5-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_5-8\"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_5-9\"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_5-10\"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_5-11\"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Williams, Dr. David R. (January 31, 2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/uranusfact.html\">\"Uranus Fact Sheet\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 10,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.aufirst=Dr.+David+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.btitle=Uranus+Fact+Sheet&amp;rft.date=2005-01-31&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Furanusfact.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-meanplane-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-meanplane_6-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/MeanPlane.gif\">\"The MeanPlane (Invariable plane) of the Solar System passing through the barycenter\"</a>. April 3, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.btitle=The+MeanPlane+%28Invariable+plane%29+of+the+Solar+System+passing+through+the+barycenter&amp;rft.date=2009-04-03&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.surewest.net%2Fkheider%2Fastro%2FMeanPlane.gif&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> (produced with <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/\">Solex 10</a> written by Aldo Vitagliano; see also <a href=\"/wiki/Invariable_plane\" title=\"Invariable plane\">Invariable plane</a>)</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-VSOP87-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-VSOP87_7-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Simon, J.L.; Bretagnon, P.; Chapront, J.; Chapront-Touz\u00e9, M.; Francou, G.; Laskar, J. (February 1994). \"Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets\". <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. <b>282</b> (2): 663\u2013683. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994A&amp;A...282..663S\">1994A&amp;A...282..663S</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Numerical+expressions+for+precession+formulae+and+mean+elements+for+the+Moon+and+planets&amp;rft.au=Bretagnon%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Chapront%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Chapront-Touz%C3%A9%2C+M.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.L.&amp;rft.au=Francou%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Laskar%2C+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Simon&amp;rft.date=1994-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994A%26A...282..663S&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&amp;rft.pages=663-683&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=282\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_9-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_9-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_9-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_9-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_9-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_9-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_9-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_9-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_9-8\"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFSeidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al.2007\" class=\"citation journal\">Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Archinal, Brent A.; A'Hearn, Michael F.; et al. (2007). \"Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006\". <i>Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy</i>. <b>98</b> (3): 155\u2013180. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007CeMDA..98..155S\">2007CeMDA..98..155S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10569-007-9072-y\">10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Report+of+the+IAU%2FIAG+Working+Group+on+cartographic+coordinates+and+rotational+elements%3A+2006&amp;rft.au=A%27Hearn%2C+Michael+F.&amp;rft.au=Archinal%2C+Brent+A.&amp;rft.au=Conrad%2C+Albert+R.&amp;rft.au=Consolmagno%2C+Guy+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+Kenneth&amp;rft.au=Hestroffer%2C+Daniel&amp;rft.au=Hilton%2C+James+L.&amp;rft.au=Krasinsky%2C+Georgij+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Seidelmann&amp;rft.au=Neumann%2C+Gregory+A.&amp;rft.au=Oberst%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&amp;rft.au=Stooke%2C+Philip+J.
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp &amp;rft.au=Tedesco%2C+Edward+F.&amp;rft.au=Tholen%2C+David+J.&amp;rft.au=Thomas%2C+Peter+C.&amp;rft.au=Williams%2C+Iwan+P.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007CeMDA..98..155S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10569-007-9072-y&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Celestial+Mechanics+and+Dynamical+Astronomy&amp;rft.pages=155-180&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=98\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Jacobson_Campbell_et_al._1992-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Jacobson_Campbell_et_al._1992_12-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Jacobson_Campbell_et_al._1992_12-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Jacobson_Campbell_et_al._1992_12-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFJacobson_Campbell_et_al.1992\" class=\"citation journal\">Jacobson, R. A.; Campbell, J. K.; Taylor, A. H.; Synnott, S. P. (June 1992). \"The masses of Uranus and its major satellites from Voyager tracking data and earth-based Uranian satellite data\". <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>103</b> (6): 2068\u20132078. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992AJ....103.2068J\">1992AJ....103.2068J</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F116211\">10.1086/116211</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=The+masses+of+Uranus+and+its+major+satellites+from+Voyager+tracking+data+and+earth-based+Uranian+satellite+data&amp;rft.au=Campbell%2C+J.+K.&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Jacobson&amp;rft.au=Synnott%2C+S.+P.&amp;rft.au=Taylor%2C+A.+H.&amp;rft.date=1992-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992AJ....103.2068J&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F116211&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=2068-2078&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=103\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PS15-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-PS15_13-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">de Pater, Imke; Lissauer, Jack J. (2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=stFpBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA250\"><i>Planetary Sciences</i></a> (2nd updated ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a0250. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521853712\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0521853712\">978-0521853712</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.aufirst=Imke&amp;rft.aulast=de+Pater&amp;rft.au=Lissauer%2C+Jack+J.&amp;rft.btitle=Planetary+Sciences&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.edition=2nd+updated&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DstFpBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA250&amp;rft.isbn=978-0521853712&amp;rft.pages=250&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_14-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_14-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_14-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_14-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_14-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_14-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_14-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_14-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_14-8\"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_14-9\"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_14-10\"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_14-11\"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFPodolak_Weizman_et_al.1995\" class=\"citation journal\">Podolak, M.; Weizman, A.; Marley, M. (December 1995). \"Comparative models of Uranus and Neptune\". <i>Planetary and Space Science</i>. <b>43</b> (12): 1517\u20131522. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995P&amp;SS...43.1517P\">1995P&amp;SS...43.1517P</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0032-0633%2895%2900061-5\">10.1016/0032-0633(95)00061-5</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Comparative+models+of+Uranus+and+Neptune&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.aulast=Podolak&amp;rft.au=Marley%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Weizman%2C+A.&amp;rft.date=1995-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995P%26SS...43.1517P&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0032-0633%2895%2900061-5&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&amp;rft.pages=1517-1522&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=43\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Lunine_1993-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-8\"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-9\"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-10\"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-11\"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-12\"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-13\"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-14\"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-15\"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-16\"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-17\"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-18\"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-19\"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_15-20\"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFLunine1993\" class=\"citation journal\">Lunine, Jonathan I. (September 1993). \"The Atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune\". <i>Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. <b>31</b>: 217\u2013263. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993ARA&amp;A..31..217L\">1993A
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp RA&amp;A..31..217L</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.aa.31.090193.001245\">10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.001245</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=The+Atmospheres+of+Uranus+and+Neptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Jonathan+I.&amp;rft.aulast=Lunine&amp;rft.date=1993-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993ARA%26A..31..217L&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.aa.31.090193.001245&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&amp;rft.pages=217-263&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=31\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ephemeris-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-ephemeris_16-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ephemeris_16-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ephemeris_16-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Espenak, Fred (2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20070626153349/http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/TYPE/TYPE.html\">\"Twelve Year Planetary Ephemeris: 1995\u20132006\"</a>. <i>NASA</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/TYPE/TYPE.html\">the original</a> on 2007-06-26<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 14,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Twelve+Year+Planetary+Ephemeris%3A+1995%932006&amp;rft.au=Espenak%2C+Fred&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Feclipse%2FTYPE%2FTYPE.html&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Lindal_Lyons_et_al._1987-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lindal_Lyons_et_al._1987_17-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lindal_Lyons_et_al._1987_17-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lindal_Lyons_et_al._1987_17-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFLindal_Lyons_et_al.1987\" class=\"citation journal\">Lindal, G. F.; Lyons, J. R.; Sweetnam, D. N.; Eshleman, V. R.; Hinson, D. P.; Tyler, G. L. (December 30, 1987). \"The Atmosphere of Uranus: Results of Radio Occultation Measurements with Voyager 2\". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. American Geophysical Union. <b>92</b> (A13): 14,987\u201315,001. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987JGR....9214987L\">1987JGR....9214987L</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2FJA092iA13p14987\">10.1029/JA092iA13p14987</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0148-0227\">0148-0227</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=The+Atmosphere+of+Uranus%3A+Results+of+Radio+Occultation+Measurements+with+Voyager+2&amp;rft.au=Eshleman%2C+V.+R.&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+F.&amp;rft.au=Hinson%2C+D.+P.&amp;rft.aulast=Lindal&amp;rft.au=Lyons%2C+J.+R.&amp;rft.au=Sweetnam%2C+D.+N.&amp;rft.au=Tyler%2C+G.+L.&amp;rft.date=1987-12-30&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987JGR....9214987L&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FJA092iA13p14987&am
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp p;rft.issn=0148-0227&amp;rft.issue=A13&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&amp;rft.pages=14%2C987-15%2C001&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=92\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Conrath_Gautier_et_al._1987-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Conrath_Gautier_et_al._1987_18-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Conrath_Gautier_et_al._1987_18-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFConrath_Gautier_et_al.1987\" class=\"citation journal\">Conrath, B.; Gautier, D.; Hanel, R.; Lindal, G.; Marten, A. (1987). \"The Helium Abundance of Uranus from Voyager Measurements\". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>92</b> (A13): 15003\u201315010. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987JGR....9215003C\">1987JGR....9215003C</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2FJA092iA13p15003\">10.1029/JA092iA13p15003</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=The+Helium+Abundance+of+Uranus+from+Voyager+Measurements&amp;rft.aufirst=B.&amp;rft.au=Gautier%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Hanel%2C+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Conrath&amp;rft.au=Lindal%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Marten%2C+A.&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987JGR....9215003C&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FJA092iA13p15003&amp;rft.issue=A13&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&amp;rft.pages=15003-15010&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=92\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986_20-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986_20-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986_20-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986_20-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986_20-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986_20-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986_20-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986_20-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986_20-8\"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986_20-9\"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986_20-10\"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986_20-11\"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986_20-12\"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFSmith_Soderblom_et_al.1986\" class=\"citation journal\">Smith, B. A.; Soderblom, L. A.; Beebe, A.; Bliss, D.; Boyce, J. M.; Brahic, A.; Briggs, G. A.; Brown, R. H.; Collins, S. A. (4 July 1986). \"Voyager 2 in the Uranian System: Imaging Science Results\". <i>Science</i>. <b>233</b> (4759): 43\u201364. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Sci...233...43S\">1986Sci...233...43S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.233.4759.43\">10.1126/science.233.4759.43</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a re
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp l=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17812889\">17812889</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Voyager+2+in+the+Uranian+System%3A+Imaging+Science+Results&amp;rft.au=Beebe%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Bliss%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Boyce%2C+J.+M.&amp;rft.au=Brahic%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Briggs%2C+G.+A.&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C+R.+H.&amp;rft.au=Collins%2C+S.+A.&amp;rft.aufirst=B.+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.au=Soderblom%2C+L.+A.&amp;rft.date=1986-07-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986Sci...233...43S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.233.4759.43&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17812889&amp;rft.issue=4759&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=43-64&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=233\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-8\"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-9\"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-10\"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-11\"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-12\"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-13\"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Sromovsky_.26_Fry_2005_21-14\"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFSromovskyFry2005\" class=\"citation journal\">Sromovsky, L. A.; Fry, P. M. (December 2005). \"Dynamics of cloud features on Uranus\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>179</b> (2): 459\u2013484. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Icar..179..459S\">2005Icar..179..459S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2005.07.022\">10.1016/j.icarus.2005.07.022</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Dynamics+of+cloud+features+on+Uranus&amp;rft.aufirst=L.+A.&amp;rft.au=Fry%2C+P.+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Sromovsky&amp;rft.date=2005-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Icar..179..459S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2005.07.022&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=459-484&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=179\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-22\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.mira.org/fts0/planets/101/text/txt001x.htm\">\"MIRA's Field Trips to the Stars Internet Education Program\"</a>. <i>Monterey Institute for Research in Astronomy</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 27,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.or
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp g%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=MIRA%27s+Field+Trips+to+the+Stars+Internet+Education+Program&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mira.org%2Ffts0%2Fplanets%2F101%2Ftext%2Ftxt001x.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=Monterey+Institute+for+Research+in+Astronomy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-23\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Ren\u00e9 Bourtembourg (2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://jha.sagepub.com/content/44/4/377.full.pdf+html\">\"Was Uranus Observed by Hipparchos?\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal for the History of Astronomy</i>. <b>44</b>: 377\u2013387. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F002182861304400401\">10.1177/002182861304400401</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Was+Uranus+Observed+by+Hipparchos%3F&amp;rft.au=Ren%C3%A9+Bourtembourg&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjha.sagepub.com%2Fcontent%2F44%2F4%2F377.full.pdf%2Bhtml&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002182861304400401&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+History+of+Astronomy&amp;rft.pages=377-387&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=44\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-24\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Dunkerson, Duane. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.thespaceguy.com/Uranus.htm\">\"Uranus \u2013 About Saying, Finding, and Describing It\"</a>. thespaceguy.com<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 17,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.aufirst=Duane&amp;rft.aulast=Dunkerson&amp;rft.btitle=Uranus+%93+About+Saying%2C+Finding%2C+and+Describing+It&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespaceguy.com%2FUranus.htm&amp;rft.pub=thespaceguy.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-25\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.bath-preservation-trust.org.uk/\">\"Bath Preservation Trust\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 29,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.btitle=Bath+Preservation+Trust&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bath-preservation-trust.org.uk%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-26\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Herschel, William; Watson, Dr. (1781). \"Account of a Comet, By Mr. Herschel, F. R. S.; Communicated by Dr. Watson, Jun. of Bath, F. R. S\". <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>71</b>: 492\u2013501. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1781RSPT...71..492H\">1781RSPT...71..492H</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\"
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1781.0056\">10.1098/rstl.1781.0056</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Account+of+a+Comet%2C+By+Mr.+Herschel%2C+F.+R.+S.%3B+Communicated+by+Dr.+Watson%2C+Jun.+of+Bath%2C+F.+R.+S&amp;rft.au=Herschel%2C+William&amp;rft.au=Watson%2C+Dr.&amp;rft.date=1781&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1781RSPT...71..492H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1781.0056&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&amp;rft.pages=492-501&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=71\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Ref-1-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Ref-1_27-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Ref-1_27-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Journal of the Royal Society and Royal Astronomical Society 1, 30, quoted in <a href=\"#Miner\">Miner</a>, p. 8</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-28\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Royal Astronomical Society MSS W.2/1.2, 23; quoted in <a href=\"#Miner\">Miner</a> p. 8</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-29\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">RAS MSS Herschel W.2/1.2, 24, quoted in <a href=\"#Miner\">Miner</a> p. 8</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-30\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">RAS MSS Herschel W1/13.M, 14 quoted in <a href=\"#Miner\">Miner</a> p. 8</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-lexell-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-lexell_31-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-lexell_31-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Lexell, A. J. (1783). \"Recherches sur la nouvelle planete, decouverte par M. Herschel &amp; nominee Georgium Sidus\". <i>Acta Academia Scientarum Imperialis Petropolitanae</i> (1): 303\u2013329.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Recherches+sur+la+nouvelle+planete%2C+decouverte+par+M.+Herschel+%26+nominee+Georgium+Sidus&amp;rft.au=Lexell%2C+A.+J.&amp;rft.date=1783&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Acta+Academia+Scientarum+Imperialis+Petropolitanae&amp;rft.pages=303-329&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-32\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Johann Elert Bode, Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch, p. 210, 1781, quoted in <a href=\"#Miner\">Miner</a>, p. 11</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-33\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#Miner\">Miner</a>, p. 11</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Dreyer-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Dreyer_34-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Dreyer_34-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\"><a href=\"/wiki/J._L._E._Dreyer\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"J. L. E. Dreyer\">Dreyer, J. L. E.</a>, (1912). <i>The Scientific Papers of Sir William Herschel</i>. <b>1</b>. Royal Society and Royal Astronomical Society. p.\u00a0100. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84371-022-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/1-84371-022-6\">1-84371-022-6</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.au=Dreye
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp r%2C+J.+L.+E.%2C&amp;rft.btitle=The+Scientific+Papers+of+Sir+William+Herschel&amp;rft.date=1912&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-84371-022-6&amp;rft.pages=100&amp;rft.pub=Royal+Society+and+Royal+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> <span class=\"citation-comment\" style=\"display:none; color:#33aa33\">CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (<a href=\"/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Multiple_names:_authors_list\" title=\"Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list\">link</a>)</span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Miner12-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Miner12_35-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Miner12_35-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#Miner\">Miner</a>, p. 12</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-36\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation encyclopaedia\">\"Uranian, a.<sup>2</sup> and n.<sup>1</sup>\". <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (2 ed.). 1989.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Uranian%2C+a.%3Csup%3E2%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+n.%3Csup%3E1%3C%2Fsup%3E&amp;rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-37\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Cain, Frasier (November 12, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.astronomycast.com/astronomy/episode-62-uranus/\">\"Astronomy Cast: Uranus\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 20,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.au=Cain%2C+Frasier&amp;rft.btitle=Astronomy+Cast%3A+Uranus&amp;rft.date=2007-11-12&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronomycast.com%2Fastronomy%2Fepisode-62-uranus%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-39\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-39\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">RAS MSS Herschel W.1/12.M, 20, quoted in <a href=\"#Miner\">Miner</a>, p. 12</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-40\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-40\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20060210222142/http://vesuvius.jsc.nasa.gov/er/seh/hersc.html\">\"Voyager at Uranus\"</a>. <i>Nasa Jpl</i>. <b>7</b> (85): 400\u2013268. 1986. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://vesuvius.jsc.nasa.gov/er/seh/hersc.html\">the original</a> on February 10, 2006.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Voyager+at+Uranus&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvesuvius.jsc.nasa.gov%2Fer%2Fseh%2Fhersc.html&amp;rft.issue=85&amp;rft.jtitle=Nasa+Jpl&amp;rft.pages=400-268&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=7\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Francisca-41\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Francisca_41-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Francisca_41-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Herschel, Francisca (1917). \"The meaning of the symbol H+o for the planet Uranus\". <i>
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp The Observatory</i>. The Observatory. <b>40</b>: 306. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917Obs....40..306H\">1917Obs....40..306H</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=The+meaning+of+the+symbol+H%2Bo+for+the+planet+Uranus&amp;rft.au=Herschel%2C+Francisca&amp;rft.date=1917&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1917Obs....40..306H&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Observatory&amp;rft.pages=306&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=40\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Bode-42\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Bode_42-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Bode_42-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Bode_42-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFBode1784\">Bode 1784</a>, pp.\u00a088\u201390: [In original German]: \"Bereits in der am 12ten M\u00e4rz 1782 bei der hiesigen naturforschenden Gesellschaft vorgelesenen Abhandlung, habe ich den Namen des Vaters vom Saturn, nemlich Uranos, oder wie er mit der lateinischen Endung gew\u00f6hnlicher ist, Uranus vorgeschlagen, und habe seit dem das Vergn\u00fcgen gehabt, da\u00df verschiedene Astronomen und Mathematiker in ihren Schriften oder in Briefen an mich, diese Benennung aufgenommen oder gebilligt. Meines Erachtens mu\u00df man bei dieser Wahl die Mythologie befolgen, aus welcher die uralten Namen der \u00fcbrigen Planeten entlehnen worden; denn in der Reihe der bisher bekannten, w\u00fcrde der von einer merkw\u00fcrdigen Person oder Begebenheit der neuern Zeit wahrgenommene Name eines Planeten sehr auffallen. Diodor von Cicilien erzahlt die Geschichte der Atlanten, eines uralten Volks, welches eine der fruchtbarsten Gegenden in Africa bewohnte, und die Meeresk\u00fcsten seines Landes als das Vaterland der G\u00f6tter ansah. Uranus war ihr, erster K\u00f6nig, Stifter ihres gesitteter Lebens und Erfinder vieler n\u00fctzlichen K\u00fcnste. Zugleich wird er auch als ein flei\u00dfiger und geschickter Himmelsforscher des Alterthums beschrieben... Noch mehr: Uranus war der Vater des Saturns und des Atlas, so wie der erstere der Vater des Jupiters.\"; [Translated]: \"Already in the pre-read at the local Natural History Society on 12th March 1782 treatise, I have the father's name from Saturn, namely Uranus, or as it is usually with the Latin suffix, proposed Uranus, and have since had the pleasure that various astronomers and mathematicians, cited in their writings or letters to me approving this designation. In my view, it is necessary to follow the mythology in this election, which had been borrowed from the ancient name of the other planets; because in the series of previously known, perceived by a strange person or event of modern times name of a planet would very noticeable. Diodorus of Cilicia tells the story of Atlas, an ancient people that inhabited one of the most fertile areas in Africa, and looked at the sea shores of his country as the homeland of the gods. Uranus was her first king, founder of their civilized life and inventor of many useful arts. At the same time he is also described as a diligent and skilful astronomers of antiquity ... even more: Uranus was the father of Saturn and the Atlas, as the former is the father of Jupiter.\"</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-planetsbeyond-43\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-planetsbeyond_43-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-planetsbeyond_43-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Littmann, Mark (2004). <i>Planets Beyond: Discovering the Outer Solar System</i>. Courier Dover Publications. pp.\u00a010\u201311. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Num
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp ber\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-43602-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-486-43602-0\">0-486-43602-0</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft.aulast=Littmann&amp;rft.btitle=Planets+Beyond%3A+Discovering+the+Outer+Solar+System&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-486-43602-0&amp;rft.pages=10-11&amp;rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-44\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-44\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Daugherty, Brian. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://bdaugherty.tripod.com/astronomy/bode.html\">\"Astronomy in Berlin\"</a>. Brian Daugherty<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 24,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.aufirst=Brian&amp;rft.aulast=Daugherty&amp;rft.btitle=Astronomy+in+Berlin&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbdaugherty.tripod.com%2Fastronomy%2Fbode.html&amp;rft.pub=Brian+Daugherty&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-45\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-45\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Finch, James (2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.allchemicals.info/articles/Uranium.php\">\"The Straight Scoop on Uranium\"</a>. allchemicals.info: The online chemical resource<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 30,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.au=Finch%2C+James&amp;rft.btitle=The+Straight+Scoop+on+Uranium&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allchemicals.info%2Farticles%2FUranium.php&amp;rft.pub=allchemicals.info%3A+The+online+chemical+resource&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-48\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-48\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=167\">\"Planet symbols\"</a>. <i>NASA Solar System exploration</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 4,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Planet+symbols&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fmultimedia%2Fdisplay.cfm%3FIM_ID%3D167&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA+Solar+System+exploration&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-49\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-49\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">De Groot, Jan Jakob Maria (1912). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAaP7dyjCrAC&amp;pg=PA300\"><i>Religion in China: universism. a key to the study of Taoism and Confucianism</i></a>. <i>American lectures on the history of religions</i>. <b>10</b>. G. P. Putnam's Sons. p.\u00a0300<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2010-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.aufirst=Jan+Jakob+Maria&am
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp p;rft.aulast=De+Groot&amp;rft.btitle=Religion+in+China%3A+universism.+a+key+to+the+study+of+Taoism+and+Confucianism&amp;rft.date=1912&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZAaP7dyjCrAC%26pg%3DPA300&amp;rft.pages=300&amp;rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-50\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-50\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Crump, Thomas (1992). <i>The Japanese numbers game: the use and understanding of numbers in modern Japan</i>. <i>Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese studies series</i>. Routledge. pp.\u00a039\u201340. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-05609-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-415-05609-8\">0-415-05609-8</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas&amp;rft.aulast=Crump&amp;rft.btitle=The+Japanese+numbers+game%3A+the+use+and+understanding+of+numbers+in+modern+Japan&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-415-05609-8&amp;rft.pages=39-40&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-51\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-51\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Hulbert, Homer Bezaleel (1909). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=fxwpAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA426\"><i>The passing of Korea</i></a>. Doubleday, Page &amp; company. p.\u00a0426<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2010-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.aufirst=Homer+Bezaleel&amp;rft.aulast=Hulbert&amp;rft.btitle=The+passing+of+Korea&amp;rft.date=1909&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfxwpAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA426&amp;rft.pages=426&amp;rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Page+%26+company&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-52\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-52\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amateurastronomy.org/EH/Oct97.txt\">\"Asian Astronomy 101\"</a>. <i>Hamilton Amateur Astronomers</i>. <b>4</b> (11). 1997<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 5,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Asian+Astronomy+101&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famateurastronomy.org%2FEH%2FOct97.txt&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.jtitle=Hamilton+Amateur+Astronomers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=4\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-53\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-53\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://nineplanets.org/days.html\">[1]</a></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-54\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-54\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/wh%C4%93rangi/index.html\">[2]</a></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AA-55\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-AA_55-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"referenc
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp e-text\">Jean Meeus, <i>Astronomical Algorithms</i> (Richmond, VA: Willmann-Bell, 1998) p 271. From the 1841 aphelion to the 2092 one, perihelia are always 18.28 and aphelia always 20.10 astronomical units</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-56\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-56\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.astrosociety.org/education/publications/tnl/04/04.html\">\"Next Stop Uranus\"</a>. 1986<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.btitle=Next+Stop+Uranus&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrosociety.org%2Feducation%2Fpublications%2Ftnl%2F04%2F04.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-georgeforbes-57\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-georgeforbes_57-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Forbes, George (1909). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.vinnysa1store.com/historyofastronomy2.html#8\">\"History of Astronomy\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 7,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.au=Forbes%2C+George&amp;rft.btitle=History+of+Astronomy&amp;rft.date=1909&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vinnysa1store.com%2Fhistoryofastronomy2.html%238&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-58\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-58\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">O'Connor, J J. &amp; Robertson, E. F. (1996). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Neptune_and_Pluto.html\">\"Mathematical discovery of planets\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+J+J.&amp;rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.+F.&amp;rft.btitle=Mathematical+discovery+of+planets&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FHistTopics%2FNeptune_and_Pluto.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-59\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-59\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Gierasch, Peter J. &amp; Nicholson, Philip D. (2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.warrentboe.org/_files/TeacherPages/792/Uranus_Article.pdf\">\"Uranus\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>World Book</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Uranus&amp;rft.au=Gierasch%2C+Peter+J.&amp;rft.au=Nicholson%2C+Philip+D.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warrentboe.org%2F_files%2FTeacherPages%2F792%2FUranus_Article.pdf&amp;rft.jtitle=World+Book&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-60\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-60\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Sromovsky, Lawre
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp nce (2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.news.wisc.edu/releases/12826.html\">\"Hubble captures rare, fleeting shadow on Uranus\"</a>. <i>University of Wisconsin Madison</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Hubble+captures+rare%2C+fleeting+shadow+on+Uranus&amp;rft.au=Sromovsky%2C+Lawrence&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.wisc.edu%2Freleases%2F12826.html&amp;rft.jtitle=University+of+Wisconsin+Madison&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-61\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-61\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation conference\">Hammel, Heidi B. (September 5, 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084057/http://www.apl.ucl.ac.uk/iopw/uworkshop_060905.pdf\">\"Uranus nears Equinox\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>A report from the 2006 Pasadena Workshop</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.apl.ucl.ac.uk/iopw/uworkshop_060905.pdf\">the original</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span> on 2009-02-25.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Uranus+nears+Equinox&amp;rft.aufirst=Heidi+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Hammel&amp;rft.btitle=A+report+from+the+2006+Pasadena+Workshop&amp;rft.date=2006-09-05&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apl.ucl.ac.uk%2Fiopw%2Fuworkshop_060905.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-weather-62\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-weather_62-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-weather_62-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/10/061001211630.htm\">\"Hubble Discovers Dark Cloud In The Atmosphere Of Uranus\"</a>. Science Daily<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 16,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.btitle=Hubble+Discovers+Dark+Cloud+In+The+Atmosphere+Of+Uranus&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2006%2F10%2F061001211630.htm&amp;rft.pub=Science+Daily&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-63\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-63\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Bergstralh, Jay T.; Miner, Ellis; Matthews, Mildred (1991). <i>Uranus</i>. pp.\u00a0485\u2013486. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8165-1208-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-8165-1208-6\">0-8165-1208-6</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.au=Bergstralh%2C+Jay+T.&amp;rft.au=Matthews%2C+Mildred&amp;rft.au=Miner%2C+Ellis&amp;rft.btitle=Uranus&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8165-1208-6&amp;rft.pages=485-486&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-64\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-64\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm\">\"Report of the IAU/IAG working group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements of the planets and satellites: 2000\"</a>. <i>IAU</i>. 2000<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Report+of+the+IAU%2FIAG+working+group+on+cartographic+coordinates+and+rotational+elements+of+the+planets+and+satellites%3A+2000&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hnsky.org%2Fiau-iag.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=IAU&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-65\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-65\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/documents/sr/stdref_021015/Chapter02.pdf\">\"Cartographic Standards\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>NASA</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Cartographic+Standards&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpds.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fdocuments%2Fsr%2Fstdref_021015%2FChapter02.pdf&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-66\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-66\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20070505140123/http://roger.ecn.purdue.edu/~masl/documents/masl/coords.html\">\"Coordinate Frames Used in MASL\"</a>. 2003. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://roger.ecn.purdue.edu/~masl/documents/masl/coords.html\">the original</a> on May 5, 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.btitle=Coordinate+Frames+Used+in+MASL&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froger.ecn.purdue.edu%2F~masl%2Fdocuments%2Fmasl%2Fcoords.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-67\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-67\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Nowak, Gary T. (2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727233304/http://www.vtastro.org/Articles/uranus2006.html\">\"Uranus: the Threshold Planet of 2006\"</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.vtastro.org/Articles/uranus2006.html\">the original</a> on 2011-07-27<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 14,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.au=Nowak%2C+Gary+T.&amp;rft.btitle=Uranus%3A+the+Threshold+Planet+of+2006&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vtastro.org%2FArticles%2Furanus2006.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Podolak_Podolak_et_al._2000-68\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Podolak_Podolak_et_al._2000_68-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Podolak_Podolak_et_al._2000_68-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp href=\"#cite_ref-Podolak_Podolak_et_al._2000_68-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFPodolak_Podolak_et_al.2000\" class=\"citation journal\">Podolak, M.; Podolak, J. I.; Marley, M. S. (February 2000). \"Further investigations of random models of Uranus and Neptune\". <i>Planetary and Space Science</i>. <b>48</b> (2\u20133): 143\u2013151. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000P&amp;SS...48..143P\">2000P&amp;SS...48..143P</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0032-0633%2899%2900088-4\">10.1016/S0032-0633(99)00088-4</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Further+investigations+of+random+models+of+Uranus+and+Neptune&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.aulast=Podolak&amp;rft.au=Marley%2C+M.+S.&amp;rft.au=Podolak%2C+J.+I.&amp;rft.date=2000-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000P%26SS...48..143P&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0032-0633%2899%2900088-4&amp;rft.issue=2%933&amp;rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&amp;rft.pages=143-151&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=48\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Faure2007-69\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Faure2007_69-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Faure2007_69-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Faure2007_69-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Faure2007_69-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Faure2007_69-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Faure2007_69-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation encyclopaedia\">Faure, Gunter; Mensing, Teresa (2007). \"Uranus: What Happened Here?\". In Faure, Gunter; Mensing, Teresa M. <i>Introduction to Planetary Science</i>. <i>Introduction to Planetary Science</i>. Springer Netherlands. p.\u00a0369. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-5544-7_18\">10.1007/978-1-4020-5544-7_18</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-5233-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-5233-0\">978-1-4020-5233-0</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Planetary+Science&amp;rft.aufirst=Gunter&amp;rft.aulast=Faure&amp;rft.au=Mensing%2C+Teresa&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Planetary+Science&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-5544-7_18&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4020-5233-0&amp;rft.pages=369&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Atreya2006-70\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Atreya2006_70-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Atreya2006_70-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Atreya, S.; Egeler, P.; Baines, K. (2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU06/05179/EGU06-J-05179-1.pdf\">\"Water-ammonia ionic ocean on Uranus and Neptune?\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geophysical Research Abstracts</i>. <b>8</b>: 05179.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Water-ammonia+ion
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp ic+ocean+on+Uranus+and+Neptune%3F&amp;rft.au=Baines%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Egeler%2C+P.&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.aulast=Atreya&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cosis.net%2Fabstracts%2FEGU06%2F05179%2FEGU06-J-05179-1.pdf&amp;rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Abstracts&amp;rft.pages=05179&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=8\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-71\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-71\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.spacedaily.com/news/carbon-99d.html\">\"Is It Raining Diamonds On Uranus\"</a>. SpaceDaily.com. October 1, 1999<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.btitle=Is+It+Raining+Diamonds+On+Uranus&amp;rft.date=1999-10-01&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacedaily.com%2Fnews%2Fcarbon-99d.html&amp;rft.pub=SpaceDaily.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-72\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-72\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Bland, Eric (January 15, 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.discovery.com/space/alien-life-exoplanets/diamond-oceans-jupiter-uranus.htm\">\"Diamond Oceans Possible on Uranus, Neptune\"</a>. Discovery.com<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.au=Bland%2C+Eric&amp;rft.btitle=Diamond+Oceans+Possible+on+Uranus%2C+Neptune&amp;rft.date=2010-01-15&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.discovery.com%2Fspace%2Falien-life-exoplanets%2Fdiamond-oceans-jupiter-uranus.htm&amp;rft.pub=Discovery.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-73\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-73\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Baldwin, Emily (January 21, 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.astronomynow.com/news/n1001/21diamond/\">\"Oceans of diamond possible on Uranus and Neptune\"</a>. astronomynow.com<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.au=Baldwin%2C+Emily&amp;rft.btitle=Oceans+of+diamond+possible+on+Uranus+and+Neptune&amp;rft.date=2010-01-21&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronomynow.com%2Fnews%2Fn1001%2F21diamond%2F&amp;rft.pub=astronomynow.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-74\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-74\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20727764.500-weird-water-lurking-inside-giant-planets.html\">Weird water lurking inside giant planets</a>, New Scientist,September 1, 2010, Magazine issue 2776.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Hanel_Conrath_et_al._1986-75\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hanel_Conrath_et_al._1986_75-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hanel_Conrath_et_al._1986_75-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hanel_Conrath_et_al._1986_75-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#c
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp ite_ref-Hanel_Conrath_et_al._1986_75-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFHanel_Conrath_et_al.1986\" class=\"citation journal\">Hanel, R.; Conrath, B.; Flasar, F. M.; Kunde, V.; Maguire, W.; Pearl, J.; Pirraglia, J.; Samuelson, R.; Cruikshank, D. (4 July 1986). \"Infrared Observations of the Uranian System\". <i>Science</i>. <b>233</b> (4759): 70\u201374. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Sci...233...70H\">1986Sci...233...70H</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.233.4759.70\">10.1126/science.233.4759.70</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17812891\">17812891</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Infrared+Observations+of+the+Uranian+System&amp;rft.au=Conrath%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Cruikshank%2C+D.&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.au=Flasar%2C+F.+M.&amp;rft.au=Kunde%2C+V.&amp;rft.aulast=Hanel&amp;rft.au=Maguire%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Pearl%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Pirraglia%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Samuelson%2C+R.&amp;rft.date=1986-07-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986Sci...233...70H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.233.4759.70&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17812891&amp;rft.issue=4759&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=70-74&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=233\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990-76\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990_76-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990_76-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990_76-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990_76-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990_76-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990_76-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990_76-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFPearl_Conrath_et_al.1990\" class=\"citation journal\">Pearl, J. C.; Conrath, B. J.; Hanel, R. A.; Pirraglia, J. A.; Coustenis, A. (March 1990). \"The albedo, effective temperature, and energy balance of Uranus, as determined from Voyager IRIS data\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>84</b> (1): 12\u201328. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Icar...84...12P\">1990Icar...84...12P</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2890%2990155-3\">10.1016/0019-1035(90)90155-3</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0019-1035\">0019-1035</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=The+albedo%2C+effective+temperature%2C+and+energy+balance+of+Uranus%2C+as+determined+from+Voyager+IRIS+data&amp;rft.au=Conrath%2C+B.+J.&amp;rft.au=Coustenis%2C+A.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+C.&amp;rft.au=Hanel%2C+R.+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Pearl&amp;rft.au=Pirraglia%2C+J.+A.&amp;rft.date=1990-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990Icar...84...12P&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-1035%2890%2990155-3&amp;rft.issn=0019-1035&
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=12-28&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=84\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-77\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-77\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Hawksett, David (2005). \"Ten Mysteries of the Solar System: Why is Uranus So Cold?\". <i>Astronomy Now</i>: 73.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Ten+Mysteries+of+the+Solar+System%3A+Why+is+Uranus+So+Cold%3F&amp;rft.au=Hawksett%2C+David&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomy+Now&amp;rft.pages=73&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-de_Pater_Romani_et_al._1991-78\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-de_Pater_Romani_et_al._1991_78-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-de_Pater_Romani_et_al._1991_78-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-de_Pater_Romani_et_al._1991_78-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFde_Pater_Romani_et_al.1991\" class=\"citation journal\">de Pater, Imke; Romani, Paul N.; Atreya, Sushil K. (June 1991). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www-personal.umich.edu/~atreya/Articles/1991_Microwave_Absorption.pdf\">\"Possible microwave absorption by H<sub>2</sub>S gas in Uranus' and Neptune's atmospheres\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Icarus</i>. <b>91</b> (2): 220\u2013233. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Icar...91..220D\">1991Icar...91..220D</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2891%2990020-T\">10.1016/0019-1035(91)90020-T</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0019-1035\">0019-1035</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Possible+microwave+absorption+by+H%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3ES+gas+in+Uranus%27+and+Neptune%27s+atmospheres&amp;rft.au=Atreya%2C+Sushil+K.&amp;rft.aufirst=Imke&amp;rft.aulast=de+Pater&amp;rft.au=Romani%2C+Paul+N.&amp;rft.date=1991-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-personal.umich.edu%2F~atreya%2FArticles%2F1991_Microwave_Absorption.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991Icar...91..220D&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-1035%2891%2990020-T&amp;rft.issn=0019-1035&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=220-233&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=91\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Herbert_Sandel_et_al._1987-79\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Herbert_Sandel_et_al._1987_79-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Herbert_Sandel_et_al._1987_79-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Herbert_Sandel_et_al._1987_79-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Herbert_Sandel_et_al._1987_79-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Herbert_Sandel_et_al._1987_79-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFHerbert_Sandel_et_al.1987\" class=\"citation journal\">Herbert, F.; Sandel, B. R.; Yelle, R. V.; Holberg, J. B.; Broadfoot, A. L.; Shemansky, D. E.; Atreya, S. K.; Romani, P. N. (December 30, 1987). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://ww
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp w-personal.umich.edu/~atreya/Articles/1987_Upper_Atm_Uranus.pdf\">\"The Upper Atmosphere of Uranus: EUV Occultations Observed by Voyager 2\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>92</b> (A13): 15,093\u201315,109. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987JGR....9215093H\">1987JGR....9215093H</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2FJA092iA13p15093\">10.1029/JA092iA13p15093</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=The+Upper+Atmosphere+of+Uranus%3A+EUV+Occultations+Observed+by+Voyager+2&amp;rft.au=Atreya%2C+S.+K.&amp;rft.au=Broadfoot%2C+A.+L.&amp;rft.aufirst=F.&amp;rft.au=Holberg%2C+J.+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Herbert&amp;rft.au=Romani%2C+P.+N.&amp;rft.au=Sandel%2C+B.+R.&amp;rft.au=Shemansky%2C+D.+E.&amp;rft.au=Yelle%2C+R.+V.&amp;rft.date=1987-12-30&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-personal.umich.edu%2F~atreya%2FArticles%2F1987_Upper_Atm_Uranus.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987JGR....9215093H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FJA092iA13p15093&amp;rft.issue=A13&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&amp;rft.pages=15%2C093-15%2C109&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=92\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Lodders_2003-80\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Lodders_2003_80-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFLodders2003\" class=\"citation journal\">Lodders, Katharina (July 10, 2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://weft.astro.washington.edu/courses/astro557/LODDERS.pdf\">\"Solar System Abundances and Condensation Temperatures of the Elements\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. The American Astronomical Society. <b>591</b> (2): 1220\u20131247. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApJ...591.1220L\">2003ApJ...591.1220L</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F375492\">10.1086/375492</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Solar+System+Abundances+and+Condensation+Temperatures+of+the+Elements&amp;rft.aufirst=Katharina&amp;rft.aulast=Lodders&amp;rft.date=2003-07-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweft.astro.washington.edu%2Fcourses%2Fastro557%2FLODDERS.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003ApJ...591.1220L&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F375492&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=1220-1247&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=591\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Tyler_1986-81\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Tyler_1986_81-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Tyler_1986_81-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Tyler_1986_81-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Tyler_1986_81-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Tyler_1986_81-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Tyler, J.L.; Sweetnam, D.N.; Anderson, J.D.; Campbell, J. K.; Eshleman, V. R.; Hinson, D. P.; Levy, G. S.; Lindal, G. F.; Marouf, E. A.; Simpson, R. A. (1986). \"Voyger 2 Radio Science Observations of the Uranian System: Atmosphere, Rings, and Satellites\". <i>Science</i>. <b>233</b> (4759): 79\
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp u201384. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Sci...233...79T\">1986Sci...233...79T</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.233.4759.79\">10.1126/science.233.4759.79</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17812893\">17812893</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Voyger+2+Radio+Science+Observations+of+the+Uranian+System%3A+Atmosphere%2C+Rings%2C+and+Satellites&amp;rft.au=Anderson%2C+J.D.&amp;rft.au=Campbell%2C+J.+K.&amp;rft.au=Eshleman%2C+V.+R.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.L.&amp;rft.au=Hinson%2C+D.+P.&amp;rft.aulast=Tyler&amp;rft.au=Levy%2C+G.+S.&amp;rft.au=Lindal%2C+G.+F.&amp;rft.au=Marouf%2C+E.+A.&amp;rft.au=Simpson%2C+R.+A.&amp;rft.au=Sweetnam%2C+D.N.&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986Sci...233...79T&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.233.4759.79&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17812893&amp;rft.issue=4759&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=79-84&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=233\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Bishop_Atreya_et_al._1990-83\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Bishop_Atreya_et_al._1990_83-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Bishop_Atreya_et_al._1990_83-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Bishop_Atreya_et_al._1990_83-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Bishop_Atreya_et_al._1990_83-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Bishop_Atreya_et_al._1990_83-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFBishop_Atreya_et_al.1990\" class=\"citation journal\">Bishop, J.; Atreya, S. K.; Herbert, F.; Romani, P. (December 1990). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www-personal.umich.edu/~atreya/Articles/1990_Reanalysis.pdf\">\"Reanalysis of voyager 2 UVS occultations at Uranus: Hydrocarbon mixing ratios in the equatorial stratosphere\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Icarus</i>. <b>88</b> (2): 448\u2013464. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Icar...88..448B\">1990Icar...88..448B</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2890%2990094-P\">10.1016/0019-1035(90)90094-P</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Reanalysis+of+voyager+2+UVS+occultations+at+Uranus%3A+Hydrocarbon+mixing+ratios+in+the+equatorial+stratosphere&amp;rft.au=Atreya%2C+S.+K.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.au=Herbert%2C+F.&amp;rft.aulast=Bishop&amp;rft.au=Romani%2C+P.&amp;rft.date=1990-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-personal.umich.edu%2F~atreya%2FArticles%2F1990_Reanalysis.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990Icar...88..448B&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-1035%2890%2990094-P&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=448-464&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=88\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-de_Pater_Romani_et_al._1989-84\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-de_Pater_Romani_et_al._1989_84-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFde_Pater_Romani_et_al.1989\" class=\"citation journal\">de Pater, I.; Romani, P. N.
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp ; Atreya, S. K. (December 1989). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www-personal.umich.edu/~atreya/Articles/1989_Uranus_Deep_Atm.pdf\">\"Uranius Deep Atmosphere Revealed\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Icarus</i>. <b>82</b> (2): 288\u2013313. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Icar...82..288D\">1989Icar...82..288D</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2889%2990040-7\">10.1016/0019-1035(89)90040-7</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0019-1035\">0019-1035</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Uranius+Deep+Atmosphere+Revealed&amp;rft.au=Atreya%2C+S.+K.&amp;rft.aufirst=I.&amp;rft.aulast=de+Pater&amp;rft.au=Romani%2C+P.+N.&amp;rft.date=1989-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-personal.umich.edu%2F~atreya%2FArticles%2F1989_Uranus_Deep_Atm.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989Icar...82..288D&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-1035%2889%2990040-7&amp;rft.issn=0019-1035&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=288-313&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=82\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Summers_.26_Strobel_1989-85\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Summers_.26_Strobel_1989_85-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Summers_.26_Strobel_1989_85-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Summers_.26_Strobel_1989_85-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFSummersStrobel1989\" class=\"citation journal\">Summers, M. E.; Strobel, D. F. (November 1, 1989). \"Photochemistry of the atmosphere of Uranus\". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>346</b>: 495\u2013508. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ApJ...346..495S\">1989ApJ...346..495S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F168031\">10.1086/168031</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X\">0004-637X</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Photochemistry+of+the+atmosphere+of+Uranus&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+E.&amp;rft.aulast=Summers&amp;rft.au=Strobel%2C+D.+F.&amp;rft.date=1989-11-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989ApJ...346..495S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F168031&amp;rft.issn=0004-637X&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=495-508&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=346\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Burgdorf_Orton_et_al._2006-86\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Burgdorf_Orton_et_al._2006_86-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Burgdorf_Orton_et_al._2006_86-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Burgdorf_Orton_et_al._2006_86-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Burgdorf_Orton_et_al._2006_86-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Burgdorf_Orton_et_al._2006_86-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFBurgdorf_Orton_
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp et_al.2006\" class=\"citation journal\">Burgdorf, M.; Orton, G.; Vancleve, J.; Meadows, V.; Houck, J. (October 2006). \"Detection of new hydrocarbons in Uranus' atmosphere by infrared spectroscopy\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>184</b> (2): 634\u2013637. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Icar..184..634B\">2006Icar..184..634B</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2006.06.006\">10.1016/j.icarus.2006.06.006</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Detection+of+new+hydrocarbons+in+Uranus%27+atmosphere+by+infrared+spectroscopy&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.au=Houck%2C+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Burgdorf&amp;rft.au=Meadows%2C+V.&amp;rft.au=Orton%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Vancleve%2C+J.&amp;rft.date=2006-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Icar..184..634B&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2006.06.006&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=634-637&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=184\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Encrenaz_2003-87\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Encrenaz_2003_87-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Encrenaz_2003_87-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Encrenaz_2003_87-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFEncrenaz2003\" class=\"citation journal\">Encrenaz, Th\u00e9r\u00e8se (February 2003). \"ISO observations of the giant planets and Titan: what have we learnt?\". <i>Planetary and Space Science</i>. <b>51</b> (2): 89\u2013103. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003P&amp;SS...51...89E\">2003P&amp;SS...51...89E</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0032-0633%2802%2900145-9\">10.1016/S0032-0633(02)00145-9</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=ISO+observations+of+the+giant+planets+and+Titan%3A+what+have+we+learnt%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se&amp;rft.aulast=Encrenaz&amp;rft.date=2003-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003P%26SS...51...89E&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0032-0633%2802%2900145-9&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&amp;rft.pages=89-103&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=51\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Encrenaz_Lellouch_et_al._2004-88\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Encrenaz_Lellouch_et_al._2004_88-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Encrenaz_Lellouch_et_al._2004_88-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFEncrenaz_Lellouch_et_al.2004\" class=\"citation journal\">Encrenaz, T.; Lellouch, E.; Drossart, P.; Feuchtgruber, H.; Orton, G. S.; Atreya, S. K. (January 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www-personal.umich.edu/~atreya/Articles/2004_First_Detection.pdf\">\"First detection of CO in Uranus\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. <b>413</b> (2): L5\u2013L9. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004A&amp;A...413L...5E\">2004A&amp;A...413L...5E</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp \" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20034637\">10.1051/0004-6361:20034637</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=First+detection+of+CO+in+Uranus&amp;rft.au=Atreya%2C+S.+K.&amp;rft.au=Drossart%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Feuchtgruber%2C+H.&amp;rft.aufirst=T.&amp;rft.aulast=Encrenaz&amp;rft.au=Lellouch%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Orton%2C+G.+S.&amp;rft.date=2004-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-personal.umich.edu%2F~atreya%2FArticles%2F2004_First_Detection.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004A%26A...413L...5E&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20034637&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&amp;rft.pages=L5-L9&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=413\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Atreya_Wong_2005-89\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Atreya_Wong_2005_89-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFAtreyaWong2005\" class=\"citation journal\">Atreya, Sushil K.; Wong, Ah-San (2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www-personal.umich.edu/~atreya/Chapters/2005_JovianCloud_Multiprobes.pdf\">\"Coupled Clouds and Chemistry of the Giant Planets\u00a0\u2014 A Case for Multiprobes\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Space Science Reviews</i>. <b>116</b>: 121\u2013136. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SSRv..116..121A\">2005SSRv..116..121A</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11214-005-1951-5\">10.1007/s11214-005-1951-5</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-0633\">0032-0633</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Coupled+Clouds+and+Chemistry+of+the+Giant+Planets+%94+A+Case+for+Multiprobes&amp;rft.aufirst=Sushil+K.&amp;rft.aulast=Atreya&amp;rft.au=Wong%2C+Ah-San&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-personal.umich.edu%2F~atreya%2FChapters%2F2005_JovianCloud_Multiprobes.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005SSRv..116..121A&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11214-005-1951-5&amp;rft.issn=0032-0633&amp;rft.jtitle=Space+Science+Reviews&amp;rft.pages=121-136&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=116\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Young_et_al._2001-90\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Young_et_al._2001_90-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Young_et_al._2001_90-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Young_et_al._2001_90-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Young, Leslie A.; Bosh, Amanda S.; Buie, Marc; Elliot, J. L.; Wasserman, Lawrence H. (2001). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~layoung/eprint/ur149/Young2001Uranus.pdf\">\"Uranus after Solstice: Results from the 1998\u00a0November\u00a06 Occultation\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Icarus</i>. <b>153</b> (2): 236\u2013247. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Icar..153..236Y\">2001Icar..153..236Y</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.2001.6698\">10.1006/icar.20
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp 01.6698</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Uranus+after+Solstice%3A+Results+from+the+1998+November+6+Occultation&amp;rft.au=Bosh%2C+Amanda+S.&amp;rft.au=Buie%2C+Marc&amp;rft.au=Elliot%2C+J.+L.&amp;rft.aufirst=Leslie+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Young&amp;rft.au=Wasserman%2C+Lawrence+H.&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boulder.swri.edu%2F~layoung%2Feprint%2Fur149%2FYoung2001Uranus.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Icar..153..236Y&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.2001.6698&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=236-247&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=153\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999-91\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999_91-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999_91-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999_91-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999_91-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999_91-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999_91-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999_91-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999_91-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFHerbertSandel1999\" class=\"citation journal\">Herbert, Floyd; Sandel, Bill R. (August\u2013September 1999). \"Ultraviolet observations of Uranus and Neptune\". <i>Planetary and Space Science</i>. <b>47</b> (8\u20139): 1,119\u20131,139. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999P&amp;SS...47.1119H\">1999P&amp;SS...47.1119H</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0032-0633%2898%2900142-1\">10.1016/S0032-0633(98)00142-1</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Ultraviolet+observations+of+Uranus+and+Neptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Floyd&amp;rft.aulast=Herbert&amp;rft.au=Sandel%2C+Bill+R.&amp;rft.date=1999-08%2F1999-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999P%26SS...47.1119H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0032-0633%2898%2900142-1&amp;rft.issue=8%939&amp;rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&amp;rft.pages=1%2C119-1%2C139&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=47\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Trafton_Miller_et_al._1999-92\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Trafton_Miller_et_al._1999_92-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFTrafton_Miller_et_al.1999\" class=\"citation journal\">Trafton, L. M.; Miller, S.; Geballe, T. R.; Tennyson, J.; Ballester, G. E. (October 1999). \"H<sub>2</sub> Quadrupole and H<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> Emission from Uranus: The Uranian Thermosphere, Ionosphere, and Aurora\". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>524</b> (2): 1,059\u20131,083. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ApJ...524.1059T\">1999ApJ...524.1059T</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F307838\">10.1086/307838</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=H%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+Quadrupole+and+H%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%2B%3C%2Fsup
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp %3E+Emission+from+Uranus%3A+The+Uranian+Thermosphere%2C+Ionosphere%2C+and+Aurora&amp;rft.au=Ballester%2C+G.+E.&amp;rft.aufirst=L.+M.&amp;rft.au=Geballe%2C+T.+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Trafton&amp;rft.au=Miller%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Tennyson%2C+J.&amp;rft.date=1999-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999ApJ...524.1059T&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F307838&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=1%2C059-1%2C083&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=524\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Encrenaz_Drossart_et_al._2003-93\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Encrenaz_Drossart_et_al._2003_93-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFEncrenaz_Drossart_et_al.2003\" class=\"citation journal\">Encrenaz, T.; Drossart, P.; Orton, G.; Feuchtgruber, H.; Lellouch, E.; Atreya, S. K. (December 2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www-personal.umich.edu/~atreya/Articles/2003_Rotational_Temperature.pdf\">\"The rotational temperature and column density of H<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> in Uranus\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Planetary and Space Science</i>. <b>51</b> (14\u201315): 1013\u20131016. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003P&amp;SS...51.1013E\">2003P&amp;SS...51.1013E</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pss.2003.05.010\">10.1016/j.pss.2003.05.010</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=The+rotational+temperature+and+column+density+of+H%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%2B%3C%2Fsup%3E+in+Uranus&amp;rft.au=Atreya%2C+S.+K.&amp;rft.au=Drossart%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Feuchtgruber%2C+H.&amp;rft.aufirst=T.&amp;rft.aulast=Encrenaz&amp;rft.au=Lellouch%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Orton%2C+G.&amp;rft.date=2003-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-personal.umich.edu%2F~atreya%2FArticles%2F2003_Rotational_Temperature.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003P%26SS...51.1013E&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pss.2003.05.010&amp;rft.issue=14%9315&amp;rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&amp;rft.pages=1013-1016&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=51\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Lam_Miller_et_al._1997-94\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lam_Miller_et_al._1997_94-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lam_Miller_et_al._1997_94-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFLam_Miller_et_al.1997\" class=\"citation journal\">Lam, H. A.; Miller, S.; Joseph, R. D.; Geballe, T. R.; Trafton, L. M.; Tennyson, J.; Ballester, G. E. (1997-01-01). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ucl.ac.uk/phys/amopp/people/jonathan_tennyson/papers/192.pdf\">\"Variation in the H<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> Emission of Uranus\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. The American Astronomical Society. <b>474</b> (1): L73\u2013L76. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApJ...474L..73L\">1997ApJ...474L..73L</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F310424\">10.1086/310424</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Variation+in+the+H%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%2B%3C%2Fsup%3E+Emission+of+Uranus&amp;rft.au=Balleste
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp r%2C+G.+E.&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+A.&amp;rft.au=Geballe%2C+T.+R.&amp;rft.au=Joseph%2C+R.+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Lam&amp;rft.au=Miller%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Tennyson%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Trafton%2C+L.+M.&amp;rft.date=1997-01-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Fphys%2Famopp%2Fpeople%2Fjonathan_tennyson%2Fpapers%2F192.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997ApJ...474L..73L&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F310424&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=L73-L76&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=474\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986-95\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986_95-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986_95-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986_95-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986_95-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986_95-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986_95-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986_95-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986_95-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986_95-8\"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Ness_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al._1986_95-9\"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFNess_Acu.C3.B1a_et_al.1986\" class=\"citation journal\">Ness, Norman F.; Acu\u00f1a, Mario H.; Behannon, Kenneth W.; Burlaga, Leonard F.; Connerney, John E. P.; Lepping, Ronald P.; Neubauer, Fritz M. (July 1986). \"Magnetic Fields at Uranus\". <i>Science</i>. <b>233</b> (4759): 85\u201389. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Sci...233...85N\">1986Sci...233...85N</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.233.4759.85\">10.1126/science.233.4759.85</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17812894\">17812894</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Magnetic+Fields+at+Uranus&amp;rft.au=Acu%C3%B1a%2C+Mario+H.&amp;rft.au=Behannon%2C+Kenneth+W.&amp;rft.au=Burlaga%2C+Leonard+F.&amp;rft.au=Connerney%2C+John+E.+P.&amp;rft.aufirst=Norman+F.&amp;rft.aulast=Ness&amp;rft.au=Lepping%2C+Ronald+P.&amp;rft.au=Neubauer%2C+Fritz+M.&amp;rft.date=1986-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986Sci...233...85N&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.233.4759.85&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17812894&amp;rft.issue=4759&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=85-89&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=233\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Russell993-96\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Russell993_96-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Russell993_96-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Russell993_96-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Russell993_96-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Russell993_96-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Russell993_96-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Russell993_96-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Russell, C.T. (1993). \"Planetary Magnetosphe
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08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp e-exoplanets%2Fdiamond-oceans-jupiter-uranus.htm&amp;rft.pub=Discovery.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Krimigis_Armstrong_et_al._1986-99\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Krimigis_Armstrong_et_al._1986_99-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Krimigis_Armstrong_et_al._1986_99-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Krimigis_Armstrong_et_al._1986_99-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Krimigis_Armstrong_et_al._1986_99-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Krimigis_Armstrong_et_al._1986_99-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Krimigis_Armstrong_et_al._1986_99-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFKrimigis_Armstrong_et_al.1986\" class=\"citation journal\">Krimigis, S. M.; Armstrong, T. P.; Axford, W. I.; Cheng, A. F.; Gloeckler, G.; Hamilton, D. C.; Keath, E. P.; Lanzerotti, L. J.; Mauk, B. H. (4 July 1986). \"The Magnetosphere of Uranus: Hot Plasma and Radiation Environment\". <i>Science</i>. <b>233</b> (4759): 97\u2013102. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Sci...233...97K\">1986Sci...233...97K</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.233.4759.97\">10.1126/science.233.4759.97</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17812897\">17812897</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=The+Magnetosphere+of+Uranus%3A+Hot+Plasma+and+Radiation+Environment&amp;rft.au=Armstrong%2C+T.+P.&amp;rft.au=Axford%2C+W.+I.&amp;rft.au=Cheng%2C+A.+F.&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+M.&amp;rft.au=Gloeckler%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Hamilton%2C+D.+C.&amp;rft.au=Keath%2C+E.+P.&amp;rft.au=Lanzerotti%2C+L.+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Krimigis&amp;rft.au=Mauk%2C+B.+H.&amp;rft.date=1986-07-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986Sci...233...97K&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.233.4759.97&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17812897&amp;rft.issue=4759&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=97-102&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=233\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-100\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-100\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/uranus_magnetosphere.html\">\"Voyager: Uranus: Magnetosphere\"</a>. <i>NASA</i>. 2003<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Voyager%3A+Uranus%3A+Magnetosphere&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoyager.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fscience%2Furanus_magnetosphere.html&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Bridge1986-101\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Bridge1986_101-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Bridge, H.S.; Belcher, J.W.; Coppi, B.; Lazarus, A. J.; McNutt Jr, R. L.; Olbert, S.; Richardson, J. D.; Sands, M. R.; Selesnick, R. S.; Sullivan, J. D.; Hartle, R. E.; Ogilvie, K. W.; Sittler Jr, E. C.; Bagenal, F.; Wolff, R. S.; Vasyliunas, V. M.; Siscoe, G. L.; Goertz, C. K.;
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp Eviatar, A. (1986). \"Plasma Observations Near Uranus: Initial Results from Voyager 2\". <i>Science</i>. <b>233</b> (4759): 89\u201393. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Sci...233...89B\">1986Sci...233...89B</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.233.4759.89\">10.1126/science.233.4759.89</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17812895\">17812895</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Plasma+Observations+Near+Uranus%3A+Initial+Results+from+Voyager+2&amp;rft.au=Bagenal%2C+F.&amp;rft.au=Belcher%2C+J.W.&amp;rft.au=Coppi%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Eviatar%2C+A.&amp;rft.aufirst=H.S.&amp;rft.au=Goertz%2C+C.+K.&amp;rft.au=Hartle%2C+R.+E.&amp;rft.aulast=Bridge&amp;rft.au=Lazarus%2C+A.+J.&amp;rft.au=McNutt+Jr%2C+R.+L.&amp;rft.au=Ogilvie%2C+K.+W.&amp;rft.au=Olbert%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Richardson%2C+J.+D.&amp;rft.au=Sands%2C+M.+R.&amp;rft.au=Selesnick%2C+R.+S.&amp;rft.au=Siscoe%2C+G.+L.&amp;rft.au=Sittler+Jr%2C+E.+C.&amp;rft.au=Sullivan%2C+J.+D.&amp;rft.au=Vasyliunas%2C+V.+M.&amp;rft.au=Wolff%2C+R.+S.&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986Sci...233...89B&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.233.4759.89&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17812895&amp;rft.issue=4759&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=89-93&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=233\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-summary-102\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-summary_102-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-summary_102-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-summary_102-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-summary_102-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-summary_102-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/vgrur.htm\">\"Voyager Uranus Science Summary\"</a>. <i>NASA/JPL</i>. 1988<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Voyager+Uranus+Science+Summary&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.solarviews.com%2Feng%2Fvgrur.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA%2FJPL&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-planetary-103\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-planetary_103-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-planetary_103-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-planetary_103-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-planetary_103-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-planetary_103-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Lakdawalla, Emily (2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20120212093821/http://www.planetary.org/news/2004/1111_No_Longer_Boring_Fireworks_and_Other.html\">\"No Longer Boring: 'Fireworks' and Other Surprises at Uranus Spotted Through Adaptive Optics\"</a>. <i>The Planetary Society</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.planetary.org/news/2004/1111_No_Longer_Boring_Fireworks_and_Other.html\">the original</a> on 2012-02-12<span class=\"reference-accessdate
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp \">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=No+Longer+Boring%3A+%27Fireworks%27+and+Other+Surprises+at+Uranus+Spotted+Through+Adaptive+Optics&amp;rft.au=Lakdawalla%2C+Emily&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Fnews%2F2004%2F1111_No_Longer_Boring_Fireworks_and_Other.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Planetary+Society&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2003.2C_2005-104\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2003.2C_2005_104-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2003.2C_2005_104-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2003.2C_2005_104-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2003.2C_2005_104-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2003.2C_2005_104-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFHammel_de_Pater_et_al._.28.22Uranus_in_2003.22.292005\" class=\"citation journal\">Hammel, H. B.; De Pater, I.; Gibbard, S. G.; Lockwood, G. W.; Rages, K. (June 2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/316112.pdf\">\"Uranus in 2003: Zonal winds, banded structure, and discrete features\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Icarus</i>. <b>175</b> (2): 534\u2013545. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Icar..175..534H\">2005Icar..175..534H</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2004.11.012\">10.1016/j.icarus.2004.11.012</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Uranus+in+2003%3A+Zonal+winds%2C+banded+structure%2C+and+discrete+features&amp;rft.au=De+Pater%2C+I.&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+B.&amp;rft.au=Gibbard%2C+S.+G.&amp;rft.aulast=Hammel&amp;rft.au=Lockwood%2C+G.+W.&amp;rft.au=Rages%2C+K.&amp;rft.date=2005-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.llnl.gov%2Ftid%2Flof%2Fdocuments%2Fpdf%2F316112.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Icar..175..534H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2004.11.012&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=534-545&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=175\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Rages_Hammel_et_al._2004-105\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Rages_Hammel_et_al._2004_105-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Rages_Hammel_et_al._2004_105-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Rages_Hammel_et_al._2004_105-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Rages_Hammel_et_al._2004_105-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Rages_Hammel_et_al._2004_105-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFRages_Hammel_et_al.2004\" class=\"citation journal\">Rages, K. A.; Hammel, H. B.; Friedson, A. J. (11 September 2004). \"Evidence for temporal change at Uranus' south pole\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>172</b> (2): 548\u2013554. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Icar..172..548R\">2004Icar..172..548R</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" clas
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp s=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2004.07.009\">10.1016/j.icarus.2004.07.009</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Evidence+for+temporal+change+at+Uranus%27+south+pole&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+A.&amp;rft.au=Friedson%2C+A.+J.&amp;rft.au=Hammel%2C+H.+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Rages&amp;rft.date=2004-09-11&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Icar..172..548R&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2004.07.009&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=548-554&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=172\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Sromovsky_Fry_et_al._2009-106\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Sromovsky_Fry_et_al._2009_106-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Sromovsky_Fry_et_al._2009_106-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFSromovsky_Fry_et_al.2009\" class=\"citation journal\">Sromovsky, L. A.; Fry, P. M.; Hammel, H. B.; Ahue, W. M.; de Pater, I.; Rages, K. A.; Showalter, M. R.; van Dam, M. A. (September 2009). \"Uranus at equinox: Cloud morphology and dynamics\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>203</b> (1): 265\u2013286. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv\" title=\"ArXiv\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//arxiv.org/abs/1503.01957\">1503.01957</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Icar..203..265S\">2009Icar..203..265S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2009.04.015\">10.1016/j.icarus.2009.04.015</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Uranus+at+equinox%3A+Cloud+morphology+and+dynamics&amp;rft.au=Ahue%2C+W.+M.&amp;rft.au=de+Pater%2C+I.&amp;rft.aufirst=L.+A.&amp;rft.au=Fry%2C+P.+M.&amp;rft.au=Hammel%2C+H.+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Sromovsky&amp;rft.au=Rages%2C+K.+A.&amp;rft.au=Showalter%2C+M.+R.&amp;rft.au=van+Dam%2C+M.+A.&amp;rft.date=2009-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1503.01957&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Icar..203..265S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2009.04.015&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=265-286&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=203\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Karkoschka_.28.27Uranus.27.29_2001-107\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Karkoschka_.28.27Uranus.27.29_2001_107-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Karkoschka_.28.27Uranus.27.29_2001_107-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFKarkoschka_.28.22Uranus.22.292001\" class=\"citation journal\">Karkoschka, Erich (May 2001). \"Uranus' Apparent Seasonal Variability in 25 HST Filters\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>151</b> (1): 84\u201392. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Icar..151...84K\">2001Icar..151...84K</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"D
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp igital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.2001.6599\">10.1006/icar.2001.6599</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Uranus%27+Apparent+Seasonal+Variability+in+25+HST+Filters&amp;rft.aufirst=Erich&amp;rft.aulast=Karkoschka&amp;rft.date=2001-05&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Icar..151...84K&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.2001.6599&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=84-92&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=151\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2004.2C_2005-108\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2004.2C_2005_108-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2004.2C_2005_108-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2004.2C_2005_108-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2004.2C_2005_108-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2004.2C_2005_108-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFHammel_de_Pater_et_al._.28.22Uranus_in_2004.22.292005\" class=\"citation journal\">Hammel, H. B.; Depater, I.; Gibbard, S. G.; Lockwood, G. W.; Rages, K. (May 2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/316113.pdf\">\"New cloud activity on Uranus in 2004: First detection of a southern feature at 2.2 \u00b5m\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Icarus</i>. <b>175</b> (1): 284\u2013288. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Icar..175..284H\">2005Icar..175..284H</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2004.11.016\">10.1016/j.icarus.2004.11.016</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=New+cloud+activity+on+Uranus+in+2004%3A+First+detection+of+a+southern+feature+at+2.2+%B5m&amp;rft.au=Depater%2C+I.&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+B.&amp;rft.au=Gibbard%2C+S.+G.&amp;rft.aulast=Hammel&amp;rft.au=Lockwood%2C+G.+W.&amp;rft.au=Rages%2C+K.&amp;rft.date=2005-05&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.llnl.gov%2Ftid%2Flof%2Fdocuments%2Fpdf%2F316113.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Icar..175..284H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2004.11.016&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=284-288&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=175\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DarkSpot-109\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-DarkSpot_109-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-DarkSpot_109-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Sromovsky, L.; Fry, P.; Hammel, H. &amp; Rages, K. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.physorg.com/pdf78676690.pdf\">\"Hubble Discovers a Dark Cloud in the Atmosphere of Uranus\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. physorg.com<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 22,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.au=Fry%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Hammel%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Rages%2C+K&amp;rft.au=Sromovsky%2C+L.&amp;rft.btitle=Hubble+Discovers+a+Dark+Cloud+in+the+Atmosphere+of+Uranus&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp ww.physorg.com%2Fpdf78676690.pdf&amp;rft.pub=physorg.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Hammel2007-110\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hammel2007_110-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hammel2007_110-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hammel2007_110-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hammel2007_110-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hammel2007_110-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hammel2007_110-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Hammel, H.B.; Lockwood, G.W. (2007). \"Long-term atmospheric variability on Uranus and Neptune\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>186</b>: 291\u2013301. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Icar..186..291H\">2007Icar..186..291H</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2006.08.027\">10.1016/j.icarus.2006.08.027</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Long-term+atmospheric+variability+on+Uranus+and+Neptune&amp;rft.aufirst=H.B.&amp;rft.aulast=Hammel&amp;rft.au=Lockwood%2C+G.W.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Icar..186..291H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2006.08.027&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=291-301&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=186\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Hammel_Rages_et_al._2001-111\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Hammel_Rages_et_al._2001_111-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFHammel_Rages_et_al.2001\" class=\"citation journal\">Hammel, H. B.; Rages, K.; Lockwood, G. W.; Karkoschka, E.; de Pater, I. (October 2001). \"New Measurements of the Winds of Uranus\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>153</b> (2): 229\u2013235. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Icar..153..229H\">2001Icar..153..229H</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.2001.6689\">10.1006/icar.2001.6689</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=New+Measurements+of+the+Winds+of+Uranus&amp;rft.au=de+Pater%2C+I.&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+B.&amp;rft.au=Karkoschka%2C+E.&amp;rft.aulast=Hammel&amp;rft.au=Lockwood%2C+G.+W.&amp;rft.au=Rages%2C+K.&amp;rft.date=2001-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Icar..153..229H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.2001.6689&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=229-235&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=153\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-112\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-112\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Devitt, Terry (2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.news.wisc.edu/10402\">\"Keck zooms in on the weird weather of Uranus\"</a>. University of Wisconsin-Madison<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 24,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.aufirst=Terry&amp;rft.aulast=Devitt&amp;rft.btitle=Keck+zooms+in+on+the+weird+weather+of+Uranu
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp s&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.wisc.edu%2F10402&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin-Madison&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Lockwood_.26_Jerzykiewicz_2006-113\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lockwood_.26_Jerzykiewicz_2006_113-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lockwood_.26_Jerzykiewicz_2006_113-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFLockwoodJerzykiewicz2006\" class=\"citation journal\">Lockwood, G. W.; Jerzykiewicz, M. A. A. (February 2006). \"Photometric variability of Uranus and Neptune, 1950\u20132004\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>180</b> (2): 442\u2013452. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Icar..180..442L\">2006Icar..180..442L</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2005.09.009\">10.1016/j.icarus.2005.09.009</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Photometric+variability+of+Uranus+and+Neptune%2C+1950%932004&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+W.&amp;rft.au=Jerzykiewicz%2C+M.+A.+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Lockwood&amp;rft.date=2006-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Icar..180..442L&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2005.09.009&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=442-452&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=180\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Klein_.26_Hofstadter_2006-114\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Klein_.26_Hofstadter_2006_114-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFKleinHofstadter2006\" class=\"citation journal\">Klein, M. J.; Hofstadter, M. D. (September 2006). \"Long-term variations in the microwave brightness temperature of the Uranus atmosphere\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>184</b> (1): 170\u2013180. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Icar..184..170K\">2006Icar..184..170K</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2006.04.012\">10.1016/j.icarus.2006.04.012</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Long-term+variations+in+the+microwave+brightness+temperature+of+the+Uranus+atmosphere&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+J.&amp;rft.au=Hofstadter%2C+M.+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Klein&amp;rft.date=2006-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Icar..184..170K&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2006.04.012&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=170-180&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=184\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Hofstadter_.26_Butler_2003-115\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hofstadter_.26_Butler_2003_115-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hofstadter_.26_Butler_2003_115-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFHofstadterButler2003\" class=\"citation journal\">Hofstadter, M. D.; Butler, B. J. (September 2003). \"Seasonal change in the deep atmosphere of Uranus\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>165</b> (1): 168\u2013180. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Icar..165..168H\">2003Icar..165..168H</
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0019-1035%2803%2900174-X\">10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00174-X</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Seasonal+change+in+the+deep+atmosphere+of+Uranus&amp;rft.au=Butler%2C+B.+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Hofstadter&amp;rft.date=2003-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Icar..165..168H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0019-1035%2803%2900174-X&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=168-180&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=165\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Thommes1999-116\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Thommes1999_116-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Thommes1999_116-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Thommes1999_116-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Thommes1999_116-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Thommes, Edward W.; Duncan, Martin J.; Levison, Harold F. (1999). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~hal/PDF/un-scat_nature.pdf\">\"The formation of Uranus and Neptune in the Jupiter-Saturn region of the Solar System\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>402</b> (6762): 635\u2013638. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Natur.402..635T\">1999Natur.402..635T</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F45185\">10.1038/45185</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10604469\">10604469</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=The+formation+of+Uranus+and+Neptune+in+the+Jupiter-Saturn+region+of+the+Solar+System&amp;rft.au=Duncan%2C+Martin+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Thommes&amp;rft.au=Levison%2C+Harold+F.&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boulder.swri.edu%2F~hal%2FPDF%2Fun-scat_nature.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Natur.402..635T&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F45185&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10604469&amp;rft.issue=6762&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=635-638&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=402\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Brunini1999-117\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Brunini1999_117-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Brunini1999_117-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Brunini1999_117-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Brunini, Adrian; Fernandez, Julio A. (1999). \"Numerical simulations of the accretion of Uranus and Neptune\". <i>Planet. Space Sci</i>. <b>47</b> (5): 591\u2013605. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999P&amp;SS...47..591B\">1999P&amp;SS...47..591B</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0032-0633%2898%2900140-8\">10.1016/S0032-0633(98)00140-8</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Nu
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp merical+simulations+of+the+accretion+of+Uranus+and+Neptune&amp;rft.au=Fernandez%2C+Julio+A.&amp;rft.aufirst=Adrian&amp;rft.aulast=Brunini&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999P%26SS...47..591B&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0032-0633%2898%2900140-8&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=Planet.+Space+Sci.&amp;rft.pages=591-605&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=47\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Sheppard_Jewitt_Kleyna_2006-118\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Sheppard_Jewitt_Kleyna_2006_118-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Sheppard_Jewitt_Kleyna_2006_118-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Sheppard, S. S.; Jewitt, D.; Kleyna, J. (2005). \"An Ultradeep Survey for Irregular Satellites of Uranus: Limits to Completeness\". <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>129</b>: 518. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv\" title=\"ArXiv\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0410059\">astro-ph/0410059</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AJ....129..518S\">2005AJ....129..518S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F426329\">10.1086/426329</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=An+Ultradeep+Survey+for+Irregular+Satellites+of+Uranus%3A+Limits+to+Completeness&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+S.&amp;rft.au=Jewitt%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Kleyna%2C+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Sheppard&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0410059&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005AJ....129..518S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F426329&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=518&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=129\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Nineplanets-119\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Nineplanets_119-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nineplanets.org/uranus.html\">\"Uranus\"</a>. nineplanets.org<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 3,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.btitle=Uranus&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nineplanets.org%2Furanus.html&amp;rft.pub=nineplanets.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Hussmann2006-120\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Hussmann2006_120-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Hussmann, Hauke; Sohl, Frank; Spohn, Tilman (2006). \"Subsurface oceans and deep interiors of medium-sized outer planet satellites and large trans-neptunian objects\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>185</b>: 258\u2013273. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibc
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp ode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Icar..185..258H\">2006Icar..185..258H</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2006.06.005\">10.1016/j.icarus.2006.06.005</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Subsurface+oceans+and+deep+interiors+of+medium-sized+outer+planet+satellites+and+large+trans-neptunian+objects&amp;rft.aufirst=Hauke&amp;rft.aulast=Hussmann&amp;rft.au=Sohl%2C+Frank&amp;rft.au=Spohn%2C+Tilman&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Icar..185..258H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2006.06.005&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=258-273&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=185\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Tittemore_Wisdom_1990-121\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Tittemore_Wisdom_1990_121-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFTittemoreWisdom1990\" class=\"citation journal\">Tittemore, William C.; Wisdom, Jack (June 1990). \"Tidal evolution of the Uranian satellites: III. Evolution through the Miranda-Umbriel 3:1, Miranda-Ariel 5:3, and Ariel-Umbriel 2:1 mean-motion commensurabilities\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>85</b> (2): 394\u2013443. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Icar...85..394T\">1990Icar...85..394T</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2890%2990125-S\">10.1016/0019-1035(90)90125-S</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Tidal+evolution+of+the+Uranian+satellites%3A+III.+Evolution+through+the+Miranda-Umbriel+3%3A1%2C+Miranda-Ariel+5%3A3%2C+and+Ariel-Umbriel+2%3A1+mean-motion+commensurabilities&amp;rft.aufirst=William+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Tittemore&amp;rft.au=Wisdom%2C+Jack&amp;rft.date=1990-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990Icar...85..394T&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-1035%2890%2990125-S&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=394-443&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=85\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-122\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-122\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Pappalardo, R. T., Reynolds, S. J., Greeley, R. (1997). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1997/97JE00802.shtml\">\"Extensional tilt blocks on Miranda: Evidence for an upwelling origin of Arden Corona\"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>102</b> (E6): 13,369\u201313,380. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JGR...10213369P\">1997JGR...10213369P</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F97JE00802\">10.1029/97JE00802</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Extensional+tilt+blocks+on+Miranda%3A+Evidence+for+an+upwelling+origin+of+Arden+Corona&amp;rft.au=Pappalardo%2C+R.+T.%2C+Reynolds%2C+S.+J.%2C+Greeley%2C+R.&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agu.org%2Fpubs%2Fcrossref%2F1997%2F97JE00802.shtml&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997JGR...10213369P&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp 029%2F97JE00802&amp;rft.issue=E6&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&amp;rft.pages=13%2C369-13%2C380&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=102\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> <span class=\"citation-comment\" style=\"display:none; color:#33aa33\">CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (<a href=\"/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Multiple_names:_authors_list\" title=\"Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list\">link</a>)</span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-123\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-123\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a href=\"/wiki/Andrew_Chaikin\" title=\"Andrew Chaikin\">Chaikin, Andrew</a> (October 16, 2001). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080709020909/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/miranda_creation_011016-1.html\">\"Birth of Uranus' Provocative Moon Still Puzzles Scientists\"</a>. <i>Space.Com</i>. ImaginovaCorp. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/miranda_creation_011016-1.html\">the original</a> on 2008-07-09<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 7,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Birth+of+Uranus%27+Provocative+Moon+Still+Puzzles+Scientists&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft.aulast=Chaikin&amp;rft.date=2001-10-16&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fscienceastronomy%2Fsolarsystem%2Fmiranda_creation_011016-1.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Space.Com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Tittemore_1990-124\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Tittemore_1990_124-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFTittemore1990\" class=\"citation journal\">Tittemore, W. C. (September 1990). \"Tidal heating of Ariel\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>87</b> (1): 110\u2013139. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Icar...87..110T\">1990Icar...87..110T</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2890%2990024-4\">10.1016/0019-1035(90)90024-4</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Tidal+heating+of+Ariel&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Tittemore&amp;rft.date=1990-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990Icar...87..110T&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-1035%2890%2990024-4&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=110-139&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=87\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-coorbital1-125\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-coorbital1_125-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Gallardo, T. (2006). \"Atlas of the mean motion resonances in the Solar System\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>184</b> (1): 29\u201338. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Icar..184...29G\">2006Icar..184...29G</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2006.04.001\">10.1016/j.icarus.2006.04.001</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Atlas+of+the+mean+motion
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp +resonances+in+the+Solar+System&amp;rft.aufirst=T.&amp;rft.aulast=Gallardo&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Icar..184...29G&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2006.04.001&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=29-38&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=184\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-coorbital2-126\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-coorbital2_126-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-coorbital2_126-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">de la Fuente Marcos, C. and de la Fuente Marcos, R. (2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.aanda.org/index.php?option=com_article&amp;access=standard&amp;Itemid=129&amp;url=/articles/aa/abs/2013/03/aa20646-12/aa20646-12.html\">\"Crantor, a short-lived horseshoe companion to Uranus\"</a>. <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. <b>551</b>: A114. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv\" title=\"ArXiv\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//arxiv.org/abs/1301.0770\">1301.0770</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013A&amp;A...551A.114D\">2013A&amp;A...551A.114D</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201220646\">10.1051/0004-6361/201220646</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Crantor%2C+a+short-lived+horseshoe+companion+to+Uranus&amp;rft.au=de+la+Fuente+Marcos%2C+C.+and+de+la+Fuente+Marcos%2C+R.&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aanda.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_article%26access%3Dstandard%26Itemid%3D129%26url%3D%2Farticles%2Faa%2Fabs%2F2013%2F03%2Faa20646-12%2Faa20646-12.html&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1301.0770&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013A%26A...551A.114D&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201220646&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&amp;rft.pages=A114&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=551\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> <span class=\"citation-comment\" style=\"display:none; color:#33aa33\">CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (<a href=\"/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Multiple_names:_authors_list\" title=\"Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list\">link</a>)</span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Esposito2002-127\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Esposito2002_127-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Esposito2002_127-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\"><a href=\"/wiki/Larry_W._Esposito\" title=\"Larry W. Esposito\">Esposito, L.W.</a> (2002). \"Planetary rings\". <i>Reports on Progress in Physics</i>. <b>65</b> (12): 1741\u20131783. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002RPPh...65.1741E\">2002RPPh...65.1741E</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">d
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp oi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0034-4885%2F65%2F12%2F201\">10.1088/0034-4885/65/12/201</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36222-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-521-36222-9\">0-521-36222-9</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Planetary+rings&amp;rft.aufirst=L.W.&amp;rft.aulast=Esposito&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002RPPh...65.1741E&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0034-4885%2F65%2F12%2F201&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-36222-9&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.jtitle=Reports+on+Progress+in+Physics&amp;rft.pages=1741-1783&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=65\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-128\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-128\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6569849.stm\">\"Uranus rings 'were seen in 1700s<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">'</span>\"</a>. BBC News. April 19, 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 19,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Uranus+rings+%27were+seen+in+1700s%27&amp;rft.date=2007-04-19&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F6569849.stm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-129\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-129\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.physorg.com/news95949762.html\">\"Did William Herschel Discover The Rings Of Uranus In The 18th Century?\"</a>. <i>Physorg.com</i>. 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Did+William+Herschel+Discover+The+Rings+Of+Uranus+In+The+18th+Century%3F&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physorg.com%2Fnews95949762.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Physorg.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Elliot1977-130\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Elliot1977_130-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Elliot1977_130-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Elliot, J. L.; Dunham, E.; Mink, D. (1977). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v267/n5609/abs/267328a0.html\">\"The rings of Uranus\"</a>. <i>Cornell University</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=The+rings+of+Uranus&amp;rft.au=Dunham%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Elliot%2C+J.+L.&amp;rft.au=Mink%2C+D.&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv267%2Fn5609%2Fabs%2F267328a0.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Cornell+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-131\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-131\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"cit
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp ation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2005/33/\">\"NASA's Hubble Discovers New Rings and Moons Around Uranus\"</a>. <i>Hubblesite</i>. 2005<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=NASA%27s+Hubble+Discovers+New+Rings+and+Moons+Around+Uranus&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhubblesite.org%2Fnewscenter%2Farchive%2Freleases%2F2005%2F33%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Hubblesite&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-dePater2006-132\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-dePater2006_132-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-dePater2006_132-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-dePater2006_132-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">dePater, Imke; Hammel, Heidi B.; Gibbard, Seran G.; Showalter Mark R. (2006). \"New Dust Belts of Uranus: Two Ring, red Ring, Blue Ring\". <i>Science</i>. <b>312</b> (5770): 92\u201394. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...312...92D\">2006Sci...312...92D</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1125110\">10.1126/science.1125110</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601188\">16601188</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=New+Dust+Belts+of+Uranus%3A+Two+Ring%2C+red+Ring%2C+Blue+Ring&amp;rft.aufirst=Imke&amp;rft.au=Gibbard%2C+Seran+G.&amp;rft.au=Hammel%2C+Heidi+B.&amp;rft.aulast=dePater&amp;rft.au=Showalter+Mark+R.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Sci...312...92D&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1125110&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16601188&amp;rft.issue=5770&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=92-94&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=312\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-133\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-133\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Sanders, Robert (April 6, 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2006/04/06_bluering.shtml\">\"Blue ring discovered around Uranus\"</a>. UC Berkeley News<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 3,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.aulast=Sanders&amp;rft.btitle=Blue+ring+discovered+around+Uranus&amp;rft.date=2006-04-06&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berkeley.edu%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Freleases%2F2006%2F04%2F06_bluering.shtml&amp;rft.pub=UC+Berkeley+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-134\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-134\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Battersby, Stephen (April 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn8960-blue-ring-of-uranus-linked-to-sparkling-ice.html\">\"Blue ring of Uranus linked to sparkling ice\"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i><span
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Blue+ring+of+Uranus+linked+to+sparkling+ice&amp;rft.au=Battersby%2C+Stephen&amp;rft.date=2006-04&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn8960-blue-ring-of-uranus-linked-to-sparkling-ice.html&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-135\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-135\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/uranus.html\">\"Voyager: The Interstellar Mission: Uranus\"</a>. <i>JPL</i>. 2004<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Voyager%3A+The+Interstellar+Mission%3A+Uranus&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoyager.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fscience%2Furanus.html&amp;rft.jtitle=JPL&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Swift1997-136\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Swift1997_136-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">David W. Swift (1 January 1997). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=E-NGFqfq1LsC&amp;pg=PA69\"><i>Voyager Tales: Personal Views of the Grand Tour</i></a>. AIAA. p.\u00a069. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56347-252-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-56347-252-7\">978-1-56347-252-7</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.au=David+W.+Swift&amp;rft.btitle=Voyager+Tales%3A+Personal+Views+of+the+Grand+Tour&amp;rft.date=1997-01-01&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE-NGFqfq1LsC%26pg%3DPA69&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-56347-252-7&amp;rft.pages=69&amp;rft.pub=AIAA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-spilker-137\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-spilker_137-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-spilker_137-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Spilker, Linda (1 April 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.lpi.usra.edu/opag/march_08_meeting/presentations/spilker.pdf\">\"Cassini Extended Missions\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. Lunar and Planetary Institute. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080423152459/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/opag/march_08_meeting/presentations/spilker.pdf\">Archived</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2008-04-23.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.aufirst=Linda&amp;rft.aulast=Spilker&amp;rft.btitle=Cassini+Extended+Missions&amp;rft.date=2008-04-01&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fopag%2Fmarch_08_meeting%2Fpresentations%2Fspilker.pdf&amp;rft.pub=Lunar+and+Planetary+Institute&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-uop-138\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-uop_138-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b><
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp /i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-uop_138-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Space Studies Board. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/2013decadal/\">\"NRC planetary decadal survey 2013\u20132022\"</a>. NASA Lunar Science Institute<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2011-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.au=Space+Studies+Board&amp;rft.btitle=NRC+planetary+decadal+survey+2013%932022&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2F2013decadal%2F&amp;rft.pub=NASA+Lunar+Science+Institute&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-139\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-139\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.space.com/13248-nasa-uranus-missions-solar-system.html\">Michael Schirber \u2013 <b>Missions Proposed to Explore Mysterious Tilted Planet Uranus</b> (2011) \u2013 Astrobiology Magazine</a>. Space.com. Retrieved on 2012-04-02.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-hof-140\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-hof_140-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.lpi.usra.edu/decadal/opag/UranusOrbiter_v7.pdf\">THE CASE FOR A URANUS ORBITER</a>, Mark Hofstadter et al.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-hof2-141\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-hof2_141-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.lpi.usra.edu/opag/march09/presentations/hofstadter.pdf\">To Uranus on Solar Power and Batteries</a>. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2012-04-02.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-142\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-142\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\"><i>Parker, Derek and Julia</i> Aquarius. Planetary Zodiac Library. New York: Mitchell Beazley/Ballantine Book. 1972. p.\u00a014.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.btitle=Parker%2C+Derek+and+Julia+Aquarius&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=14&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Mitchell+Beazley%2FBallantine+Book&amp;rft.series=Planetary+Zodiac+Library&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-143\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-143\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation encyclopaedia\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.answers.com/uranium\">\"Uranium\"</a>. <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i> (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Uranium&amp;rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answers.com%2Furanium&amp;rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-144\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-144\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/cs6/homer.html\">\"On First Looking Into Chapman's Homer\"</a>. City University of New
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp York. 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2011-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.btitle=On+First+Looking+Into+Chapman%27s+Homer&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.brooklyn.cuny.edu%2Fenglish%2Fmelani%2Fcs6%2Fhomer.html&amp;rft.pub=City+University+of+New+York&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n</ol></div>","references":""},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Further reading","anchor":"Further_reading","id":26,"text":"<ul><li><cite id=\"Miner\" class=\"citation book\">Miner, Ellis D. (1998). <i>Uranus: The Planet, Rings and Satellites</i>. New York: John Wiley and Sons. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-97398-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-471-97398-0\">978-0-471-97398-0</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.aufirst=Ellis+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Miner&amp;rft.btitle=Uranus%3A+The+Planet%2C+Rings+and+Satellites&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-471-97398-0&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite id=\"CITEREFBode1784\" class=\"citation book\"><a href=\"/wiki/Johann_Elert_Bode\" title=\"Johann Elert Bode\">Bode, Johann Elert</a> (1784). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqA5AAAAcAAJ\"><i>Von dem neu entdeckten Planeten</i></a>. Verfasser.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.aufirst=Johann+Elert&amp;rft.aulast=Bode&amp;rft.btitle=Von+dem+neu+entdeckten+Planeten&amp;rft.date=1784&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZqA5AAAAcAAJ&amp;rft.pub=Verfasser&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation magazine\">Gore, Rick (August 1986). \"Uranus \u2014 Voyager Visits a Dark Planet\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)\" title=\"National Geographic (magazine)\">National Geographic</a></i>. Vol.\u00a0170 no.\u00a02. pp.\u00a0178\u2013194. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-9358\">0027-9358</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/OCLC\" title=\"OCLC\">OCLC</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/oclc/643483454\">643483454</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.aufirst=Rick&amp;rft.aulast=Gore&amp;rft.btitle=Uranus+%94+Voyager+Visits+a+Dark+Planet&amp;rft.date=1986-08&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643483454&amp;rft.issn=0027-9358&amp;rft.pages=178-194&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"External links","anchor":"External_links","id":27,"text":"<table class=\"mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox\" style=\"border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9\"><tr><td class=\"mbox-image\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png\" width=\"34\" height=\"40\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiqu
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp ote-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"355\"></a></td>\n<td class=\"mbox-text plainlist\">Wikiquote has quotations related to: <i><b><a href=\"https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Uranus\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"q:Special:Search/Uranus\">Uranus</a></b></i></td>\n</tr></table><table class=\"metadata plainlinks mbox-small\" style=\"padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.5em 0.75em;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#f9f9f9;\"><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"padding-bottom:0.75em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;\">\n<div style=\"clear:both;\">Find more about<br><b>Uranus</b><br>\nat Wikipedia's <a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects\" title=\"Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects\">sister projects</a></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td style=\"padding-top:0.75em;\"><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Uranus\" title=\"Search Wiktionary\"><img alt=\"Search Wiktionary\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/25px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"391\" data-file-height=\"391\"></a></td>\n<td style=\"padding-top:0.75em;\"><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Uranus\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikt:Special:Search/Uranus\">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Uranus\" title=\"Search Commons\"><img alt=\"Search Commons\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png\" width=\"18\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1024\" data-file-height=\"1376\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Uranus\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"c:Special:Search/Uranus\">Media</a> from Commons</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Uranus\" title=\"Search Wikinews\"><img alt=\"Search Wikinews\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"759\" data-file-height=\"415\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Uranus\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"n:Special:Search/Uranus\">News</a> from Wikinews</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Uranus\" title=\"Search Wikiquote\"><img alt=\"Search Wikiquote\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png\" width=\"21\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"355\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Uranus\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"q:Special:Search/Uranus\">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Uranus\" title=\"Search Wikisource\"><img alt=\"Search Wikisource\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png\" width=\"24\" height=\"25\"
08-17 14:35:55.580 debug OkHttp srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"410\" data-file-height=\"430\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Uranus\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"s:Special:Search/Uranus\">Texts</a> from Wikisource</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Uranus\" title=\"Search Wikibooks\"><img alt=\"Search Wikibooks\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"300\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Uranus\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"b:Special:Search/Uranus\">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Uranus\" title=\"Search Wikiversity\"><img alt=\"Search Wikiversity\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"23\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/38px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1000\" data-file-height=\"900\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Uranus\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"v:Special:Search/Uranus\">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</td>\n</tr></table><ul><li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=35653\">Uranus</a> at European Space Agency</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/uranusfact.html\">NASA's Uranus fact sheet</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Uranus\">Uranus Profile</a> at <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/\">NASA's Solar System Exploration site</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.projectshum.org/Planets/uranus.html\">Planets \u2013 Uranus</a> A kid's guide to Uranus.</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/targetFamily/Uranus\">Uranus</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory\" title=\"Jet Propulsion Laboratory\">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>'s planetary photojournal. (photos)</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ciclops.org/ir_index/81/Voyager_at_Uranus\">Voyager at Uranus</a> (photos)</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.astronomycast.com/astronomy/episode-62-uranus/\">Uranus (Astronomy Cast homepage)</a> (blog)</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/raw/uranus/urfamily.jpg\">Uranian system montage</a> (photo)</li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\">Gray, Meghan; Merrifield, Michael (2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/uranus.htm\">\"Uranus\"</a>. <i>Sixty Symbols</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/Brady_Haran\" title=\"Brady Haran\">Brady Haran</a> for the <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Nottingham\" title=\"University of Nottingham\">University of Nottingham</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus&amp;rft.atitle=Uranus&amp;rft.aufirst=Meghan&amp;rft.aulast=Gray&amp;rft.au=Merrifi
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08-17 14:36:01.880 debug OkHttp {"mobileview":{"ns":0,"lastmodified":"2016-08-17T08:21:38Z","revision":734881136,"languagecount":184,"displaytitle":"Neptune","id":19003265,"description":"eighth and farthest planet from the sun","image":{"file":"Neptune Full.jpg","width":2200,"height":2200},"thumb":{"url":"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Neptune_Full.jpg/640px-Neptune_Full.jpg","width":640,"height":640},"sections":[{"id":0,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">This article is about the planet. For other uses, see <a href=\"/wiki/Neptune_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-disambig\" title=\"Neptune (disambiguation)\">Neptune (disambiguation)</a>.</div>\n<table class=\"infobox\" style=\"width:22em\"><caption class=\"fn org\">Neptune <a href=\"/wiki/File:Neptune_symbol.svg\" class=\"image\" title=\"Neptune's Astronomical symbol\"><img alt=\"Neptune's Astronomical symbol\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Neptune_symbol.svg/20px-Neptune_symbol.svg.png\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Neptune_symbol.svg/30px-Neptune_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Neptune_symbol.svg/40px-Neptune_symbol.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"50\" data-file-height=\"50\"></a></caption>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Neptune_Full.jpg\" class=\"image\" title=\"Neptune from Voyager 2\"><img alt=\"Neptune from Voyager 2\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Neptune_Full.jpg/260px-Neptune_Full.jpg\" width=\"260\" height=\"260\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Neptune_Full.jpg/390px-Neptune_Full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Neptune_Full.jpg/520px-Neptune_Full.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2200\" data-file-height=\"2200\"></a>\n<div>The picture shows the <a href=\"/wiki/Great_Dark_Spot\" title=\"Great Dark Spot\">Great Dark Spot</a> and its companion bright smudge; on the west limb the fast moving bright feature called Scooter and the little dark spot are visible.</div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">Discovery</th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">Discovered by</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier\" title=\"Urbain Le Verrier\">Urbain Le Verrier</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Galle\" title=\"Johann Gottfried Galle\">Johann Galle</a></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">Discovery date</th>\n<td>23 September 1846<sup id=\"cite_ref-Hamilton_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hamilton-1\">[1]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">Designations</th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">Pronunciation</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"noexcerpt\"><a href=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/En-us-Neptune.ogg\" title=\"Listen\"><img alt=\"Listen\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/11px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png\" width=\"11\" height=\"11\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/17px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/22px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"11\" data-file-height=\"11\"></a><sup><span class=\"IPA\" style=\"color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;padding:0 .1em\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:En-us-Neptune.ogg\" title=\"File:En-us-Neptune.ogg\">i</a></span></sup></span><span class=\"IPA nopopups\"><a href=\"/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English\" title=\"Help:IPA for English\">/<span style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted\"><span title=\"/ˈ/ primary stress follows\">ˈ</span><span title=\"'n' in 'no'\">n</span><span title=\"/ɛ/ short 'e' in 'bed'\">ɛ</span><span title=\"'p' in 'pie'\">p</span><span title=\"'t' in 'tie'\">t</span><span title=\"/uː/ long 'oo' in 'food
08-17 14:36:01.880 debug OkHttp '\">uː</span><span title=\"'n' in 'no'\">n</span></span>/</a></span></span><br><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"IPA nopopups\"><a href=\"/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English\" title=\"Help:IPA for English\">/<span style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted\"><span title=\"/ˈ/ primary stress follows\">ˈ</span><span title=\"'n' in 'no'\">n</span><span title=\"/ɛ/ short 'e' in 'bed'\">ɛ</span><span title=\"'p' in 'pie'\">p</span><span title=\"/tj/ 't' in 'tune'\">tj</span><span title=\"/uː/ long 'oo' in 'food'\">uː</span><span title=\"'n' in 'no'\">n</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-2\">[2]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_adjectivals_and_demonyms_of_astronomical_bodies\" title=\"List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies\">Adjectives</a></th>\n<td>Neptunian</td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/Osculating_orbit\" title=\"Osculating orbit\">Orbital characteristics</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-VSOP87_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-VSOP87-6\">[6]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-barycentre_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-barycentre-7\">[a]</a></sup></th>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)\" title=\"Epoch (astronomy)\">Epoch</a> <a href=\"/wiki/J2000\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"J2000\">J2000</a></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Aphelion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Aphelion\">Aphelion</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7012453730341833100♠</span>30.33 <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_unit\" title=\"Astronomical unit\">AU</a></span><br>\n(<span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7012454000000000000♠</span>4,540 Gm</span></span>)</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Perihelion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Perihelion\">Perihelion</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7012445951252556700♠</span>29.81 AU</span><br>\n(<span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7012446000000000000♠</span>4,460 Gm</span></span>)</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Semi-major_axis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Semi-major axis\">Semi-major axis</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7012450444978115296♠</span>30.110<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">387</span> AU</span><br>\n(<span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7012450445000000000♠</span>4,504.45 Gm</span></span>)</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity\" title=\"Orbital eccentricity\">Eccentricity</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6997945600000000000♠</span>0.009<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">456</span></span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_period\" title=\"Orbital period\">Orbital period</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>164.8 <a href=\"/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)\" title=\"Julian year (astronomy)\">yr</a><br><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7009519972480000000♠</span>60,182 d</span></span><br><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7004896660000000000♠</span>89,666</span></span> Neptunian <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_day\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Solar day\">solar days</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-planet_years_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-planet_years-3\">[3]</a></sup></td>\n</tr>
08-17 14:36:01.880 debug OkHttp <tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_period\" title=\"Orbital period\">Synodic period</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>367.49 days<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Average <a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_speed\" title=\"Orbital speed\">orbital speed</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>5.43 km/s<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Mean_anomaly\" title=\"Mean anomaly\">Mean anomaly</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000447202223580004♠</span>256.228°</span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_inclination\" title=\"Orbital inclination\">Inclination</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6998308569848429468♠</span>1.767<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">975</span>°</span> to <a href=\"/wiki/Ecliptic\" title=\"Ecliptic\">ecliptic</a><br>\n6.43° to <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/Equator\" title=\"Equator\">equator</a><br>\n0.72° to <a href=\"/wiki/Invariable_plane\" title=\"Invariable plane\">invariable plane</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-meanplane_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-meanplane-5\">[5]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Longitude_of_the_ascending_node\" title=\"Longitude of the ascending node\">Longitude of ascending node</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000230006470144821♠</span>131.784°</span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis\" title=\"Argument of periapsis\">Argument of perihelion</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000482297304179106♠</span>276.336°</span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">Known <a href=\"/wiki/Natural_satellite\" title=\"Natural satellite\">satellites</a></th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune\" title=\"Moons of Neptune\">14</a></td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">Physical characteristics</th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Mean radius</div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7007246220000000000♠</span>24,622<span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">±</span>19 km</span></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007-8\">[7]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-1bar_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1bar-9\">[b]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Equator\" title=\"Equator\">Equatorial</a> radius</div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7007247640000000000♠</span>24,764<span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">±</span>15 km</span></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007-8\">[7]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-1bar_9-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1bar-9\">[b]</a></sup><br>\n3.883 Earths</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padd
08-17 14:36:01.880 debug OkHttp ing:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Geographical_pole\" title=\"Geographical pole\">Polar</a> radius</div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7007243410000000000♠</span>24,341<span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">±</span>30 km</span></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_8-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007-8\">[7]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-1bar_9-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1bar-9\">[b]</a></sup><br>\n3.829 Earths</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Flattening\" title=\"Flattening\">Flattening</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6998171000000000000♠</span>0.0171<span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">±</span>0.0013</span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Spheroid#Surface_area\" title=\"Spheroid\">Surface area</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7015761830000000000♠</span>7.6183<span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> km<sup>2</sup></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-fact2_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact2-10\">[8]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-1bar_9-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1bar-9\">[b]</a></sup><br>\n14.98 Earths</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Volume\" title=\"Volume\">Volume</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7022625399999999999♠</span>6.254<span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">×</span>10<sup>13</sup> km<sup>3</sup></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-1bar_9-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1bar-9\">[b]</a></sup><br>\n57.74 Earths</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Mass\" title=\"Mass\">Mass</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7026102430000000000♠</span>1.0243<span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">×</span>10<sup>26</sup> kg</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup><br>\n17.147 Earths<br>\n5.15<span style=\"margin:0 .15em 0 .25em\">×</span>10<sup>−<span style=\"white-space:nowrap\">5</span></sup> Suns</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Mean <a href=\"/wiki/Density\" title=\"Density\">density</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7003163800000000000♠</span>1.638 g/cm<sup>3</sup></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-1bar_9-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1bar-9\">[b]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Surface_gravity\" title=\"Surface gravity\">Surface gravity</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>11.15 <a href=\"/wiki/Acceleration\" title=\"Acceleration\">m/s<sup>2</sup></a><sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-1bar_9-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1bar-9\">[b]</a></sup><br>\n1.14 <i><a href=\"/wiki/G-force\" title=\"G-force\">g</a></i></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Moment_of_inertia_factor\" title=\"Moment of inertia factor\">Moment of inertia factor</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6999230000000000000♠</span>0.
08-17 14:36:01.880 debug OkHttp 23</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-PS15_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PS15-11\">[9]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Escape_velocity\" title=\"Escape velocity\">Escape velocity</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>23.5 km/s<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-1bar_9-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1bar-9\">[b]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Sidereal <a href=\"/wiki/Rotation_period\" title=\"Rotation period\">rotation period</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>0.6713 day<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup><br>\n16 h 6 min 36 s</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Equatorial rotation velocity</div>\n</th>\n<td>2.68 km/s<br><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7003268333333333333♠</span>9,660 km/h</span></span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Axial_tilt\" title=\"Axial tilt\">Axial tilt</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>28.32° (to orbit)<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">North pole <span class=\"nowrap\"><a href=\"/wiki/Right_ascension\" title=\"Right ascension\">right ascension</a></span></div>\n</th>\n<td>19<sup>h</sup> 57<sup>m</sup> 20<sup>s</sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_8-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007-8\">[7]</a></sup><br>\n299.3°</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">North pole <a href=\"/wiki/Declination\" title=\"Declination\">declination</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>42.950°<sup id=\"cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_8-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007-8\">[7]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Albedo\" title=\"Albedo\">Albedo</a></th>\n<td>\n<p>0.290 (<a href=\"/wiki/Bond_albedo\" title=\"Bond albedo\">bond</a>)<br></p>\n0.41 (<a href=\"/wiki/Geometric_albedo\" title=\"Geometric albedo\">geom.</a>)<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; border:none; background-color:#f9f9f9; margin:0; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em; white-space:nowrap\"><tr><th style=\"width:33%; padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">Surface <a href=\"/wiki/Temperature\" title=\"Temperature\">temp.</a></th>\n<th style=\"padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">min</th>\n<th style=\"padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">mean</th>\n<th style=\"padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">max</th>\n</tr><tr><th style=\"padding-left:1.0em\">1 bar level</th>\n<td></td>\n<td>72 <a href=\"/wiki/Kelvin\" title=\"Kelvin\">K</a> (−201 °C)<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr><tr><th style=\"padding-left:1.0em\">0.1 bar (10 kPa)</th>\n<td></td>\n<td>55 K<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr></table></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Apparent_magnitude\" title=\"Apparent magnitude\">Apparent magnitude</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>8.02 to 7.78<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href
08-17 14:36:01.880 debug OkHttp =\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-ephemeris_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ephemeris-12\">[10]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Angular_diameter\" title=\"Angular diameter\">Angular diameter</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>2.2–2.4″<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-ephemeris_12-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ephemeris-12\">[10]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">Atmosphere<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup></th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Scale_height\" title=\"Scale height\">Scale height</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>19.7 ± 0.6 km</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry#Atmospheric_composition\" title=\"Atmospheric chemistry\">Composition by volume</a></th>\n<td>\n<p>80 ± 3.2% <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen\" title=\"Hydrogen\">hydrogen</a> (H<sub>2</sub>)<br>\n19 ± 3.2% <a href=\"/wiki/Helium\" title=\"Helium\">helium</a> (He)<br>\n1.5 ± 0.5% <a href=\"/wiki/Methane\" title=\"Methane\">methane</a> (CH<sub>4</sub>)<br>\n~0.019% <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride\" title=\"Hydrogen deuteride\">hydrogen deuteride</a> (HD)<br>\n~0.00015% <a href=\"/wiki/Ethane\" title=\"Ethane\">ethane</a> (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>)<br><b>Ices</b>:<br><a href=\"/wiki/Ammonia\" title=\"Ammonia\">ammonia</a> (NH<sub>3</sub>)<br><a href=\"/wiki/Water_(molecule)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Water (molecule)\">water</a> (H<sub>2</sub>O)<br><a href=\"/wiki/Ammonium_hydrosulfide\" title=\"Ammonium hydrosulfide\">ammonium hydrosulfide</a> (NH<sub>4</sub>SH)<br></p>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Methane_clathrate\" title=\"Methane clathrate\">methane ice</a> (?) (CH<sub>4</sub>•5.75H<sub>2</sub>O)</td>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\"></div>\n</td>\n</tr></table><p><b>Neptune</b> is the eighth and farthest known <a href=\"/wiki/Planet\" title=\"Planet\">planet</a> from the <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_System\" title=\"Solar System\">Solar System</a>. In the Solar System, it is the fourth-largest planet by diameter, the third-most-massive planet, and the densest <a href=\"/wiki/Giant_planet\" title=\"Giant planet\">giant planet</a>. Neptune is 17 times the mass of <a href=\"/wiki/Earth\" title=\"Earth\">Earth</a> and is slightly more massive than its near-twin <a href=\"/wiki/Uranus\" title=\"Uranus\">Uranus</a>, which is 15 times the mass of Earth and slightly larger than Neptune.<sup id=\"cite_ref-mass2_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mass2-13\">[c]</a></sup> Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8 <a href=\"/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)\" title=\"Julian year (astronomy)\">years</a> at an average distance of 30.1 <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_unit\" title=\"Astronomical unit\">astronomical units</a> (4.50<span style=\"margin:0 .15em 0 .25em\">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> km). Named after the <a href=\"/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)\" title=\"Neptune (mythology)\">Roman god of the sea</a>, its <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_symbol\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Astronomical symbol\">astronomical symbol</a> is ♆, a stylised version of the god Neptune's <a href=\"/wiki/Trident\" title=\"Trident\">trident</a>.</p>\n<p>Neptune is not visible to the unaided eye and is the only planet in the Solar System found by mathematical prediction rather than by <a href=\"/wiki/Empirical_observation\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Empirical observation\">empirical observation</a>. Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led <a href=\"/wiki/Alexis_Bouvard\" title=\"Alexis Bouvard\">Alexis Bouvard</a>
08-17 14:36:01.880 debug OkHttp to deduce that its orbit was subject to <a href=\"/wiki/Gravitation\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Gravitation\">gravitational</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)\" title=\"Perturbation (astronomy)\">perturbation</a> by an unknown planet. Neptune was subsequently observed with a telescope on 23 September 1846<sup id=\"cite_ref-Hamilton_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hamilton-1\">[1]</a></sup> by <a href=\"/wiki/Johann_Galle\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Johann Galle\">Johann Galle</a> within a <a href=\"/wiki/Degree_(angle)\" title=\"Degree (angle)\">degree</a> of the position predicted by <a href=\"/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier\" title=\"Urbain Le Verrier\">Urbain Le Verrier</a>. Its largest moon, <a href=\"/wiki/Triton_(moon)\" title=\"Triton (moon)\">Triton</a>, was discovered shortly thereafter, though none of the planet's remaining known 14 <a href=\"/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune\" title=\"Moons of Neptune\">moons</a> were located telescopically until the 20th century. The planet's distance from Earth gives it a very small apparent size, making it challenging to study with Earth-based telescopes. Neptune was visited by <i><a href=\"/wiki/Voyager_2\" title=\"Voyager 2\">Voyager 2</a></i>, when it flew by the planet on 25 August 1989.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20141018-KC_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT-20141018-KC-14\">[11]</a></sup> The advent of the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope\" title=\"Hubble Space Telescope\">Hubble Space Telescope</a></i> and large <a href=\"/wiki/Ground-based_telescope\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Ground-based telescope\">ground-based telescopes</a> with <a href=\"/wiki/Adaptive_optics\" title=\"Adaptive optics\">adaptive optics</a> has recently allowed for additional detailed observations from afar.</p>\n<p>Neptune is similar in composition to Uranus, and both have compositions that differ from those of the larger <a href=\"/wiki/Gas_giant\" title=\"Gas giant\">gas giants</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Jupiter\" title=\"Jupiter\">Jupiter</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Saturn\" title=\"Saturn\">Saturn</a>. Like Jupiter and Saturn, Neptune's atmosphere is composed primarily of <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen\" title=\"Hydrogen\">hydrogen</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Helium\" title=\"Helium\">helium</a>, along with traces of <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrocarbon\" title=\"Hydrocarbon\">hydrocarbons</a> and possibly <a href=\"/wiki/Nitrogen\" title=\"Nitrogen\">nitrogen</a>, but contains a higher proportion of \"ices\" such as water, <a href=\"/wiki/Ammonia\" title=\"Ammonia\">ammonia</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Methane\" title=\"Methane\">methane</a>. However, its interior, like that of Uranus, is primarily composed of ices and rock,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-15\">[12]</a></sup> and hence Uranus and Neptune are normally considered \"<a href=\"/wiki/Ice_giant\" title=\"Ice giant\">ice giants</a>\" to emphasise this distinction.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-16\">[13]</a></sup> Traces of methane in the outermost regions in part account for the planet's blue appearance.<sup id=\"cite_ref-bluecolour_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-bluecolour-17\">[14]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In contrast to the hazy, relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus, Neptune's atmosphere has active and visible weather patterns. For example, at the time of the <i>Voyager 2</i> <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_flyby\" title=\"Planetary flyby\">flyby</a> in 1989, the planet's southern hemisphere had a <a href=\"/wiki/Great_Dark_Spot\" title=\"Great Dark Spot\">Great Dark Spot</a> comparable to the <a href=\"/wiki/Great_Red_Spot\" title=\"Great Red Spot\">Great Red Spot</a> on Jupiter. These weather patterns are driven by the strongest sustained winds of any planet in the Solar System, with recorded wind speeds as high as 2,100 kilometres per hour (580 m/s; 1,300 mph).<su
08-17 14:36:01.880 debug OkHttp p id=\"cite_ref-Suomi1991_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Suomi1991-18\">[15]</a></sup> Because of its great distance from the Sun, Neptune's outer atmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System, with temperatures at its cloud tops approaching 55 <a href=\"/wiki/Kelvin\" title=\"Kelvin\">K</a> (−218 <a href=\"/wiki/Celsius\" title=\"Celsius\">°C</a>). Temperatures at the planet's centre are approximately 5,400 K (5,100 °C).<sup id=\"cite_ref-hubbard_19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hubbard-19\">[16]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-nettelmann_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nettelmann-20\">[17]</a></sup> Neptune has a faint and fragmented <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_ring\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Planetary ring\">ring system</a> (labelled \"arcs\"), which was first detected during the 1960s and confirmed by <i>Voyager 2</i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ring1_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ring1-21\">[18]</a></sup></p>\n<p></p>"}],"protection":{"edit":["autoconfirmed"],"move":["sysop"]},"editable":false}}
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08-17 14:36:02.205 debug OkHttp {"mobileview":{"sections":[{"toclevel":1,"line":"History","anchor":"History","id":1,"text":""},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Discovery","anchor":"Discovery","id":2,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Discovery_of_Neptune\" title=\"Discovery of Neptune\">Discovery of Neptune</a></div>\n<p>Some of the earliest recorded observations ever made through a <a href=\"/wiki/Telescope\" title=\"Telescope\">telescope</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Galileo_Galilei\" title=\"Galileo Galilei\">Galileo's</a> drawings on 28 December 1612 and 27 January 1613, contain plotted points that match up with what is now known to be the position of Neptune. On both occasions, Galileo seems to have mistaken Neptune for a <a href=\"/wiki/Fixed_star\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Fixed star\">fixed star</a> when it appeared close\u2014in <a href=\"/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy_and_astrology)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Conjunction (astronomy and astrology)\">conjunction</a>\u2014to Jupiter in the <a href=\"/wiki/Night_sky\" title=\"Night sky\">night sky</a>;<sup id=\"cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-22\">[19]</a></sup> hence, he is not credited with Neptune's discovery. At his first observation in December 1612, Neptune was almost stationary in the sky because it had just turned <a href=\"/wiki/Apparent_retrograde_motion\" title=\"Apparent retrograde motion\">retrograde</a> that day. This apparent backward motion is created when Earth's orbit takes it past an outer planet. Because Neptune was only beginning its yearly retrograde cycle, the motion of the planet was far too slight to be detected with Galileo's small <a href=\"/wiki/Telescope\" title=\"Telescope\">telescope</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-23\">[20]</a></sup> In July 2009, <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Melbourne\" title=\"University of Melbourne\">University of Melbourne</a> physicist David Jamieson announced new evidence suggesting that Galileo was at least aware that the 'star' he had observed had moved relative to the <a href=\"/wiki/Fixed_stars\" title=\"Fixed stars\">fixed stars</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-24\">[21]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In 1821, <a href=\"/wiki/Alexis_Bouvard\" title=\"Alexis Bouvard\">Alexis Bouvard</a> published astronomical tables of the <a href=\"/wiki/Orbit\" title=\"Orbit\">orbit</a> of Neptune's neighbour Uranus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\">[22]</a></sup> Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables, leading Bouvard to hypothesise that an unknown body was <a href=\"/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)\" title=\"Perturbation (astronomy)\">perturbing</a> the orbit through <a href=\"/wiki/Gravitation\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Gravitation\">gravitational</a> interaction.<sup id=\"cite_ref-MNRAS7_26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MNRAS7-26\">[23]</a></sup> In 1843, <a href=\"/wiki/John_Couch_Adams\" title=\"John Couch Adams\">John Couch Adams</a> began work on the orbit of Uranus using the data he had. Via <a href=\"/wiki/Cambridge_Observatory\" title=\"Cambridge Observatory\">Cambridge Observatory</a> director <a href=\"/wiki/James_Challis\" title=\"James Challis\">James Challis</a>, he requested extra data from Sir <a href=\"/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy\" title=\"George Biddell Airy\">George Airy</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomer_Royal\" title=\"Astronomer Royal\">Astronomer Royal</a>, who supplied it in February 1844. Adams continued to work in 1845\u201346 and produced several different estimates of a new planet.<sup id=\"cite_ref-27\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-27\">[24]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-28\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-28\">[25]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Urbain_Le_Verrier.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
08-17 14:36:02.205 debug OkHttp pedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Urbain_Le_Verrier.jpg/170px-Urbain_Le_Verrier.jpg\" width=\"170\" height=\"216\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Urbain_Le_Verrier.jpg/255px-Urbain_Le_Verrier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Urbain_Le_Verrier.jpg/340px-Urbain_Le_Verrier.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"669\" data-file-height=\"851\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Urbain_Le_Verrier.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier\" title=\"Urbain Le Verrier\">Urbain Le Verrier</a></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>In 1845\u201346, <a href=\"/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier\" title=\"Urbain Le Verrier\">Urbain Le Verrier</a>, independently of Adams, developed his own calculations but aroused no enthusiasm in his compatriots. In June 1846, upon seeing Le Verrier's first published estimate of the planet's longitude and its similarity to Adams's estimate, Airy persuaded Challis to search for the planet. Challis vainly scoured the sky throughout August and September.<sup id=\"cite_ref-MNRAS7_26-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MNRAS7-26\">[23]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-29\">[26]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Meanwhile, Le Verrier by letter urged <a href=\"/wiki/Berlin_Observatory\" title=\"Berlin Observatory\">Berlin Observatory</a> astronomer <a href=\"/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Galle\" title=\"Johann Gottfried Galle\">Johann Gottfried Galle</a> to search with the observatory's <a href=\"/wiki/Refractor\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Refractor\">refractor</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Heinrich_Louis_d%27Arrest\" title=\"Heinrich Louis d'Arrest\">Heinrich d'Arrest</a>, a student at the observatory, suggested to Galle that they could compare a recently drawn chart of the sky in the region of Le Verrier's predicted location with the current sky to seek the displacement characteristic of a <a href=\"/wiki/Planet\" title=\"Planet\">planet</a>, as opposed to a fixed star. On the evening of 23\u00a0September 1846, the day Galle received the letter, he discovered Neptune within 1\u00b0 of where Le Verrier had predicted it to be, about 12\u00b0 from Adams' prediction. Challis later realised that he had observed the planet twice, on 4 and 12\u00a0August, but did not recognise it as a planet because he lacked an up-to-date star map and was distracted by his concurrent work on comet observations.<sup id=\"cite_ref-MNRAS7_26-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MNRAS7-26\">[23]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-30\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-30\">[27]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In the wake of the discovery, there was much nationalistic rivalry between the French and the British over who deserved credit for the discovery. Eventually, an international consensus emerged that both Le Verrier and Adams jointly deserved credit. Since 1966, <a href=\"/wiki/Dennis_Rawlins\" title=\"Dennis Rawlins\">Dennis Rawlins</a> has questioned the credibility of Adams's claim to co-discovery, and the issue was re-evaluated by historians with the return in 1998 of the \"Neptune papers\" (historical documents) to the <a href=\"/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Greenwich\" title=\"Royal Observatory, Greenwich\">Royal Observatory, Greenwich</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Neptdisc_31-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Neptdisc-31\">[28]</a></sup> After reviewing the documents, they suggest that \"Adams does not deserve equal credit with Le Verrier for the discovery of Neptune. That credit belongs only to the person who succeeded both in predicting the planet's place and in convincing astronomers to search for it.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-32\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-32\">[29]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Naming","anchor":"Naming","id":3,"text":"<p>Shortly after its discovery, Neptune was referred to simply as \"the planet exterior to Uranus\" or as \"Le Verrier's planet\". The
08-17 14:36:02.205 debug OkHttp first suggestion for a name came from Galle, who proposed the name <i><a href=\"/wiki/Janus_(mythology)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Janus (mythology)\">Janus</a></i>. In England, Challis put forward the name <i><a href=\"/wiki/Oceanus\" title=\"Oceanus\">Oceanus</a></i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-33\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-33\">[30]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Claiming the right to name his discovery, Le Verrier quickly proposed the name <i>Neptune</i> for this new planet, though falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French <a href=\"/wiki/Bureau_des_Longitudes\" title=\"Bureau des Longitudes\">Bureau des Longitudes</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-34\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-34\">[31]</a></sup> In October, he sought to name the planet <i>Le Verrier</i>, after himself, and he had loyal support in this from the observatory director, <a href=\"/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago\" title=\"Fran\u00e7ois Arago\">Fran\u00e7ois Arago</a>. This suggestion met with stiff resistance outside France.<sup id=\"cite_ref-35\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-35\">[32]</a></sup> French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name <i>Herschel</i> for <i>Uranus</i>, after that planet's discoverer Sir <a href=\"/wiki/William_Herschel\" title=\"William Herschel\">William Herschel</a>, and <i>Leverrier</i> for the new planet.<sup id=\"cite_ref-36\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-36\">[33]</a></sup></p>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_Wilhelm_von_Struve\" title=\"Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve\">Struve</a> came out in favour of the name <i>Neptune</i> on 29\u00a0December 1846, to the <a href=\"/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences\" title=\"Russian Academy of Sciences\">Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-37\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-37\">[34]</a></sup> Soon, <i>Neptune</i> became the internationally accepted name. In <a href=\"/wiki/Roman_mythology\" title=\"Roman mythology\">Roman mythology</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)\" title=\"Neptune (mythology)\">Neptune</a> was the god of the sea, identified with the Greek <a href=\"/wiki/Poseidon\" title=\"Poseidon\">Poseidon</a>. The demand for a mythological name seemed to be in keeping with the nomenclature of the other planets, all of which, except for Earth, were named for deities in <a href=\"/wiki/Greek_mythology\" title=\"Greek mythology\">Greek</a> and Roman mythology.<sup id=\"cite_ref-USGS_38-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-USGS-38\">[35]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Most languages today, even in countries that have no direct link to Greco-Roman culture, use some variant of the name \"Neptune\" for the planet. However, in Chinese, Japanese, and <a href=\"/wiki/Korean_language\" title=\"Korean language\">Korean</a>, the planet's name was translated as \"sea king star\" (<span lang=\"zh\" xml:lang=\"zh\">\u6d77\u738b\u661f</span>), because Neptune was the god of the sea.<sup id=\"cite_ref-39\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-39\">[36]</a></sup> In <a href=\"/wiki/Mongolian_language\" title=\"Mongolian language\">Mongolian</a>, Neptune is called <i>Dalain Van</i> (\u0414\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0439\u043d \u0432\u0430\u043d), reflecting its namesake god's role as the ruler of the sea. In modern <a href=\"/wiki/Greek_language\" title=\"Greek language\">Greek</a> the planet is called <i>Poseidon</i> (\u03a0\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2, <i>Poseidonas</i>), the Greek counterpart of Neptune.<sup id=\"cite_ref-40\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-40\">[37]</a></sup> In <a href=\"/wiki/Hebrew_language\" title=\"Hebrew language\">Hebrew</a>, \"Rahab\" (\u05e8\u05d4\u05d1), from <a href=\"/wiki/Rahab_(Egypt)#Jewish_folklore\" title=\"Rahab (Egypt)\">a Biblical sea monster</a> mentioned in the <a href=\"/wiki/Book_of_Psalms\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Book of Psalms\">Book of Psalms</a>, was selected in a vote managed by the <a href=\"/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Languag
08-17 14:36:02.205 debug OkHttp e\" title=\"Academy of the Hebrew Language\">Academy of the Hebrew Language</a> in 2009 as the official name for the planet, even though the existing Latin term \"Neptun\" (\u05e0\u05e4\u05d8\u05d5\u05df) is commonly used.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Haaretz_41-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Haaretz-41\">[38]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Hayadan.org.il_42-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hayadan.org.il-42\">[39]</a></sup> In <a href=\"/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language\" title=\"M\u0101ori language\">M\u0101ori</a>, the planet is called <i>Tangaroa</i>, named after the <a href=\"/wiki/Tangaroa\" title=\"Tangaroa\">M\u0101ori god of the sea</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Appendix_5:_Planetary_Linguistics_43-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Appendix_5:_Planetary_Linguistics-43\">[40]</a></sup> In <a href=\"/wiki/Nahuatl_language\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Nahuatl language\">Nahuatl</a>, the planet is called <i>Tl\u0101locc\u012btlalli</i>, named after the rain god <a href=\"/wiki/Tlaloc\" title=\"Tlaloc\">Tl\u0101loc</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Appendix_5:_Planetary_Linguistics_43-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Appendix_5:_Planetary_Linguistics-43\">[40]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Status","anchor":"Status","id":4,"text":"<p>From its discovery in 1846 until the subsequent <a href=\"/wiki/Discovery_of_Pluto\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Discovery of Pluto\">discovery of Pluto</a> in 1930, Neptune was the farthest known planet. When Pluto was discovered it was considered a planet, and Neptune thus became the penultimate known planet, except for a 20-year period between 1979 and 1999 when Pluto's elliptical orbit brought it closer to the Sun than Neptune.<sup id=\"cite_ref-44\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-44\">[41]</a></sup> The discovery of the <a href=\"/wiki/Kuiper_belt\" title=\"Kuiper belt\">Kuiper belt</a> in 1992 led many astronomers to debate whether Pluto should be considered a planet or as part of the Kuiper belt.<sup id=\"cite_ref-45\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-45\">[42]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-46\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-46\">[43]</a></sup> In 2006, the <a href=\"/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union\" title=\"International Astronomical Union\">International Astronomical Union</a> <a href=\"/wiki/2006_definition_of_planet\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"2006 definition of planet\">defined the word \"planet\" for the first time</a>, reclassifying Pluto as a \"<a href=\"/wiki/Dwarf_planet\" title=\"Dwarf planet\">dwarf planet</a>\" and making Neptune once again the outermost known planet in the Solar System.<sup id=\"cite_ref-47\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-47\">[44]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Physical characteristics","anchor":"Physical_characteristics","id":5,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Neptune,_Earth_size_comparison_2.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune%2C_Earth_size_comparison_2.jpg/220px-Neptune%2C_Earth_size_comparison_2.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune%2C_Earth_size_comparison_2.jpg/330px-Neptune%2C_Earth_size_comparison_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune%2C_Earth_size_comparison_2.jpg/440px-Neptune%2C_Earth_size_comparison_2.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3000\" data-file-height=\"2251\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Neptune,_Earth_size_comparison_2.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nA size comparison of Neptune and Earth</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Neptune's mass of 1.0243<span style=\"margin:0 .15em 0 .25em\">\u00d7</span>10<sup><span style=\"white-space:nowrap\">26</span></sup>\u00a0kg,<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]
08-17 14:36:02.205 debug OkHttp </a></sup> is intermediate between Earth and the larger <a href=\"/wiki/Gas_giant\" title=\"Gas giant\">gas giants</a>: it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1/19th that of <a href=\"/wiki/Jupiter\" title=\"Jupiter\">Jupiter</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-mass_48-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mass-48\">[d]</a></sup> Its <a href=\"/wiki/Gravity\" title=\"Gravity\">gravity</a> at 1 bar is 11.15\u00a0m/s<sup>2</sup>, 1.14 times the <a href=\"/wiki/Surface_gravity\" title=\"Surface gravity\">surface gravity</a> of Earth,<sup id=\"cite_ref-49\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-49\">[45]</a></sup> and surpassed only by Jupiter.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Uns.C3.B6ld_.26_Baschek_2001_50-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Uns.C3.B6ld_.26_Baschek_2001-50\">[46]</a></sup> Neptune's <a href=\"/wiki/Equator\" title=\"Equator\">equatorial</a> radius of 24,764\u00a0km<sup id=\"cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_8-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007-8\">[7]</a></sup> is nearly four times that of Earth. Neptune, like <a href=\"/wiki/Uranus\" title=\"Uranus\">Uranus</a>, is an <a href=\"/wiki/Ice_giant\" title=\"Ice giant\">ice giant</a>, a subclass of <a href=\"/wiki/Giant_planet\" title=\"Giant planet\">giant planet</a>, due to their smaller size and higher concentrations of <a href=\"/wiki/Volatiles\" title=\"Volatiles\">volatiles</a> relative to Jupiter and <a href=\"/wiki/Saturn\" title=\"Saturn\">Saturn</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Boss_51-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Boss-51\">[47]</a></sup> In the search for <a href=\"/wiki/Extrasolar_planet\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Extrasolar planet\">extrasolar planets</a>, Neptune has been used as a <a href=\"/wiki/Metonymy\" title=\"Metonymy\">metonym</a>: discovered bodies of similar mass are often referred to as \"Neptunes\",<sup id=\"cite_ref-52\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-52\">[48]</a></sup> just as scientists refer to various extrasolar bodies as \"Jupiters\".</p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Internal structure","anchor":"Internal_structure","id":6,"text":"<p>Neptune's internal structure resembles that of <a href=\"/wiki/Uranus#Internal_structure\" title=\"Uranus\">Uranus</a>. Its atmosphere forms about 5% to 10% of its mass and extends perhaps 10% to 20% of the way towards the core, where it reaches pressures of about 10\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Pascal_(unit)\" title=\"Pascal (unit)\">GPa</a>, or about 100,000 times that of Earth's atmosphere. Increasing concentrations of <a href=\"/wiki/Methane\" title=\"Methane\">methane</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Ammonia\" title=\"Ammonia\">ammonia</a> and water are found in the lower regions of the atmosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-hubbard_19-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hubbard-19\">[16]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Neptune_diagram.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Neptune_diagram.svg/220px-Neptune_diagram.svg.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"169\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Neptune_diagram.svg/330px-Neptune_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Neptune_diagram.svg/440px-Neptune_diagram.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1300\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Neptune_diagram.svg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nThe internal structure of Neptune:<br>\n1. Upper atmosphere, top clouds<br>\n2. Atmosphere consisting of hydrogen, helium and methane gas<br>\n3. Mantle consisting of water, ammonia and methane ices<br>\n4. Core consisting of rock (silicates and nickel\u2013iron)</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The mantle is equivalent to 10 to 15 Earth masses and is rich in water, ammonia and methane.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Hamilton_1-2\" class=\"ref
08-17 14:36:02.205 debug OkHttp erence\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hamilton-1\">[1]</a></sup> As is customary in planetary science, this mixture is referred to as <a href=\"/wiki/Volatiles\" title=\"Volatiles\">icy</a> even though it is a hot, dense fluid. This fluid, which has a high electrical conductivity, is sometimes called a water\u2013ammonia ocean.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Atreya2006_53-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Atreya2006-53\">[49]</a></sup> The mantle may consist of a layer of ionic water in which the water molecules break down into a soup of hydrogen and <a href=\"/wiki/Oxygen_ion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Oxygen ion\">oxygen ions</a>, and deeper down <a href=\"/wiki/Superionic_water\" title=\"Superionic water\">superionic water</a> in which the oxygen crystallises but the <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen_ion\" title=\"Hydrogen ion\">hydrogen ions</a> float around freely within the oxygen lattice.<sup id=\"cite_ref-54\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-54\">[50]</a></sup> At a depth of 7000\u00a0km, the conditions may be such that methane decomposes into diamond crystals that rain downwards like hailstones.<sup id=\"cite_ref-55\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-55\">[51]</a></sup> Very-high-pressure experiments at the <a href=\"/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory\" title=\"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory\">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a> suggest that the base of the mantle may comprise an ocean of liquid carbon with floating solid 'diamonds'.<sup id=\"cite_ref-56\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-56\">[52]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Eggert_2004_57-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Eggert_2004-57\">[53]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Eggert_2010_58-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Eggert_2010-58\">[54]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_core\" title=\"Planetary core\">core</a> of Neptune is composed of iron, nickel and <a href=\"/wiki/Silicate\" title=\"Silicate\">silicates</a>, with an interior model giving a mass about 1.2 times that of Earth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-pass43_59-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pass43-59\">[55]</a></sup> The pressure at the centre is 7\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Bar_(unit)\" title=\"Bar (unit)\">Mbar</a> (700 GPa), about twice as high as that at the centre of Earth, and the temperature may be 5,400\u00a0K.<sup id=\"cite_ref-hubbard_19-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hubbard-19\">[16]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-nettelmann_20-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nettelmann-20\">[17]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Atmosphere","anchor":"Atmosphere","id":7,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Neptune-Methane.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Neptune-Methane.jpg/220px-Neptune-Methane.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"155\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Neptune-Methane.jpg/330px-Neptune-Methane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Neptune-Methane.jpg/440px-Neptune-Methane.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"540\" data-file-height=\"380\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Neptune-Methane.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nCombined colour and near-<a href=\"/wiki/Infrared\" title=\"Infrared\">infrared</a> image of Neptune, showing bands of <a href=\"/wiki/Methane\" title=\"Methane\">methane</a> in its <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere\" title=\"Atmosphere\">atmosphere</a>, and four of its <a href=\"/wiki/Natural_satellite\" title=\"Natural satellite\">moons</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Proteus_(moon)\" title=\"Proteus (moon)\">Proteus</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Larissa_(moon)\" title=\"Larissa (moon)\">Larissa</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Galatea_(moon)\" title=\"Galatea (moon)\">Galatea</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Despina_(moon)\" title=\"Despina (moon)\">Despina</a>.</div>\n</div
08-17 14:36:02.205 debug OkHttp >\n</div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\">\n<div id=\"mwe_player_0\" class=\"PopUpMediaTransform\" style=\"width:220px;\" videopayload=\"&lt;div class=&quot;mediaContainer&quot; style=&quot;width:640px&quot;&gt;&lt;video id=&quot;mwe_player_1&quot; poster=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm/640px--Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm.jpg&quot; controls=&quot;&quot; preload=&quot;none&quot; autoplay=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;width:640px;height:480px&quot; class=&quot;kskin&quot; data-durationhint=&quot;39.333&quot; data-startoffset=&quot;0&quot; data-mwtitle=&quot;Neptune's_Dynamic_Environment.webm&quot; data-mwprovider=&quot;wikimediacommons&quot;&gt;&lt;source src=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm.480p.ogv&quot; type=&quot;video/ogg; codecs=&amp;quot;theora, vorbis&amp;quot;&quot; data-title=&quot;SD Ogg video (480P)&quot; data-shorttitle=&quot;Ogg 480P&quot; data-transcodekey=&quot;480p.ogv&quot; data-width=&quot;640&quot; data-height=&quot;480&quot; data-bandwidth=&quot;166896&quot; data-framerate=&quot;30&quot;/&gt;&lt;source src=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm&quot; type=&quot;video/webm; codecs=&amp;quot;vp8&amp;quot;&quot; data-title=&quot;Original WebM file, 640 \u00d7 480 (235 kbps)&quot; data-shorttitle=&quot;WebM source&quot; data-width=&quot;640&quot; data-height=&quot;480&quot; data-bandwidth=&quot;235400&quot; data-framerate=&quot;30&quot;/&gt;&lt;source src=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm.480p.webm&quot; type=&quot;video/webm; codecs=&amp;quot;vp8, vorbis&amp;quot;&quot; data-title=&quot;SD WebM (480P)&quot; data-shorttitle=&quot;WebM 480P&quot; data-transcodekey=&quot;480p.webm&quot; data-width=&quot;640&quot; data-height=&quot;480&quot; data-bandwidth=&quot;351496&quot; data-framerate=&quot;30&quot;/&gt;&lt;source src=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm.160p.ogv&quot; type=&quot;video/ogg; codecs=&amp;quot;theora, vorbis&amp;quot;&quot; data-title=&quot;Low bandwidth Ogg video (160P)&quot; data-shorttitle=&quot;Ogg 160P&quot; data-transcodekey=&quot;160p.ogv&quot; data-width=&quot;214&quot; data-height=&quot;160&quot; data-bandwidth=&quot;27296&quot; data-framerate=&quot;15&quot;/&gt;&lt;source src=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm.160p.webm&quot; type=&quot;video/webm; codecs=&amp;quot;vp8, vorbis&amp;quot;&quot; data-title=&quot;Low bandwidth WebM (160P)&quot; data-shorttitle=&quot;WebM 160P&quot; data-transcodekey=&quot;160p.webm&quot; data-width=&quot;214&quot; data-height=&quot;160&quot; data-bandwidth=&quot;84040&quot; data-framerate=&quot;30&quot;/&gt;&lt;source src=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm.240p.ogv&quot; type=&quot;video/ogg; codecs=&amp;quot;theora, vorbis&amp;quot;&quot; data-title=&quot;Small Ogg video (240P)&quot; data-shorttitle=&quot;Ogg 240P&quot; data-transcodekey=&quot;240p.ogv&quot; data-width=&quot;320&quot; data-height=&quot;240&quot; data-bandwidth=&quot;57824&quot; data-framerate=&quot;30&quot;/&gt;&lt;source src=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm.240p.webm&quot; type=&quot;video/webm; codecs=&amp;quot;vp8, vorbis&amp;quot;&quot; data-title=&quot;Small WebM (240P)&quot; data-shorttitle=&quot;WebM 240P&quot; data-transcodekey=&quot;240p.webm&quot; data-width=&quot;320&quot; data-height=&quot;240&quot; data-bandwidth
08-17 14:36:02.205 debug OkHttp =&quot;148008&quot; data-framerate=&quot;30&quot;/&gt;&lt;source src=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm.360p.ogv&quot; type=&quot;video/ogg; codecs=&amp;quot;theora, vorbis&amp;quot;&quot; data-title=&quot;Ogg video (360P)&quot; data-shorttitle=&quot;Ogg 360P&quot; data-transcodekey=&quot;360p.ogv&quot; data-width=&quot;480&quot; data-height=&quot;360&quot; data-bandwidth=&quot;96848&quot; data-framerate=&quot;30&quot;/&gt;&lt;source src=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm.360p.webm&quot; type=&quot;video/webm; codecs=&amp;quot;vp8, vorbis&amp;quot;&quot; data-title=&quot;WebM (360P)&quot; data-shorttitle=&quot;WebM 360P&quot; data-transcodekey=&quot;360p.webm&quot; data-width=&quot;480&quot; data-height=&quot;360&quot; data-bandwidth=&quot;296616&quot; data-framerate=&quot;30&quot;/&gt;&lt;/video&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\"><img alt=\"File:Neptune's Dynamic Environment.webm\" style=\"width:220px;height:165px\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm/220px--Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm.jpg\"><a href=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm\" title=\"Play media\" target=\"new\"><span class=\"play-btn-large\"><span class=\"mw-tmh-playtext\">Play media</span></span></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nA time-lapse video of Neptune and its moons</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>At high altitudes, Neptune's atmosphere is 80% <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen\" title=\"Hydrogen\">hydrogen</a> and 19% <a href=\"/wiki/Helium\" title=\"Helium\">helium</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-hubbard_19-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hubbard-19\">[16]</a></sup> A trace amount of methane is also present. Prominent absorption bands of methane exist at wavelengths above 600\u00a0nm, in the red and infrared portion of the spectrum. As with Uranus, this absorption of red light by the <a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_methane\" title=\"Atmospheric methane\">atmospheric methane</a> is part of what gives Neptune its blue hue,<sup id=\"cite_ref-60\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-60\">[56]</a></sup> although Neptune's vivid azure differs from Uranus's milder <a href=\"/wiki/Cyan\" title=\"Cyan\">cyan</a>. Because Neptune's atmospheric methane content is similar to that of Uranus, some unknown atmospheric constituent is thought to contribute to Neptune's colour.<sup id=\"cite_ref-bluecolour_17-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-bluecolour-17\">[14]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Neptune's atmosphere is subdivided into two main regions: the lower <a href=\"/wiki/Troposphere\" title=\"Troposphere\">troposphere</a>, where temperature decreases with altitude, and the <a href=\"/wiki/Stratosphere\" title=\"Stratosphere\">stratosphere</a>, where temperature increases with altitude. The boundary between the two, the <a href=\"/wiki/Tropopause\" title=\"Tropopause\">tropopause</a>, lies at a pressure of 0.1 bars (10\u00a0kPa).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_16-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-16\">[13]</a></sup> The stratosphere then gives way to the <a href=\"/wiki/Thermosphere\" title=\"Thermosphere\">thermosphere</a> at a pressure lower than 10<sup>\u22125</sup> to 10<sup>\u22124</sup> microbars (1 to 10\u00a0Pa).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_16-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-16\">[13]</a></sup> The thermosphere gradually transitions to the <a href=\"/wiki/Exosphere\" title=\"Exosphere\">exosphere</a>.</p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Neptune_clouds.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi
08-17 14:36:02.205 debug OkHttp a/commons/thumb/c/c8/Neptune_clouds.jpg/220px-Neptune_clouds.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"192\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Neptune_clouds.jpg/330px-Neptune_clouds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Neptune_clouds.jpg/440px-Neptune_clouds.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"682\" data-file-height=\"596\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Neptune_clouds.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nBands of high-altitude clouds cast shadows on Neptune's lower cloud deck</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Models suggest that Neptune's troposphere is banded by clouds of varying compositions depending on altitude. The upper-level clouds lie at pressures below one bar, where the temperature is suitable for methane to condense. For pressures between one and five bars (100 and 500 kPa), clouds of ammonia and <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide\" title=\"Hydrogen sulfide\">hydrogen sulfide</a> are thought to form. Above a pressure of five bars, the clouds may consist of ammonia, <a href=\"/wiki/Ammonium_sulfide\" title=\"Ammonium sulfide\">ammonium sulfide</a>, hydrogen sulfide and water. Deeper clouds of water ice should be found at pressures of about 50 bars (5.0\u00a0MPa), where the temperature reaches 273\u00a0K (0\u00a0\u00b0C). Underneath, clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide may be found.<sup id=\"cite_ref-elkins-tanton_61-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-elkins-tanton-61\">[57]</a></sup></p>\n<p>High-altitude clouds on Neptune have been observed casting shadows on the opaque cloud deck below. There are also high-altitude cloud bands that wrap around the planet at constant latitude. These circumferential bands have widths of 50\u2013150\u00a0km and lie about 50\u2013110\u00a0km above the cloud deck.<sup id=\"cite_ref-apj125_62-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-apj125-62\">[58]</a></sup> These altitudes are in the layer where weather occurs, the troposphere. Weather does not occur in the higher stratosphere or thermosphere. Unlike Uranus, Neptune's composition has a higher volume of ocean, whereas Uranus has a smaller mantle.<sup id=\"cite_ref-63\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-63\">[59]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Neptune's <a href=\"/wiki/Visible_spectrum\" title=\"Visible spectrum\">spectra</a> suggest that its lower stratosphere is hazy due to condensation of products of ultraviolet <a href=\"/wiki/Photolysis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Photolysis\">photolysis</a> of methane, such as <a href=\"/wiki/Ethane\" title=\"Ethane\">ethane</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Acetylene\" title=\"Acetylene\">ethyne</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_16-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-16\">[13]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-hubbard_19-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hubbard-19\">[16]</a></sup> The stratosphere is also home to trace amounts of <a href=\"/wiki/Carbon_monoxide\" title=\"Carbon monoxide\">carbon monoxide</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide\" title=\"Hydrogen cyanide\">hydrogen cyanide</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_16-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-16\">[13]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Encrenaz_2003_64-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Encrenaz_2003-64\">[60]</a></sup> The stratosphere of Neptune is warmer than that of Uranus due to the elevated concentration of hydrocarbons.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_16-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-16\">[13]</a></sup></p>\n<p>For reasons that remain obscure, the planet's thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750\u00a0K.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Broadfoot19989_65-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Broadfoot19989-65\">[61]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999_66-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999-66\">[62]</a></sup> The planet is too far from the Sun for this heat to be gener
08-17 14:36:02.205 debug OkHttp ated by <a href=\"/wiki/Ultraviolet\" title=\"Ultraviolet\">ultraviolet</a> radiation. One candidate for a heating mechanism is atmospheric interaction with ions in the planet's <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetosphere\" title=\"Magnetosphere\">magnetic field</a>. Other candidates are <a href=\"/wiki/Gravity_wave\" title=\"Gravity wave\">gravity waves</a> from the interior that dissipate in the atmosphere. The <a href=\"/wiki/Thermosphere\" title=\"Thermosphere\">thermosphere</a> contains traces of <a href=\"/wiki/Carbon_dioxide\" title=\"Carbon dioxide\">carbon dioxide</a> and water, which may have been deposited from external sources such as <a href=\"/wiki/Meteorite\" title=\"Meteorite\">meteorites</a> and dust.<sup id=\"cite_ref-elkins-tanton_61-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-elkins-tanton-61\">[57]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Encrenaz_2003_64-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Encrenaz_2003-64\">[60]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Magnetosphere","anchor":"Magnetosphere","id":8,"text":"<p>Neptune also resembles Uranus in its <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetosphere\" title=\"Magnetosphere\">magnetosphere</a>, with a <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetic_field\" title=\"Magnetic field\">magnetic field</a> strongly tilted relative to its <a href=\"/wiki/Rotation\" title=\"Rotation\">rotational</a> axis at 47\u00b0 and offset at least 0.55\u00a0radii, or about 13500\u00a0km from the planet's physical centre. Before <i>Voyager 2'</i>s arrival at Neptune, it was hypothesised that Uranus's tilted magnetosphere was the result of its sideways rotation. In comparing the magnetic fields of the two planets, scientists now think the extreme orientation may be characteristic of flows in the planets' interiors. This field may be generated by <a href=\"/wiki/Convection\" title=\"Convection\">convective</a> fluid motions in a thin spherical shell of <a href=\"/wiki/Electrical_conductor\" title=\"Electrical conductor\">electrically conducting</a> liquids (probably a combination of ammonia, methane and water)<sup id=\"cite_ref-elkins-tanton_61-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-elkins-tanton-61\">[57]</a></sup> resulting in a <a href=\"/wiki/Dynamo\" title=\"Dynamo\">dynamo</a> action.<sup id=\"cite_ref-67\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-67\">[63]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Tesla_(unit)\" title=\"Tesla (unit)\">microteslas</a> (0.14\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Gauss_(unit)\" title=\"Gauss (unit)\">G</a>).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Connerney1991_68-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Connerney1991-68\">[64]</a></sup> The dipole <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetic_moment\" title=\"Magnetic moment\">magnetic moment</a> of Neptune is about 2.2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<sup>17</sup>\u00a0T\u00b7m<sup>3</sup> (14\u00a0\u03bcT\u00b7<i>R</i><sub><i>N</i></sub><sup>3</sup>, where <i>R</i><sub><i>N</i></sub> is the radius of Neptune). Neptune's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large contributions from non-dipolar components, including a strong <a href=\"/wiki/Quadrupole\" title=\"Quadrupole\">quadrupole</a> moment that may exceed the <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetic_dipole_moment\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Magnetic dipole moment\">dipole moment</a> in strength. By contrast, Earth, Jupiter and Saturn have only relatively small quadrupole moments, and their fields are less tilted from the polar axis. The large quadrupole moment of Neptune may be the result of offset from the planet's centre and geometrical constraints of the field's dynamo generator.<sup id=\"cite_ref-science4936_69-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-science4936-69\">[65]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-70\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-70\">[66]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Neptune's <a href=\"/wiki/Bow_shock\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bow shock\">bow shock</a>, where the magnetosphere begins to slow the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_wind\" title=\"Solar wind\
08-17 14:36:02.205 debug OkHttp ">solar wind</a>, occurs at a distance of 34.9 times the radius of the planet. The <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetopause\" title=\"Magnetopause\">magnetopause</a>, where the pressure of the magnetosphere counterbalances the solar wind, lies at a distance of 23\u201326.5 times the radius of Neptune. The tail of the magnetosphere extends out to at least 72 times the radius of Neptune, and likely much farther.<sup id=\"cite_ref-science4936_69-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-science4936-69\">[65]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Climate","anchor":"Climate","id":9,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Neptune_storms.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Neptune_storms.jpg/220px-Neptune_storms.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"203\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Neptune_storms.jpg/330px-Neptune_storms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Neptune_storms.jpg/440px-Neptune_storms.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"945\" data-file-height=\"870\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Neptune_storms.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nThe <a href=\"/wiki/Great_Dark_Spot\" title=\"Great Dark Spot\">Great Dark Spot</a> (top), Scooter (middle white cloud),<sup id=\"cite_ref-scooter_71-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-scooter-71\">[67]</a></sup> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Small_Dark_Spot\" title=\"Small Dark Spot\">Small Dark Spot</a> (bottom), with contrast exaggerated.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Neptune's weather is characterised by extremely dynamic storm systems, with winds reaching speeds of almost 600\u00a0m/s (2,200\u00a0km/h; 1,300\u00a0mph)\u2014nearly reaching <a href=\"/wiki/Supersonic_speed\" title=\"Supersonic speed\">supersonic</a> flow.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Suomi1991_18-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Suomi1991-18\">[15]</a></sup> More typically, by tracking the motion of persistent clouds, wind speeds have been shown to vary from 20\u00a0m/s in the easterly direction to 325\u00a0m/s westward.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Hammel1989_72-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hammel1989-72\">[68]</a></sup> At the cloud tops, the prevailing winds range in speed from 400\u00a0m/s along the equator to 250\u00a0m/s at the poles.<sup id=\"cite_ref-elkins-tanton_61-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-elkins-tanton-61\">[57]</a></sup> Most of the winds on Neptune move in a direction opposite the planet's rotation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-burgess2_73-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-burgess2-73\">[69]</a></sup> The general pattern of winds showed prograde rotation at high latitudes vs. retrograde rotation at lower latitudes. The difference in flow direction is thought to be a \"skin effect\" and not due to any deeper atmospheric processes.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_16-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-16\">[13]</a></sup> At 70\u00b0 S latitude, a high-speed jet travels at a speed of 300\u00a0m/s.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_16-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-16\">[13]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Neptune differs from Uranus in its typical level of meteorological activity. <i>Voyager 2</i> observed weather phenomena on Neptune during its 1989 flyby,<sup id=\"cite_ref-spot_74-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-spot-74\">[70]</a></sup> but no comparable phenomena on Uranus during its 1986 fly-by.</p>\n<p>The abundance of methane, ethane and <a href=\"/wiki/Acetylene\" title=\"Acetylene\">acetylene</a> at Neptune's equator is 10\u2013100 times greater than at the poles. This is interpreted as evidence for upwelling at the equator and subsidence near the poles.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_16-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-16\">[13]</a></sup><sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template\" s
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp tyle=\"margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify\" title=\"Wikipedia:Please clarify\"><span title=\"Please clarify why this is evidence. Additional comment (March 2016): This would not in itself explain the observations. Are the organics supposed to be destroyed or diluted as they flow towards the poles then? (March 2010)\">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>\n<p>In 2007, it was discovered that the upper troposphere of Neptune's south pole was about 10 K warmer than the rest of its atmosphere, which averages approximately 73\u00a0K (\u2212200\u00a0\u00b0C). The temperature differential is enough to let methane, which elsewhere is frozen in the troposphere, escape into the stratosphere near the pole.<sup id=\"cite_ref-75\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-75\">[71]</a></sup> The relative \"hot spot\" is due to Neptune's <a href=\"/wiki/Axial_tilt\" title=\"Axial tilt\">axial tilt</a>, which has exposed the south pole to the <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a> for the last quarter of Neptune's year, or roughly 40 Earth years. As Neptune slowly moves towards the opposite side of the Sun, the south pole will be darkened and the north pole illuminated, causing the methane release to shift to the north pole.<sup id=\"cite_ref-76\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-76\">[72]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Because of seasonal changes, the cloud bands in the southern hemisphere of Neptune have been observed to increase in size and <a href=\"/wiki/Albedo\" title=\"Albedo\">albedo</a>. This trend was first seen in 1980 and is expected to last until about 2020. The long orbital period of Neptune results in seasons lasting forty years.<sup id=\"cite_ref-villard_77-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-villard-77\">[73]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Storms","anchor":"Storms","id":10,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Neptune%27s_Great_Dark_Spot.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Neptune%27s_Great_Dark_Spot.jpg/170px-Neptune%27s_Great_Dark_Spot.jpg\" width=\"170\" height=\"207\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Neptune%27s_Great_Dark_Spot.jpg/255px-Neptune%27s_Great_Dark_Spot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Neptune%27s_Great_Dark_Spot.jpg/340px-Neptune%27s_Great_Dark_Spot.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"700\" data-file-height=\"852\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Neptune%27s_Great_Dark_Spot.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nThe Great Dark Spot, as imaged by <i>Voyager 2</i></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>In 1989, the <a href=\"/wiki/Great_Dark_Spot\" title=\"Great Dark Spot\">Great Dark Spot</a>, an <a href=\"/wiki/Anticyclone\" title=\"Anticyclone\">anti-cyclonic</a> storm system spanning 13000\u00a0\u00d7\u00a06600\u00a0km,<sup id=\"cite_ref-spot_74-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-spot-74\">[70]</a></sup> was discovered by <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a>'s <i>Voyager 2</i> spacecraft. The storm resembled the <a href=\"/wiki/Great_Red_Spot\" title=\"Great Red Spot\">Great Red Spot</a> of Jupiter. Some five years later, on 2\u00a0November 1994, the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope\" title=\"Hubble Space Telescope\">Hubble Space Telescope</a></i> did not see the Great Dark Spot on the planet. Instead, a new storm similar to the Great Dark Spot was found in Neptune's northern hemisphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-78\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-78\">[74]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The Scooter is another storm, a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot. This nickname first arose during the months leading up to the <i>Voyager 2</i> encounter in 1989, when they were observed moving at speeds faster than the <a href=\"/wiki/Great_Dark_Spot\" title=\"Gre
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp at Dark Spot\">Great Dark Spot</a> (and images acquired later would subsequently reveal the presence of clouds moving even faster than those that had initially been detected by <i>Voyager 2</i>).<sup id=\"cite_ref-burgess2_73-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-burgess2-73\">[69]</a></sup> The <a href=\"/wiki/Small_Dark_Spot\" title=\"Small Dark Spot\">Small Dark Spot</a> is a southern cyclonic storm, the second-most-intense storm observed during the 1989 encounter. It was initially completely dark, but as <i>Voyager 2</i> approached the planet, a bright core developed and can be seen in most of the highest-resolution images.<sup id=\"cite_ref-79\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-79\">[75]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Neptune's dark spots are thought to occur in the <a href=\"/wiki/Troposphere\" title=\"Troposphere\">troposphere</a> at lower altitudes than the brighter cloud features,<sup id=\"cite_ref-80\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-80\">[76]</a></sup> so they appear as holes in the upper cloud decks. As they are stable features that can persist for several months, they are thought to be <a href=\"/wiki/Vortex\" title=\"Vortex\">vortex</a> structures.<sup id=\"cite_ref-apj125_62-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-apj125-62\">[58]</a></sup> Often associated with dark spots are brighter, persistent methane clouds that form around the <a href=\"/wiki/Tropopause\" title=\"Tropopause\">tropopause</a> layer.<sup id=\"cite_ref-81\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-81\">[77]</a></sup> The persistence of companion clouds shows that some former dark spots may continue to exist as cyclones even though they are no longer visible as a dark feature. Dark spots may dissipate when they migrate too close to the equator or possibly through some other unknown mechanism.<sup id=\"cite_ref-82\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-82\">[78]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Internal heating","anchor":"Internal_heating","id":11,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:The_four_sides_of_Neptune_(captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope).tif\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_four_sides_of_Neptune_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.tif/lossy-page1-170px-The_four_sides_of_Neptune_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.tif.jpg\" width=\"170\" height=\"187\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_four_sides_of_Neptune_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.tif/lossy-page1-255px-The_four_sides_of_Neptune_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_four_sides_of_Neptune_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.tif/lossy-page1-340px-The_four_sides_of_Neptune_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.tif.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2250\" data-file-height=\"2474\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:The_four_sides_of_Neptune_(captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope).tif\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nFour images taken a few hours apart with the NASA/ESA <i>Hubble Space Telescope</i><span class=\"nowrap\" style=\"padding-left:0.1em;\">'s</span> Wide Field Camera 3<sup id=\"cite_ref-83\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-83\">[79]</a></sup></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Neptune's more varied weather when compared to Uranus is due in part to its higher <a href=\"/wiki/Internal_heating\" title=\"Internal heating\">internal heating</a>. Although Neptune lies over 50% further from the Sun than Uranus, and receives only 40% its amount of sunlight,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_1993_16-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lunine_1993-16\">[13]</a></sup> the two planets' surface temperatures are roughly equal.<sup id=\"cite_ref-williams_84-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-wi
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp lliams-84\">[80]</a></sup> The upper regions of Neptune's troposphere reach a low temperature of 51.8\u00a0K (\u2212221.3\u00a0\u00b0C). At a depth where the <a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure\" title=\"Atmospheric pressure\">atmospheric pressure</a> equals 1 <a href=\"/wiki/Bar_(unit)\" title=\"Bar (unit)\">bar</a> (100\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Pascal_(unit)\" title=\"Pascal (unit)\">kPa</a>), the temperature is 72.00\u00a0K (\u2212201.15\u00a0\u00b0C).<sup id=\"cite_ref-85\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-85\">[81]</a></sup> Deeper inside the layers of gas, the temperature rises steadily. As with Uranus, the source of this heating is unknown, but the discrepancy is larger: Uranus only radiates 1.1 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun;<sup id=\"cite_ref-86\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-86\">[82]</a></sup> whereas Neptune radiates about 2.61 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun.<sup id=\"cite_ref-87\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-87\">[83]</a></sup> Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun, yet its internal energy is sufficient to drive the fastest planetary winds seen in the Solar System. Depending on the thermal properties of its interior, the heat left over from Neptune's formation may be sufficient to explain its current heat flow, though it is more difficult to simultaneously explain <a href=\"/wiki/Uranus\" title=\"Uranus\">Uranus</a>'s lack of internal heat while preserving the apparent similarity between the two planets.<sup id=\"cite_ref-88\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-88\">[84]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Orbit and rotation","anchor":"Orbit_and_rotation","id":12,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Neptune_Orbit.gif\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Neptune_Orbit.gif/220px-Neptune_Orbit.gif\" width=\"220\" height=\"220\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Neptune_Orbit.gif 1.5x\" data-file-width=\"248\" data-file-height=\"248\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Neptune_Orbit.gif\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nNeptune (red arc) completes one orbit around the Sun (centre) for every 164.79 orbits of Earth. The light blue object represents Uranus.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The average distance between Neptune and the Sun is <span class=\"nowrap\">4.50 billion km</span> (about 30.1\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_unit\" title=\"Astronomical unit\">astronomical units</a> (AU)), and it completes an orbit on average every 164.79\u00a0years, subject to a variability of around \u00b10.1\u00a0years. The perihelion distance is 29.81\u00a0AU; the aphelion distance is 30.33\u00a0AU.<sup id=\"cite_ref-AA_89-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AA-89\">[85]</a></sup></p>\n<p>On 11 July 2011, Neptune completed its first full <a href=\"/wiki/Barycentric_coordinates_(astronomy)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Barycentric coordinates (astronomy)\">barycentric</a> orbit since its discovery in 1846,<sup id=\"cite_ref-obsjul711_90-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-obsjul711-90\">[86]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-azureworld_91-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-azureworld-91\">[87]</a></sup> although it did not appear at its exact discovery position in the sky, because Earth was in a different location in its 365.26-day orbit. Because of the motion of the Sun in relation to the <a href=\"/wiki/Barycentre#Barycenter_in_astronomy\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Barycentre\">barycentre</a> of the Solar System, on 11\u00a0July Neptune was also not at its exact discovery position in relation to the Sun; if the more common <a href=\"/wiki/Heliocentric\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Heliocentric\">heliocentric</a> coordinate system is used, the discovery longitude was reached on 12\u00a0July 2011.<sup id=
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp \"cite_ref-fact2_10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact2-10\">[8]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-UT2010-08_92-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-UT2010-08-92\">[88]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Horizons2011_93-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Horizons2011-93\">[89]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The elliptical orbit of Neptune is inclined 1.77\u00b0 compared to that of Earth.</p>\n<p>The axial tilt of Neptune is 28.32\u00b0,<sup id=\"cite_ref-94\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-94\">[90]</a></sup> which is similar to the tilts of Earth (23\u00b0) and Mars (25\u00b0). As a result, this planet experiences similar seasonal changes. The long orbital period of Neptune means that the seasons last for forty Earth years.<sup id=\"cite_ref-villard_77-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-villard-77\">[73]</a></sup> Its sidereal rotation period (day) is roughly 16.11\u00a0hours.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact2_10-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact2-10\">[8]</a></sup> Because its axial tilt is comparable to Earth's, the variation in the length of its day over the course of its long year is not any more extreme.</p>\n<p>Because Neptune is not a solid body, its atmosphere undergoes <a href=\"/wiki/Differential_rotation\" title=\"Differential rotation\">differential rotation</a>. The wide equatorial zone rotates with a period of about 18\u00a0hours, which is slower than the 16.1-hour rotation of the planet's magnetic field. By contrast, the reverse is true for the polar regions where the rotation period is 12\u00a0hours. This differential rotation is the most pronounced of any planet in the Solar System,<sup id=\"cite_ref-95\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-95\">[91]</a></sup> and it results in strong latitudinal wind shear.<sup id=\"cite_ref-apj125_62-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-apj125-62\">[58]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Orbital resonances","anchor":"Orbital_resonances","id":13,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Kuiper_belt\" title=\"Kuiper belt\">Kuiper belt</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Resonant_trans-Neptunian_object\" title=\"Resonant trans-Neptunian object\">resonant trans-Neptunian object</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Neptune_trojan\" title=\"Neptune trojan\">Neptune trojan</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:TheKuiperBelt_classes-en.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TheKuiperBelt_classes-en.svg/220px-TheKuiperBelt_classes-en.svg.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"176\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TheKuiperBelt_classes-en.svg/330px-TheKuiperBelt_classes-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TheKuiperBelt_classes-en.svg/440px-TheKuiperBelt_classes-en.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"400\" data-file-height=\"320\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:TheKuiperBelt_classes-en.svg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nA diagram showing the major orbital resonances in the <a href=\"/wiki/Kuiper_belt\" title=\"Kuiper belt\">Kuiper belt</a> caused by Neptune: the highlighted regions are the 2:3 resonance (plutinos), the nonresonant <a href=\"/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object\" title=\"Classical Kuiper belt object\">\"classical belt\"</a> (cubewanos), and the 1:2 resonance (<a href=\"/wiki/Twotino\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Twotino\">twotinos</a>).</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Neptune's orbit has a profound impact on the region directly beyond it, known as the <a href=\"/wiki/Kuiper_belt\" title=\"Kuiper belt\">Kuiper belt</a>. The Kuiper belt is a ring of small icy worlds, similar to the <a href=\"/wiki/Asteroid_belt\" title=\"Asteroid belt\">asteroid belt</a> but far larger, extending from Neptune's orbit at 30\u00a0AU out to about 55\u00a0AU from the Sun.<sup id=\"c
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp ite_ref-96\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-96\">[92]</a></sup> Much in the same way that Jupiter's gravity dominates the <a href=\"/wiki/Asteroid_belt\" title=\"Asteroid belt\">asteroid belt</a>, shaping its structure, so Neptune's gravity dominates the Kuiper belt. Over the age of the Solar System, certain regions of the Kuiper belt became destabilised by Neptune's gravity, creating gaps in the Kuiper belt's structure. The region between 40 and 42\u00a0AU is an example.<sup id=\"cite_ref-97\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-97\">[93]</a></sup></p>\n<p>There do exist orbits within these empty regions where objects can survive for the age of the Solar System. These <a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_resonance\" title=\"Orbital resonance\">resonances</a> occur when Neptune's orbital period is a precise fraction of that of the object, such as 1:2, or 3:4. If, say, an object orbits the Sun once for every two Neptune orbits, it will only complete half an orbit by the time Neptune returns to its original position. The most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt, with over 200 known objects,<sup id=\"cite_ref-98\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-98\">[94]</a></sup> is the 2:3 resonance. Objects in this resonance complete 2 orbits for every 3 of Neptune, and are known as <a href=\"/wiki/Plutino\" title=\"Plutino\">plutinos</a> because the largest of the known Kuiper belt objects, <a href=\"/wiki/Pluto\" title=\"Pluto\">Pluto</a>, is among them.<sup id=\"cite_ref-99\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-99\">[95]</a></sup> Although Pluto crosses Neptune's orbit regularly, the 2:3 resonance ensures they can never collide.<sup id=\"cite_ref-100\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-100\">[96]</a></sup> The 3:4, 3:5, 4:7 and 2:5 resonances are less populated.<sup id=\"cite_ref-101\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-101\">[97]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Neptune has a number of known <a href=\"/wiki/Trojan_(astronomy)\" title=\"Trojan (astronomy)\">trojan objects</a> occupying both the <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a>\u2013Neptune <a href=\"/wiki/Lagrangian_point#L4_and_L5\" title=\"Lagrangian point\">L<sub>4</sub></a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Lagrangian_point#L4_and_L5\" title=\"Lagrangian point\">L<sub>5</sub></a> <a href=\"/wiki/Lagrangian_point\" title=\"Lagrangian point\">Lagrangian points</a>\u2014gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing Neptune in its orbit, respectively.<sup id=\"cite_ref-102\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-102\">[98]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Neptune_trojan\" title=\"Neptune trojan\">Neptune trojans</a> can be viewed as being in a 1:1 resonance with Neptune. Some Neptune trojans are remarkably stable in their orbits, and are likely to have formed alongside Neptune rather than being captured. The first and so far only object identified as associated with Neptune's trailing <a href=\"/wiki/Lagrangian_point#L4_and_L5\" title=\"Lagrangian point\">L<sub>5</sub></a> <a href=\"/wiki/Lagrangian_point\" title=\"Lagrangian point\">Lagrangian point</a> is <span class=\"nowrap\"><a href=\"/wiki/2008_LC18\" title=\"2008 LC18\">2008 LC<span style=\"position: relative; top: 0.3em;\"><span style=\"font-size:80%;\">18</span></span></a></span>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sheppard_103-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sheppard-103\">[99]</a></sup> Neptune also has a temporary <a href=\"/wiki/Quasi-satellite\" title=\"Quasi-satellite\">quasi-satellite</a>, <span class=\"nowrap\"><a href=\"/wiki/(309239)_2007_RW10\" title=\"(309239) 2007 RW10\">(309239) 2007 RW<span style=\"position: relative; top: 0.3em;\"><span style=\"font-size:80%;\">10</span></span></a></span>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-quasi_104-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-quasi-104\">[100]</a></sup> The object has been a quasi-satellite of Neptune for about 12,500 years and it will remain in that dynamical state for another 12,500 years.<sup id=\"cite_ref-quasi_104-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_n
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp ote-quasi-104\">[100]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Formation and migration","anchor":"Formation_and_migration","id":14,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System\" title=\"Formation and evolution of the Solar System\">Formation and evolution of the Solar System</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Nice_model\" title=\"Nice model\">Nice model</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Lhborbits.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lhborbits.png/220px-Lhborbits.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"73\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lhborbits.png/330px-Lhborbits.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lhborbits.png/440px-Lhborbits.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1360\" data-file-height=\"454\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Lhborbits.png\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nA simulation showing the outer planets and Kuiper belt: a) before Jupiter and Saturn reached a 2:1 resonance; b) after inward scattering of Kuiper belt objects following the orbital shift of Neptune; c) after ejection of scattered Kuiper belt bodies by Jupiter</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The formation of the ice giants, Neptune and Uranus, has proven difficult to model precisely. Current models suggest that the matter density in the outer regions of the Solar System was too low to account for the formation of such large bodies from the traditionally accepted method of core <a href=\"/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)\" title=\"Accretion (astrophysics)\">accretion</a>, and various hypotheses have been advanced to explain their formation. One is that the ice giants were not formed by core accretion but from instabilities within the original <a href=\"/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk\" title=\"Protoplanetary disk\">protoplanetary disc</a> and later had their atmospheres blasted away by radiation from a nearby massive <a href=\"/wiki/OB_star\" title=\"OB star\">OB star</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Boss_51-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Boss-51\">[47]</a></sup></p>\n<p>An alternative concept is that they formed closer to the Sun, where the matter density was higher, and then subsequently <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_migration\" title=\"Planetary migration\">migrated</a> to their current orbits after the removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc.<sup id=\"cite_ref-105\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-105\">[101]</a></sup> This hypothesis of migration after formation is favoured, due to its ability to better explain the occupancy of the populations of small objects observed in the trans-Neptunian region.<sup id=\"cite_ref-106\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-106\">[102]</a></sup> The current most widely accepted<sup id=\"cite_ref-Crida2009_107-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Crida2009-107\">[103]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Desch07_108-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Desch07-108\">[104]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Smith2009_109-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Smith2009-109\">[105]</a></sup> explanation of the details of this hypothesis is known as the <a href=\"/wiki/Nice_model\" title=\"Nice model\">Nice model</a>, which explores the effect of a migrating Neptune and the other giant planets on the structure of the Kuiper belt.</p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Moons","anchor":"Moons","id":15,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune\" title=\"Moons of Neptune\">Moons of Neptune</a></div>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">For a timeline of discovery dates, see <a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons\" title=\"Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons\">Timeline of discovery of Solar System planet
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp s and their moons</a>.</div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Neptune-visible.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Neptune-visible.jpg/170px-Neptune-visible.jpg\" width=\"170\" height=\"217\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Neptune-visible.jpg/255px-Neptune-visible.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Neptune-visible.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"315\" data-file-height=\"403\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Neptune-visible.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nNatural-colour view of Neptune with Proteus (top), Larissa (lower right) and Despina (left), from the <i>Hubble Space Telescope</i></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Neptune has 14 known <a href=\"/wiki/Natural_satellite\" title=\"Natural satellite\">moons</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-110\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-110\">[106]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Triton_(moon)\" title=\"Triton (moon)\">Triton</a> is the largest Neptunian moon, comprising more than 99.5% of the mass in orbit around Neptune,<sup id=\"cite_ref-111\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-111\">[e]</a></sup> and it is the only one massive enough to be <a href=\"/wiki/Spheroid\" title=\"Spheroid\">spheroidal</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Triton_(moon)\" title=\"Triton (moon)\">Triton</a> was discovered by <a href=\"/wiki/William_Lassell\" title=\"William Lassell\">William Lassell</a> just 17\u00a0days after the discovery of Neptune itself. Unlike all other large planetary moons in the Solar System, Triton has a <a href=\"/wiki/Retrograde_orbit\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Retrograde orbit\">retrograde orbit</a>, indicating that it was captured rather than forming in place; it was probably once a <a href=\"/wiki/Dwarf_planet\" title=\"Dwarf planet\">dwarf planet</a> in the Kuiper belt.<sup id=\"cite_ref-112\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-112\">[107]</a></sup> It is close enough to Neptune to be locked into a <a href=\"/wiki/Synchronous_rotation\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Synchronous rotation\">synchronous rotation</a>, and it is slowly spiralling inward because of <a href=\"/wiki/Tidal_acceleration\" title=\"Tidal acceleration\">tidal acceleration</a>. It will eventually be torn apart, in about 3.6\u00a0billion years, when it reaches the <a href=\"/wiki/Roche_limit\" title=\"Roche limit\">Roche limit</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-113\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-113\">[108]</a></sup> In 1989, Triton was the coldest object that had yet been measured in the Solar System,<sup id=\"cite_ref-114\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-114\">[109]</a></sup> with estimated temperatures of 38\u00a0K (\u2212235\u00a0\u00b0C).<sup id=\"cite_ref-115\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-115\">[110]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Neptune's second known satellite (by order of discovery), the irregular moon <a href=\"/wiki/Nereid_(moon)\" title=\"Nereid (moon)\">Nereid</a>, has one of the most eccentric orbits of any satellite in the Solar System. The eccentricity of 0.7512 gives it an <a href=\"/wiki/Apoapsis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Apoapsis\">apoapsis</a> that is seven times its <a href=\"/wiki/Periapsis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Periapsis\">periapsis</a> distance from Neptune.<sup id=\"cite_ref-116\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-116\">[f]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Proteus_(Voyager_2).jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Proteus_%28Voyager_2%29.jpg/170px-Proteus_%28Voyager_2%29.jpg\" width=\"170\" height=\"171\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp /8/83/Proteus_%28Voyager_2%29.jpg/255px-Proteus_%28Voyager_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Proteus_%28Voyager_2%29.jpg/340px-Proteus_%28Voyager_2%29.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"836\" data-file-height=\"840\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Proteus_(Voyager_2).jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nNeptune's moon <a href=\"/wiki/Proteus_(moon)\" title=\"Proteus (moon)\">Proteus</a></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>From July to September 1989, <i>Voyager 2</i> discovered six moons of Neptune.<sup id=\"cite_ref-science4936-2_117-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-science4936-2-117\">[111]</a></sup> Of these, the irregularly shaped <a href=\"/wiki/Proteus_(moon)\" title=\"Proteus (moon)\">Proteus</a> is notable for being as large as a body of its density can be without being pulled into a spherical shape by its own gravity.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Brown_118-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Brown-118\">[112]</a></sup> Although the second-most-massive Neptunian moon, it is only 0.25% the mass of Triton. Neptune's innermost four moons\u2014<a href=\"/wiki/Naiad_(moon)\" title=\"Naiad (moon)\">Naiad</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Thalassa_(moon)\" title=\"Thalassa (moon)\">Thalassa</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Despina_(moon)\" title=\"Despina (moon)\">Despina</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Galatea_(moon)\" title=\"Galatea (moon)\">Galatea</a>\u2014orbit close enough to be within Neptune's rings. The next-farthest out, <a href=\"/wiki/Larissa_(moon)\" title=\"Larissa (moon)\">Larissa</a>, was originally discovered in 1981 when it had occulted a star. This occultation had been attributed to ring arcs, but when <i>Voyager 2</i> observed Neptune in 1989, Larissa was found to have caused it. Five new irregular moons discovered between 2002 and 2003 were announced in 2004.<sup id=\"cite_ref-HolmanKavelaarsGrav2004_119-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HolmanKavelaarsGrav2004-119\">[113]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-120\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-120\">[114]</a></sup> A new moon and the smallest yet, <a href=\"/wiki/S/2004_N_1\" title=\"S/2004 N 1\">S/2004 N 1</a>, was found in 2013. Because Neptune was the Roman god of the sea, Neptune's moons have been named after lesser sea gods.<sup id=\"cite_ref-USGS_38-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-USGS-38\">[35]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Planetary rings","anchor":"Planetary_rings","id":16,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune\" title=\"Rings of Neptune\">Rings of Neptune</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Neptunerings.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Neptunerings.jpg/220px-Neptunerings.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"189\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Neptunerings.jpg 1.5x\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"258\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Neptunerings.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nNeptune's rings</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Neptune has a <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_ring\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Planetary ring\">planetary ring</a> system, though one much less substantial than that of <a href=\"/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn\" title=\"Rings of Saturn\">Saturn</a>. The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue.<sup id=\"cite_ref-121\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-121\">[115]</a></sup> The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000\u00a0km from the centre of Neptune, the Le Verrier Ring, at 53,000\u00a0km, and the broader, fainter Galle Ring, at 42,000\u00a0km. A faint outward extension to the Le Verrier Ring has been named Lassell; it is bounded at its outer
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp edge by the Arago Ring at 57,000\u00a0km.<sup id=\"cite_ref-122\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-122\">[116]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The first of these planetary rings was detected in 1968 by a team led by <a href=\"/wiki/Edward_Guinan\" title=\"Edward Guinan\">Edward Guinan</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ring1_21-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ring1-21\">[18]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-123\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-123\">[117]</a></sup> In the early 1980s, analysis of this data along with newer observations led to the hypothesis that this ring might be incomplete.<sup id=\"cite_ref-124\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-124\">[118]</a></sup> Evidence that the rings might have gaps first arose during a <a href=\"/wiki/Occultation\" title=\"Occultation\">stellar occultation</a> in 1984 when the rings obscured a star on immersion but not on emersion.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Nicholson90_125-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Nicholson90-125\">[119]</a></sup> Images from <i>Voyager 2</i> in 1989 settled the issue by showing several faint rings.</p>\n<p>The outermost ring, Adams, contains five prominent arcs now named <i>Courage</i>, <i>Libert\u00e9</i>, <i>Egalit\u00e9\u00a01</i>, <i>Egalit\u00e9\u00a02</i> and <i>Fraternit\u00e9</i> (Courage, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity).<sup id=\"cite_ref-126\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-126\">[120]</a></sup> The existence of arcs was difficult to explain because the laws of motion would predict that arcs would spread out into a uniform ring over short timescales. Astronomers now estimate that the arcs are corralled into their current form by the gravitational effects of <a href=\"/wiki/Galatea_(moon)\" title=\"Galatea (moon)\">Galatea</a>, a moon just inward from the ring.<sup id=\"cite_ref-127\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-127\">[121]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-128\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-128\">[122]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Earth-based observations announced in 2005 appeared to show that Neptune's rings are much more unstable than previously thought. Images taken from the <a href=\"/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory\" title=\"W. M. Keck Observatory\">W. M. Keck Observatory</a> in 2002 and 2003 show considerable decay in the rings when compared to images by <i>Voyager 2</i>. In particular, it seems that the <i>Libert\u00e9</i> arc might disappear in as little as one century.<sup id=\"cite_ref-129\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-129\">[123]</a></sup></p>\n<div style=\"clear:left;\"></div>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Observation","anchor":"Observation","id":17,"text":"<p>With an <a href=\"/wiki/Apparent_magnitude\" title=\"Apparent magnitude\">apparent magnitude</a> between +7.7 and +8.0, Neptune is never visible to the <a href=\"/wiki/Naked_eye\" title=\"Naked eye\">naked eye</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-ephemeris_12-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ephemeris-12\">[10]</a></sup> and can be outshone by Jupiter's <a href=\"/wiki/Galilean_moons\" title=\"Galilean moons\">Galilean moons</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/Dwarf_planet\" title=\"Dwarf planet\">dwarf planet</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)\" title=\"Ceres (dwarf planet)\">Ceres</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Asteroid\" title=\"Asteroid\">asteroids</a> <a href=\"/wiki/4_Vesta\" title=\"4 Vesta\">4 Vesta</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2_Pallas\" title=\"2 Pallas\">2 Pallas</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/7_Iris\" title=\"7 Iris\">7 Iris</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/3_Juno\" title=\"3 Juno\">3 Juno</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/6_Hebe\" title=\"6 Hebe\">6 Hebe</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-130\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-130\">[124]</a></sup> A telescope or strong binoculars will resolve Neptune as a small blue disk, similar in appearance to Uranus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-131\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-131\">[125]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Because of the distance of Neptune from Eart
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp h, its <a href=\"/wiki/Angular_diameter\" title=\"Angular diameter\">angular diameter</a> only ranges from 2.2 to 2.4\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Arcsecond\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Arcsecond\">arcseconds</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-fact_4-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fact-4\">[4]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-ephemeris_12-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ephemeris-12\">[10]</a></sup> the smallest of the Solar System planets. Its small apparent size makes it challenging to study it visually. Most telescopic data was fairly limited until the advent of the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope\" title=\"Hubble Space Telescope\">Hubble Space Telescope</a></i> and large ground-based telescopes with <a href=\"/wiki/Adaptive_optics\" title=\"Adaptive optics\">adaptive optics</a> (AO).<sup id=\"cite_ref-132\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-132\">[126]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-133\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-133\">[127]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-134\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-134\">[128]</a></sup> The first scientifically useful observation of Neptune from ground-based telescopes using adaptive optics, was commenced in 1997 from Hawaii.<sup id=\"cite_ref-135\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-135\">[129]</a></sup> Neptune is currently entering its spring and summer season and has been shown to be heating up, with increased atmospheric activity and brightness as a consequence. Combined with technological advancements, ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics are recording increasingly more detailed images of it. Both <i>Hubble</i> and the adaptive-optics telescopes on Earth has made many new discoveries within the Solar System since the mid-1990s, with a large increase in the number of known satellites and moons around the outer planet, among others. In 2004 and 2005, five new small satellites of Neptune with diameters between 38 and 61 kilometres were discovered.<sup id=\"cite_ref-136\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-136\">[130]</a></sup></p>\n<p>From Earth, Neptune goes through apparent <a href=\"/wiki/Retrograde_and_direct_motion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Retrograde and direct motion\">retrograde motion</a> every 367\u00a0days, resulting in a looping motion against the background stars during each <a href=\"/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy_and_astrology)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Opposition (astronomy and astrology)\">opposition</a>. These loops carried it close to the 1846 discovery coordinates in April and July 2010 and again in October and November 2011.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Horizons2011_93-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Horizons2011-93\">[89]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Observation of Neptune in the radio-frequency band shows that it is a source of both continuous emission and irregular bursts. Both sources are thought to originate from its rotating magnetic field.<sup id=\"cite_ref-elkins-tanton_61-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-elkins-tanton-61\">[57]</a></sup> In the <a href=\"/wiki/Infrared\" title=\"Infrared\">infrared</a> part of the spectrum, Neptune's storms appear bright against the cooler background, allowing the size and shape of these features to be readily tracked.<sup id=\"cite_ref-137\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-137\">[131]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Exploration","anchor":"Exploration","id":18,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Exploration_of_Neptune\" title=\"Exploration of Neptune\">Exploration of Neptune</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_(large).jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg/220px-Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"220\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp ns/thumb/a/a6/Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg/330px-Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg/440px-Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4700\" data-file-height=\"4700\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_(large).jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nA <i>Voyager 2</i> mosaic of Triton</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p><i><a href=\"/wiki/Voyager_2\" title=\"Voyager 2\">Voyager 2</a></i> is the only spacecraft that has visited Neptune. The spacecraft's closest approach to the planet occurred on 25\u00a0August 1989. Because this was the last major planet the spacecraft could visit, it was decided to make a close flyby of the moon Triton, regardless of the consequences to the trajectory, similarly to what was done for <a href=\"/wiki/Voyager_1\" title=\"Voyager 1\">Voyager 1</a>'s encounter with <a href=\"/wiki/Saturn\" title=\"Saturn\">Saturn</a> and its moon <a href=\"/wiki/Titan_(moon)\" title=\"Titan (moon)\">Titan</a>. The images relayed back to Earth from <i>Voyager 2</i> became the basis of a 1989 <a href=\"/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Public Broadcasting Service\">PBS</a> all-night program, <i>Neptune All Night</i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-138\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-138\">[132]</a></sup></p>\n<p>During the encounter, signals from the spacecraft required 246\u00a0minutes to reach Earth. Hence, for the most part, <i>Voyager 2'</i>s mission relied on preloaded commands for the Neptune encounter. The spacecraft performed a near-encounter with the moon <a href=\"/wiki/Nereid_(moon)\" title=\"Nereid (moon)\">Nereid</a> before it came within 4400\u00a0km of Neptune's atmosphere on 25 August, then passed close to the planet's largest moon <a href=\"/wiki/Triton_(moon)\" title=\"Triton (moon)\">Triton</a> later the same day.<sup id=\"cite_ref-burgess_139-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-burgess-139\">[133]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The spacecraft verified the existence of a magnetic field surrounding the planet and discovered that the field was offset from the centre and tilted in a manner similar to the field around Uranus. Neptune's rotation period was determined using measurements of radio emissions and <i>Voyager 2</i> also showed that Neptune had a surprisingly active weather system. Six new moons were discovered, and the planet was shown to have more than one ring.<sup id=\"cite_ref-science4936-2_117-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-science4936-2-117\">[111]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-burgess_139-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-burgess-139\">[133]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The flyby also provided the first accurate measurement of Neptune's mass which was found to be 0.5 percent less than previously calculated. The new figure disproved the hypothesis that an undiscovered <a href=\"/wiki/Planet_X\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Planet X\">Planet X</a> acted upon the orbits of Neptune and Uranus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-140\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-140\">[134]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-141\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-141\">[135]</a></sup></p>\n<p>After the <i>Voyager 2</i> flyby mission, the next step in scientific exploration of the Neptunian system, is considered to be a <a href=\"/wiki/Flagship_Program\" title=\"Flagship Program\">Flagship orbital mission</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Flagship_142-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Flagship-142\">[136]</a></sup> Such a hypothetical mission is envisioned to be possible in the late 2020s or early 2030s.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Flagship_142-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Flagship-142\">[136]</a></sup> However, there have been a couple of discussions to launch Neptune missions sooner. In 2003, there was a proposal in <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\"
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp title=\"NASA\">NASA</a>'s \"Vision Missions Studies\" for a \"<a href=\"/wiki/Neptune_Orbiter\" title=\"Neptune Orbiter\">Neptune Orbiter with Probes</a>\" mission that does <i><a href=\"/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens\" title=\"Cassini\u2013Huygens\">Cassini</a></i>-level science.<sup id=\"cite_ref-143\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-143\">[137]</a></sup> Another, more recent proposal was for <a href=\"/wiki/Argo_(spacecraft)\" title=\"Argo (spacecraft)\">Argo</a>, a flyby spacecraft to be launched in 2019, that would visit <a href=\"/wiki/Jupiter\" title=\"Jupiter\">Jupiter</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Saturn\" title=\"Saturn\">Saturn</a>, Neptune, and a <a href=\"/wiki/Kuiper_belt_object\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Kuiper belt object\">Kuiper belt object</a>. The focus would be on Neptune and its largest moon <a href=\"/wiki/Triton_(moon)\" title=\"Triton (moon)\">Triton</a> to be investigated around 2029.<sup id=\"cite_ref-argho1_144-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-argho1-144\">[138]</a></sup> The proposed <i><a href=\"/wiki/New_Horizons_2\" title=\"New Horizons 2\">New Horizons 2</a></i> mission (which was later scrapped) might also have done a close flyby of the Neptunian system.</p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"></div>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"See also","anchor":"See_also","id":19,"text":"<div role=\"navigation\" aria-label=\"Portals\" class=\"noprint portal plainlist tright\" style=\"margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px\">\n<ul style=\"display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold\"><li style=\"display:table-row\"><span style=\"display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg\" width=\"22\" height=\"28\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4500\" data-file-height=\"5600\"></span><span style=\"display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle\"><a href=\"/wiki/Portal:Solar_System\" title=\"Portal:Solar System\">Solar System portal</a></span></li>\n</ul></div>\n<table class=\"metadata mbox-small\" style=\"border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9\"><tr><td class=\"mbox-image\"><img alt=\"Book icon\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/30px-Office-book.svg.png\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/45px-Office-book.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/60px-Office-book.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"48\" data-file-height=\"48\"></td>\n<td class=\"mbox-text plainlist\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: bold\"><li><a href=\"/wiki/Book:Neptune\" title=\"Book:Neptune\">Book: Neptune</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Book:Solar_System\" title=\"Book:Solar System\">Book: Solar System</a></li>\n</ul></td>\n</tr></table><ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Hot_Neptune\" title=\"Hot Neptune\">Hot Neptune</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Planets_in_astrology#Neptune\" title=\"Planets in astrology\">Neptune in astrology</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Neptune_in_fiction\" title=\"Neptune in fiction\">Neptune in fiction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Neptunium\" title=\"Neptunium\">Neptunium</a></li>\n<li><i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Planets\" title=\"The Planets\">Neptune, the Mystic</a></i> \u2013 one of the seven movements in <a href=\"/wiki/Gustav_Holst\" title=\"Gustav Holst\">Gustav Holst</a>'s <i>Planets</i> suite</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_the_far_future\" title=\"Timeline of the far future\">Timeline of the far future</a></li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Notes","anchor":"Notes","id":20,"text":"<div class=\"refl
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp ist\" style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<ol class=\"references\"><li id=\"cite_note-barycentre-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-barycentre_7-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Orbital elements refer to the Neptune barycentre and Solar System barycentre. These are the instantaneous <a href=\"/wiki/Osculating_orbit\" title=\"Osculating orbit\">osculating</a> values at the precise <a href=\"/wiki/J2000\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"J2000\">J2000</a> epoch. Barycentre quantities are given because, in contrast to the planetary centre, they do not experience appreciable changes on a day-to-day basis from the motion of the moons.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-1bar-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-1bar_9-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-1bar_9-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-1bar_9-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-1bar_9-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-1bar_9-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-1bar_9-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-1bar_9-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-1bar_9-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Refers to the level of 1 bar (100\u00a0kPa) atmospheric pressure</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-mass2-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-mass2_13-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Neptune is denser and physically smaller than Uranus because Neptune's greater mass gravitationally compresses the atmosphere more.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-mass-48\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-mass_48-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">The mass of Earth is 5.9736<span style=\"margin:0 .15em 0 .25em\">\u00d7</span>10<sup><span style=\"white-space:nowrap\">24</span></sup>\u00a0kg, giving a mass ratio of:</span>\n<dl><dd><span><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\" style=\"display: none;\"><math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">\n <semantics>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mstyle displaystyle=\"true\" scriptlevel=\"0\">\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mstyle scriptlevel=\"1\">\n <mtable rowspacing=\".2em\" columnspacing=\"0.333em\" displaystyle=\"false\">\n <mtr>\n <mtd>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mfrac>\n <msub>\n <mi>M</mi>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mi>N</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>p</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>u</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n </mrow>\n </msub>\n <msub>\n <mi>M</mi>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mi>E</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>h</mi>\n </mrow>\n </msub>\n </mfrac>\n </mrow>\n <mtext>\u00a0</mtext>\n <mo>=</mo>\n <mtext>\u00a0</mtext>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mfrac>\n <mrow>\n <mn>1.02</mn>\n <mo>\u00d7</mo>\n <msup>\n <mn>10</mn>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mn>26</mn>\n </mrow>\n </msup>\n <
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp /mrow>\n <mrow>\n <mn>5.97</mn>\n <mo>\u00d7</mo>\n <msup>\n <mn>10</mn>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mn>24</mn>\n </mrow>\n </msup>\n </mrow>\n </mfrac>\n </mrow>\n <mtext>\u00a0</mtext>\n <mo>=</mo>\n <mtext>\u00a0</mtext>\n <mn>17.09</mn>\n </mtd>\n </mtr>\n </mtable>\n </mstyle>\n </mrow>\n </mstyle>\n </mrow>\n <annotation encoding=\"application/x-tex\">{\\displaystyle {\\begin{smallmatrix}{\\frac {M_{Neptune}}{M_{Earth}}}\\ =\\ {\\frac {1.02\\times 10^{26}}{5.97\\times 10^{24}}}\\ =\\ 17.09\\end{smallmatrix}}}</annotation>\n </semantics></math></span><img src=\"https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/88d59151952fed513e16d1f132fbb9d08d31b270\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"vertical-align: -1.589ex; margin-bottom: -0.249ex; width:23.99ex; height:4.509ex;\" alt=\"{\\begin{smallmatrix}{\\frac {M_{Neptune}}{M_{Earth}}}\\ =\\ {\\frac {1.02\\times 10^{26}}{5.97\\times 10^{24}}}\\ =\\ 17.09\\end{smallmatrix}}\"></span></dd>\n</dl>\nThe mass of Uranus is 8.6810<span style=\"margin:0 .15em 0 .25em\">\u00d7</span>10<sup><span style=\"white-space:nowrap\">25</span></sup>\u00a0kg, giving a mass ratio of:\n<dl><dd><span><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\" style=\"display: none;\"><math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">\n <semantics>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mstyle displaystyle=\"true\" scriptlevel=\"0\">\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mstyle scriptlevel=\"1\">\n <mtable rowspacing=\".2em\" columnspacing=\"0.333em\" displaystyle=\"false\">\n <mtr>\n <mtd>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mfrac>\n <msub>\n <mi>M</mi>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mi>U</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>u</mi>\n <mi>s</mi>\n </mrow>\n </msub>\n <msub>\n <mi>M</mi>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mi>E</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>h</mi>\n </mrow>\n </msub>\n </mfrac>\n </mrow>\n <mtext>\u00a0</mtext>\n <mo>=</mo>\n <mtext>\u00a0</mtext>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mfrac>\n <mrow>\n <mn>8.68</mn>\n <mo>\u00d7</mo>\n <msup>\n <mn>10</mn>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mn>25</mn>\n </mrow>\n </msup>\n </mrow>\n <mrow>\n <mn>5.97</mn>\n <mo>\u00d7</mo>\n <msup>\n <mn>10</mn>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mn>24</mn>\n </mrow>\n </msup>\n </mrow>\n </mfrac>\n <
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp /mrow>\n <mtext>\u00a0</mtext>\n <mo>=</mo>\n <mtext>\u00a0</mtext>\n <mn>14.54</mn>\n </mtd>\n </mtr>\n </mtable>\n </mstyle>\n </mrow>\n </mstyle>\n </mrow>\n <annotation encoding=\"application/x-tex\">{\\displaystyle {\\begin{smallmatrix}{\\frac {M_{Uranus}}{M_{Earth}}}\\ =\\ {\\frac {8.68\\times 10^{25}}{5.97\\times 10^{24}}}\\ =\\ 14.54\\end{smallmatrix}}}</annotation>\n </semantics></math></span><img src=\"https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e9fafc07768e7eddfd25c028fea50ad6bddf4a3c\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:23.359ex; height:4.176ex;\" alt=\"{\\begin{smallmatrix}{\\frac {M_{Uranus}}{M_{Earth}}}\\ =\\ {\\frac {8.68\\times 10^{25}}{5.97\\times 10^{24}}}\\ =\\ 14.54\\end{smallmatrix}}\"></span></dd>\n</dl>\nThe mass of Jupiter is 1.8986<span style=\"margin:0 .15em 0 .25em\">\u00d7</span>10<sup><span style=\"white-space:nowrap\">27</span></sup>\u00a0kg, giving a mass ratio of:\n<dl><dd><span><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\" style=\"display: none;\"><math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">\n <semantics>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mstyle displaystyle=\"true\" scriptlevel=\"0\">\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mstyle scriptlevel=\"1\">\n <mtable rowspacing=\".2em\" columnspacing=\"0.333em\" displaystyle=\"false\">\n <mtr>\n <mtd>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mfrac>\n <msub>\n <mi>M</mi>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mi>J</mi>\n <mi>u</mi>\n <mi>p</mi>\n <mi>i</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n </mrow>\n </msub>\n <msub>\n <mi>M</mi>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mi>N</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>p</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>u</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n </mrow>\n </msub>\n </mfrac>\n </mrow>\n <mtext>\u00a0</mtext>\n <mo>=</mo>\n <mtext>\u00a0</mtext>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mfrac>\n <mrow>\n <mn>1.90</mn>\n <mo>\u00d7</mo>\n <msup>\n <mn>10</mn>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mn>27</mn>\n </mrow>\n </msup>\n </mrow>\n <mrow>\n <mn>1.02</mn>\n <mo>\u00d7</mo>\n <msup>\n <mn>10</mn>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mn>26</mn>\n </mrow>\n </msup>\n </mrow>\n </mfrac>\n </mrow>\n <mtext>\u00a0</mtext>\n <mo>=</mo>\n <mtext>\u00a0</mtext>\n <mn>18.63</mn>\n </mtd>\n </mtr>\n </mtable>\n </mstyle>\n </mrow>\n </mstyle>\n </mrow>\n <annotation encoding=\"application/x-tex\">{\\displays
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp tyle {\\begin{smallmatrix}{\\frac {M_{Jupiter}}{M_{Neptune}}}\\ =\\ {\\frac {1.90\\times 10^{27}}{1.02\\times 10^{26}}}\\ =\\ 18.63\\end{smallmatrix}}}</annotation>\n </semantics></math></span><img src=\"https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/257bf29f7bc24b0966d38dab2bf24e092de4e7a0\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:23.99ex; height:4.843ex;\" alt=\"{\\begin{smallmatrix}{\\frac {M_{Jupiter}}{M_{Neptune}}}\\ =\\ {\\frac {1.90\\times 10^{27}}{1.02\\times 10^{26}}}\\ =\\ 18.63\\end{smallmatrix}}\"></span></dd>\n</dl>\nMass values from <cite class=\"citation web\">Williams, David R. (29 November 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/\">\"Planetary Fact Sheet\u00a0\u2013 Metric\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=David+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.btitle=Planetary+Fact+Sheet+%93+Metric&amp;rft.date=2007-11-29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2F&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-111\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-111\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Mass of Triton: 2.14<span style=\"margin:0 .15em 0 .25em\">\u00d7</span>10<sup><span style=\"white-space:nowrap\">22</span></sup>\u00a0kg. Combined mass of 12 other known moons of Neptune: 7.53<span style=\"margin:0 .15em 0 .25em\">\u00d7</span>10<sup><span style=\"white-space:nowrap\">19</span></sup> kg, or 0.35%. The mass of the rings is negligible.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-116\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-116\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\" style=\"display: none;\"><math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">\n <semantics>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mstyle displaystyle=\"true\" scriptlevel=\"0\">\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mstyle scriptlevel=\"1\">\n <mtable rowspacing=\".2em\" columnspacing=\"0.333em\" displaystyle=\"false\">\n <mtr>\n <mtd>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mfrac>\n <msub>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mi>a</mi>\n </mrow>\n </msub>\n <msub>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mi>p</mi>\n </mrow>\n </msub>\n </mfrac>\n </mrow>\n <mo>=</mo>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mfrac>\n <mn>2</mn>\n <mrow>\n <mn>1</mn>\n <mo>\u2212</mo>\n <mi>e</mi>\n </mrow>\n </mfrac>\n </mrow>\n <mo>\u2212</mo>\n <mn>1</mn>\n <mo>=</mo>\n <mn>2</mn>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mo>/</mo>\n </mrow>\n <mn>0.2488</mn>\n <mo>\u2212</mo>\n <mn>1</mn>\n <mo>=</mo>\n <mn>7.039.</mn>\n </mtd>\n </mtr>\n </mtable>\n </mstyle>\n </mrow>\n </mstyle>\n </mr
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp ow>\n <annotation encoding=\"application/x-tex\">{\\displaystyle {\\begin{smallmatrix}{\\frac {r_{a}}{r_{p}}}={\\frac {2}{1-e}}-1=2/0.2488-1=7.039.\\end{smallmatrix}}}</annotation>\n </semantics></math></span><img src=\"https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fcb4329a2e57e5c06bb6f5b06ec79446c1d5170a\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"vertical-align: -1.037ex; margin-bottom: -0.301ex; width:24.828ex; height:3.509ex;\" alt=\"{\\begin{smallmatrix}{\\frac {r_{a}}{r_{p}}}={\\frac {2}{1-e}}-1=2/0.2488-1=7.039.\\end{smallmatrix}}\"></span></span></li>\n</ol></div>","references":""},{"toclevel":1,"line":"References","anchor":"References","id":21,"text":"<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<ol class=\"references\"><li id=\"cite_note-Hamilton-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hamilton_1-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hamilton_1-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hamilton_1-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Hamilton, Calvin J. (4 August 2001). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/neptune.htm\">\"Neptune\"</a>. Views of the Solar System<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Calvin+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Hamilton&amp;rft.btitle=Neptune&amp;rft.date=2001-08-04&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.solarviews.com%2Feng%2Fneptune.htm&amp;rft.pub=Views+of+the+Solar+System&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-2\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Walter, Elizabeth (21 April 2003). <i>Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53106-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53106-1\">978-0-521-53106-1</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&amp;rft.aulast=Walter&amp;rft.btitle=Cambridge+Advanced+Learner%27s+Dictionary&amp;rft.date=2003-04-21&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-53106-1&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-planet_years-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-planet_years_3-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Seligman, Courtney. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://cseligman.com/text/sky/rotationvsday.htm\">\"Rotation Period and Day Length\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Courtney&amp;rft.aulast=Seligman&amp;rft.btitle=Rotation+Period+and+Day+Length&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcseligman.com%2Ftext%2Fsky%2Frotationvsday.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-fact-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp fact_4-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-8\"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-9\"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-10\"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-11\"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-12\"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-13\"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-14\"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-15\"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-16\"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-17\"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact_4-18\"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Williams, David R. (1 September 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/neptunefact.html\">\"Neptune Fact Sheet\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">14 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=David+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.btitle=Neptune+Fact+Sheet&amp;rft.date=2004-09-01&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Fneptunefact.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-meanplane-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-meanplane_5-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/MeanPlane.gif\">\"The MeanPlane (Invariable plane) of the Solar System passing through the barycenter\"</a>. 3 April 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">10 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.btitle=The+MeanPlane+%28Invariable+plane%29+of+the+Solar+System+passing+through+the+barycenter&amp;rft.date=2009-04-03&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.surewest.net%2Fkheider%2Fastro%2FMeanPlane.gif&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> (produced with <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/\">Solex 10</a> written by Aldo Vitagliano; see also <a href=\"/wiki/Invariable_plane\" title=\"Invariable plane\">Invariable plane</a>)</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-VSOP87-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-VSOP87_6-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Yeomans, Donald K. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&amp;body_group=mb&amp;sstr=8\">\"HORIZONS Web-Interface for Neptune Barycenter (Major Body=8)\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/JPL_Horizons_On-Line_Ephemeris_System\" title=\"JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System\">JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">18 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Donald+K.&amp;rft.aulast=Yeomans&amp;rft.btitle=HORIZONS+Web-Interface+for+Neptune+Barycenter+%28Major+Body%3D8%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fhorizons.cgi%3Ffind_body%
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp 3D1%26body_group%3Dmb%26sstr%3D8&amp;rft.pub=JPL+Horizons+On-Line+Ephemeris+System&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span>\u2014Select \"Ephemeris Type: Orbital Elements\", \"Time Span: 2000-01-01 12:00 to 2000-01-02\". (\"Target Body: Neptune Barycenter\" and \"Center: Solar System Barycenter (@0)\".)</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_8-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_8-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_8-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_8-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_8-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al._2007_8-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFSeidelmann_Archinal_A.27hearn_et_al.2007\" class=\"citation journal\">Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Archinal, Brent A.; A'Hearn, Michael F.; et al. (2007). \"Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006\". <i>Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy</i>. <b>98</b> (3): 155\u2013180. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007CeMDA..98..155S\">2007CeMDA..98..155S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10569-007-9072-y\">10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Report+of+the+IAU%2FIAG+Working+Group+on+cartographic+coordinates+and+rotational+elements%3A+2006&amp;rft.au=A%27Hearn%2C+Michael+F.&amp;rft.au=Archinal%2C+Brent+A.&amp;rft.au=Conrad%2C+Albert+R.&amp;rft.au=Consolmagno%2C+Guy+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+Kenneth&amp;rft.au=Hestroffer%2C+Daniel&amp;rft.au=Hilton%2C+James+L.&amp;rft.au=Krasinsky%2C+Georgij+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Seidelmann&amp;rft.au=Neumann%2C+Gregory+A.&amp;rft.au=Oberst%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&amp;rft.au=Stooke%2C+Philip+J.&amp;rft.au=Tedesco%2C+Edward+F.&amp;rft.au=Tholen%2C+David+J.&amp;rft.au=Thomas%2C+Peter+C.&amp;rft.au=Williams%2C+Iwan+P.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007CeMDA..98..155S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10569-007-9072-y&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Celestial+Mechanics+and+Dynamical+Astronomy&amp;rft.pages=155-180&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=98\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-fact2-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact2_10-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact2_10-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fact2_10-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Munsell, K.; Smith, H.; Harvey, S. (13 November 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Neptune&amp;Display=Facts\">\"Neptune: Facts &amp; Figures\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">14 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=K.&amp;rft.au=Harvey%2C+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Munsell&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C+H.&amp;rft.btitle=Neptune%3A+Facts+%26+Figures&amp;rft.date=2007-11-13&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fplanets%2Fprofile.cfm%3FObject%3DNeptune%26Display%3DF
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp acts&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PS15-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-PS15_11-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">de Pater, Imke; Lissauer, Jack J. (2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=stFpBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA250\"><i>Planetary Sciences</i></a> (2nd updated ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a0250. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521853712\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0521853712\">978-0521853712</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Imke&amp;rft.aulast=de+Pater&amp;rft.au=Lissauer%2C+Jack+J.&amp;rft.btitle=Planetary+Sciences&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.edition=2nd+updated&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DstFpBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA250&amp;rft.isbn=978-0521853712&amp;rft.pages=250&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ephemeris-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-ephemeris_12-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ephemeris_12-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ephemeris_12-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ephemeris_12-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Espenak, Fred (20 July 2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/TYPE/TYPE.html\">\"Twelve Year Planetary Ephemeris: 1995\u20132006\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">1 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Fred&amp;rft.aulast=Espenak&amp;rft.btitle=Twelve+Year+Planetary+Ephemeris%3A+1995%932006&amp;rft.date=2005-07-20&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov%2FTYPE%2FTYPE.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NYT-20141018-KC-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NYT-20141018-KC_14-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Chang, Kenneth (18 October 2014). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/19/science/dark-spots-in-our-knowledge-of-neptune.html\">\"Dark Spots in Our Knowledge of Neptune\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/New_York_Times\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"New York Times\">New York Times</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">21 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Dark+Spots+in+Our+Knowledge+of+Neptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Kenneth&amp;rft.aulast=Chang&amp;rft.date=2014-10-18&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F08%2F19%2Fscience%2Fdark-spots-in-our-knowledge-of-neptune.html&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_15-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFPodolak_Weizman_et_al.1995\" class=\"citation journal\">Podolak, M.; Weizman, A.; Marle
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp y, M. (December 1995). \"Comparative models of Uranus and Neptune\". <i>Planetary and Space Science</i>. <b>43</b> (12): 1517\u20131522. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995P&amp;SS...43.1517P\">1995P&amp;SS...43.1517P</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0032-0633%2895%2900061-5\">10.1016/0032-0633(95)00061-5</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Comparative+models+of+Uranus+and+Neptune&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.aulast=Podolak&amp;rft.au=Marley%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Weizman%2C+A.&amp;rft.date=1995-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995P%26SS...43.1517P&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0032-0633%2895%2900061-5&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&amp;rft.pages=1517-1522&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=43\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Lunine_1993-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_16-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_16-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_16-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_16-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_16-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_16-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_16-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_16-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_16-8\"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lunine_1993_16-9\"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFLunine1993\" class=\"citation journal\">Lunine, Jonathan I. (September 1993). \"The Atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune\". <i>Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. <b>31</b>: 217\u2013263. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993ARA&amp;A..31..217L\">1993ARA&amp;A..31..217L</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.aa.31.090193.001245\">10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.001245</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=The+Atmospheres+of+Uranus+and+Neptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Jonathan+I.&amp;rft.aulast=Lunine&amp;rft.date=1993-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993ARA%26A..31..217L&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.aa.31.090193.001245&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&amp;rft.pages=217-263&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=31\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-bluecolour-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-bluecolour_17-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-bluecolour_17-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Munsell, Kirk; Smith, Harman; Harvey, Samantha (13 November 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Neptune&amp;Display=OverviewLong\">\"Neptune overview\"</a>. <i>Solar System Exploration</i>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Neptune+overview&amp;rft.auf
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08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp cations&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-24\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Britt, Robert Roy (2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31835303\">\"Galileo discovered Neptune, new theory claims\"</a>. MSNBC News<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">10 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+Roy&amp;rft.aulast=Britt&amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+discovered+Neptune%2C+new+theory+claims&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F31835303&amp;rft.pub=MSNBC+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-25\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Bouvard, A. (1821). <i>Tables astronomiques publi\u00e9es par le Bureau des Longitudes de France</i>. Paris: Bachelier.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.aulast=Bouvard&amp;rft.btitle=Tables+astronomiques+publi%C3%A9es+par+le+Bureau+des+Longitudes+de+France&amp;rft.date=1821&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Bachelier&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MNRAS7-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-MNRAS7_26-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-MNRAS7_26-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-MNRAS7_26-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Airy, G. B. (13 November 1846). \"Account of some circumstances historically connected with the discovery of the planet exterior to Uranus\". <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <b>7</b>: 121\u2013144. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1846MNRAS...7..121A\">1846MNRAS...7..121A</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fasna.18470251002\">10.1002/asna.18470251002</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Account+of+some+circumstances+historically+connected+with+the+discovery+of+the+planet+exterior+to+Uranus&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Airy&amp;rft.date=1846-11-13&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1846MNRAS...7..121A&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fasna.18470251002&amp;rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft.pages=121-144&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=7\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-27\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Extras/Adams_Neptune.html\">\"John Couch Adams' account of the discovery of Neptune\"</a>. University of St Andrews<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">18 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=John+J.&amp;rft.aul
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp ast=O%27Connor&amp;rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&amp;rft.btitle=John+Couch+Adams%27+account+of+the+discovery+of+Neptune&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FExtras%2FAdams_Neptune.html&amp;rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-28\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Adams, J. C. (13 November 1846). \"Explanation of the observed irregularities in the motion of Uranus, on the hypothesis of disturbance by a more distant planet\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society\" title=\"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society\">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></i>. <b>7</b>: 149\u2013152. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1846MNRAS...7..149A\">1846MNRAS...7..149A</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F7.9.149\">10.1093/mnras/7.9.149</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Explanation+of+the+observed+irregularities+in+the+motion+of+Uranus%2C+on+the+hypothesis+of+disturbance+by+a+more+distant+planet&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Adams&amp;rft.date=1846-11-13&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1846MNRAS...7..149A&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2F7.9.149&amp;rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft.pages=149-152&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=7\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-29\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Challis, Rev. J. (13 November 1846). \"Account of observations at the Cambridge observatory for detecting the planet exterior to Uranus\". <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <b>7</b>: 145\u2013149. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1846MNRAS...7..145C\">1846MNRAS...7..145C</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F7.9.145\">10.1093/mnras/7.9.145</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Account+of+observations+at+the+Cambridge+observatory+for+detecting+the+planet+exterior+to+Uranus&amp;rft.aufirst=Rev.+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Challis&amp;rft.date=1846-11-13&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1846MNRAS...7..145C&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2F7.9.145&amp;rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft.pages=145-149&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=7\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-30\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Galle, J. G. (13 November 1846). \"Account of the discovery of the planet of Le Verrier at Berlin\". <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <b>7</b>: 153. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1846MNRAS...7..153G\">1846MNRAS...7..153G</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp " title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F7.9.153\">10.1093/mnras/7.9.153</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Account+of+the+discovery+of+the+planet+of+Le+Verrier+at+Berlin&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+G.&amp;rft.aulast=Galle&amp;rft.date=1846-11-13&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1846MNRAS...7..153G&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2F7.9.153&amp;rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft.pages=153&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=7\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Neptdisc-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Neptdisc_31-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Kollerstrom, Nick (2001). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20051111190351/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/nk/neptune/\">\"Neptune's Discovery. The British Case for Co-Prediction.\"</a>. University College London. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/nk/neptune/index.htm\">the original</a> on 11 November 2005<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Nick&amp;rft.aulast=Kollerstrom&amp;rft.btitle=Neptune%27s+Discovery.+The+British+Case+for+Co-Prediction.&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Fsts%2Fnk%2Fneptune%2Findex.htm&amp;rft.pub=University+College+London&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-32\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">William Sheehan; Nicholas Kollerstrom; Craig B. Waff (December 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-case-of-the-pilfered\">\"The Case of the Pilfered Planet\u00a0\u2013 Did the British steal Neptune?\"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=The+Case+of+the+Pilfered+Planet+%93+Did+the+British+steal+Neptune%3F&amp;rft.au=Craig+B.+Waff&amp;rft.au=Nicholas+Kollerstrom&amp;rft.au=William+Sheehan&amp;rft.date=2004-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dthe-case-of-the-pilfered&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-33\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#Moore\">Moore</a> (2000):206</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-34\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Littmann, Mark (2004). <i>Planets Beyond, Exploring the Outer Solar System</i>. Courier Dover Publications. p.\u00a050. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43602-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43602-9\">978-0-486-43602-9</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft.aulast=Littmann&amp;rft.btitle=Planets+Beyond%2C+Exploring+the+Outer+Solar+System&amp;r
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp ft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-486-43602-9&amp;rft.pages=50&amp;rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-35\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"Baum\" class=\"citation book\">Baum, Richard; Sheehan, William (2003). <i>In Search of Planet Vulcan: The Ghost in Newton's Clockwork Universe</i>. Basic Books. pp.\u00a0109\u2013110. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0889-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0889-3\">978-0-7382-0889-3</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.aulast=Baum&amp;rft.au=Sheehan%2C+William&amp;rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Planet+Vulcan%3A+The+Ghost+in+Newton%27s+Clockwork+Universe&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7382-0889-3&amp;rft.pages=109-110&amp;rft.pub=Basic+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-36\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Gingerich, Owen (1958). \"The Naming of Uranus and Neptune\". <i>Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets</i>. <b>8</b>: 9\u201315. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958ASPL....8....9G\">1958ASPL....8....9G</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=The+Naming+of+Uranus+and+Neptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Owen&amp;rft.aulast=Gingerich&amp;rft.date=1958&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958ASPL....8....9G&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomical+Society+of+the+Pacific+Leaflets&amp;rft.pages=9-15&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=8\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-37\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Hind, J. R. (1847). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asna.18470252102/abstract\">\"Second report of proceedings in the Cambridge Observatory relating to the new Planet (Neptune)\"</a>. <i>Astronomische Nachrichten</i>. <b>25</b> (21): 309\u2013314. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1847AN.....25..309.\">1847AN.....25..309.</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fasna.18470252102\">10.1002/asna.18470252102</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Second+report+of+proceedings+in+the+Cambridge+Observatory+relating+to+the+new+Planet+%28Neptune%29&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Hind&amp;rft.date=1847&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fasna.18470252102%2Fabstract&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1847AN.....25..309.&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fasna.18470252102&amp;rft.issue=21&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomische+Nachrichten&amp;rft.pages=309-314&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=25\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-USGS-38\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-USGS_38-0\"><sup>
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp <i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-USGS_38-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Blue, Jennifer (17 December 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/Planets\">\"Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers\"</a>. USGS<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">18 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Jennifer&amp;rft.aulast=Blue&amp;rft.btitle=Planet+and+Satellite+Names+and+Discoverers&amp;rft.date=2008-12-17&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs.gov%2FPage%2FPlanets&amp;rft.pub=USGS&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-39\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-39\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nineplanets.org/days.html\">\"Planetary linguistics\"</a>. nineplanets.org<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">8 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.btitle=Planetary+linguistics&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnineplanets.org%2Fdays.html&amp;rft.pub=nineplanets.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-40\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-40\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.greek-names.info/greek-names-of-the-planets/\">\"Greek Names of the Planets\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">14 July</span> 2012</span>. <q>Neptune or <i>Poseidon</i> as is its Greek name, was the God of the Seas. It is the eight planet from the sun...</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.btitle=Greek+Names+of+the+Planets&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greek-names.info%2Fgreek-names-of-the-planets%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> See also the <a href=\"https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82)\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"el:\u03a0\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 (\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2)\">Greek article about the planet</a>.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Haaretz-41\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Haaretz_41-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.haaretz.com/uranus-and-neptune-get-hebrew-names-at-last-1.1053\">\"Uranus and Neptune get Hebrew names at last\"</a>, Haaretz.com</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Hayadan.org.il-42\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Hayadan.org.il_42-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.hayadan.org.il/hebrew-names-to-uranus-and-neptune-3112090\">\"Hebrew names to Uranus and Neptune\"</a> Hayadan.org.il (Hebrew)</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Appendix_5:_Planetary_Linguistics-43\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Appendix_5:_Planetary_Linguistics_43-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Appendix_5:_Planetary_Linguistics_43-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://n
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp ineplanets.org/days.html\">\"Appendix 5: Planetary Linguistics\"</a>, Nineplanets.org</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-44\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-44\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Long, Tony (21 January 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/01/dayintech_0121\">\"Jan. 21, 1979: Neptune Moves Outside Pluto's Wacky Orbit\"</a>. <i>Wired</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Jan.+21%2C+1979%3A+Neptune+Moves+Outside+Pluto%27s+Wacky+Orbit&amp;rft.au=Long%2C+Tony&amp;rft.date=2008-01-21&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fscience%2Fdiscoveries%2Fnews%2F2008%2F01%2Fdayintech_0121&amp;rft.jtitle=Wired&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-45\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-45\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Weissman, Paul R. (1995). \"The Kuiper Belt\". <i>Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. <b>33</b>: 327\u2013357. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ARA&amp;A..33..327W\">1995ARA&amp;A..33..327W</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.aa.33.090195.001551\">10.1146/annurev.aa.33.090195.001551</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=The+Kuiper+Belt&amp;rft.au=Weissman%2C+Paul+R.&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995ARA%26A..33..327W&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.aa.33.090195.001551&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&amp;rft.pages=327-357&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=33\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-46\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-46\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20060615200253/http://www.iau.org/STATUS_OF_PLUTO.238.0.html\">\"The Status of Pluto:A clarification\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union\" title=\"International Astronomical Union\">International Astronomical Union</a>, Press release</i>. 1999. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.iau.org/STATUS_OF_PLUTO.238.0.html\">the original</a> on 15 June 2006<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">25 May</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=The+Status+of+Pluto%3AA+clarification&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2FSTATUS_OF_PLUTO.238.0.html&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Astronomical+Union%2C+Press+release&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-47\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-47\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/Resolution_GA26-5-6.pdf\">\"IAU 2006 General Assembly: Resolutions 5 and 6\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. IAU. 24 August 2006.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=in
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp fo%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=IAU+2006+General+Assembly%3A+Resolutions+5+and+6&amp;rft.date=2006-08-24&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fstatic%2Fresolutions%2FResolution_GA26-5-6.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-49\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-49\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/neptunefact.html\">\"Neptune Fact Sheet\"</a>. NASA.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.btitle=Neptune+Fact+Sheet&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Fneptunefact.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Uns.C3.B6ld_.26_Baschek_2001-50\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Uns.C3.B6ld_.26_Baschek_2001_50-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Uns\u00f6ld, Albrecht; Baschek, Bodo (2001). <i>The New Cosmos: An Introduction to Astronomy and Astrophysics</i> (5th ed.). Springer. p.\u00a047. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-67877-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-3-540-67877-9\">978-3-540-67877-9</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.au=Baschek%2C+Bodo&amp;rft.aufirst=Albrecht&amp;rft.aulast=Uns%C3%B6ld&amp;rft.btitle=The+New+Cosmos%3A+An+Introduction+to+Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.edition=5th&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-540-67877-9&amp;rft.pages=47&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> See Table 3.1.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Boss-51\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Boss_51-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Boss_51-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Boss, Alan P. (2002). \"Formation of gas and ice giant planets\". <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>202</b> (3\u20134): 513\u2013523. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002E&amp;PSL.202..513B\">2002E&amp;PSL.202..513B</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0012-821X%2802%2900808-7\">10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00808-7</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Formation+of+gas+and+ice+giant+planets&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan+P.&amp;rft.aulast=Boss&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002E%26PSL.202..513B&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0012-821X%2802%2900808-7&amp;rft.issue=3%934&amp;rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&amp;rft.pages=513-523&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=202\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-52\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-52\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Lovis, C.; Mayor, M.; Alibert Y.; Benz W. (18 May 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0618/\">\"Trio of Neptunes and their Belt\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/European_Souther
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp n_Observatory\" title=\"European Southern Observatory\">ESO</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">25 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Trio+of+Neptunes+and+their+Belt&amp;rft.au=Alibert+Y.&amp;rft.au=Benz+W.&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.aulast=Lovis&amp;rft.au=Mayor%2C+M.&amp;rft.date=2006-05-18&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Fnews%2Feso0618%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Atreya2006-53\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Atreya2006_53-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Atreya, S.; Egeler, P.; Baines, K. (2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU06/05179/EGU06-J-05179-1.pdf\">\"Water-ammonia ionic ocean on Uranus and Neptune?\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geophysical Research Abstracts</i>. <b>8</b>: 05179.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Water-ammonia+ionic+ocean+on+Uranus+and+Neptune%3F&amp;rft.au=Baines%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Egeler%2C+P.&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.aulast=Atreya&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cosis.net%2Fabstracts%2FEGU06%2F05179%2FEGU06-J-05179-1.pdf&amp;rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Abstracts&amp;rft.pages=05179&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=8\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-54\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-54\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20727764.500-weird-water-lurking-inside-giant-planets.html\">Weird water lurking inside giant planets</a>, New Scientist,1 September 2010, Magazine issue 2776.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-55\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-55\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Kerr, Richard A. (1999). \"Neptune May Crush Methane Into Diamonds\". <i>Science</i>. <b>286</b> (5437): 25a\u201325. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.286.5437.25a\">10.1126/science.286.5437.25a</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10532884\">10532884</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Neptune+May+Crush+Methane+Into+Diamonds&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Kerr&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.286.5437.25a&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10532884&amp;rft.issue=5437&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=25a-25&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=286\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-56\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-56\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Baldwin, Emily (21 January 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.astronomynow.com/news/n1001/21diamond/\">\"Oceans of diamond possible on Uranus and Neptune\"</a>. astronomynow.com<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">6 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.au=Baldwin%2C+Emily&am
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp p;rft.btitle=Oceans+of+diamond+possible+on+Uranus+and+Neptune&amp;rft.date=2010-01-21&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronomynow.com%2Fnews%2Fn1001%2F21diamond%2F&amp;rft.pub=astronomynow.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Eggert_2004-57\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Eggert_2004_57-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Bradley, D. K.; Eggert, J. H.; Hicks, D. G.; Celliers, P. M. (July 30, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/310197.pdf\">\"Shock Compressing Diamond to a Conducting Fluid\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Physical Review Letters</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2016-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Shock+Compressing+Diamond+to+a+Conducting+Fluid&amp;rft.au=Celliers%2C+P.+M.&amp;rft.au=Eggert%2C+J.+H.&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+K.&amp;rft.au=Hicks%2C+D.+G.&amp;rft.aulast=Bradley&amp;rft.date=2004-07-30&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe-reports-ext.llnl.gov%2Fpdf%2F310197.pdf&amp;rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Eggert_2010-58\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Eggert_2010_58-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Eggert, J. H.; Hicks, D. G.; Celliers, P. M.; Bradley, D. K.; et al. (8 November 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/v6/n1/abs/nphys1438.html\">\"Melting temperature of diamond at ultrahigh pressure\"</a>. <i>Nature Physics</i>. <b>6</b> (40): 40\u201343. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnphys1438\">10.1038/nphys1438</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2016-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Melting+temperature+of+diamond+at+ultrahigh+pressure&amp;rft.au=Bradley%2C+D.+K.&amp;rft.au=Celliers%2C+P.+M.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+H.&amp;rft.au=Hicks%2C+D.+G.&amp;rft.aulast=Eggert&amp;rft.date=2009-11-08&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnphys%2Fjournal%2Fv6%2Fn1%2Fabs%2Fnphys1438.html&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnphys1438&amp;rft.issue=40&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Physics&amp;rft.pages=40-43&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=6\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-pass43-59\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-pass43_59-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Podolak, M.; Weizman, A.; Marley, M. (1995). \"Comparative models of Uranus and Neptune\". <i>Planetary and Space Science</i>. <b>43</b> (12): 1517\u20131522. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995P&amp;SS...43.1517P\">1995P&amp;SS...43.1517P</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0032-0633%2895%2900061-5\">10.1016/0032-0633(95)00061-5</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Comparative+models+of+Uranus+and+Neptune&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.aulast=Podolak&amp;rft.au=Marley%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Weizman%2C+A.&amp;rf
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp t.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995P%26SS...43.1517P&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0032-0633%2895%2900061-5&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&amp;rft.pages=1517-1522&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=43\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-60\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-60\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Crisp, D.; Hammel, H. B. (14 June 1995). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1995/09/image/a/\">\"Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Neptune\"</a>. Hubble News Center<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">22 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=D.&amp;rft.au=Hammel%2C+H.+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Crisp&amp;rft.btitle=Hubble+Space+Telescope+Observations+of+Neptune&amp;rft.date=1995-06-14&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhubblesite.org%2Fnewscenter%2Farchive%2Freleases%2F1995%2F09%2Fimage%2Fa%2F&amp;rft.pub=Hubble+News+Center&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-elkins-tanton-61\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_61-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_61-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_61-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_61-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_61-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Elkins-Tanton, Linda T. (2006). <i>Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, and the Outer Solar System</i>. New York: Chelsea House. pp.\u00a079\u201383. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5197-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5197-7\">978-0-8160-5197-7</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Linda+T.&amp;rft.aulast=Elkins-Tanton&amp;rft.btitle=Uranus%2C+Neptune%2C+Pluto%2C+and+the+Outer+Solar+System&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5197-7&amp;rft.pages=79-83&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Chelsea+House&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-apj125-62\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-apj125_62-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-apj125_62-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-apj125_62-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Max, C. E.; Macintosh, B. A.; Gibbard, S. G.; Gavel, D. T.; et al. (2003). \"Cloud Structures on Neptune Observed with Keck Telescope Adaptive Optics\". <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>125</b> (1): 364\u2013375. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AJ....125..364M\">2003AJ....125..364M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F344943\">10.1086/344943</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Cloud+Structures+on+Neptune+Observed+with+Keck+Telescope+Adaptive+Optics&amp;rft.au=Acton%2C+D.+S.&amp;rft.au=de+Pater%2C+I.&amp;rft.au=Gavel%2C+D.+T.&amp;rft.au=Ghez%2C+A.+M.&amp;rft.au=Gibbard%
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp 2C+S.+G.&amp;rft.au=Lai%2C+O.&amp;rft.au=Macintosh%2C+B.+A.&amp;rft.au=Max%2C+C.+E.&amp;rft.au=Roe%2C+H.+G.&amp;rft.au=Stomski%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Wizinowich%2C+P.+L.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003AJ....125..364M&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F344943&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=364-375&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=125\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-63\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-63\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Frances, Peter (2008). <i>DK Universe</i>. DK Publishing. pp.\u00a0196\u2013201. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-3670-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-3670-8\">978-0-7566-3670-8</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.aulast=Frances&amp;rft.btitle=DK+Universe&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7566-3670-8&amp;rft.pages=196-201&amp;rft.pub=DK+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Encrenaz_2003-64\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Encrenaz_2003_64-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Encrenaz_2003_64-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFEncrenaz2003\" class=\"citation journal\">Encrenaz, Th\u00e9r\u00e8se (February 2003). \"ISO observations of the giant planets and Titan: what have we learnt?\". <i>Planetary and Space Science</i>. <b>51</b> (2): 89\u2013103. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003P&amp;SS...51...89E\">2003P&amp;SS...51...89E</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0032-0633%2802%2900145-9\">10.1016/S0032-0633(02)00145-9</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=ISO+observations+of+the+giant+planets+and+Titan%3A+what+have+we+learnt%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se&amp;rft.aulast=Encrenaz&amp;rft.date=2003-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003P%26SS...51...89E&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0032-0633%2802%2900145-9&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&amp;rft.pages=89-103&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=51\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Broadfoot19989-65\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Broadfoot19989_65-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Broadfoot, A.L.; Atreya, S.K.; Bertaux, J.L.; et al. (1999). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www-personal.umich.edu/~atreya/Articles/1989_Voyager_UV_Spectrometer.pdf\">\"Ultraviolet Spectrometer Observations of Neptune and Triton\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>246</b> (4936): 1459\u20131456. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Sci...246.1459B\">1989Sci...246.1459B</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.246.4936.1459\">10.1126/science.246.4936.1459</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed I
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp dentifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17756000\">17756000</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Ultraviolet+Spectrometer+Observations+of+Neptune+and+Triton&amp;rft.au=Atreya%2C+S.K.&amp;rft.au=Bertaux%2C+J.L.&amp;rft.aufirst=A.L.&amp;rft.aulast=Broadfoot&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-personal.umich.edu%2F~atreya%2FArticles%2F1989_Voyager_UV_Spectrometer.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989Sci...246.1459B&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.246.4936.1459&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17756000&amp;rft.issue=4936&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1459-1456&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=246\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999-66\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Herbert_.26_Sandel_1999_66-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFHerbertSandel1999\" class=\"citation journal\">Herbert, Floyd; Sandel, Bill R. (August\u2013September 1999). \"Ultraviolet observations of Uranus and Neptune\". <i>Planetary and Space Science</i>. <b>47</b> (8\u20139): 1,119\u20131,139. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999P&amp;SS...47.1119H\">1999P&amp;SS...47.1119H</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0032-0633%2898%2900142-1\">10.1016/S0032-0633(98)00142-1</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Ultraviolet+observations+of+Uranus+and+Neptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Floyd&amp;rft.aulast=Herbert&amp;rft.au=Sandel%2C+Bill+R.&amp;rft.date=1999-08%2F1999-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999P%26SS...47.1119H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0032-0633%2898%2900142-1&amp;rft.issue=8%939&amp;rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&amp;rft.pages=1%2C119-1%2C139&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=47\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-67\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-67\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Stanley, Sabine; Bloxham, Jeremy (11 March 2004). \"Convective-region geometry as the cause of Uranus' and Neptune's unusual magnetic fields\". <i>Nature</i>. <b>428</b> (6979): 151\u2013153. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.428..151S\">2004Natur.428..151S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02376\">10.1038/nature02376</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15014493\">15014493</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Convective-region+geometry+as+the+cause+of+Uranus%27+and+Neptune%27s+unusual+magnetic+fields&amp;rft.au=Bloxham%2C+Jeremy&amp;rft.aufirst=Sabine&amp;rft.aulast=Stanley&amp;rft.date=2004-03-11&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Natur.428..151S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature02376&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15014493&amp;rft.issue=6979&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=151-153&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=428\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></spa
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp n></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Connerney1991-68\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Connerney1991_68-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Connerney, J. E. P.; Acu\u00f1a, Mario H.; Ness, Norman F. (1991). \"The magnetic field of Neptune\". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>96</b>: 19,023\u201342. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991JGR....9619023C\">1991JGR....9619023C</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F91JA01165\">10.1029/91JA01165</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=The+magnetic+field+of+Neptune&amp;rft.au=Acu%C3%B1a%2C+Mario+H.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+E.+P.&amp;rft.aulast=Connerney&amp;rft.au=Ness%2C+Norman+F.&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991JGR....9619023C&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F91JA01165&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&amp;rft.pages=19%2C023-42&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=96\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-science4936-69\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-science4936_69-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-science4936_69-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Ness, N. F.; Acu\u00f1a, M. H.; Burlaga, L. F.; Connerney, J. E. P.; Lepping, R. P.; Neubauer, F. M. (1989). \"Magnetic Fields at Neptune\". <i>Science</i>. <b>246</b> (4936): 1473\u20131478. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Sci...246.1473N\">1989Sci...246.1473N</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.246.4936.1473\">10.1126/science.246.4936.1473</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17756002\">17756002</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Magnetic+Fields+at+Neptune&amp;rft.au=Acu%C3%B1a%2C+M.+H.&amp;rft.au=Burlaga%2C+L.+F.&amp;rft.au=Connerney%2C+J.+E.+P.&amp;rft.aufirst=N.+F.&amp;rft.aulast=Ness&amp;rft.au=Lepping%2C+R.+P.&amp;rft.au=Neubauer%2C+F.+M.&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989Sci...246.1473N&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.246.4936.1473&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17756002&amp;rft.issue=4936&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1473-1478&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=246\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-70\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-70\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Russell, C. T.; Luhmann, J. G. (1997). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu/personnel/russell/papers/nep_mag.html\">\"Neptune: Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere\"</a>. University of California, Los Angeles<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">10 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+T.&amp;rft.aulast=Russell&amp;rft.au=Luhmann%2C+J.+G.&amp;rft.btitle=Neptune%3A+Magnetic+Field+and+Magnetosphere&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu%2Fperso
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08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp pedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Sue&amp;rft.aulast=Lavoie&amp;rft.btitle=PIA02245%3A+Neptune%27s+blue-green+atmosphere&amp;rft.date=2000-02-16&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphotojournal.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fcatalog%2FPIA02245&amp;rft.pub=NASA+JPL&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-75\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-75\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Orton, G. S.; Encrenaz T.; Leyrat C.; Puetter, R.; et al. (2007). \"Evidence for methane escape and strong seasonal and dynamical perturbations of Neptune's atmospheric temperatures\". <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. <b>473</b>: L5\u2013L8. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007A&amp;A...473L...5O\">2007A&amp;A...473L...5O</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20078277\">10.1051/0004-6361:20078277</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Evidence+for+methane+escape+and+strong+seasonal+and+dynamical+perturbations+of+Neptune%27s+atmospheric+temperatures&amp;rft.au=Encrenaz+T.&amp;rft.au=Friedson%2C+A.+J.&amp;rft.au=Leyrat+C.&amp;rft.au=Orton%2C+G.+S.&amp;rft.au=Puetter%2C+R.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007A%26A...473L...5O&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20078277&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&amp;rft.pages=L5-L8&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=473\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-76\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-76\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Orton, Glenn; Encrenaz, Th\u00e9r\u00e8se (18 September 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0741/\">\"A Warm South Pole? Yes, On Neptune!\"</a>. ESO<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=A+Warm+South+Pole%3F+Yes%2C+On+Neptune%21&amp;rft.au=Encrenaz%2C+Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se&amp;rft.aufirst=Glenn&amp;rft.aulast=Orton&amp;rft.date=2007-09-18&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Fnews%2Feso0741%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-villard-77\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-villard_77-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-villard_77-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Villard, Ray; Devitt, Terry (15 May 2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2003/17/text/\">\"Brighter Neptune Suggests A Planetary Change Of Seasons\"</a>. Hubble News Center<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Brighter+Neptune+Suggests+A+Planetary+Change+Of+Seasons&amp;rft.au=Devitt%2C+Terry&amp;rft.aufirst=Ray&amp;rft.aulast=Villard&amp;rft.date=2003-05-15&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhubblesite.org%2Fnewscenter%2Farchive%2Freleases%2F2003%2F17%2Ftext%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp li id=\"cite_note-78\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-78\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Hammel, H. B.; Lockwood, G. W.; Mills, J. R.; Barnet, C. D. (1995). \"Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of Neptune's Cloud Structure in 1994\". <i>Science</i>. <b>268</b> (5218): 1740\u20131742. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...268.1740H\">1995Sci...268.1740H</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.268.5218.1740\">10.1126/science.268.5218.1740</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17834994\">17834994</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Hubble+Space+Telescope+Imaging+of+Neptune%27s+Cloud+Structure+in+1994&amp;rft.au=Barnet%2C+C.+D.&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Hammel&amp;rft.au=Lockwood%2C+G.+W.&amp;rft.au=Mills%2C+J.+R.&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995Sci...268.1740H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.268.5218.1740&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17834994&amp;rft.issue=5218&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1740-1742&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=268\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-79\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-79\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Lavoie, Sue (29 January 1996). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00064\">\"PIA00064: Neptune's Dark Spot (D2) at High Resolution\"</a>. NASA JPL<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Sue&amp;rft.aulast=Lavoie&amp;rft.btitle=PIA00064%3A+Neptune%27s+Dark+Spot+%28D2%29+at+High+Resolution&amp;rft.date=1996-01-29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphotojournal.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fcatalog%2FPIA00064&amp;rft.pub=NASA+JPL&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-80\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-80\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">S. G., Gibbard; de Pater, I.; Roe, H. G.; Martin, S.; et al. (2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://cips.berkeley.edu/research/depater_altitude.pdf\">\"The altitude of Neptune cloud features from high-spatial-resolution near-infrared spectra\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Icarus</i>. <b>166</b> (2): 359\u2013374. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Icar..166..359G\">2003Icar..166..359G</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2003.07.006\">10.1016/j.icarus.2003.07.006</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=The+altitude+of+Neptune+cloud+features+from+high-spatial-resolution+near-infrared+spectra&amp;rft.au=de+Pater%2C+I.&amp;rft.aufirst=Gibbard&amp;rft.aulast=S.+G.&amp;rft.au=Macintosh%2C+B.+A.&amp;rft.au=Martin%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Max%2C+C.
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp +E.&amp;rft.au=Roe%2C+H.+G.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcips.berkeley.edu%2Fresearch%2Fdepater_altitude.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Icar..166..359G&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2003.07.006&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=359-374&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=166\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-81\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-81\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Stratman, P. W.; Showman, A. P.; Dowling, T. E.; Sromovsky, L. A. (2001). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~showman/publications/stratman-etal-2001.pdf\">\"EPIC Simulations of Bright Companions to Neptune's Great Dark Spots\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Icarus</i>. <b>151</b> (2): 275\u2013285. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Icar..132..239L\">1998Icar..132..239L</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.1998.5918\">10.1006/icar.1998.5918</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=EPIC+Simulations+of+Bright+Companions+to+Neptune%27s+Great+Dark+Spots&amp;rft.au=Dowling%2C+T.+E.&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Stratman&amp;rft.au=Showman%2C+A.+P.&amp;rft.au=Sromovsky%2C+L.+A.&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpl.arizona.edu%2F~showman%2Fpublications%2Fstratman-etal-2001.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Icar..132..239L&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.1998.5918&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=275-285&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=151\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-82\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-82\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Sromovsky, L. A.; Fry, P. M.; Dowling, T. E.; Baines, K. H. (2000). \"The unusual dynamics of new dark spots on Neptune\". <i>Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society</i>. <b>32</b>: 1005. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000DPS....32.0903S\">2000DPS....32.0903S</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=The+unusual+dynamics+of+new+dark+spots+on+Neptune&amp;rft.au=Baines%2C+K.+H.&amp;rft.au=Dowling%2C+T.+E.&amp;rft.aufirst=L.+A.&amp;rft.au=Fry%2C+P.+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Sromovsky&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000DPS....32.0903S&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft.pages=1005&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=32\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-83\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-83\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/ann1115a/\">\"Happy birthday Neptune\"</a>. ESA/Hubble<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.btitle=Happy+birthday+Neptune&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacetelescope.org%2Fimag
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp es%2Fann1115a%2F&amp;rft.pub=ESA%2FHubble&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-williams-84\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-williams_84-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Williams, Sam (24 November 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~samw/research/projects/ay249/z_heat_sources/Paper_small.doc\">\"Heat Sources Within the Giant Planets\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(<a href=\"/wiki/DOC_(computing)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"DOC (computing)\">DOC</a>)</span>. UC Berkeley<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Heat+Sources+Within+the+Giant+Planets&amp;rft.aufirst=Sam&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.date=2004-11-24&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.berkeley.edu%2F~samw%2Fresearch%2Fprojects%2Fay249%2Fz_heat_sources%2FPaper_small.doc&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-85\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-85\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Lindal, Gunnar F. (1992). \"The atmosphere of Neptune\u00a0\u2013 an analysis of radio occultation data acquired with Voyager 2\". <i>Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>103</b>: 967\u2013982. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992AJ....103..967L\">1992AJ....103..967L</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F116119\">10.1086/116119</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=The+atmosphere+of+Neptune+%93+an+analysis+of+radio+occultation+data+acquired+with+Voyager+2&amp;rft.aufirst=Gunnar+F.&amp;rft.aulast=Lindal&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992AJ....103..967L&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F116119&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=967-982&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=103\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-86\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-86\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://lasp.colorado.edu/~bagenal/3750/ClassNotes/Class12/Class12.html\">\"Class 12\u00a0\u2013 Giant Planets\u00a0\u2013 Heat and Formation\"</a>. <i>3750\u00a0\u2013 Planets, Moons &amp; Rings</i>. Colorado University, Boulder. 2004<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Class+12+%93+Giant+Planets+%93+Heat+and+Formation&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flasp.colorado.edu%2F~bagenal%2F3750%2FClassNotes%2FClass12%2FClass12.html&amp;rft.jtitle=3750+%93+Planets%2C+Moons+%26+Rings&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-87\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-87\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Pearl, J. C.; Conrath, B. J. (1991). \"The albedo, effective temperature, and energy balance of Neptune, as determined from Voyager data\". <i>Journal of Geophysical Resea
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp rch:Space Physics</i>. <b>96</b>: 18,921\u201318,930. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991JGR....9618921P\">1991JGR....9618921P</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F91ja01087\">10.1029/91ja01087</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=The+albedo%2C+effective+temperature%2C+and+energy+balance+of+Neptune%2C+as+determined+from+Voyager+data&amp;rft.au=Conrath%2C+B.+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Pearl&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991JGR....9618921P&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F91ja01087&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3ASpace+Physics&amp;rft.pages=18%2C921-18%2C930&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=96\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-88\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-88\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer (2001), <i><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=RaJdy3_VINQC&amp;pg=PA224&amp;lpg=PA224&amp;dq=planet+neptune+heat+flow&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ooEcNyQWA0&amp;sig=nuZj0fnt86EkQM2YE1c9xKScQyU&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=6e_3UZ-mIo_j4APV04HIDg&amp;ved=0CEUQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&amp;q=planet%20neptune%20heat%20flow&amp;f=false\">Planetary Sciences</a></i>, 1st edition, page 224.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AA-89\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-AA_89-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Jean Meeus, <i>Astronomical Algorithms</i> (Richmond, VA: Willmann-Bell, 1998) 273. Supplemented by further use of VSOP87. The last three aphelia were 30.33\u00a0AU, the next is 30.34 AU. The perihelia are even more stable at 29.81\u00a0AU</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-obsjul711-90\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-obsjul711_90-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">McKie, Robin (9 July 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2011/jul/10/neptune-orbit-anniversary-astronomy\">\"Neptune's first orbit: a turning point in astronomy\"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Neptune%27s+first+orbit%3A+a+turning+point+in+astronomy&amp;rft.aufirst=Robin&amp;rft.aulast=McKie&amp;rft.date=2011-07-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fscience%2F2011%2Fjul%2F10%2Fneptune-orbit-anniversary-astronomy&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-azureworld-91\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-azureworld_91-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://azureworld.blogspot.com/2011/07/neptune-completes-first-orbit-since.html\">\"Neptune Completes First Orbit Since Discovery: 11th July 2011 (at 21:48 U.T.\u00b115min)\"</a>. 1 July 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">10 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.btitle=Neptune+Completes+First+Orbit+Since+Discovery%3A+11th+July+2011+%28at+21%3A48+U.T.%B115min%29&amp;rft.date=2011-07-01&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fazureworld.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F07%2Fneptune-completes-first-orbit-since.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span s
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp tyle=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-UT2010-08-92\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-UT2010-08_92-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Nancy Atkinson (26 August 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/72088/clearing-the-confusion-on-neptune%E2%80%99s-orbit/\">\"Clearing the Confusion on Neptune's Orbit\"</a>. Universe Today<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">10 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.au=Nancy+Atkinson&amp;rft.btitle=Clearing+the+Confusion+on+Neptune%99s+Orbit&amp;rft.date=2010-08-26&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F72088%2Fclearing-the-confusion-on-neptune%25E2%2580%2599s-orbit%2F&amp;rft.pub=Universe+Today&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://twitter.com/elakdawalla/status/21525820626\">(Bill Folkner at JPL)</a></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Horizons2011-93\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Horizons2011_93-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Horizons2011_93-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Anonymous (16 November 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/nept2011.txt\">\"Horizons Output for Neptune 2010\u20132011\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">25 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.au=Anonymous&amp;rft.btitle=Horizons+Output+for+Neptune+2010%932011&amp;rft.date=2007-11-16&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.surewest.net%2Fkheider%2Fastro%2Fnept2011.txt&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span>\u2014Numbers generated using the Solar System Dynamics Group, Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-94\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-94\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Williams, David R. (6 January 2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planetfact.html\">\"Planetary Fact Sheets\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=David+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.btitle=Planetary+Fact+Sheets&amp;rft.date=2005-01-06&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Fplanetfact.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-95\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-95\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Hubbard, W. B.; Nellis, W. J.; Mitchell, A. C.; Holmes, N. C.; et al. (1991). \"Interior Structure of Neptune: Comparison with Uranus\". <i>Science</i>. <b>253</b> (5020): 648\u2013651. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Sci...253..648H\">1991Sci...253..648H</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.253.5020.648\">10.1126/science.253.5020.648</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\"
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17772369\">17772369</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Interior+Structure+of+Neptune%3A+Comparison+with+Uranus&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+B.&amp;rft.au=Holmes%2C+N.+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Hubbard&amp;rft.au=Limaye%2C+S.+S.&amp;rft.au=McCandless%2C+P.+C.&amp;rft.au=Mitchell%2C+A.+C.&amp;rft.au=Nellis%2C+W.+J.&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991Sci...253..648H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.253.5020.648&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17772369&amp;rft.issue=5020&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=648-651&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=253\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-96\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-96\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Stern, S. Alan; Colwell, Joshua E. (1997). \"Collisional Erosion in the Primordial Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt and the Generation of the 30\u201350 AU Kuiper Gap\". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. Geophysical, Astrophysical, and Planetary Sciences, Space Science Department, Southwest Research Institute. <b>490</b> (2): 879\u2013882. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApJ...490..879S\">1997ApJ...490..879S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F304912\">10.1086/304912</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Collisional+Erosion+in+the+Primordial+Edgeworth-Kuiper+Belt+and+the+Generation+of+the+30%9350+AU+Kuiper+Gap&amp;rft.au=Colwell%2C+Joshua+E.&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+Alan&amp;rft.aulast=Stern&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997ApJ...490..879S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F304912&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=879-882&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=490\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-97\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-97\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Petit, Jean-Marc; Morbidelli, Alessandro; Valsecchi, Giovanni B. (1999). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.oca.eu/morby/papers/6166a.pdf\">\"Large Scattered Planetesimals and the Excitation of the Small Body Belts\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Icarus</i>. <b>141</b> (2): 367\u2013387. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Icar..141..367P\">1999Icar..141..367P</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.1999.6166\">10.1006/icar.1999.6166</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Large+Scattered+Planetesimals+and+the+Excitation+of+the+Small+Body+Belts&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean-Marc&amp;rft.aulast=Petit&amp;rft.au=Morbidelli%2C+Alessandro&amp;rft.au=Valsecchi%2C+Giovanni+B.&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.eu%2Fmorby%2Fpapers%2F6166a.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Icar..141..367P&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.1999.6166&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=367-387&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp %2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=141\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-98\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-98\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.minorplanetcenter.org/iau/lists/TNOs.html\">\"List Of Transneptunian Objects\"</a>. Minor Planet Center<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">25 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.btitle=List+Of+Transneptunian+Objects&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorplanetcenter.org%2Fiau%2Flists%2FTNOs.html&amp;rft.pub=Minor+Planet+Center&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-99\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-99\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Jewitt, David (2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jewitt/kb/plutino.html\">\"The Plutinos\"</a>. UCLA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Jewitt&amp;rft.btitle=The+Plutinos&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ess.ucla.edu%2F~jewitt%2Fkb%2Fplutino.html&amp;rft.pub=UCLA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-100\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-100\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Varadi, F. (1999). \"Periodic Orbits in the 3:2 Orbital Resonance and Their Stability\". <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>118</b> (5): 2526\u20132531. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999AJ....118.2526V\">1999AJ....118.2526V</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F301088\">10.1086/301088</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Periodic+Orbits+in+the+3%3A2+Orbital+Resonance+and+Their+Stability&amp;rft.aufirst=F.&amp;rft.aulast=Varadi&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999AJ....118.2526V&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F301088&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=2526-2531&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=118\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-101\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-101\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">John Davies (2001). <i>Beyond Pluto: Exploring the outer limits of the solar system</i>. Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a0104. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-80019-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-521-80019-6\">0-521-80019-6</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.au=John+Davies&amp;rft.btitle=Beyond+Pluto%3A+Exploring+the+outer+limits+of+the+solar+system&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-80019-6&amp;rft.pages=104&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"di
08-17 14:36:02.210 debug OkHttp splay:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-102\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-102\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Chiang, E. I.; Jordan, A. B.; Millis, R. L.; M. W. Buie; et al. (2003). \"Resonance Occupation in the Kuiper Belt: Case Examples of the 5\u00a0: 2 and Trojan Resonances\". <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>126</b>: 430\u2013443. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv\" title=\"ArXiv\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0301458\">astro-ph/0301458</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AJ....126..430C\">2003AJ....126..430C</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F375207\">10.1086/375207</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Resonance+Occupation+in+the+Kuiper+Belt%3A+Case+Examples+of+the+5+%3A+2+and+Trojan+Resonances&amp;rft.au=Elliot%2C+J.+L.&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+I.&amp;rft.au=Jordan%2C+A.+B.&amp;rft.au=Kern%2C+S.+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Chiang&amp;rft.au=Meech%2C+K.+J.&amp;rft.au=Millis%2C+R.+L.&amp;rft.au=M.+W.+Buie&amp;rft.au=Trilling%2C+D.+E.&amp;rft.au=Wagner%2C+R.+M.&amp;rft.au=Wasserman%2C+L.+H.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0301458&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003AJ....126..430C&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F375207&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=430-443&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=126\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Sheppard-103\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Sheppard_103-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\"><a href=\"/wiki/Scott_S._Sheppard\" title=\"Scott S. Sheppard\">Sheppard, Scott S.</a>; Trujillo, Chadwick A. (10 September 2010). \"Detection of a Trailing (L5) Neptune Trojan\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Science_(journal)\" title=\"Science (journal)\">Science</a></i>. <b>329</b> (5997): 1304. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sci...329.1304S\">2010Sci...329.1304S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1189666\">10.1126/science.1189666</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20705814\">20705814</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Detection+of+a+Trailing+%28L5%29+Neptune+Trojan&amp;rft.aufirst=Scott+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Sheppard&amp;rft.au=Trujillo%2C+Chadwick+A.&amp;rft.date=2010-09-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Sci...329.1304S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1189666&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20705814&amp;rft.issue=5997&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1304&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
08-17 14:36:02.215 debug OkHttp %3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=329\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-quasi-104\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-quasi_104-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-quasi_104-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">De La Fuente Marcos, C. &amp; De La Fuente Marcos, R. (2012). \"(309239) 2007 RW10: a large temporary quasi-satellite of Neptune\". <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics Letters</i>. <b>545</b>: L9. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv\" title=\"ArXiv\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//arxiv.org/abs/1209.1577\">1209.1577</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012A&amp;A...545L...9D\">2012A&amp;A...545L...9D</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201219931\">10.1051/0004-6361/201219931</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=%28309239%29+2007+RW10%3A+a+large+temporary+quasi-satellite+of+Neptune&amp;rft.au=De+La+Fuente+Marcos%2C+R.&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.aulast=De+La+Fuente+Marcos&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1209.1577&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012A%26A...545L...9D&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201219931&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics+Letters&amp;rft.pages=L9&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=545\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-105\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-105\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Thommes, Edward W.; Duncan, Martin J.; Levison, Harold F. (2001). \"The formation of Uranus and Neptune among Jupiter and Saturn\". <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>123</b> (5): 2862\u20132883. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv\" title=\"ArXiv\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0111290\">astro-ph/0111290</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AJ....123.2862T\">2002AJ....123.2862T</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F339975\">10.1086/339975</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=The+formation+of+Uranus+and+Neptune+among+Jupiter+and+Saturn&amp;rft
08-17 14:36:02.215 debug OkHttp .au=Duncan%2C+Martin+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Thommes&amp;rft.au=Levison%2C+Harold+F.&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0111290&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002AJ....123.2862T&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F339975&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=2862-2883&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=123\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-106\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-106\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Hansen, Kathryn (7 June 2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.geotimes.org/june05/WebExtra060705.html\">\"Orbital shuffle for early solar system\"</a>. Geotimes<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Kathryn&amp;rft.aulast=Hansen&amp;rft.btitle=Orbital+shuffle+for+early+solar+system&amp;rft.date=2005-06-07&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geotimes.org%2Fjune05%2FWebExtra060705.html&amp;rft.pub=Geotimes&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Crida2009-107\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Crida2009_107-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Crida, A. (2009). \"Solar System formation\". <i>Reviews in Modern Astronomy</i>. <b>21</b>: 3008. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv\" title=\"ArXiv\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//arxiv.org/abs/0903.3008\">0903.3008</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009RvMA...21..215C\">2009RvMA...21..215C</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F9783527629190.ch12\">10.1002/9783527629190.ch12</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Solar+System+formation&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.aulast=Crida&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0903.3008&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009RvMA...21..215C&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9783527629190.ch12&amp;rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+Modern+Astronomy&amp;rft.pages=3008&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=21\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Desch07-108\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Desch07_108-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Desch, S. J. (2007). \"Mass Distribution and Planet Formation in the Solar Nebula\". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>671</b> (1): 878\u2013893. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671..878D\">2007ApJ...671..878D</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a
08-17 14:36:02.215 debug OkHttp rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F522825\">10.1086/522825</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Mass+Distribution+and+Planet+Formation+in+the+Solar+Nebula&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Desch&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007ApJ...671..878D&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F522825&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=878-893&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=671\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Smith2009-109\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Smith2009_109-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Smith, R.; L. J. Churcher; M. C. Wyatt; M. M. Moerchen; et al. (2009). \"Resolved debris disc emission around \u03b7 Telescopii: a young solar system or ongoing planet formation?\". <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. <b>493</b> (1): 299\u2013308. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv\" title=\"ArXiv\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//arxiv.org/abs/0810.5087\">0810.5087</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009A&amp;A...493..299S\">2009A&amp;A...493..299S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A200810706\">10.1051/0004-6361:200810706</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Resolved+debris+disc+emission+around+%CE%B7+Telescopii%3A+a+young+solar+system+or+ongoing+planet+formation%3F&amp;rft.au=C.+M.+Telesco&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.au=L.+J.+Churcher&amp;rft.au=M.+C.+Wyatt&amp;rft.au=M.+M.+Moerchen&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0810.5087&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009A%26A...493..299S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A200810706&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&amp;rft.pages=299-308&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=493\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-110\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-110\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.news.com.au/technology/sci-tech/hubble-space-telescope-discovers-fourteenth-tiny-moon-orbiting-neptune/story-fn5fsgyc-1226679913807\">Hubble Space Telescope discovers fourteenth tiny moon orbiting Neptune | Space, Military and Medicine</a>. News.com.au (16 July 2013). Retrieved on 28 July 2013.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-112\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-112\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Agnor, Craig B.; Hamilton, Douglas P. (2006). \"Neptune's capture of its moon Triton in a binary\u2013planet gravitational encounter\". <i>Nature</i>. Nature Publishing Group. <b>441</b> (7090): 192\u2013194. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs
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08-17 14:36:02.215 debug OkHttp =\"citation journal\"><a href=\"/wiki/Matthew_J._Holman\" title=\"Matthew J. Holman\">Holman, M. J.</a>; <a href=\"/wiki/John_J._Kavelaars\" title=\"John J. Kavelaars\">Kavelaars, J. J.</a>; Grav, T.; et al. (2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~mholman/nature_final.pdf\">\"Discovery of five irregular moons of Neptune\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>430</b> (7002): 865\u2013867. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.430..865H\">2004Natur.430..865H</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02832\">10.1038/nature02832</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15318214\">15318214</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">24 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Discovery+of+five+irregular+moons+of+Neptune&amp;rft.au=Burns%2C+J.+A.&amp;rft.au=Carruba%2C+V.&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+J.&amp;rft.au=Fraser%2C+W.+C.&amp;rft.au=Gladman%2C+B.+J.&amp;rft.au=Grav%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Kavelaars%2C+J.+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Holman&amp;rft.au=Milisavljevic%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Nicholson%2C+P.+D.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfa.harvard.edu%2F~mholman%2Fnature_final.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Natur.430..865H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature02832&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15318214&amp;rft.issue=7002&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=865-867&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=430\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-120\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-120\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3578210.stm\">\"Five new moons for planet Neptune\"</a>. BBC News. 18 August 2004<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">6 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Five+new+moons+for+planet+Neptune&amp;rft.date=2004-08-18&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F3578210.stm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-121\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-121\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Cruikshank, Dale P. (1996). <i>Neptune and Triton</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Arizona_Press\" title=\"University of Arizona Press\">University of Arizona Press</a>. pp.\u00a0703\u2013804. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-1525-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-1525-7\">978-0-8165-1525-7</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Dale+P.&amp;rft.aulast=Cruikshank&amp;rft.btitle=Neptune+and+Triton&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8165-1525-7&amp;rft.pages=703-804&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-122\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-
08-17 14:36:02.215 debug OkHttp 122\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Blue, Jennifer (8 December 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/Rings\">\"Nomenclature Ring and Ring Gap Nomenclature\"</a>. <i>Gazetteer of Planetary</i>. USGS<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Nomenclature+Ring+and+Ring+Gap+Nomenclature&amp;rft.aufirst=Jennifer&amp;rft.aulast=Blue&amp;rft.date=2004-12-08&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs.gov%2FPage%2FRings&amp;rft.jtitle=Gazetteer+of+Planetary&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-123\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-123\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Guinan, E. F.; Harris, C. C.; Maloney, F. P. (1982). \"Evidence for a Ring System of Neptune\". <i>Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society</i>. <b>14</b>: 658. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982BAAS...14..658G\">1982BAAS...14..658G</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Evidence+for+a+Ring+System+of+Neptune&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+F.&amp;rft.au=Harris%2C+C.+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Guinan&amp;rft.au=Maloney%2C+F.+P.&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982BAAS...14..658G&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft.pages=658&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=14\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-124\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-124\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Goldreich, P.; Tremaine, S.; Borderies, N. E. F. (1986). \"Towards a theory for Neptune's arc rings\". <i>Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>92</b>: 490\u2013494. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986AJ.....92..490G\">1986AJ.....92..490G</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F114178\">10.1086/114178</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Towards+a+theory+for+Neptune%27s+arc+rings&amp;rft.au=Borderies%2C+N.+E.+F.&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft.aulast=Goldreich&amp;rft.au=Tremaine%2C+S.&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986AJ.....92..490G&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F114178&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=490-494&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=92\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Nicholson90-125\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Nicholson90_125-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Nicholson, P. D.; et al. (1990). \"Five Stellar Occultations by Neptune: Further Observations of Ring Arcs\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>87</b> (1): 1\u201339. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Icar...87....1N\">1990Icar...87....1N</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2890%2990020-A\">10.1016/0019-103
08-17 14:36:02.215 debug OkHttp 5(90)90020-A</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Five+Stellar+Occultations+by+Neptune%3A+Further+Observations+of+Ring+Arcs&amp;rft.au=Nicholson%2C+P.+D.&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990Icar...87....1N&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-1035%2890%2990020-A&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=1-39&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=87\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-126\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-126\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Cox, Arthur N. (2001). <i><a href=\"/wiki/Clabon_Allen\" title=\"Clabon Allen\">Allen</a>'s Astrophysical Quantities</i>. Springer. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-98746-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-387-98746-0\">0-387-98746-0</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Arthur+N.&amp;rft.aulast=Cox&amp;rft.btitle=Allen%27s+Astrophysical+Quantities&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-387-98746-0&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-127\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-127\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Munsell, Kirk; Smith, Harman; Harvey, Samantha (13 November 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Neptune&amp;Display=Rings\">\"Planets: Neptune: Rings\"</a>. <i>Solar System Exploration</i>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Planets%3A+Neptune%3A+Rings&amp;rft.aufirst=Kirk&amp;rft.au=Harvey%2C+Samantha&amp;rft.aulast=Munsell&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C+Harman&amp;rft.date=2007-11-13&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fplanets%2Fprofile.cfm%3FObject%3DNeptune%26Display%3DRings&amp;rft.jtitle=Solar+System+Exploration&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-128\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-128\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Salo, Heikki; H\u00e4nninen, Jyrki (1998). \"Neptune's Partial Rings: Action of Galatea on Self-Gravitating Arc Particles\". <i>Science</i>. <b>282</b> (5391): 1102\u20131104. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Sci...282.1102S\">1998Sci...282.1102S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5391.1102\">10.1126/science.282.5391.1102</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9804544\">9804544</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Neptune%27s+Partial+Rings%3A+Action+of+Galatea+on+Self-Gravitating+Arc+Particles&amp;rft.aufirst=Heikki&amp;rft.au=H%C3%A4nninen%2C+Jyrki&amp;rft.aulast=Salo&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Sci...282.1102S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.282.5391.1102&amp;rft_id=info%3Apm
08-17 14:36:02.215 debug OkHttp id%2F9804544&amp;rft.issue=5391&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1102-1104&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=282\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-129\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-129\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18524925.900\">\"Neptune's rings are fading away\"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. 26 March 2005<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">6 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Neptune%27s+rings+are+fading+away&amp;rft.date=2005-03-26&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg18524925.900&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-130\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-130\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">See the respective articles for magnitude data.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-131\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-131\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#Moore\">Moore</a> (2000):207.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-132\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-132\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">In 1977, for example, even the rotation period of Neptune remained uncertain. <cite class=\"citation journal\">Cruikshank, D. P. (1 March 1978). \"On the rotation period of Neptune\". <i>Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>. University of Chicago Press. <b>220</b>: L57\u2013L59. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978ApJ...220L..57C\">1978ApJ...220L..57C</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F182636\">10.1086/182636</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+rotation+period+of+Neptune&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+P.&amp;rft.aulast=Cruikshank&amp;rft.date=1978-03-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978ApJ...220L..57C&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F182636&amp;rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&amp;rft.pages=L57-L59&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=220\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-133\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-133\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Max, C.; MacIntosh, B.; Gibbard, S.; Roe, H.; et al. (1999). \"Adaptive Optics Imaging of Neptune and Titan with the W.M. Keck Telescope\". <i>Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society</i>. <b>31</b>: 1512. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999BAAS...31.1512M\">1999BAAS...31.1512M</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Adaptive+Optics+Imaging+of+Neptune+and+Titan+with+the+W.M.+Keck+Telescope&amp;rft.au=Acton%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=De+Pater%2C+I.&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.au=Ghez%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Gibbard%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Lai%2C+O.&amp;rft.aulast=Max&amp;rft.au=MacIntosh%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Roe%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Wizinowich%2C+P.&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999BAAS...31.1512M&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft.pages=1512&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Ak
08-17 14:36:02.215 debug OkHttp ev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=31\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-134\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-134\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap000218.html\">Neptune through Adaptive Optics</a> NASA (2000 February 18)</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-135\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-135\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.66.7754&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf\">First Ground-Based Adaptive Optics Observations of Neptune and Proteus</a> Planetary &amp; Space Science Vol. 45, No. 8, pp. 1031-1036, 1997</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-136\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-136\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8s1JV-TrXacC&amp;pg=PA147#v=onepage&amp;q=Neptune&amp;f=false\">Uranus and Neptune</a> Reports on Astronomy 2003-2005, p. 147 f.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-137\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-137\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Gibbard, S. G.; Roe, H.; de Pater, I.; Macintosh, B.; et al. (1999). \"High-Resolution Infrared Imaging of Neptune from the Keck Telescope\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>156</b> (1): 1\u201315. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Icar..156....1G\">2002Icar..156....1G</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.2001.6766\">10.1006/icar.2001.6766</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=High-Resolution+Infrared+Imaging+of+Neptune+from+the+Keck+Telescope&amp;rft.au=Baines%2C+K.+H.&amp;rft.au=de+Pater%2C+I.&amp;rft.au=Gavel%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Ghez%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Gibbard%2C+S.+G.&amp;rft.au=Macintosh%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Max%2C+C.+E.&amp;rft.au=Roe%2C+H.&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Icar..156....1G&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.2001.6766&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=1-15&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=156\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-138\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-138\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Phillips, Cynthia (5 August 2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20071103094424/http://www.seti.org/about-us/voices/phillips-080503.php\">\"Fascination with Distant Worlds\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/SETI_Institute\" title=\"SETI Institute\">SETI Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.seti.org/about-us/voices/phillips-080503.php\">the original</a> on 3 November 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">3 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Cynthia&amp;rft.aulast=Phillips&amp;rft.btitle=Fascination+with+Distant+Worlds&amp;rft.date=2003-08-05&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seti.org%2Fabout-us%2Fvoices%2Fphillips-080503.php&amp;rft.pub=SETI+Institute&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-burgess-139\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-burgess_139-0\"><sup><i><b>a
08-17 14:36:02.215 debug OkHttp </b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-burgess_139-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#Burgess\">Burgess</a> (1991):46\u201355.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-140\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-140\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Tom Standage (2000). The Neptune File: A Story of Astronomical Rivalry and the Pioneers of Planet Hunting. New York: Walker. p. 188. <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802713636\" class=\"internal mw-magiclink-isbn\">ISBN 978-0-8027-1363-6</a>.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-141\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-141\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Chris Gebhardt; Jeff Goldader (August 20, 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/08/thirty-four-years-voyager-2-continues-explore/\">\"Thirty-four years after launch, Voyager 2 continues to explore\"</a>. <i>NASASpaceflight</i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Thirty-four+years+after+launch%2C+Voyager+2+continues+to+explore&amp;rft.au=Chris+Gebhardt&amp;rft.au=Jeff+Goldader&amp;rft.date=2011-08-20&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2011%2F08%2Fthirty-four-years-voyager-2-continues-explore%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=NASASpaceflight&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Flagship-142\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Flagship_142-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Flagship_142-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Clark, Stephen (25 August 2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://spaceflightnow.com/2015/08/25/uranus-neptune-in-nasas-sights-for-new-robotic-mission/\">\"Uranus, Neptune in NASA's sights for new robotic mission\"</a>. <i>Spaceflight Now</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2015-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Uranus%2C+Neptune+in+NASA%99s+sights+for+new+robotic+mission&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen&amp;rft.aulast=Clark&amp;rft.date=2015-08-25&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspaceflightnow.com%2F2015%2F08%2F25%2Furanus-neptune-in-nasas-sights-for-new-robotic-mission%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Spaceflight+Now&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-143\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-143\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Spilker, T. R.; Ingersoll, A. P. (2004). \"Outstanding Science in the Neptune System From an Aerocaptured Vision Mission\". <i>Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society</i>. <b>36</b>: 1094. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004DPS....36.1412S\">2004DPS....36.1412S</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Outstanding+Science+in+the+Neptune+System+From+an+Aerocaptured+Vision+Mission&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+R.&amp;rft.au=Ingersoll%2C+A.+P.&amp;rft.aulast=Spilker&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004DPS....36.1412S&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft.pages=1094&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=36\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-argho1-144\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-argho1_144-0\">^<
08-17 14:36:02.215 debug OkHttp /a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Candice Hansen; et al. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/pages/images/stories/PSDS%20GP1%20Hansen_Argo_Neptune%20Mission%20Concept.pdf\">\"Argo - A Voyage Through the Outer Solar System\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>SpacePolicyOnline.com</i>. Space and Technology Policy Group, LLC<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Argo+-+A+Voyage+Through+the+Outer+Solar+System&amp;rft.au=Candice+Hansen&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacepolicyonline.com%2Fpages%2Fimages%2Fstories%2FPSDS%2520GP1%2520Hansen_Argo_Neptune%2520Mission%2520Concept.pdf&amp;rft.jtitle=SpacePolicyOnline.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n</ol></div>","references":""},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Bibliography","anchor":"Bibliography","id":22,"text":"<ul><li><cite id=\"Burgess\" class=\"citation book\">Burgess, Eric (1991). <i>Far Encounter: The Neptune System</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/Columbia_University_Press\" title=\"Columbia University Press\">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07412-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07412-4\">978-0-231-07412-4</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric&amp;rft.aulast=Burgess&amp;rft.btitle=Far+Encounter%3A+The+Neptune+System&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-231-07412-4&amp;rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite id=\"Moore\" class=\"citation book\"><a href=\"/wiki/Patrick_Moore\" title=\"Patrick Moore\">Moore, Patrick</a> (2000). <i>The Data Book of Astronomy</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/CRC_Press\" title=\"CRC Press\">CRC Press</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7503-0620-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7503-0620-1\">978-0-7503-0620-1</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Patrick&amp;rft.aulast=Moore&amp;rft.btitle=The+Data+Book+of+Astronomy&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7503-0620-1&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Further reading","anchor":"Further_reading","id":23,"text":"<ul><li><cite class=\"citation book\">Miner, Ellis D.; Wessen, Randii R. (2002). <i>Neptune: The Planet, Rings, and Satellites</i>. Springer-Verlag. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-216-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-216-7\">978-1-85233-216-7</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Ellis+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Miner&amp;rft.au=Wessen%2C+Randii+R.&amp;rft.btitle=Neptune%3A+The+Planet%2C+Rings%2C+and+Satellites&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-85233-216-7&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation book\">Standage, Tom (2001). <i>The Neptune File</i>. Penguin. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"Internationa
08-17 14:36:02.215 debug OkHttp l Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1363-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1363-6\">978-0-8027-1363-6</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.aufirst=Tom&amp;rft.aulast=Standage&amp;rft.btitle=The+Neptune+File&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8027-1363-6&amp;rft.pub=Penguin&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"External links","anchor":"External_links","id":24,"text":"<table class=\"metadata plainlinks mbox-small\" style=\"padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.5em 0.75em;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#f9f9f9;\"><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"padding-bottom:0.75em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;\">\n<div style=\"clear:both;\">Find more about<br><b>Neptune</b><br>\nat Wikipedia's <a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects\" title=\"Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects\">sister projects</a></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td style=\"padding-top:0.75em;\"><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Neptune\" title=\"Search Wiktionary\"><img alt=\"Search Wiktionary\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/25px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"391\" data-file-height=\"391\"></a></td>\n<td style=\"padding-top:0.75em;\"><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Neptune\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikt:Special:Search/Neptune\">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Neptune\" title=\"Search Commons\"><img alt=\"Search Commons\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png\" width=\"18\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1024\" data-file-height=\"1376\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Neptune\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"c:Special:Search/Neptune\">Media</a> from Commons</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Neptune\" title=\"Search Wikinews\"><img alt=\"Search Wikinews\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"759\" data-file-height=\"415\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Neptune\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"n:Special:Search/Neptune\">News</a> from Wikinews</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Neptune\" title=\"Search Wikiquote\"><img alt=\"Search Wikiquote\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png\" width=\"21\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"355\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Neptune\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"q:Special:Search/Nep
08-17 14:36:02.215 debug OkHttp tune\">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Neptune\" title=\"Search Wikisource\"><img alt=\"Search Wikisource\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png\" width=\"24\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"410\" data-file-height=\"430\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Neptune\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"s:Special:Search/Neptune\">Texts</a> from Wikisource</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Neptune\" title=\"Search Wikibooks\"><img alt=\"Search Wikibooks\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"300\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Neptune\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"b:Special:Search/Neptune\">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Neptune\" title=\"Search Wikiversity\"><img alt=\"Search Wikiversity\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"23\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/38px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1000\" data-file-height=\"900\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Neptune\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"v:Special:Search/Neptune\">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</td>\n</tr></table><ul><li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/neptunefact.html\">NASA's Neptune fact sheet</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nineplanets.org/neptune.html\">Neptune</a> from Bill Arnett's nineplanets.org</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.astronomycast.com/astronomy/episode-63-neptune/\">Neptune</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomy_Cast\" title=\"Astronomy Cast\">Astronomy Cast</a> episode No. 63, includes full transcript.</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Neptune\">Neptune Profile</a> at <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov\">NASA's Solar System Exploration site</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.projectshum.org/Planets/neptune.html\">Planets\u00a0\u2013 Neptune</a> A children's guide to Neptune.</li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\">Merrifield, Michael; Bauer, Amanda (2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/neptune.htm\">\"Neptune\"</a>. <i>Sixty Symbols</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/Brady_Haran\" title=\"Brady Haran\">Brady Haran</a> for the <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Nottingham\" title=\"University of Nottingham\">University of Nottingham</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune&amp;rft.atitle=Neptune&amp;rft.au=Bauer%2C+Amanda&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Merrifield&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sixtysymbols.com%2Fvideos%2Fneptune.htm&amp;r
08-17 14:36:02.215 debug OkHttp ft.jtitle=Sixty+Symbols&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2013/neptune-the-new-amateur-boundary.html\">Neptune by amateur</a> (The Planetary Society)</li>\n</ul>"}]}}
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08-17 14:36:09.075 debug OkHttp x-analytics: pageview=1
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08-17 14:36:09.245 debug OkHttp {"mobileview":{"normalizedtitle":"Barack Obama","ns":0,"lastmodified":"2016-08-17T11:34:29Z","revision":734898290,"languagecount":217,"displaytitle":"Barack Obama","id":534366,"description":"44th President of the United States","image":{"file":"President Barack Obama.jpg","width":2687,"height":3356},"thumb":{"url":"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/512px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg","width":512,"height":640},"sections":[{"id":0,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">\"Barack\" and \"Obama\" redirect here. For his father, see <a href=\"/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr.\" title=\"Barack Obama Sr.\">Barack Obama Sr</a>. For other uses of \"Barack\", see <a href=\"/wiki/Barack_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-disambig\" title=\"Barack (disambiguation)\">Barack (disambiguation)</a>. For other uses of \"Obama\", see <a href=\"/wiki/Obama_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-disambig\" title=\"Obama (disambiguation)\">Obama (disambiguation)</a>.</div>\n<table class=\"infobox vcard\" style=\"width:22em\"><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 130%;\"><span class=\"fn\">Barack Obama</span></th>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"President Barack Obama.jpg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/220px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/330px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/440px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2687\" data-file-height=\"3356\"></a></td>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\"></td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center;background:lavender\"><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States\" title=\"List of Presidents of the United States\">44th</a> <a href=\"/wiki/President_of_the_United_States\" title=\"President of the United States\">President of the United States</a></th>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center;border-bottom:none\">\n<div style=\"width:100%; margin:0; padding:0; background-color: lavender\"><b><a href=\"/wiki/Incumbent\" title=\"Incumbent\">Incumbent</a></b></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center;border-bottom:none\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><b>Assumed office</b></span><br>\nJanuary 20, 2009</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left\"><span class=\"nowrap\">Vice President</span></th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Joe_Biden\" title=\"Joe Biden\">Joe Biden</a></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left\"><span class=\"nowrap\">Preceded by</span></th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/George_W._Bush\" title=\"George W. Bush\">George W. Bush</a></td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center;background:lavender\"><a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Senate\" title=\"United States Senate\">United States Senator</a><br>\nfrom Illinois</th>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center;border-bottom:none\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><b>In office</b></span><br>\nJanuary 3, 2005 – November 16, 2008</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left\"><span class=\"nowrap\">Preceded by</span></th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)\" title=\"Peter Fitzgerald (politician)\">Peter Fitzgerald</a></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left\"><span class=\"nowrap\">Succeeded by</span></th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Roland_Burris\" title=\"Roland Burris\">Roland Burris</a></td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center;background:lavender\">Member of the <span style=\"display: inline-block;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Illinois_Senate\" title=\"Illinois Senate\">Illinois Senate</a></span><br>\nfrom the 13th district</th>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-ali
08-17 14:36:09.245 debug OkHttp gn:center;border-bottom:none\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><b>In office</b></span><br>\nJanuary 8, 1997 – November 4, 2004</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left\"><span class=\"nowrap\">Preceded by</span></th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Alice_Palmer_(politician)\" title=\"Alice Palmer (politician)\">Alice Palmer</a></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left\"><span class=\"nowrap\">Succeeded by</span></th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Kwame_Raoul\" title=\"Kwame Raoul\">Kwame Raoul</a></td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center;background:lavender\">Personal details</th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Born</th>\n<td><span class=\"nickname\">Barack Hussein Obama II</span><br><span style=\"display:none\">(<span class=\"bday\">1961-08-04</span>)</span> August 4, 1961 <span class=\"noprint ForceAgeToShow\">(age 55)</span><br><a href=\"/wiki/Honolulu\" title=\"Honolulu\">Honolulu, Hawaii</a>, U.S.</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Political party</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)\" title=\"Democratic Party (United States)\">Democratic</a></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Spouse(s)</th>\n<td><span itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack Obama\"><a href=\"/wiki/Michelle_Obama\" title=\"Michelle Obama\">Michelle Robinson</a> <span style=\"font-size:95%;\">(<abbr title=\"married\">m.</abbr> <abbr title=\"October 3, 1992\">1992</abbr>)</span></span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Children</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li>Malia</li>\n<li>Sasha</li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Parents</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Ann_Dunham\" title=\"Ann Dunham\">Stanley Ann Dunham</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr.\" title=\"Barack Obama Sr.\">Barack Obama Sr.</a></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Residence</th>\n<td class=\"label\"><a href=\"/wiki/White_House\" title=\"White House\">White House</a></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><a href=\"/wiki/Alma_mater\" title=\"Alma mater\">Alma mater</a></th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Occidental_College\" title=\"Occidental College\">Occidental College</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Columbia_College,_Columbia_University\" title=\"Columbia College, Columbia University\">Columbia University</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Harvard_Law_School\" title=\"Harvard Law School\">Harvard University</a></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Religion</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Protestantism\" title=\"Protestantism\">Protestantism</a></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Awards</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize\" title=\"Nobel Peace Prize\">Nobel Peace Prize</a> <small>(<a href=\"/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize\" title=\"2009 Nobel Peace Prize\">2009</a>)</small></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Signature</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_signature.svg\" class=\"image\" title=\"Barack Obama's signature\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Barack_Obama_signature.svg/128px-Barack_Obama_signature.svg.png\" width=\"128\" height=\"31\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Barack_Obama_signature.svg/192px-Barack_Obama_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Barack_Obama_signature.svg/256px-Barack_Obama_signature.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"182\" data-file-height=\"44\"></a></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Website</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"url\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama\">White House</a></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"url\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://barackobama.com\">Organizing for Action</a></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"url\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://barackobamafoundation.org\">Obama Foundation</a></span></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td
08-17 14:36:09.245 debug OkHttp >\n</tr></table><p><b>Barack Hussein Obama II</b> (<span class=\"nowrap\"><small><a href=\"/wiki/American_English\" title=\"American English\">US</a></small> <span class=\"noexcerpt\"><a href=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg\" title=\"Listen\"><img alt=\"Listen\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/11px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png\" width=\"11\" height=\"11\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/17px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/22px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"11\" data-file-height=\"11\"></a><sup><span class=\"IPA\" style=\"color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;padding:0 .1em\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg\" title=\"File:En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg\">i</a></span></sup></span><span class=\"IPA nopopups\"><a href=\"/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English\" title=\"Help:IPA for English\">/<span style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted\"><span title=\"'b' in 'buy'\">b</span><span title=\"/ə/ 'a' in 'about'\">ə</span><span title=\"/ˈ/ primary stress follows\">ˈ</span><span title=\"'r' in 'rye'\">r</span><span title=\"/ɑː/ 'a' in 'father'\">ɑː</span><span title=\"'k' in 'kind'\">k</span></span> <span style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted\"><span title=\"'h' in 'hi'\">h</span><span title=\"/uː/ long 'oo' in 'food'\">uː</span><span title=\"/ˈ/ primary stress follows\">ˈ</span><span title=\"'s' in 'sigh'\">s</span><span title=\"/eɪ/ long 'a' in 'base'\">eɪ</span><span title=\"'n' in 'no'\">n</span></span> <span style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted\"><span title=\"/oʊ/ long 'o' in 'code'\">oʊ</span><span title=\"/ˈ/ primary stress follows\">ˈ</span><span title=\"'b' in 'buy'\">b</span><span title=\"/ɑː/ 'a' in 'father'\">ɑː</span><span title=\"'m' in 'my'\">m</span><span title=\"/ə/ 'a' in 'about'\">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1\">[1]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-2\">[2]</a></sup> born August 4, 1961) is the <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States\" title=\"List of Presidents of the United States\">44th</a> and current <a href=\"/wiki/President_of_the_United_States\" title=\"President of the United States\">President of the United States</a>. He is the <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts\" title=\"List of African-American firsts\">first</a> <a href=\"/wiki/African_American\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"African American\">African American</a> to hold the office and the first president born outside the <a href=\"/wiki/Contiguous_United_States\" title=\"Contiguous United States\">continental United States</a>. Born in <a href=\"/wiki/Honolulu\" title=\"Honolulu\">Honolulu, Hawaii</a>, Obama is a graduate of <a href=\"/wiki/Columbia_University\" title=\"Columbia University\">Columbia University</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Harvard_Law_School\" title=\"Harvard Law School\">Harvard Law School</a>, where he was president of the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review\" title=\"Harvard Law Review\">Harvard Law Review</a></i>. He was a <a href=\"/wiki/Community_organizing\" title=\"Community organizing\">community organizer</a> in Chicago before earning his <a href=\"/wiki/Juris_Doctor\" title=\"Juris Doctor\">law degree</a>. He worked as a <a href=\"/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights\" title=\"Civil and political rights\">civil rights</a> attorney and taught <a href=\"/wiki/Constitutional_law\" title=\"Constitutional law\">constitutional law</a> at the <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School\" title=\"University of Chicago Law School\">University of Chicago Law School</a> between 1992 and 2004. While <a href=\"/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama\" title=\"Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama\">serving three terms</a> representing the 13th District in the <a href=\"/wiki/Illinois_
08-17 14:36:09.245 debug OkHttp Senate\" title=\"Illinois Senate\">Illinois Senate</a> from 1997 to 2004, he <a href=\"/wiki/Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district_election,_2000\" title=\"Illinois's 1st congressional district election, 2000\">ran unsuccessfully</a> in the Democratic primary for the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives\" title=\"United States House of Representatives\">United States House of Representatives</a> in 2000 against incumbent <a href=\"/wiki/Bobby_Rush\" title=\"Bobby Rush\">Bobby Rush</a>.</p>\n<p>In 2004, Obama received national attention during his <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois,_2004\" title=\"United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004\">campaign to represent Illinois</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Senate\" title=\"United States Senate\">United States Senate</a> with his victory in the March <a href=\"/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)\" title=\"Democratic Party (United States)\">Democratic Party</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Primary_election\" title=\"Primary election\">primary</a>, his <a href=\"/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address\" title=\"2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address\">keynote address</a> at the <a href=\"/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention\" title=\"2004 Democratic National Convention\">Democratic National Convention</a> in July, and his election to the Senate in November. He began his presidential campaign in 2007 and, after <a href=\"/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_primary_campaign,_2008\" title=\"Barack Obama presidential primary campaign, 2008\">a close primary campaign</a> against <a href=\"/wiki/Hillary_Clinton\" title=\"Hillary Clinton\">Hillary Clinton</a> in 2008, he won sufficient delegates in the <a href=\"/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2008\" title=\"Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2008\">Democratic Party primaries</a> to receive the presidential nomination. He then defeated <a href=\"/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)\" title=\"Republican Party (United States)\">Republican</a> nominee <a href=\"/wiki/John_McCain\" title=\"John McCain\">John McCain</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2008\" title=\"United States presidential election, 2008\">general election</a>, and was <a href=\"/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama\" title=\"First inauguration of Barack Obama\">inaugurated as president</a> on January 20, 2009. Nine months after his inauguration, Obama was named the <a href=\"/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize\" title=\"2009 Nobel Peace Prize\">2009 Nobel Peace Prize</a> laureate.</p>\n<p>During his first two years in office, Obama signed into law <a href=\"/wiki/Stimulus_(economics)\" title=\"Stimulus (economics)\">economic stimulus</a> legislation in response to the <a href=\"/wiki/Great_Recession\" title=\"Great Recession\">Great Recession</a> in the form of the <a href=\"/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009\" title=\"American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009\">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010\" title=\"Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010\">Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010</a>. Other major domestic initiatives in his first term included the <a href=\"/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act\" title=\"Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act\">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a>, often referred to as \"Obamacare\"; the <a href=\"/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act\" title=\"Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act\">Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a>; and the <a href=\"/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010\" title=\"Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010\">Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010</a>. I
08-17 14:36:09.245 debug OkHttp n foreign policy, Obama <a href=\"/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq\" title=\"Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq\">ended U.S. military involvement</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Iraq_War\" title=\"Iraq War\">Iraq War</a>, increased U.S. troop levels in <a href=\"/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%9314)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"War in Afghanistan (2001–14)\">Afghanistan</a>, signed the <a href=\"/wiki/New_START\" title=\"New START\">New START</a> arms control treaty with <a href=\"/wiki/Russia\" title=\"Russia\">Russia</a>, ordered <a href=\"/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya\" title=\"2011 military intervention in Libya\">U.S. military involvement in Libya</a> in opposition to <a href=\"/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi\" title=\"Muammar Gaddafi\">Muammar Gaddafi</a>, and ordered the military operation that resulted in the <a href=\"/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden\" title=\"Death of Osama bin Laden\">death of Osama bin Laden</a>. In January 2011, <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_2010\" title=\"United States House of Representatives elections, 2010\">the Republicans regained control of the House of Representatives</a> as the Democratic Party lost a total of 63 seats; and, after a lengthy debate over federal spending and whether or not to raise the nation's <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_debt_ceiling\" title=\"United States debt ceiling\">debt limit</a>, Obama signed the <a href=\"/wiki/Budget_Control_Act_of_2011\" title=\"Budget Control Act of 2011\">Budget Control Act of 2011</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/American_Taxpayer_Relief_Act_of_2012\" title=\"American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012\">American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012</a>.</p>\n<p>Obama was <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2012\" title=\"United States presidential election, 2012\">reelected president</a> in November 2012, defeating Republican nominee <a href=\"/wiki/Mitt_Romney\" title=\"Mitt Romney\">Mitt Romney</a>, and was <a href=\"/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama\" title=\"Second inauguration of Barack Obama\">sworn in for a second term</a> on January 20, 2013. During his second term, Obama has promoted domestic policies related to <a href=\"/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States\" title=\"Gun politics in the United States\">gun control</a> in response to the <a href=\"/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting\" title=\"Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting\">Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting</a>, and has called for greater inclusiveness for <a href=\"/wiki/LGBT_American\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"LGBT American\">LGBT Americans</a>, while his administration has filed briefs which urged the <a href=\"/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States\" title=\"Supreme Court of the United States\">Supreme Court</a> to strike down part of the federal <a href=\"/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act\" title=\"Defense of Marriage Act\">Defense of Marriage Act</a> and state level <a href=\"/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States\" title=\"Same-sex marriage in the United States\">same-sex marriage</a> bans as unconstitutional. In foreign policy, Obama ordered <a href=\"/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)\" title=\"American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)\">U.S. military intervention in Iraq</a> in response to <a href=\"/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%9313)\" title=\"Iraqi insurgency (2011–13)\">gains made</a> by <a href=\"/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant\" title=\"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\">ISIL</a> after the <a href=\"/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq\" title=\"Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq\">2011 withdrawal from Iraq</a>, continued the process of <a href=\"/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Afghanistan\" title=\"Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan\">ending U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan</a>, promoted discussions that led to the 2015 <a href=\"/wiki/Paris_Agreement\" title=\"Paris Agreement\">Paris Agreement</a> on gl
08-17 14:36:09.245 debug OkHttp obal climate change, brokered a <a href=\"/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action\" title=\"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action\">nuclear deal with Iran</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Cuban_Thaw\" title=\"United States–Cuban Thaw\">normalized</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations\" title=\"Cuba–United States relations\">U.S. relations with Cuba</a>.</p>\n<p></p>"}],"protection":{"edit":["autoconfirmed"],"move":["sysop"]},"editable":false}}
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08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp {"mobileview":{"sections":[{"toclevel":1,"line":"Early life and career","anchor":"Early_life_and_career","id":1,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama\" title=\"Family of Barack Obama\">Family of Barack Obama</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama\" title=\"Early life and career of Barack Obama\">Early life and career of Barack Obama</a></div>\n<p>Obama was born on August 4, 1961,<sup id=\"cite_ref-biography_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-biography-3\">[3]</a></sup> at Kapi\u02bbolani Maternity &amp; Gynecological Hospital (now <a href=\"/wiki/Kapiolani_Medical_Center_for_Women_and_Children\" title=\"Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children\">Kapi\u02bbolani Medical Center for Women and Children</a>) in <a href=\"/wiki/Honolulu\" title=\"Honolulu\">Honolulu</a>, Hawaii;<sup id=\"cite_ref-birth-certificate_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-birth-certificate-4\">[4]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-maraniss_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-maraniss-5\">[5]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-6\">[6]</a></sup> he is the first President to have been born in Hawaii.<sup id=\"cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-7\">[7]</a></sup> His mother, <a href=\"/wiki/Ann_Dunham\" title=\"Ann Dunham\">Stanley Ann Dunham</a>, born in <a href=\"/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas\" title=\"Wichita, Kansas\">Wichita</a>, Kansas, was of mostly <a href=\"/wiki/English_Americans\" title=\"English Americans\">English ancestry</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-8\">[8]</a></sup> His father, <a href=\"/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr.\" title=\"Barack Obama Sr.\">Barack Obama Sr.</a>, was a <a href=\"/wiki/Luo_people_of_Kenya_and_Tanzania\" title=\"Luo people of Kenya and Tanzania\">Luo</a> from <a href=\"/wiki/Nyang%E2%80%99oma_Kogelo\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Nyang\u2019oma Kogelo\">Nyang'oma Kogelo, Kenya</a>. Obama's parents met in 1960 in a <a href=\"/wiki/Russian_language\" title=\"Russian language\">Russian language</a> class at the <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_at_Manoa\" title=\"University of Hawaii at Manoa\">University of Hawaii at Manoa</a>, where his father was a <a href=\"/wiki/Foreign_student\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Foreign student\">foreign student</a> on scholarship.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Jones_2007_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Jones_2007-9\">[9]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Obama_1995.2C_2004.2C_pp._9.E2.80.9310_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Obama_1995.2C_2004.2C_pp._9.E2.80.9310-10\">[10]</a></sup> The couple married in <a href=\"/wiki/Wailuku,_Hawaii\" title=\"Wailuku, Hawaii\">Wailuku</a> on <a href=\"/wiki/Maui\" title=\"Maui\">Maui</a> on February 2, 1961,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Ripley_2008_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ripley_2008-11\">[11]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-12\">[12]</a></sup> and separated when, in late August 1961, Obama's mother moved with their newborn son to attend the <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Washington\" title=\"University of Washington\">University of Washington</a> in Seattle for a year. During that time, Obama Sr. completed his undergraduate economics degree in Hawaii in June 1962, then left to attend graduate school at <a href=\"/wiki/Harvard_University\" title=\"Harvard University\">Harvard University</a> on a scholarship. There he earned a A.M. in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964.<sup id=\"cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-13\">[13]</a></sup> Obama Sr. returned to Kenya in 1964 where he remarried; he visited Barack in Hawaii only once, in 1971.<sup id=\"cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\">[14]</a></sup> He died in an automobile accident in 1982, his son being 21 years old at that time.<sup id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp note-15\">[15]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In 1963, Dunham met <a href=\"/wiki/Lolo_Soetoro\" title=\"Lolo Soetoro\">Lolo Soetoro</a>, an <a href=\"/wiki/Indonesia\" title=\"Indonesia\">Indonesian</a> <a href=\"/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Center\" title=\"East\u2013West Center\">East\u2013West Center</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Graduate_student\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Graduate student\">graduate student</a> in geography at the <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Hawaii\" title=\"University of Hawaii\">University of Hawaii</a>, and the couple were married on <a href=\"/wiki/Molokai\" title=\"Molokai\">Molokai</a> on March 15, 1965.<sup id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\">[16]</a></sup> After two one-year extensions of his <a href=\"/wiki/J-1_visa\" title=\"J-1 visa\">J-1 visa</a>, Lolo returned to Indonesia in 1966, followed sixteen months later by his wife and stepson in 1967, with the family initially living in a Menteng Dalam neighborhood in the <a href=\"/wiki/Tebet,_South_Jakarta\" title=\"Tebet, South Jakarta\">Tebet</a> subdistrict of south Jakarta, then from 1970 in a wealthier neighborhood in the <a href=\"/wiki/Menteng\" title=\"Menteng\">Menteng</a> subdistrict of central Jakarta.<sup id=\"cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-17\">[17]</a></sup> From ages six to ten, Obama attended local Indonesian-language schools: Santo Fransiskus Asisi (St. Francis of Assisi) Catholic School for two years and <a href=\"/wiki/Besuki_Public_School\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Besuki Public School\">Besuki Public School</a> for one and a half years, supplemented by English-language <a href=\"/wiki/Calvert_School\" title=\"Calvert School\">Calvert School</a> homeschooling by his mother.<sup id=\"cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-18\">[18]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\">[19]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"A young boy (preteen), a younger girl (toddler), a woman (about age thirty) and a man (in his mid-fifties) sit on a lawn wearing contemporary c.-1970 attire. The adults wear sunglasses and the boy wears sandals.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/33/Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg/220px-Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"146\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/33/Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg 1.5x\" data-file-width=\"320\" data-file-height=\"212\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nObama with his half-sister <a href=\"/wiki/Maya_Soetoro-Ng\" title=\"Maya Soetoro-Ng\">Maya Soetoro-Ng</a>, mother <a href=\"/wiki/Ann_Dunham\" title=\"Ann Dunham\">Ann Dunham</a> and grandfather <a href=\"/wiki/Stanley_Armour_Dunham\" title=\"Stanley Armour Dunham\">Stanley Dunham</a>, in <a href=\"/wiki/Honolulu\" title=\"Honolulu\">Honolulu</a>, Hawaii</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Obama returned to Honolulu in 1971 to live with his maternal grandparents, <a href=\"/wiki/Madelyn_Dunham\" title=\"Madelyn Dunham\">Madelyn</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Stanley_Armour_Dunham\" title=\"Stanley Armour Dunham\">Stanley Dunham</a>, and with the aid of a scholarship attended <a href=\"/wiki/Punahou_School\" title=\"Punahou School\">Punahou School</a>, a private <a href=\"/wiki/University-preparatory_school\" title=\"University-preparatory school\">college preparatory school</a>, from fifth grade until his graduation from high school in 1979.<sup id=\"cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\">[20]</a></sup> In his youth, Obama went by the nickname Barry.<sup id=\"cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-21\">[21]</a></sup> Obama lived with his mother and sister in H
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp awaii for three years from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student in <a href=\"/wiki/Anthropology\" title=\"Anthropology\">anthropology</a> at the University of Hawaii.<sup id=\"cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-22\">[22]</a></sup> Obama chose to stay in Hawaii with his grandparents for high school at Punahou when his mother and sister returned to Indonesia in 1975 so his mother could begin anthropology field work.<sup id=\"cite_ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-23\">[23]</a></sup> His mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo in 1980 and earning a <a href=\"/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy\" title=\"Doctor of Philosophy\">PhD</a> degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following treatment for <a href=\"/wiki/Ovarian_cancer\" title=\"Ovarian cancer\">ovarian cancer</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Uterine_cancer\" title=\"Uterine cancer\">uterine cancer</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-24\">[24]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Of his early childhood, Obama recalled, \"That my father looked nothing like the people around me \u2013 that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk \u2013 barely registered in my mind.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-Obama_1995.2C_2004.2C_pp._9.E2.80.9310_10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Obama_1995.2C_2004.2C_pp._9.E2.80.9310-10\">[10]</a></sup> He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.<sup id=\"cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\">[25]</a></sup> Reflecting later on his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: \"The opportunity that Hawaii offered \u2013 to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect \u2013 became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-26\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-26\">[26]</a></sup> Obama has also written and talked about using alcohol, <a href=\"/wiki/Marijuana\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Marijuana\">marijuana</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Cocaine\" title=\"Cocaine\">cocaine</a> during his teenage years to \"push questions of who I was out of my mind\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-27\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-27\">[27]</a></sup> Obama was also a member of the \"choom gang\", a self-named group of friends that spent time together and occasionally smoked marijuana.<sup id=\"cite_ref-28\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-28\">[28]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-29\">[29]</a></sup></p>\n<p>After high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles in 1979 to attend <a href=\"/wiki/Occidental_College\" title=\"Occidental College\">Occidental College</a>. In February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in the <a href=\"/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa\" title=\"Disinvestment from South Africa\">disinvestment from South Africa</a> in response to that nation's policy of <a href=\"/wiki/Apartheid\" title=\"Apartheid\">apartheid</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Occidental_30-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Occidental-30\">[30]</a></sup> In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya, and visited the families of college friends in Pakistan and India for three weeks.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Occidental_30-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Occidental-30\">[30]</a></sup> Later in 1981, he transferred as a junior to <a href=\"/wiki/Columbia_College,_Columbia_University\" title=\"Columbia College, Columbia University\">Columbia College, Columbia University</a>, in New York City, where he majored in <a href=\"/wiki/Political_science\" title=\"Political science\">political science</a> with a specialty in <a href=\"/wiki/International_relations\" title=\"International relations\">international relations</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-31\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-31\">[31]</a></sup> a
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp nd lived off-campus on West 109th Street.<sup id=\"cite_ref-32\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-32\">[32]</a></sup> He graduated with a <a href=\"/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts\" title=\"Bachelor of Arts\">BA</a> degree in 1983 and worked for a year at the <a href=\"/wiki/Business_International_Corporation\" title=\"Business International Corporation\">Business International Corporation</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-33\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-33\">[33]</a></sup> then at the <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_Public_Interest_Research_Group\" title=\"New York Public Interest Research Group\">New York Public Interest Research Group</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-34\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-34\">[34]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Who.27s_Who_2008_35-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Who.27s_Who_2008-35\">[35]</a></sup> In 1985, Obama was among the leaders of May Day efforts to bring attention to the <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_City_Subway\" title=\"New York City Subway\">New York City Subway</a> system, which was in a bad condition at the time. Obama traveled to several subway stations to get people to sign letters addressed to local officials and the <a href=\"/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority_(New_York)\" title=\"Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York)\">Metropolitan Transportation Authority</a>, and was photographed at the <a href=\"/wiki/137th_Street_%E2%80%93_City_College_(IRT_Broadway_%E2%80%93_Seventh_Avenue_Line)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"137th Street \u2013 City College (IRT Broadway \u2013 Seventh Avenue Line)\">City College subway station</a> holding a sign protesting against the system's condition.<sup id=\"cite_ref-36\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-36\">[36]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Community organizer and Harvard Law School","anchor":"Community_organizer_and_Harvard_Law_School","id":2,"text":"<p>Two years after graduating, Obama was hired in Chicago as director of the <a href=\"/wiki/Developing_Communities_Project\" title=\"Developing Communities Project\">Developing Communities Project</a>, a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in <a href=\"/wiki/Roseland,_Chicago\" title=\"Roseland, Chicago\">Roseland</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/West_Pullman,_Chicago\" title=\"West Pullman, Chicago\">West Pullman</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Riverdale,_Chicago\" title=\"Riverdale, Chicago\">Riverdale</a> on Chicago's <a href=\"/wiki/South_Side,_Chicago\" title=\"South Side, Chicago\">South Side</a>. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Who.27s_Who_2008_35-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Who.27s_Who_2008-35\">[35]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-37\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-37\">[37]</a></sup> He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in <a href=\"/wiki/Altgeld_Gardens_Homes_(Chicago,_Illinois)\" title=\"Altgeld Gardens Homes (Chicago, Illinois)\">Altgeld Gardens</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_38-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-38\">[38]</a></sup> Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the <a href=\"/wiki/Gamaliel_Foundation\" title=\"Gamaliel Foundation\">Gamaliel Foundation</a>, a community organizing institute.<sup id=\"cite_ref-39\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-39\">[39]</a></sup> In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time in Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his <a href=\"/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama#Paternal_relations\" title=\"Family of Barack Obama\">paternal relatives</a> for the first time.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Obama_2012_40-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Obama_2012-40\">[40]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-41\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-41\">[41]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Obama entered <a href=\"/wiki/Harvard_Law_School\" title=\"Harvard Law School
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp \">Harvard Law School</a> in the fall of 1988, living in nearby <a href=\"/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts\" title=\"Somerville, Massachusetts\">Somerville, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-42\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-42\">[42]</a></sup> He was selected as an editor of the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review\" title=\"Harvard Law Review\">Harvard Law Review</a></i> at the end of his first year,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Harvard_Law_2007_43-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Harvard_Law_2007-43\">[43]</a></sup> president of the journal in his second year,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_38-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-38\">[38]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990b_44-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990b-44\">[44]</a></sup> and research assistant to the constitutional scholar <a href=\"/wiki/Laurence_Tribe\" title=\"Laurence Tribe\">Laurence Tribe</a> while at Harvard for two years.<sup id=\"cite_ref-45\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-45\">[45]</a></sup> During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as an <a href=\"/wiki/Associate_attorney\" title=\"Associate attorney\">associate</a> at the law firms of <a href=\"/wiki/Sidley_Austin\" title=\"Sidley Austin\">Sidley Austin</a> in 1989 and <a href=\"/wiki/Hopkins_%26_Sutter\" title=\"Hopkins &amp; Sutter\">Hopkins &amp; Sutter</a> in 1990.<sup id=\"cite_ref-46\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-46\">[46]</a></sup> After graduating with a <a href=\"/wiki/Juris_Doctor\" title=\"Juris Doctor\">JD</a> degree <i><a href=\"/wiki/Magna_cum_laude\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Magna cum laude\">magna cum laude</a></i><sup id=\"cite_ref-Juris_Doctor_47-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Juris_Doctor-47\">[47]</a></sup> from Harvard in 1991, he returned to Chicago.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Harvard_Law_2007_43-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Harvard_Law_2007-43\">[43]</a></sup> Obama's election as the <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts\" title=\"List of African-American firsts\">first black president of the <i>Harvard Law Review</i></a> gained national media attention<sup id=\"cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_38-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-38\">[38]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990b_44-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990b-44\">[44]</a></sup> and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Scott_2008a_48-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Scott_2008a-48\">[48]</a></sup> which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as <i><a href=\"/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father\" title=\"Dreams from My Father\">Dreams from My Father</a></i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Scott_2008a_48-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Scott_2008a-48\">[48]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Chicago Law School and civil rights attorney","anchor":"Chicago_Law_School_and_civil_rights_attorney","id":3,"text":"<p>In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School\" title=\"University of Chicago Law School\">University of Chicago Law School</a> to work on his first book.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Scott_2008a_48-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Scott_2008a-48\">[48]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Fellow_49-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Fellow-49\">[49]</a></sup> He then taught <a href=\"/wiki/Constitutional_law\" title=\"Constitutional law\">constitutional law</a> at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, first as a Lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and then as a Senior Lecturer from 1996 to 2004.<sup id=\"cite_ref-50\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-50\">[50]</a></sup></p>\n<p>From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's <a href=\"/wiki/Project_Vote\" title=\"Project Vote\">Project Vote</a
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp >, a <a href=\"/wiki/Voter_registration_campaign\" title=\"Voter registration campaign\">voter registration campaign</a> with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered <a href=\"/wiki/African_Americans\" title=\"African Americans\">African Americans</a> in the state, leading <i><a href=\"/wiki/Crain%27s_Chicago_Business\" title=\"Crain's Chicago Business\">Crain's Chicago Business</a></i> to name Obama to its 1993 list of \"40 under Forty\" powers to be.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Forty_51-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Forty-51\">[51]</a></sup></p>\n<p>He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill &amp; Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for three years from 1993 to 1996, then <a href=\"/wiki/Of_counsel\" title=\"Of counsel\">of counsel</a> from 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one of the lawyers in <i>Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank</i>, 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.).<sup id=\"cite_ref-52\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-52\">[52]</a></sup> This class action lawsuit was filed in 1994 with Selma Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act.<sup id=\"cite_ref-53\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-53\">[53]</a></sup> The case was settled out of court.<sup id=\"cite_ref-54\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-54\">[54]</a></sup> Final Judgment was issued on May 13, 1998 with Citibank Federal Savings Bank agreeing to pay attorney fees.<sup id=\"cite_ref-55\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-55\">[55]</a></sup> His law license became inactive in 2007.<sup id=\"cite_ref-56\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-56\">[56]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-DavisMiner_57-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DavisMiner-57\">[57]</a></sup></p>\n<p>From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the <a href=\"/wiki/Woods_Fund_of_Chicago\" title=\"Woods Fund of Chicago\">Woods Fund of Chicago</a>, which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project, and of the <a href=\"/wiki/Joyce_Foundation\" title=\"Joyce Foundation\">Joyce Foundation</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Who.27s_Who_2008_35-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Who.27s_Who_2008-35\">[35]</a></sup> He served on the board of directors of the <a href=\"/wiki/Chicago_Annenberg_Challenge\" title=\"Chicago Annenberg Challenge\">Chicago Annenberg Challenge</a> from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Who.27s_Who_2008_35-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Who.27s_Who_2008-35\">[35]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Legislative career","anchor":"Legislative_career","id":4,"text":""},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Illinois State Senator (from 1997)","anchor":"Illinois_State_Senator_.28from_1997.29","id":5,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama\" title=\"Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama\">Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Obamamiltondavis1.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Obamamiltondavis1.jpg/220px-Obamamiltondavis1.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"202\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Obamamiltondavis1.jpg/330px-Obamamiltondavis1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Obamamiltondavis1.jpg/440px-Obamamiltondavis1.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"489\" data-file-height=\"450\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Obamamiltondavis1.jpg\" class=\"interna
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp l\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nObama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after <a href=\"/wiki/ShoreBank\" title=\"ShoreBank\">ShoreBank</a> co-founder Milton Davis in 1998</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Obama was elected to the <a href=\"/wiki/Illinois_Senate\" title=\"Illinois Senate\">Illinois Senate</a> in 1996, succeeding Democratic State Senator <a href=\"/wiki/Alice_Palmer_(politician)\" title=\"Alice Palmer (politician)\">Alice Palmer</a> as Senator from Illinois's 13th District, which at that time spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from <a href=\"/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Chicago\" title=\"Hyde Park, Chicago\">Hyde Park</a>\u2013<a href=\"/wiki/Kenwood,_Chicago\" title=\"Kenwood, Chicago\">Kenwood</a> south to <a href=\"/wiki/South_Shore,_Chicago\" title=\"South Shore, Chicago\">South Shore</a> and west to <a href=\"/wiki/Chicago_Lawn,_Chicago\" title=\"Chicago Lawn, Chicago\">Chicago Lawn</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-58\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-58\">[58]</a></sup> Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.<sup id=\"cite_ref-59\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-59\">[59]</a></sup> He sponsored a law that increased <a href=\"/wiki/Tax_credit\" title=\"Tax credit\">tax credits</a> for low-income workers, negotiated welfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Scott20070730_60-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Scott20070730-60\">[60]</a></sup> In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's <a href=\"/wiki/Payday_loan\" title=\"Payday loan\">payday loan</a> regulations and <a href=\"/wiki/Predatory_lending\" title=\"Predatory lending\">predatory mortgage lending</a> regulations aimed at averting home foreclosures.<sup id=\"cite_ref-61\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-61\">[61]</a></sup></p>\n<p>He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was reelected again in 2002.<sup id=\"cite_ref-62\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-62\">[62]</a></sup> In 2000, he lost a <a href=\"/wiki/Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district_election,_2000\" title=\"Illinois's 1st congressional district election, 2000\">Democratic primary race</a> for <a href=\"/wiki/Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district\" title=\"Illinois's 1st congressional district\">Illinois's 1st congressional district</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives\" title=\"United States House of Representatives\">United States House of Representatives</a> to four-term incumbent <a href=\"/wiki/Bobby_Rush\" title=\"Bobby Rush\">Bobby Rush</a> by a margin of two to one.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Democratic_primary_63-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Democratic_primary-63\">[63]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.<sup id=\"cite_ref-64\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-64\">[64]</a></sup> He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor <a href=\"/wiki/Racial_profiling\" title=\"Racial profiling\">racial profiling</a> by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Scott20070730_60-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Scott20070730-60\">[60]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-65\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-65\">[65]</a></sup> During his 2004 general election campaign for U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting <a href=\"/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\" title=\"Capital punishment in the United States\">death penalty</a> reforms.<su
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp p id=\"cite_ref-66\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-66\">[66]</a></sup> Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.<sup id=\"cite_ref-67\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-67\">[67]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"2004 U.S. Senate campaign","anchor":"2004_U.S._Senate_campaign","id":6,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois,_2004\" title=\"United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004\">United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:112px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:2004_Illinois_Senate_results.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/2004_Illinois_Senate_results.svg/110px-2004_Illinois_Senate_results.svg.png\" width=\"110\" height=\"196\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/2004_Illinois_Senate_results.svg/165px-2004_Illinois_Senate_results.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/2004_Illinois_Senate_results.svg/220px-2004_Illinois_Senate_results.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"3453\" data-file-height=\"6157\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:2004_Illinois_Senate_results.svg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nCounty results of the 2004 U.S. Senate race in Illinois. Obama won the counties in blue.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultant <a href=\"/wiki/David_Axelrod\" title=\"David Axelrod\">David Axelrod</a> by August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.<sup id=\"cite_ref-68\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-68\">[68]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Obama was an early opponent of the <a href=\"/wiki/George_W._Bush\" title=\"George W. Bush\">George W. Bush</a> administration's <a href=\"/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq\" title=\"2003 invasion of Iraq\">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-69\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-69\">[69]</a></sup> On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on the <a href=\"/wiki/Iraq_Resolution\" title=\"Iraq Resolution\">joint resolution</a> authorizing the Iraq War,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Rose_Garden_70-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Rose_Garden-70\">[70]</a></sup> Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago <a href=\"/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War\" title=\"Protests against the Iraq War\">anti-Iraq War rally</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Federal_Plaza_71-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Federal_Plaza-71\">[71]</a></sup> and spoke out against the war.<sup id=\"cite_ref-spoke_out_72-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-spoke_out-72\">[72]</a></sup> He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd that \"it's not too late\" to stop the war.<sup id=\"cite_ref-stop_the_war_73-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stop_the_war-73\">[73]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Decisions by Republican incumbent <a href=\"/wiki/Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)\" title=\"Peter Fitzgerald (politician)\">Peter Fitzgerald</a> and his Democratic predecessor <a href=\"/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun\" title=\"Carol Moseley Braun\">Carol Moseley Braun</a> to not participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving fifteen candidates.<sup id=\"cite_ref-74\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-74\">[74]</a></sup> In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide\u2014which overnight made him a rising star within the <a href=\"/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)#Current_structure_and_composition\" title=\"Democratic Party (United States)\">national Democratic Party</a>, sta
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp rted speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, <i>Dreams from My Father</i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-future_75-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-future-75\">[75]</a></sup> In July 2004, Obama delivered the keynote address at the <a href=\"/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention\" title=\"2004 Democratic National Convention\">2004 Democratic National Convention</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-76\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-76\">[76]</a></sup> seen by 9.1\u00a0million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party.<sup id=\"cite_ref-status_77-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-status-77\">[77]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner <a href=\"/wiki/Jack_Ryan_(politician)\" title=\"Jack Ryan (politician)\">Jack Ryan</a>, withdrew from the race in June 2004.<sup id=\"cite_ref-78\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-78\">[78]</a></sup> Six weeks later, <a href=\"/wiki/Alan_Keyes\" title=\"Alan Keyes\">Alan Keyes</a> accepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.<sup id=\"cite_ref-79\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-79\">[79]</a></sup> In the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois,_2004\" title=\"United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004\">November 2004 general election</a>, Obama won with 70% of the vote.<sup id=\"cite_ref-margin_80-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-margin-80\">[80]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"U.S. Senator from Illinois (2005\u201308)","anchor":"U.S._Senator_from_Illinois_.282005.E2.80.9308.29","id":7,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama\" title=\"United States Senate career of Barack Obama\">United States Senate career of Barack Obama</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:BarackObamaportrait.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/170px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg\" width=\"170\" height=\"213\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/255px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/340px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4800\" data-file-height=\"6000\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:BarackObamaportrait.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nObama in his official portrait as a member of the United States Senate</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,<sup id=\"cite_ref-81\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-81\">[81]</a></sup> becoming the only Senate member of the <a href=\"/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus\" title=\"Congressional Black Caucus\">Congressional Black Caucus</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-82\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-82\">[82]</a></sup> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly\" title=\"Congressional Quarterly\">CQ Weekly</a></i> characterized him as a \"loyal Democrat\" based on analysis of all Senate votes from 2005 to 2007. Obama announced on November 13, 2008, that he would <a href=\"/wiki/Resignation_from_the_United_States_Senate\" title=\"Resignation from the United States Senate\">resign his Senate seat</a> on November 16, 2008, before the start of the <a href=\"/wiki/Lame_duck_(politics)\" title=\"Lame duck (politics)\">lame-duck</a> session, to focus on his transition period for the presidency.<sup id=\"cite_ref-transition_period_83-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-transition_period-83\">[83]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Legislation","anchor":"Legislation","id":8,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_bills_sponsored_by_Barack_Oba
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp ma_in_the_United_States_Senate\" title=\"List of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate\">List of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate</a></div>\n<p>Obama <a href=\"/wiki/Sponsor_(legislative)\" title=\"Sponsor (legislative)\">cosponsored</a> the <a href=\"/wiki/Secure_America_and_Orderly_Immigration_Act\" title=\"Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act\">Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-84\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-84\">[84]</a></sup> He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar\u2013Obama, which expanded the <a href=\"/wiki/Nunn%E2%80%93Lugar_Cooperative_Threat_Reduction\" title=\"Nunn\u2013Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction\">Nunn\u2013Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction</a> concept to conventional weapons;<sup id=\"cite_ref-85\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-85\">[85]</a></sup> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Federal_Funding_Accountability_and_Transparency_Act_of_2006\" title=\"Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006\">Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006</a>, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.<sup id=\"cite_ref-86\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-86\">[86]</a></sup> On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama\u2014along with Senators <a href=\"/wiki/Tom_Carper\" title=\"Tom Carper\">Tom Carper</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Tom_Coburn\" title=\"Tom Coburn\">Tom Coburn</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/John_McCain\" title=\"John McCain\">John McCain</a>\u2014introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.<sup id=\"cite_ref-87\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-87\">[87]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Obama sponsored legislation that would have required nuclear plant owners to notify state and local authorities of radioactive leaks, but the bill failed to pass in the full Senate after being heavily modified in committee.<sup id=\"cite_ref-88\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-88\">[88]</a></sup> Regarding <a href=\"/wiki/Tort_reform\" title=\"Tort reform\">tort reform</a>, Obama voted for the <a href=\"/wiki/Class_Action_Fairness_Act_of_2005\" title=\"Class Action Fairness Act of 2005\">Class Action Fairness Act of 2005</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act_of_1978_Amendments_Act_of_2008\" title=\"Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008\">FISA Amendments Act of 2008</a>, which grants immunity from civil liability to telecommunications companies complicit with <a href=\"/wiki/NSA_warrantless_surveillance_(2001%E2%80%9307)\" title=\"NSA warrantless surveillance (2001\u201307)\">NSA warrantless wiretapping</a> operations.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Fisher_89-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Fisher-89\">[89]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Lugar-Obama.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Gray-haired man and Obama stand, wearing casual polo shirts. Obama wears sunglasses and holds something slung over his right shoulder.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lugar-Obama.jpg/220px-Lugar-Obama.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"164\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lugar-Obama.jpg/330px-Lugar-Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lugar-Obama.jpg/440px-Lugar-Obama.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"494\" data-file-height=\"369\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Lugar-Obama.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nObama and U.S. Sen. <a href=\"/wiki/Richard_Lugar\" title=\"Richard Lugar\">Richard Lugar</a> (R-IN) visit a Russian facility for dismantling mobile missiles (August 2005)<sup id=\"cite_ref-90\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-90\">[90]</a></sup></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>In De
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp cember 2006, President Bush signed into law the <a href=\"/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo\" title=\"Democratic Republic of the Congo\">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.<sup id=\"cite_ref-91\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-91\">[91]</a></sup> In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the <a href=\"/wiki/Honest_Leadership_and_Open_Government_Act\" title=\"Honest Leadership and Open Government Act\">Honest Leadership and Open Government Act</a>, which was signed into law in September 2007.<sup id=\"cite_ref-92\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-92\">[92]</a></sup> Obama also introduced two unsuccessful bills: the <a href=\"/wiki/Deceptive_Practices_and_Voter_Intimidation_Prevention_Act\" title=\"Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act\">Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act</a> to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections,<sup id=\"cite_ref-93\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-93\">[93]</a></sup> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Iraq_War_De-Escalation_Act_of_2007\" title=\"Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007\">Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-94\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-94\">[94]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.<sup id=\"cite_ref-95\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-95\">[95]</a></sup> This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.<sup id=\"cite_ref-96\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-96\">[96]</a></sup> He sponsored the <a href=\"/wiki/Disinvestment_from_Iran\" title=\"Disinvestment from Iran\">Iran Sanctions Enabling Act</a> supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which has not passed committee; and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nuclear_terrorism_97-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nuclear_terrorism-97\">[97]</a></sup> Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the <a href=\"/wiki/State_Children%27s_Health_Insurance_Program\" title=\"State Children's Health Insurance Program\">State Children's Health Insurance Program</a>, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.<sup id=\"cite_ref-98\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-98\">[98]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Committees","anchor":"Committees","id":9,"text":"<p>Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations\" title=\"United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations\">Foreign Relations</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works\" title=\"United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works\">Environment and Public Works</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs\" title=\"United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs\">Veterans' Affairs</a> through December 2006.<sup id=\"cite_ref-99\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-99\">[99]</a></sup> In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions\" title=\"United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions\">Health, Education, Labor and Pensions</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs\" title=\"United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs\">Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-100\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-100\">[100]</a></sup> He also became Cha
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp irman of the Senate's subcommittee on <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_Europe_and_Regional_Security_Cooperation\" title=\"United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Europe and Regional Security Cooperation\">European Affairs</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-101\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-101\">[101]</a></sup> As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. He met with <a href=\"/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas\" title=\"Mahmoud Abbas\">Mahmoud Abbas</a> before Abbas became <a href=\"/wiki/President_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority\" title=\"President of the Palestinian National Authority\">President of the Palestinian National Authority</a>, and gave a speech at the <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Nairobi\" title=\"University of Nairobi\">University of Nairobi</a> in which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Kenyan_102-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Kenyan-102\">[102]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Presidential campaigns","anchor":"Presidential_campaigns","id":10,"text":""},{"toclevel":2,"line":"2008 presidential campaign","anchor":"2008_presidential_campaign","id":11,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2008\" title=\"United States presidential election, 2008\">United States presidential election, 2008</a>; <a href=\"/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_primary_campaign,_2008\" title=\"Barack Obama presidential primary campaign, 2008\">Barack Obama presidential primary campaign, 2008</a>; and <a href=\"/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign,_2008\" title=\"Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008\">Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Photograph\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg/220px-Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"115\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg/330px-Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg/440px-Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1280\" data-file-height=\"671\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nObama stands on stage with his wife and daughters just before announcing his presidential candidacy in <a href=\"/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois\" title=\"Springfield, Illinois\">Springfield, Illinois</a>, February 10, 2007</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the <a href=\"/wiki/Old_State_Capitol_State_Historic_Site_(Illinois)\" title=\"Old State Capitol State Historic Site (Illinois)\">Old State Capitol</a> building in <a href=\"/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois\" title=\"Springfield, Illinois\">Springfield, Illinois</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210_103-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210-103\">[103]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-BBC20070210_104-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BBC20070210-104\">[104]</a></sup> The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic because it was also where <a href=\"/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln\" title=\"Abraham Lincoln\">Abraham Lincoln</a> delivered his historic <a href=\"/wiki/Lincoln%27s_House_Divided_Speech\" title=\"Lincoln's House Divided Speech\">\"House Divided\"</a> speech in 1858.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210_103-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp -103\">[103]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-ChicagoTribune_Parsons20070210_105-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Parsons20070210-105\">[105]</a></sup> Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the <a href=\"/wiki/Iraq_War\" title=\"Iraq War\">Iraq War</a>, increasing <a href=\"/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States\" title=\"Energy policy of the United States\">energy independence</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Health_care_reform_in_the_United_States\" title=\"Health care reform in the United States\">reforming the health care system</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-106\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-106\">[106]</a></sup> in a campaign that projected themes of hope and change.<sup id=\"cite_ref-107\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-107\">[107]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Numerous candidates entered the <a href=\"/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2008\" title=\"Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2008\">Democratic Party presidential primaries</a>. The field narrowed to a duel between Obama and Senator <a href=\"/wiki/Hillary_Clinton\" title=\"Hillary Clinton\">Hillary Clinton</a> after early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process but with Obama gaining a steady lead in pledged <a href=\"/wiki/Delegate\" title=\"Delegate\">delegates</a> due to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in <a href=\"/wiki/Caucus\" title=\"Caucus\">caucus</a> states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.<sup id=\"cite_ref-allocation_108-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-allocation-108\">[108]</a></sup> On June 7, 2008, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.<sup id=\"cite_ref-109\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-109\">[109]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Photograph\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"197\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg/330px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg/440px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"515\" data-file-height=\"460\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nPresident <a href=\"/wiki/George_W._Bush\" title=\"George W. Bush\">George W. Bush</a> meets with President-elect Obama in the <a href=\"/wiki/Oval_Office\" title=\"Oval Office\">Oval Office</a> on November 10, 2008</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>On August 23, Obama announced his selection of <a href=\"/wiki/Delaware\" title=\"Delaware\">Delaware</a> Senator <a href=\"/wiki/Joe_Biden\" title=\"Joe Biden\">Joe Biden</a> as his vice presidential running mate.<sup id=\"cite_ref-110\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-110\">[110]</a></sup> Obama selected Biden from a field speculated to include former <a href=\"/wiki/Indiana_Governor\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Indiana Governor\">Indiana Governor</a> and Senator <a href=\"/wiki/Evan_Bayh\" title=\"Evan Bayh\">Evan Bayh</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Virginia_Governor\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Virginia Governor\">Virginia Governor</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Tim_Kaine\" title=\"Tim Kaine\">Tim Kaine</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-111\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-111\">[111]</a></sup> At the <a href=\"/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention\" tit
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp le=\"2008 Democratic National Convention\">Democratic National Convention</a> in Denver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she and <a href=\"/wiki/Bill_Clinton\" title=\"Bill Clinton\">Bill Clinton</a> gave convention speeches in his support.<sup id=\"cite_ref-delegates_112-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-delegates-112\">[112]</a></sup> Obama delivered his acceptance speech, not at the center where the Democratic National Convention was held, but at <a href=\"/wiki/Invesco_Field_at_Mile_High\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Invesco Field at Mile High\">Invesco Field at Mile High</a> to a crowd of over 75,000; the speech was viewed by over 38\u00a0million people worldwide.<sup id=\"cite_ref-npr1409_113-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-npr1409-113\">[113]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-acceptance_114-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-acceptance-114\">[114]</a></sup></p>\n<p>During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.<sup id=\"cite_ref-small_donations_115-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-small_donations-115\">[115]</a></sup> On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down <a href=\"/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States#Public_financing_of_campaigns\" title=\"Campaign finance in the United States\">public financing</a> in the general election since the system was created in 1976.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Bloomberg_Salant_20080619_116-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Bloomberg_Salant_20080619-116\">[116]</a></sup></p>\n<p>John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and the two engaged in three <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates\" title=\"United States presidential election debates\">presidential debates</a> in September and October 2008.<sup id=\"cite_ref-presidential_debates_117-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-presidential_debates-117\">[117]</a></sup> On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365 <a href=\"/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)\" title=\"Electoral College (United States)\">electoral votes</a> to 173 received by McCain.<sup id=\"cite_ref-electoral_votes_118-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-electoral_votes-118\">[118]</a></sup> Obama won 52.9% of the <a href=\"/wiki/Election\" title=\"Election\">popular vote</a> to McCain's 45.7%.<sup id=\"cite_ref-119\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-119\">[119]</a></sup> He became the first African American to be elected president.<sup id=\"cite_ref-120\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-120\">[120]</a></sup> Obama delivered <a href=\"/wiki/Barack_Obama_election_victory_speech,_2008\" title=\"Barack Obama election victory speech, 2008\">his victory speech</a> before hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's <a href=\"/wiki/Grant_Park_(Chicago)\" title=\"Grant Park (Chicago)\">Grant Park</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-independent1_121-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-independent1-121\">[121]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"2012 presidential campaign","anchor":"2012_presidential_campaign","id":12,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2012\" title=\"United States presidential election, 2012\">United States presidential election, 2012</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign,_2012\" title=\"Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012\">Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg/220px-P112
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp 912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"175\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg/330px-P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg/440px-P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"831\" data-file-height=\"660\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nFormer Governor Mitt Romney and President Barack Obama shake hands in the <a href=\"/wiki/Oval_Office\" title=\"Oval Office\">Oval Office</a> on November 29, 2012, following their first meeting since President Obama's re-election</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>On April 4, 2011, Obama announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled \"It Begins with Us\" that he posted on his website and filed election papers with the <a href=\"/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission\" title=\"Federal Election Commission\">Federal Election Commission</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-122\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-122\">[122]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-123\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-123\">[123]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-124\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-124\">[124]</a></sup> As the incumbent president he ran virtually unopposed in the <a href=\"/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2012\" title=\"Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2012\">Democratic Party presidential primaries</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-CNN-clinch1_125-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CNN-clinch1-125\">[125]</a></sup> and on April 3, 2012, Obama had secured the 2778 <a href=\"/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention\" title=\"2012 Democratic National Convention\">convention</a> delegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.<sup id=\"cite_ref-CNN-clinch2_126-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CNN-clinch2-126\">[126]</a></sup></p>\n<p>At the <a href=\"/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention\" title=\"2012 Democratic National Convention\">Democratic National Convention</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina\" title=\"Charlotte, North Carolina\">Charlotte, North Carolina</a>, Obama and <a href=\"/wiki/Joe_Biden\" title=\"Joe Biden\">Joe Biden</a> were formally nominated by former President <a href=\"/wiki/Bill_Clinton\" title=\"Bill Clinton\">Bill Clinton</a>, as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were Republicans <a href=\"/wiki/Mitt_Romney\" title=\"Mitt Romney\">Mitt Romney</a>, the former governor of Massachusetts, and Representative <a href=\"/wiki/Paul_Ryan\" title=\"Paul Ryan\">Paul Ryan</a> of Wisconsin.<sup id=\"cite_ref-127\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-127\">[127]</a></sup></p>\n<p>On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 <a href=\"/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)\" title=\"Electoral College (United States)\">electoral votes</a>, exceeding the 270 required for him to be reelected as president.<sup id=\"cite_ref-128\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-128\">[128]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-129\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-129\">[129]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-130\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-130\">[130]</a></sup> With 51.1% of the popular vote,<sup id=\"cite_ref-FEC_131-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FEC-131\">[131]</a></sup> Obama became the first Democratic president since <a href=\"/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt\" title=\"Franklin D. Roosevelt\">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> to twice win
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp the <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin\" title=\"List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin\">majority of the popular vote</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-132\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-132\">[132]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-133\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-133\">[133]</a></sup> President Obama addressed supporters and volunteers at Chicago's McCormick Place after his reelection and said: \"Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-134\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-134\">[134]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT20130121_135-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT20130121-135\">[135]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Presidency (since 2009)","anchor":"Presidency_.28since_2009.29","id":13,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama\" title=\"Presidency of Barack Obama\">Presidency of Barack Obama</a></div>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/Confirmations_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Cabinet\" title=\"Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet\">Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama\" title=\"List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama\">List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama</a></div>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"First days","anchor":"First_days","id":14,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Photograph\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/220px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"157\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/330px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/440px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2100\" data-file-height=\"1500\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nBarack Obama takes <a href=\"/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States\" title=\"Oath of office of the President of the United States\">the oath of office</a> administered by <a href=\"/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States\" title=\"Chief Justice of the United States\">Chief Justice</a> <a href=\"/wiki/John_Roberts\" title=\"John Roberts\">John G. Roberts Jr.</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Capitol\" title=\"United States Capitol\">the Capitol</a>, January 20, 2009</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama\" title=\"First inauguration of Barack Obama\">inauguration of Barack Obama</a> as the 44th President took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issued executive orders and presidential memoranda directing the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.<sup id=\"cite_ref-136\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-136\">[136]</a></sup> He ordered the closing of the <a href=\"/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp\" title=\"Guantanamo Bay detention camp\">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-137\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-137\">[13
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp 7]</a></sup> but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required funds<sup id=\"cite_ref-138\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-138\">[138]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-139\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-139\">[139]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-140\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-140\">[140]</a></sup> and preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee into the U.S. or to other countries.<sup id=\"cite_ref-141\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-141\">[141]</a></sup> Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records.<sup id=\"cite_ref-142\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-142\">[142]</a></sup> He also revoked President <a href=\"/wiki/George_W._Bush\" title=\"George W. Bush\">George W. Bush</a>'s restoration of President <a href=\"/wiki/Ronald_Reagan\" title=\"Ronald Reagan\">Ronald Reagan</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/Mexico_City_Policy\" title=\"Mexico City Policy\">Mexico City Policy</a> prohibiting federal aid to international family planning organizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion.<sup id=\"cite_ref-143\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-143\">[143]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Domestic policy","anchor":"Domestic_policy","id":15,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Social_policy_of_Barack_Obama\" title=\"Social policy of Barack Obama\">Social policy of Barack Obama</a></div>\n<p>The first bill signed into law by Obama was the <a href=\"/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act_of_2009\" title=\"Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009\">Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009</a>, relaxing the <a href=\"/wiki/Statute_of_limitations\" title=\"Statute of limitations\">statute of limitations</a> for equal-pay lawsuits.<sup id=\"cite_ref-144\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-144\">[144]</a></sup> Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) to cover an additional 4\u00a0million uninsured children.<sup id=\"cite_ref-145\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-145\">[145]</a></sup> In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy which had limited funding of <a href=\"/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell\" title=\"Embryonic stem cell\">embryonic stem cell</a> research and pledged to develop \"strict guidelines\" on the research.<sup id=\"cite_ref-146\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-146\">[146]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"129\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"535\" data-file-height=\"314\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nObama delivering a <a href=\"/wiki/Barack_Obama_speech_to_joint_session_of_Congress,_February_2009\" title=\"Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress, February 2009\">speech at joint session of Congress</a> with Vice President <a href=\"/wiki/Joe_Biden\" title=\"Joe Biden\">Joe Biden</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives\" title=\"Speaker of the United States House of Representatives\">House Speaker</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp \" title=\"Nancy Pelosi\">Nancy Pelosi</a> on February 24, 2009</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his Presidency. <a href=\"/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor\" title=\"Sonia Sotomayor\">Sonia Sotomayor</a>, nominated by Obama on May 26, 2009, to replace retiring <a href=\"/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States\" title=\"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States\">Associate Justice</a> <a href=\"/wiki/David_Souter\" title=\"David Souter\">David Souter</a>, was confirmed on August 6, 2009,<sup id=\"cite_ref-147\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-147\">[147]</a></sup> becoming the first <a href=\"/wiki/Hispanic\" title=\"Hispanic\">Hispanic</a> Supreme Court Justice.<sup id=\"cite_ref-148\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-148\">[148]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Elena_Kagan\" title=\"Elena Kagan\">Elena Kagan</a>, nominated by Obama on May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate Justice <a href=\"/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens\" title=\"John Paul Stevens\">John Paul Stevens</a>, was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three, for the first time in American history.<sup id=\"cite_ref-149\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-149\">[149]</a></sup></p>\n<p>On March 30, 2010, Obama signed the <a href=\"/wiki/Health_Care_and_Education_Reconciliation_Act_of_2010\" title=\"Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010\">Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act</a>, a <a href=\"/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)\" title=\"Reconciliation (United States Congress)\">reconciliation bill</a> which ends the process of the federal government giving subsidies to private banks to give out federally insured loans, increases the <a href=\"/wiki/Pell_Grant\" title=\"Pell Grant\">Pell Grant</a> scholarship award, and makes changes to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.<sup id=\"cite_ref-150\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-150\">[150]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-151\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-151\">[151]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In a <a href=\"/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration\" title=\"Space policy of the Barack Obama administration\">major space policy speech</a> in April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction at <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a>, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return of <a href=\"/wiki/Human_spaceflight\" title=\"Human spaceflight\">human spaceflight</a> to the moon and development of the <a href=\"/wiki/Ares_I\" title=\"Ares I\">Ares I</a> rocket, <a href=\"/wiki/Ares_V\" title=\"Ares V\">Ares V</a> rocket and <a href=\"/wiki/Constellation_program\" title=\"Constellation program\">Constellation program</a>, in favor of funding Earth science projects, a new rocket type, and research and development for an eventual manned mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to the <a href=\"/wiki/International_Space_Station\" title=\"International Space Station\">International Space Station</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-152\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-152\">[152]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg/220px-Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg/330px-Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg/440px-Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4096\" data-file-height=\"2731\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg\" cl
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp ass=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nObama meets with <a href=\"/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States\" title=\"Cabinet of the United States\">the Cabinet</a>, November 23, 2009</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>President Obama's <a href=\"/wiki/2011_State_of_the_Union_Address\" title=\"2011 State of the Union Address\">2011 State of the Union Address</a> focused on themes of education and innovation, stressing the importance of <a href=\"/wiki/Innovation_economics\" title=\"Innovation economics\">innovation economics</a> to make the United States more competitive globally. He spoke of a five-year freeze in domestic spending, eliminating tax breaks for oil companies and reversing tax cuts for the wealthiest Americans, banning congressional <a href=\"/wiki/Earmark_(politics)\" title=\"Earmark (politics)\">earmarks</a>, and reducing healthcare costs. He promised that the United States would have one million electric vehicles on the road by 2015 and would be 80% reliant on \"<a href=\"/wiki/Sustainable_energy\" title=\"Sustainable energy\">clean</a>\" electricity.<sup id=\"cite_ref-153\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-153\">[153]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-154\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-154\">[154]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"LGBT rights","anchor":"LGBT_rights","id":16,"text":"<p>On October 8, 2009, Obama signed the <a href=\"/wiki/Matthew_Shepard_and_James_Byrd_Jr._Hate_Crimes_Prevention_Act\" title=\"Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act\">Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act</a>, a measure that expands the <a href=\"/wiki/Hate_crime_laws_in_the_United_States#Federal_prosecution_of_hate_crimes\" title=\"Hate crime laws in the United States\">1969 United States federal hate-crime law</a> to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.<sup id=\"cite_ref-155\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-155\">[155]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-156\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-156\">[156]</a></sup></p>\n<p>On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the <a href=\"/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010\" title=\"Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010\">Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010</a>, fulfilling a key promise made in the 2008 presidential campaign<sup id=\"cite_ref-157\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-157\">[157]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-158\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-158\">[158]</a></sup> to end the <a href=\"/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell\" title=\"Don't ask, don't tell\">Don't ask, don't tell</a> policy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces\" title=\"United States Armed Forces\">United States Armed Forces</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-159\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-159\">[159]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:282px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:White_House_rainbow_colors_to_celebrate_June_2015_SCOTUS_same-sex_marriage_ruling.jpeg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/White_House_rainbow_colors_to_celebrate_June_2015_SCOTUS_same-sex_marriage_ruling.jpeg/280px-White_House_rainbow_colors_to_celebrate_June_2015_SCOTUS_same-sex_marriage_ruling.jpeg\" width=\"280\" height=\"180\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/White_House_rainbow_colors_to_celebrate_June_2015_SCOTUS_same-sex_marriage_ruling.jpeg/420px-White_House_rainbow_colors_to_celebrate_June_2015_SCOTUS_same-sex_marriage_ruling.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/White_House_rainbow_colors_to_celebrate_June_2015_SCOTUS_same-sex_marriage_ruling.jpeg/560px-White_House_rainbow_colors_to_celebrate_June_2015_SCOTUS_same-sex_marriage_ruling.jpeg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1023\" data-file-height=\"659\"></a>\n<div cl
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp ass=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:White_House_rainbow_colors_to_celebrate_June_2015_SCOTUS_same-sex_marriage_ruling.jpeg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nThe <a href=\"/wiki/White_House\" title=\"White House\">White House</a> was illuminated in rainbow colors on the evening of the Supreme Court same-sex marriage ruling</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>In 1996, as a candidate for the Illinois state senate, Obama had said that he favored legalizing <a href=\"/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States\" title=\"Same-sex marriage in the United States\">same-sex marriage</a>;<sup id=\"cite_ref-WCT0114_160-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WCT0114-160\">[160]</a></sup> but by the time of his Senate run in 2004, he said that while he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners, for strategic reasons he opposed same-sex marriages.<sup id=\"cite_ref-WCT0204_161-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WCT0204-161\">[161]</a></sup> On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for reelection as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.<sup id=\"cite_ref-162\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-162\">[162]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-The_Huffington_Post_163-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-The_Huffington_Post-163\">[163]</a></sup></p>\n<p>During his second <a href=\"/wiki/Inaugural_address\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Inaugural address\">inaugural address</a> on January 21, 2013,<sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT20130121_135-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT20130121-135\">[135]</a></sup> Obama became the first president to call for full equality for gay Americans: \"Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law \u2013 for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well.\" This was the first time that a president mentioned <a href=\"/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States\" title=\"LGBT rights in the United States\">gay rights</a> or the word \"gay\" in an inaugural address.<sup id=\"cite_ref-164\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-164\">[164]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-165\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-165\">[165]</a></sup> In 2013, the Obama administration filed briefs urging the <a href=\"/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States\" title=\"Supreme Court of the United States\">Supreme Court</a> to rule in favor of same-sex couples in the cases of <i><a href=\"/wiki/Hollingsworth_v._Perry\" title=\"Hollingsworth v. Perry\">Hollingsworth v. Perry</a></i> (regarding <a href=\"/wiki/Same-sex_marriage\" title=\"Same-sex marriage\">same-sex marriage</a>)<sup id=\"cite_ref-huffpo-amicus_166-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-huffpo-amicus-166\">[166]</a></sup> and <i><a href=\"/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor\" title=\"United States v. Windsor\">United States v. Windsor</a></i> (regarding the <a href=\"/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act\" title=\"Defense of Marriage Act\">Defense of Marriage Act</a>).<sup id=\"cite_ref-cnn-amicus_167-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cnn-amicus-167\">[167]</a></sup> Then, following the Supreme Court's 2015 decision in <i><a href=\"/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges\" title=\"Obergefell v. Hodges\">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i> (ruling same-sex marriage to be a fundamental right), Obama asserted that, \"This decision affirms what millions of Americans already believe in their hearts: When all Americans are treated as equal we are all more free.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-remarksDecision_168-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-remarksDecision-168\">[168]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"White House advisory and oversight groups","anchor":"White_House_advisory_and_oversight_groups","id":17,"text":"<p>On
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp March 11, 2009, Obama created the <a href=\"/wiki/White_House_Council_on_Women_and_Girls\" title=\"White House Council on Women and Girls\">White House Council on Women and Girls</a>, which forms part of the Office of Intergovernmental Affairs, having been established by <a href=\"/wiki/Executive_order\" title=\"Executive order\">Executive Order</a> <a href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13506\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"s:Executive Order 13506\">13506</a> with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Executive_169-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Executive-169\">[169]</a></sup> The Council is currently chaired by <a href=\"/wiki/Senior_Advisor_to_the_President\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Senior Advisor to the President\">Senior Advisor to the President</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Valerie_Jarrett\" title=\"Valerie Jarrett\">Valerie Jarrett</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sexualassault_170-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sexualassault-170\">[170]</a></sup> Obama also established the <a href=\"/wiki/White_House_Task_Force_to_Protect_Students_from_Sexual_Assault\" title=\"White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault\">White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault</a> through an official United States government memorandum on January 22, 2014 with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses throughout the United States.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sexualassault_170-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sexualassault-170\">[170]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Memo_171-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Memo-171\">[171]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Freedom_172-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Freedom-172\">[172]</a></sup> The current co-chairs of the Task Force are Vice President <a href=\"/wiki/Joe_Biden\" title=\"Joe Biden\">Joe Biden</a> and Jarrett.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Memo_171-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Memo-171\">[171]</a></sup> The Task Force has been a development out of the White House Council on Women and Girls and <a href=\"/wiki/Office_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States\" title=\"Office of the Vice President of the United States\">Office of the Vice President of the United States</a>, and prior to that, the 1994 <a href=\"/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act\" title=\"Violence Against Women Act\">Violence Against Women Act</a> that was first-drafted by Biden.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Report_173-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Report-173\">[173]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Economic policy","anchor":"Economic_policy","id":18,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Economic_policy_of_Barack_Obama\" title=\"Economic policy of Barack Obama\">Economic policy of Barack Obama</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\">\n<div id=\"mwe_player_0\" class=\"PopUpMediaTransform\" style=\"width:220px;\" videopayload='&lt;div class=\"mediaContainer\" style=\"width:854px\"&gt;&lt;video id=\"mwe_player_1\" poster=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/854px--20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.jpg\" controls=\"\" preload=\"none\" autoplay=\"\" style=\"width:854px;height:480px\" class=\"kskin\" data-durationhint=\"303.71700680272\" data-startoffset=\"0\" data-mwtitle=\"20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv\" data-mwprovider=\"wikimediacommons\"&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.480p.ogv\" type=\"video/ogg; codecs=&amp;quot;theora, vorbis&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"SD Ogg video (480P)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg 480P\" data-transcodekey=\"480p.ogv\" data-width=\"854\" data-height=\"480\" data-bandwidth=\"1068424\" data-framerate=\"29.97\"/&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.480p.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&amp;quot;vp8, vorbis&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"SD WebM (480P)\" data-shorttitle=\"WebM 480P\" data-transcodekey=\"480p.webm\" data-width=\"854\" data-height=\"480\" data-bandwidth=\"1093064\" data-framerate=\"29.97\"/&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.720p.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&amp;quot;vp8, vorbis&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"HD WebM (720P)\" data-shorttitle=\"WebM 720P\" data-transcodekey=\"720p.webm\" data-width=\"1280\" data-height=\"720\" data-bandwidth=\"1342496\" data-framerate=\"29.97\"/&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv\" type=\"video/ogg; codecs=&amp;quot;theora, vorbis&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"Original Ogg file, 1,280 \u00d7 720 (1.41 Mbps)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg source\" data-width=\"1280\" data-height=\"720\" data-bandwidth=\"1413093\" data-framerate=\"29.97\"/&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.160p.ogv\" type=\"video/ogg; codecs=&amp;quot;theora, vorbis&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"Low bandwidth Ogg video (160P)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg 160P\" data-transcodekey=\"160p.ogv\" data-width=\"284\" data-height=\"160\" data-bandwidth=\"192232\" data-framerate=\"15\"/&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.360p.ogv\" type=\"video/ogg; codecs=&amp;quot;theora, vorbis&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"Ogg video (360P)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg 360P\" data-transcodekey=\"360p.ogv\" data-width=\"640\" data-height=\"360\" data-bandwidth=\"566376\" data-framerate=\"29.97\"/&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.360p.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&amp;quot;vp8, vorbis&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"WebM (360P)\" data-shorttitle=\"WebM 360P\" data-transcodekey=\"360p.webm\" data-width=\"640\" data-height=\"360\" data-bandwidth=\"577032\" data-framerate=\"29.97\" data-mwtitle=\"TimedText:20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.en.srt\" data-mwprovider=\"wikimediacommons\" data-dir=\"ltr\"/&gt;&lt;track src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:20090124+WeeklyAddress.ogv.en.srt&amp;amp;action=raw&amp;amp;ctype=text%2Fx-srt\" kind=\"subtitles\" type=\"text/x-srt\" title=\"TimedText:20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.en.srt\" provider=\"wikimediacommons\" srclang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" label=\"English (en) subtitles\"/&gt;&lt;/video&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'><img alt=\"File:20090124 WeeklyAddress.ogv\" style=\"width:220px;height:124px\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/220px-seek%3D63-20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.jpg\"><a href=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv\" title=\"Play media\" target=\"new\"><span class=\"play-btn-large\"><span class=\"mw-tmh-playtext\">Play media</span></span></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nObama presents his first <a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obama_Administration_weekly_video_addresses\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"commons:Obama Administration weekly video addresses\">weekly address</a> as President of the United States on January 24, 2009, discussing the <a href=\"/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009\" title=\"American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009\">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the <a href=\"/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009\" title=\"American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009\">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a>, a $787\u00a0billion <a h
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp ref=\"/wiki/Stimulus_(economics)\" title=\"Stimulus (economics)\">economic stimulus</a> package aimed at helping the economy recover from the <a href=\"/wiki/Great_Recession\" title=\"Great Recession\">deepening worldwide recession</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-174\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-174\">[174]</a></sup> The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and <a href=\"/wiki/Tax_incentive\" title=\"Tax incentive\">incentives</a>, and direct assistance to individuals.<sup id=\"cite_ref-direct_assistance_175-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-direct_assistance-175\">[175]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In March, Obama's Treasury Secretary, <a href=\"/wiki/Timothy_Geithner\" title=\"Timothy Geithner\">Timothy Geithner</a>, took further steps to manage the <a href=\"/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308\" title=\"Financial crisis of 2007\u201308\">financial crisis</a>, including introducing the <a href=\"/wiki/Public-Private_Investment_Program_for_Legacy_Assets\" title=\"Public-Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets\">Public-Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets</a>, which contains provisions for buying up to two\u00a0trillion dollars in depreciated real estate assets.<sup id=\"cite_ref-markets_opened_176-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-markets_opened-176\">[176]</a></sup> Obama intervened in the <a href=\"/wiki/Automotive_industry_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%9310\" title=\"Automotive industry crisis of 2008\u201310\">troubled automotive industry</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-177\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-177\">[177]</a></sup> in March 2009, renewing loans for <a href=\"/wiki/General_Motors\" title=\"General Motors\">General Motors</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Chrysler\" title=\"Chrysler\">Chrysler</a> to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the <a href=\"/wiki/Chrysler_Chapter_11_reorganization\" title=\"Chrysler Chapter 11 reorganization\">sale of Chrysler</a> to Italian automaker <a href=\"/wiki/Fiat\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Fiat\">Fiat</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-178\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-178\">[178]</a></sup> and a <a href=\"/wiki/General_Motors_Chapter_11_reorganization\" title=\"General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization\">reorganization of GM</a> giving the U.S. government a temporary 60% equity stake in the company, with the Canadian government taking a 12% stake.<sup id=\"cite_ref-179\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-179\">[179]</a></sup> In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Christopher_Conkey_and_Louise_Radnofsky_180-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Christopher_Conkey_and_Louise_Radnofsky-180\">[180]</a></sup> He signed into law the <a href=\"/wiki/Car_Allowance_Rebate_System\" title=\"Car Allowance Rebate System\">Car Allowance Rebate System</a>, known colloquially as \"Cash for Clunkers\", that temporarily boosted the economy.<sup id=\"cite_ref-181\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-181\">[181]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-182\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-182\">[182]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-183\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-183\">[183]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png/220px-U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png/330px-U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp 001-2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png/440px-U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"960\" data-file-height=\"720\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n<a href=\"/wiki/United_States_federal_budget\" title=\"United States federal budget\">Deficit</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States\" title=\"National debt of the United States\">Debt</a> increases 2001\u201315</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Spending and loan guarantees from the Federal Reserve and the Treasury Department authorized by the Bush and Obama administrations totaled about $11.5\u00a0trillion, but only $3\u00a0trillion was spent by the end of November 2009.<sup id=\"cite_ref-184\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-184\">[184]</a></sup> Obama and the <a href=\"/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office\" title=\"Congressional Budget Office\">Congressional Budget Office</a> predicted the 2010 <a href=\"/wiki/2010_United_States_federal_budget\" title=\"2010 United States federal budget\">budget deficit</a> would be $1.5\u00a0trillion or 10.6% of the nation's gross domestic product (GDP) compared to the 2009 deficit of $1.4\u00a0trillion or 9.9% of GDP.<sup id=\"cite_ref-185\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-185\">[185]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-186\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-186\">[186]</a></sup> For 2011, the administration predicted the deficit will shrink to $1.34\u00a0trillion, and the 10-year deficit will increase to $8.53\u00a0trillion or 90% of GDP.<sup id=\"cite_ref-187\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-187\">[187]</a></sup> The most recent increase in the U.S. <a href=\"/wiki/Debt_ceiling\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Debt ceiling\">debt ceiling</a> to $17.2\u00a0trillion took effect in February 2014.<sup id=\"cite_ref-188\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-188\">[188]</a></sup> On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisan <a href=\"/wiki/Budget_Control_Act_of_2011\" title=\"Budget Control Act of 2011\">Budget Control Act of 2011</a>. The legislation enforces limits on discretionary spending until 2021, establishes a procedure to increase the debt limit, creates a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5\u00a0trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and establishes automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2\u00a0trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee does not achieve such savings.<sup id=\"cite_ref-189\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-189\">[189]</a></sup> By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent a <a href=\"/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States\" title=\"Federal government of the United States\">U.S. government</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Default_(finance)\" title=\"Default (finance)\">default</a> on its obligations.<sup id=\"cite_ref-190\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-190\">[190]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:302px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:US_Employment_Statistics.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Employment_Statistics.svg/300px-US_Employment_Statistics.svg.png\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Employment_Statistics.svg/450px-US_Employment_Statistics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Employment_Statistics.svg/600px-US_Employment_Statistics.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"720\" data-file-height=\"480\"></a>\n
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp <div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:US_Employment_Statistics.svg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nEmployment statistics (changes in <a href=\"/wiki/Unemployment_rate\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Unemployment rate\">unemployment rate</a> and net jobs per month) during Obama's tenure as U.S. President<sup id=\"cite_ref-191\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-191\">[191]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-192\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-192\">[192]</a></sup></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>As it did throughout 2008, the unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0% and averaging 10.0% in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7% in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6% in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Theodossiou_193-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Theodossiou-193\">[193]</a></sup> Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8%, which was less than the average of 1.9% experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Eddlemon_194-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Eddlemon-194\">[194]</a></sup> By November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7%,<sup id=\"cite_ref-195\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-195\">[195]</a></sup> decreasing to 6.7% in the last month of 2013.<sup id=\"cite_ref-196\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-196\">[196]</a></sup> During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3% in the first quarter.<sup id=\"cite_ref-197\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-197\">[197]</a></sup> GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6%, followed by a 5.0% increase in the fourth quarter.<sup id=\"cite_ref-BEA1_198-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BEA1-198\">[198]</a></sup> Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7% in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.<sup id=\"cite_ref-BEA1_198-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BEA1-198\">[198]</a></sup> In July 2010, the <a href=\"/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System\" title=\"Federal Reserve System\">Federal Reserve</a> noted that economic activity continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairman <a href=\"/wiki/Ben_Bernanke\" title=\"Ben Bernanke\">Ben Bernanke</a> said the economic outlook was \"unusually uncertain\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-199\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-199\">[199]</a></sup> Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9% in 2010.<sup id=\"cite_ref-200\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-200\">[200]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The Congressional Budget Office and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-estimated_201-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-estimated-201\">[201]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-newc_202-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-newc-202\">[202]</a></sup> The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1\u20132.1\u00a0million,<sup id=\"cite_ref-newc_202-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-newc-202\">[202]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-203\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-203\">[203]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-204\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-204\">[204]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-205\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-205\">[205]</a></sup> while conceding that \"It is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-estimated_201-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-estimated-201\">[201]</a></sup> Although an April 2010 survey of members of the <a href=\"/wiki/National_Association_for_Business_Economics\" title=\"National Association for Business Economics\">National Association for Business Economics</a> showed
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73% of 68 respondents believed that the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.<sup id=\"cite_ref-206\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-206\">[206]</a></sup> The economy of the United States has grown faster than the other original NATO members by a wider margin under President Obama than it has anytime since the end of <a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II\" title=\"World War II\">World War II</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-207\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-207\">[207]</a></sup> The OECD credits the much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus in the United States and the austerity measures in the European Union.<sup id=\"cite_ref-208\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-208\">[208]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Within a month of the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_elections,_2010\" title=\"United States elections, 2010\">2010 midterm elections</a>, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the <a href=\"/wiki/Bush_tax_cuts\" title=\"Bush tax cuts\">2001 and 2003 income tax rates</a>, a one-year <a href=\"/wiki/Federal_Insurance_Contributions_Act_tax\" title=\"Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax\">payroll tax</a> reduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount for <a href=\"/wiki/Estate_tax_in_the_United_States\" title=\"Estate tax in the United States\">estate taxes</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-209\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-209\">[209]</a></sup> The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858\u00a0billion <a href=\"/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010\" title=\"Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010\">Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010</a> passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010.<sup id=\"cite_ref-210\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-210\">[210]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In December 2013, Obama declared that growing <a href=\"/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States\" title=\"Income inequality in the United States\">income inequality</a> is a \"defining challenge of our time\" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of the <a href=\"/wiki/Fast_food_worker_strikes\" title=\"Fast food worker strikes\">nationwide strikes of fast-food workers</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Pope_Francis\" title=\"Pope Francis\">Pope Francis</a>' criticism of inequality and <a href=\"/wiki/Trickle-down_economics\" title=\"Trickle-down economics\">trickle-down economics</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-211\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-211\">[211]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Environmental policy","anchor":"Environmental_policy","id":19,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/Climate_change_policy_of_the_United_States\" title=\"Climate change policy of the United States\">Climate change policy of the United States</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Obama-venice-la.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama-venice-la.jpg/220px-Obama-venice-la.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama-venice-la.jpg/330px-Obama-venice-la.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama-venice-la.jpg/440px-Obama-venice-la.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4096\" data-file-height=\"2731\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Obama-venice-la.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nObama at a 2010 briefing on the <a href=\"/wik
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp i/BP_oil_spill\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"BP oil spill\">BP oil spill</a> at the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard\" title=\"United States Coast Guard\">Coast Guard</a> Station Venice in <a href=\"/wiki/Venice,_Louisiana\" title=\"Venice, Louisiana\">Venice, Louisiana</a></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories, and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb <a href=\"/wiki/Global_warming\" title=\"Global warming\">global warming</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-212\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-212\">[212]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-213\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-213\">[213]</a></sup></p>\n<p>On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore <a href=\"/wiki/Drilling_rig\" title=\"Drilling rig\">drilling rig</a> at the <a href=\"/wiki/Macondo_Prospect\" title=\"Macondo Prospect\">Macondo Prospect</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico\" title=\"Gulf of Mexico\">Gulf of Mexico</a>, causing a <a href=\"/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill\" title=\"Deepwater Horizon oil spill\">major sustained oil leak</a>. Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior\" title=\"United States Secretary of the Interior\">Secretary of the Interior</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Ken_Salazar\" title=\"Ken Salazar\">Ken Salazar</a> and concurrent Congressional hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on new <a href=\"/wiki/Deepwater_drilling\" title=\"Deepwater drilling\">deepwater drilling</a> permits and leases, pending regulatory review.<sup id=\"cite_ref-214\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-214\">[214]</a></sup> As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.<sup id=\"cite_ref-215\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-215\">[215]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and stated he \"would reject the <a href=\"/wiki/Keystone_XL_pipeline\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Keystone XL pipeline\">Keystone XL pipeline</a> if it increased carbon pollution\" or \"greenhouse emissions\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-216\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-216\">[216]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-217\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-217\">[217]</a></sup> Obama's advisers called for a halt to <a href=\"/wiki/Petroleum_exploration_in_the_Arctic\" title=\"Petroleum exploration in the Arctic\">petroleum exploration in the Arctic</a> in January 2013.<sup id=\"cite_ref-218\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-218\">[218]</a></sup> On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would authorize the pipeline.<sup id=\"cite_ref-219\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-219\">[219]</a></sup> It was the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto.<sup id=\"cite_ref-220\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-220\">[220]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Health care reform","anchor":"Health_care_reform","id":20,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Health_care_reform_in_the_United_States\" title=\"Health care reform in the United States\">Health care reform in the United States</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:252px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Photograph\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg/250px-Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"167\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg/375px-Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg 1.5x,
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg/500px-Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1024\" data-file-height=\"683\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nObama signs the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act at the White House, March 23, 2010</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Obama called for <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Congress\" title=\"United States Congress\">Congress</a> to pass legislation reforming <a href=\"/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States\" title=\"Health care in the United States\">health care in the United States</a>, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.<sup id=\"cite_ref-health_reform_221-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-health_reform-221\">[221]</a></sup> He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, to cap premium increases, and to allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900\u00a0billion over 10 years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the <a href=\"/wiki/Public_health_insurance_option\" title=\"Public health insurance option\">public option</a>, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage for <a href=\"/wiki/Pre-existing_condition\" title=\"Pre-existing condition\">pre-existing conditions</a>, and require every American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans.<sup id=\"cite_ref-222\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-222\">[222]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-223\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-223\">[223]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:302px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg/300px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"232\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg/450px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg/600px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"663\" data-file-height=\"513\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nMaximum Out-of-Pocket Premium as Percentage of Family Income and <a href=\"/wiki/Federal_poverty_level\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Federal poverty level\">federal poverty level</a>, under <a href=\"/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act\" title=\"Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act\">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a>, starting in 2014 (Source: <a href=\"/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service\" title=\"Congressional Research Service\">CRS</a>)<sup id=\"cite_ref-224\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-224\">[224]</a></sup></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.<sup id=\"cite_ref-health_reform_221-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-health_reform-221\">[221]</a></sup> After much public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered <a href=\"/wiki/Barack_Obama_speech_to_joint_session_of_Congress,_September_2009\" title=\"Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress, September 2009\">a speech to a joint session of Congress</a> on September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.<sup id=\"cite_ref-225\" class=\"refe
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp rence\"><a href=\"#cite_note-225\">[225]</a></sup> In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research.<sup id=\"cite_ref-226\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-226\">[226]</a></sup></p>\n<p>On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nyt1_227-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nyt1-227\">[227]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-nyt_228-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nyt-228\">[228]</a></sup> On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill\u2014without a public option\u2014on a party-line vote of 60\u201339.<sup id=\"cite_ref-229\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-229\">[229]</a></sup> On March 21, 2010, the <a href=\"/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act\" title=\"Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act\">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a> (ACA) passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212.<sup id=\"cite_ref-230\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-230\">[230]</a></sup> Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010.<sup id=\"cite_ref-231\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-231\">[231]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The ACA includes <a href=\"/wiki/Provisions_of_the_Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act\" title=\"Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act\">health-related provisions</a> to take effect over four years, including expanding <a href=\"/wiki/Medicaid\" title=\"Medicaid\">Medicaid</a> eligibility for people making up to 133%\u00a0of the <a href=\"/wiki/Federal_poverty_level\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Federal poverty level\">federal poverty level</a> (FPL) starting in 2014,<sup id=\"cite_ref-cnn_ref1_232-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cnn_ref1-232\">[232]</a></sup> subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400%\u00a0of the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum \"out-of-pocket\" payment for annual premiums will be from 2% to 9.5% of income,<sup id=\"cite_ref-whitehouse_233-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-whitehouse-233\">[233]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-234\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-234\">[234]</a></sup> providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing <a href=\"/wiki/Health_insurance_exchange\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Health insurance exchange\">health insurance exchanges</a>, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and Congressional Budget Office figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level.<sup id=\"cite_ref-whitehouse_233-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-whitehouse-233\">[233]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-cbo_est_235-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cbo_est-235\">[235]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:252px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance,_1963-2015.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png/250px-Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png\" width=\"250\" height=\"183\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png/375px-Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png/500px-Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_Stat
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp es_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"949\" data-file-height=\"693\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance,_1963-2015.png\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nPercentage of Individuals in the United States without Health Insurance, 1963\u20132015 (Source: <a href=\"/wiki/JAMA_(journal)\" title=\"JAMA (journal)\">JAMA</a>)<sup id=\"cite_ref-236\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-236\">[236]</a></sup></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-income <a href=\"/wiki/Tax_bracket\" title=\"Tax bracket\">brackets</a>, taxes on <a href=\"/wiki/Indoor_tanning\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Indoor tanning\">indoor tanning</a>, cuts to the <a href=\"/wiki/Medicare_Advantage\" title=\"Medicare Advantage\">Medicare Advantage</a> program in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;<sup id=\"cite_ref-237\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-237\">[237]</a></sup> there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.<sup id=\"cite_ref-238\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-238\">[238]</a></sup> In March 2010, the Congressional Budget Office estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143\u00a0billion over the first decade.<sup id=\"cite_ref-239\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-239\">[239]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5\u20134 vote in <i><a href=\"/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business_v._Sebelius\" title=\"National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius\">National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius</a></i> that the mandate was constitutional under the U.S. Congress's taxing authority.<sup id=\"cite_ref-WP-uphold_240-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WP-uphold-240\">[240]</a></sup> In <i><a href=\"/wiki/Burwell_v._Hobby_Lobby_Stores,_Inc.\" title=\"Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.\">Burwell v. Hobby Lobby</a></i> the Court ruled that \"closely-held\" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under the <a href=\"/wiki/Religious_Freedom_Restoration_Act\" title=\"Religious Freedom Restoration Act\">Religious Freedom Restoration Act</a> from regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6\u20133 in <i><a href=\"/wiki/King_v._Burwell\" title=\"King v. Burwell\">King v. Burwell</a></i> that subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans \"established by the State,\" as the statute reads.<sup id=\"cite_ref-241\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-241\">[241]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Energy policy","anchor":"Energy_policy","id":21,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Obama_administration\" title=\"Energy policy of the Obama administration\">Energy policy of the Obama administration</a></div>\n<p>Prior to June 2014, Obama offered substantial support for a broadly based \"All of the above\" approach to domestic energy policy which Obama has maintained since his first term and which he last confirmed at his State of the Union speech in January 2014 to a mixed reception by both parties. In June 2014, Obama made indications that his administration would consider a shift towards an energy policy more closely tuned
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp to the manufacturing industry and its impact on the domestic economy.<sup id=\"cite_ref-242\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-242\">[242]</a></sup> Obama's approach of selectively combining regulation and incentive to various issues in the domestic energy policy such as coal mining and oil fracking has received mixed commentary for not being as responsive to the needs of the domestic manufacturing sector as needed, following claims that the domestic manufacturing sector utilizes as much as a third of nation's available energy resources.<sup id=\"cite_ref-243\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-243\">[243]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-244\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-244\">[244]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Gun control","anchor":"Gun_control","id":22,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3908\" data-file-height=\"2620\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nPresident Obama at <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Hospital\" title=\"University of Colorado Hospital\">University of Colorado Hospital</a> visiting <a href=\"/wiki/2012_Aurora_shooting\" title=\"2012 Aurora shooting\">2012 Aurora shooting</a> victims</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>On January 16, 2013, one month after the <a href=\"/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting\" title=\"Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting\">Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting</a>, President Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regarding gun control.<sup id=\"cite_ref-245\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-245\">[245]</a></sup> He urged Congress to reintroduce an <a href=\"/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban\" title=\"Federal Assault Weapons Ban\">expired ban</a> on military-style assault weapons, such as those used in several recent mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales, pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers, especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federal <a href=\"/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives\" title=\"Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives\">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a> for the first time since 2006.<sup id=\"cite_ref-246\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-246\">[246]</a></sup> On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new <a href=\"/wiki/Executive_order\" title=\"Executive order\">executive actions</a> extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.<sup id=\"cite_ref-247\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-247\">[247]</a></sup> In a 2016 editorial in the <i>New York Times</i>, Obama compared the struggle for what he termed \"common-sense gun reform\" to <a href=\"/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage\" title=\"Women's suffrage\">women's suffrage</a> and other civil rights movements in American history.<sup id=\"cite_ref-248\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-248\">[248]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp 3,"line":"2010 midterm elections","anchor":"2010_midterm_elections","id":23,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_2010\" title=\"United States House of Representatives elections, 2010\">United States House of Representatives elections, 2010</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,_2010\" title=\"United States Senate elections, 2010\">United States Senate elections, 2010</a></div>\n<p>Obama called the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_2010\" title=\"United States House of Representatives elections, 2010\">November 2, 2010 election</a>, where the Democratic Party lost 63 seats in, and control of, the House of Representatives,<sup id=\"cite_ref-249\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-249\">[249]</a></sup> \"humbling\" and a \"shellacking\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-250\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-250\">[250]</a></sup> He said that the results came because not enough Americans had felt the effects of the economic recovery.<sup id=\"cite_ref-251\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-251\">[251]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Cybersecurity and Internet policy","anchor":"Cybersecurity_and_Internet_policy","id":24,"text":"<p>On November 10, 2014, President Obama recommended the <a href=\"/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission\" title=\"Federal Communications Commission\">Federal Communications Commission</a> reclassify <a href=\"/wiki/Internet_access\" title=\"Internet access\">broadband Internet service</a> as a <a href=\"/wiki/Telecommunication\" title=\"Telecommunication\">telecommunications</a> service in order to preserve <a href=\"/wiki/Net_neutrality\" title=\"Net neutrality\">net neutrality</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20141110-EW_252-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT-20141110-EW-252\">[252]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20141114_253-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT-20141114-253\">[253]</a></sup> On February 12, 2013, President Obama signed Executive Order 13636, \"Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-254\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-254\">[254]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Foreign policy","anchor":"Foreign_policy","id":25,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Barack_Obama\" title=\"Foreign policy of Barack Obama\">Foreign policy of Barack Obama</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_at_Cairo_University_cropped.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt='President Obama stands at a podium delivering a speech on \"A New Beginning\" at Cairo University on June 4, 2009' src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Barack_Obama_at_Cairo_University_cropped.jpg/170px-Barack_Obama_at_Cairo_University_cropped.jpg\" width=\"170\" height=\"282\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Barack_Obama_at_Cairo_University_cropped.jpg/255px-Barack_Obama_at_Cairo_University_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Barack_Obama_at_Cairo_University_cropped.jpg/340px-Barack_Obama_at_Cairo_University_cropped.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"678\" data-file-height=\"1126\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_at_Cairo_University_cropped.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nObama speaking on \"<a href=\"/wiki/A_New_Beginning\" title=\"A New Beginning\">A New Beginning</a>\" at <a href=\"/wiki/Cairo_University\" title=\"Cairo University\">Cairo University</a> on June 4, 2009</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:302px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Barack_Obama_fore
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp ign_trips.svg/300px-Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg.png\" width=\"300\" height=\"152\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg/450px-Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg/600px-Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"940\" data-file-height=\"477\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n<a href=\"/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama\" title=\"List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama\">International trips</a> made by President Barack Obama during his terms in office</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden and <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State\" title=\"United States Secretary of State\">Secretary of State</a> Hillary Rodham Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a \"new era\" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms \"break\" and \"<a href=\"/wiki/Russian_reset\" title=\"Russian reset\">reset</a>\" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.<sup id=\"cite_ref-preceding_administration_255-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-preceding_administration-255\">[255]</a></sup> Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab cable TV network, <a href=\"/wiki/Al_Arabiya\" title=\"Al Arabiya\">Al Arabiya</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-256\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-256\">[256]</a></sup></p>\n<p>On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.<sup id=\"cite_ref-257\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-257\">[257]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-258\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-258\">[258]</a></sup> In April, Obama gave a speech in Ankara, Turkey, which was well received by many Arab governments.<sup id=\"cite_ref-259\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-259\">[259]</a></sup> On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech at <a href=\"/wiki/Cairo_University\" title=\"Cairo University\">Cairo University</a> in Egypt calling for \"<a href=\"/wiki/A_New_Beginning\" title=\"A New Beginning\">A New Beginning</a>\" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.<sup id=\"cite_ref-middleeast_260-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-middleeast-260\">[260]</a></sup></p>\n<p>On June 26, 2009, in response to the Iranian government's actions towards protesters following <a href=\"/wiki/Iranian_presidential_election,_2009\" title=\"Iranian presidential election, 2009\">Iran's 2009 presidential election</a>, Obama said: \"The violence perpetrated against them is outrageous. We see it and we condemn it.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-261\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-261\">[261]</a></sup> On July 7, while in Moscow, he responded to a Vice President Biden comment on a possible Israeli military strike on Iran by saying: \"We have said directly to the Israelis that it is important to try and resolve this in an international setting in a way that does not create major conflict in the Middle East.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-262\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-262\">[262]</a></sup></p>\n<p>On September 24, 2009, Obama became the first sitting U.S. president to <a href=\"/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council\" title=\"President of the United Nations Security Council\">preside</a> over a meeting of the <a href=\"/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council\" title=\"United Nations Security Council\">United Nations Security Council</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-263\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-263\">[263]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In March 2010, Obama took a public stance aga
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp inst plans by the government of Israeli Prime Minister <a href=\"/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu\" title=\"Benjamin Netanyahu\">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> to continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods of <a href=\"/wiki/East_Jerusalem\" title=\"East Jerusalem\">East Jerusalem</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-264\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-264\">[264]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-265\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-265\">[265]</a></sup> During the same month, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian <a href=\"/wiki/President_of_Russia\" title=\"President of Russia\">President</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev\" title=\"Dmitry Medvedev\">Dmitry Medvedev</a> to replace the <a href=\"/wiki/START_I\" title=\"START I\">1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty</a> with a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about one-third.<sup id=\"cite_ref-266\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-266\">[266]</a></sup> Obama and Medvedev signed the <a href=\"/wiki/New_START\" title=\"New START\">New START</a> treaty in April 2010, and the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Senate\" title=\"United States Senate\">U.S. Senate</a> ratified it in December 2010.<sup id=\"cite_ref-267\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-267\">[267]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to consider <a href=\"/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory\" title=\"LGBT rights by country or territory\">LGBT rights</a> when issuing financial aid to foreign countries.<sup id=\"cite_ref-268\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-268\">[268]</a></sup> He criticized Russia's law discriminating against gays in August 2013,<sup id=\"cite_ref-LAT80713_269-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LAT80713-269\">[269]</a></sup> stopping short of advocating a boycott of the 2014 Winter Olympics held in Sochi, Russia.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Huffpo80913_270-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Huffpo80913-270\">[270]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In December 2014, Obama announced that he intended to <a href=\"/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Cuban_Thaw\" title=\"United States\u2013Cuban Thaw\">normalize relationships</a> between <a href=\"/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations\" title=\"Cuba\u2013United States relations\">Cuba and the United States</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-271\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-271\">[271]</a></sup> The countries' respective \"interests sections\" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20, 2015.</p>\n<p>In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their <a href=\"/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen\" title=\"Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen\">military intervention in Yemen</a>, establishing a \"Joint Planning Cell\" with Saudi Arabia.<sup id=\"cite_ref-272\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-272\">[272]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"War in Iraq","anchor":"War_in_Iraq","id":26,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Iraq_War\" title=\"Iraq War\">Iraq War</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)\" title=\"American-led intervention in Iraq (2014\u2013present)\">American-led intervention in Iraq (2014\u2013present)</a></div>\n<p>On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months. His remarks were made to a group of <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps\" title=\"United States Marine Corps\">Marines</a> preparing for deployment to Afghanistan. Obama said, \"Let me say this as plainly as I can: by August 31, 2010, our combat mission in Iraq will end.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-273\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-273\">[273]</a></sup> The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's le
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp vels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations to <a href=\"/wiki/Counter-terrorism\" title=\"Counter-terrorism\">counter-terrorism</a> and the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.<sup id=\"cite_ref-274\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-274\">[274]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-275\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-275\">[275]</a></sup> On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.<sup id=\"cite_ref-276\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-276\">[276]</a></sup> On October 21, 2011 President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be \"home for the holidays\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-277\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-277\">[277]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"US President Barack Obama and British Prime Minister David Cameron trade bottles of beer to settle a bet they made on the U.S. vs. England World Cup Soccer game (which ended in a tie), during a bilateral meeting at the G20 Summit in Toronto, Canada, Saturday, June 26, 2010\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg/220px-David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg/330px-David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg/440px-David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4096\" data-file-height=\"2731\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nMeeting with UK Prime Minister <a href=\"/wiki/David_Cameron\" title=\"David Cameron\">David Cameron</a> during the <a href=\"/wiki/2010_G20_Toronto_summit\" title=\"2010 G20 Toronto summit\">2010 G20 Toronto summit</a></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>In June 2014, following the <a href=\"/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)#Fall_of_Mosul_and_push_into_Kirkuk\" title=\"Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)\">capture of Mosul</a> by <a href=\"/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant\" title=\"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\">Daesh</a>, Obama sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. Daesh continued to gain ground and to commit <a href=\"/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant#Human_rights_abuse_and_war_crime_findings\" title=\"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\">widespread massacres and ethnic cleansing</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-278\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-278\">[278]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-279\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-279\">[279]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In August 2014, during the <a href=\"/wiki/Sinjar_massacre\" title=\"Sinjar massacre\">Sinjar massacre</a>, Obama ordered a <a href=\"/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)#United_States_airstrikes\" title=\"American-led intervention in Iraq (2014\u2013present)\">campaign of U.S. airstrikes against Daesh</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-def31-10-14_280-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-def31-10-14-280\">[280]</a></sup></p>\n<p>By the end of 2014, 3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflict<sup id=\"cite_ref-281\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-281\">[281]</a></sup> and 16,000 sort
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp ies were flown over the battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.<sup id=\"cite_ref-282\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-282\">[282]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In the Spring of 2015, with the addition of the \"Panther Brigade\" of the <a href=\"/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division\" title=\"82nd Airborne Division\">82nd Airborne Division</a> the number of U.S. ground troops in Iraq surged to 4,400,<sup id=\"cite_ref-283\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-283\">[283]</a></sup> and by July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield.<sup id=\"cite_ref-284\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-284\">[284]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Mauricio_Macri_with_Barack_Obama_(cropped).jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mauricio_Macri_with_Barack_Obama_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Mauricio_Macri_with_Barack_Obama_%28cropped%29.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"201\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mauricio_Macri_with_Barack_Obama_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Mauricio_Macri_with_Barack_Obama_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mauricio_Macri_with_Barack_Obama_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Mauricio_Macri_with_Barack_Obama_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2085\" data-file-height=\"1906\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Mauricio_Macri_with_Barack_Obama_(cropped).jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nPresident Obama meets with Argentine President <a href=\"/wiki/Mauricio_Macri\" title=\"Mauricio Macri\">Mauricio Macri</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Buenos_Aires\" title=\"Buenos Aires\">Buenos Aires</a>, March 23, 2016</div>\n</div>\n</div>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"War in Afghanistan","anchor":"War_in_Afghanistan","id":27,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%9314)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"War in Afghanistan (2001\u201314)\">War in Afghanistan (2001\u201314)</a></div>\n<p>Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan.<sup id=\"cite_ref-autogenerated1_285-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-autogenerated1-285\">[285]</a></sup> He announced an increase to U.S. troop levels of 17,000 in February 2009 to \"stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan\", an area he said had not received the \"strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-286\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-286\">[286]</a></sup> He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, General <a href=\"/wiki/David_D._McKiernan\" title=\"David D. McKiernan\">David D. McKiernan</a>, with former <a href=\"/wiki/Special_Forces_(United_States_Army)\" title=\"Special Forces (United States Army)\">Special Forces</a> commander Lt. Gen. <a href=\"/wiki/Stanley_A._McChrystal\" title=\"Stanley A. McChrystal\">Stanley A. McChrystal</a> in May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.<sup id=\"cite_ref-counterinsurgency_tactics_287-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-counterinsurgency_tactics-287\">[287]</a></sup> On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;<sup id=\"cite_ref-288\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-288\">[288]</a></sup> this took place in July 2011. <a href=\"/wiki/David_Petraeus\" title=\"David Petraeus\">David Petraeus</a> replaced McChrystal in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.<sup id=\"cite_ref-289\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-289\">[289]</a></sup> In February 2013, Obama said the
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp U.S. military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.<sup id=\"cite_ref-290\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-290\">[290]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In October 2015, in light of the deteriorating security situation, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely.<sup id=\"cite_ref-291\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-291\">[291]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Israel","anchor":"Israel","id":28,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"President Barack Obama, at left, shakes hands with Israeli President Shimon Peres, at right, in the Oval Office on Tuesday, May 5, 2009. Standing at right looking on is U.S. Vice President Joe Biden.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3500\" data-file-height=\"2333\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nObama meeting with Israeli President <a href=\"/wiki/Shimon_Peres\" title=\"Shimon Peres\">Shimon Peres</a>, May 2009</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemning <a href=\"/wiki/Israeli_settlement\" title=\"Israeli settlement\">Israeli settlements</a>, with the United States being the only nation to do so.<sup id=\"cite_ref-292\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-292\">[292]</a></sup> Obama supports the <a href=\"/wiki/Two-state_solution\" title=\"Two-state solution\">two-state solution</a> to the <a href=\"/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict\" title=\"Arab\u2013Israeli conflict\">Arab\u2013Israeli conflict</a> based on the 1967 borders with land swaps.<sup id=\"cite_ref-293\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-293\">[293]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In June 2012, Obama said that the bond between the United States and Israel is \"unbreakable.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-294\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-294\">[294]</a></sup> During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid, re-establishment of the <a href=\"/wiki/Joint_Political_Military_Group\" title=\"Joint Political Military Group\">U.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Group</a> and the Defense Policy Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries.<sup id=\"cite_ref-295\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-295\">[295]</a></sup> The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding the <a href=\"/wiki/Iron_Dome\" title=\"Iron Dome\">Iron Dome</a> program in response to the waves of <a href=\"/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel\" title=\"Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel\">Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-296\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-296\">[296]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In 2013, <a href=\"/wiki/Jeffrey_Goldberg\" title=\"Jeffrey Goldberg\">Jeffrey Goldberg</a> reported that, in Obama's view, \"with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total isolation.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-Bloomberg_297-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Bloomberg-297\"
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp >[297]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In 2014, President Obama likened the <a href=\"/wiki/Zionism\" title=\"Zionism\">Zionist movement</a> to the <a href=\"/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1954%E2%80%9368)\" title=\"African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954\u201368)\">Civil Rights Movement in the United States</a>. He said that both movements seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples. He explained, \"To me, being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was politically conscious and started getting involved in politics.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-298\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-298\">[298]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Libya","anchor":"Libya","id":29,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya\" title=\"2011 military intervention in Libya\">2011 military intervention in Libya</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_(2015-09-29)_04.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"136\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1880\" data-file-height=\"1160\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_(2015-09-29)_04.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nPresident Obama meets with Russian President <a href=\"/wiki/Vladimir_Putin\" title=\"Vladimir Putin\">Vladimir Putin</a> to discuss Syria and Daesh, September 29, 2015</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictator <a href=\"/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi\" title=\"Muammar Gaddafi\">Muammar Gaddafi</a> as part of the <a href=\"/wiki/Arab_Spring\" title=\"Arab Spring\">Arab Spring</a>. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, the <a href=\"/wiki/Arab_League\" title=\"Arab League\">Arab League</a>, and a resolution<sup id=\"cite_ref-299\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-299\">[299]</a></sup> passed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.<sup id=\"cite_ref-300\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-300\">[300]</a></sup> In response to the unanimous passage of <a href=\"/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973\" title=\"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973\">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973</a> on March 17, Gaddafi\u2014who had previously vowed to \"show no mercy\" to the rebels of Benghazi<sup id=\"cite_ref-301\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-301\">[301]</a></sup>\u2014announced an immediate cessation of military activities,<sup id=\"cite_ref-302\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-302\">[302]</a></sup> yet reports came in that his forces continued shelling Misrata. The next day, on Obama's orders, the U.S. military took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,<sup id=\"cite_ref-303\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-303\">[303]</a></sup> including the use of <a href=\"/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile)\" title=\"Tomahawk (missile)\">Tomahawk missiles</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit\" title=\"Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit\">B-2 Spirits</a>, and fighter jets.<sup id=\"ci
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp te_ref-304\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-304\">[304]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-305\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-305\">[305]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-306\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-306\">[306]</a></sup> Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all of its 28 members, <a href=\"/wiki/NATO\" title=\"NATO\">NATO</a> took over leadership of the effort, dubbed <a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Unified_Protector\" title=\"Operation Unified Protector\">Operation Unified Protector</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NATOPressRelease_307-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NATOPressRelease-307\">[307]</a></sup> Some Representatives<sup id=\"cite_ref-LibyaOffensive_308-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LibyaOffensive-308\">[308]</a></sup> questioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.<sup id=\"cite_ref-309\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-309\">[309]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-310\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-310\">[310]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Syrian Civil War","anchor":"Syrian_Civil_War","id":30,"text":"<p>On October 18, 2011, during the early stages of the <a href=\"/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Syrian Civil War\">Syrian Civil War</a>, Obama said that \"<a href=\"/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad\" title=\"Bashar al-Assad\">Assad</a> must go\", saying that this was for the sake of the Syrian people.<sup id=\"cite_ref-311\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-311\">[311]</a></sup> He reaffirmed that belief on November 19, 2015.<sup id=\"cite_ref-312\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-312\">[312]</a></sup> To that end, Obama authorized an effort to train anti-Assad rebels.<sup id=\"cite_ref-313\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-313\">[313]</a></sup> The program achieved minimal results, and the Obama Administration abandoned it in 2015.<sup id=\"cite_ref-314\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-314\">[314]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-315\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-315\">[315]</a></sup> In the wake of a <a href=\"/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack\" title=\"Ghouta chemical attack\">chemical weapons attack</a> in Syria in 2013 widely blamed on the Assad regime, Obama insisted that Assad must give up his chemical weapons. This led to an agreement which resulted in Assad <a href=\"/wiki/Destruction_of_Syria%27s_chemical_weapons\" title=\"Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons\">giving up many such weapons</a>, but attacks with <a href=\"/wiki/Chlorine_gas\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Chlorine gas\">chlorine gas</a> continued.<sup id=\"cite_ref-316\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-316\">[316]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-317\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-317\">[317]</a></sup> In 2014, Obama authorized an <a href=\"/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIL\" title=\"Military intervention against ISIL\">air campaign aimed primarily at Daesh</a>, but repeatedly promised that the U.S. would put \"no boots on the ground\" in Syria.<sup id=\"cite_ref-318\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-318\">[318]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-319\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-319\">[319]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Osama bin Laden","anchor":"Osama_bin_Laden","id":31,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden\" title=\"Death of Osama bin Laden\">Death of Osama bin Laden</a></div>\n<table class=\"mbox-small\" style=\"border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9;\"><tr><td style=\"width:1px\"></td>\n<td class=\"mbox-text plainlist\" style=\"line-height:1.1em\">\n<div class=\"haudio\">\n<div style=\"padding:4px 0\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogv\" title=\"File:President Obama on Death of Osama bin Laden.ogv\">President Obama on Osama bin Laden's Death</a></div>\n<div>\n<div id=
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08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp f+Osama+bin+Laden.ogv.fr.srt&amp;amp;action=raw&amp;amp;ctype=text%2Fx-srt\" kind=\"subtitles\" type=\"text/x-srt\" title=\"TimedText:President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogv.fr.srt\" provider=\"wikimediacommons\" srclang=\"fr\" dir=\"ltr\" label=\"fran\u00e7ais (fr) subtitles\"/&gt;&lt;track src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:President+Obama+on+Death+of+Osama+bin+Laden.ogv.he.srt&amp;amp;action=raw&amp;amp;ctype=text%2Fx-srt\" kind=\"subtitles\" type=\"text/x-srt\" title=\"TimedText:President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogv.he.srt\" provider=\"wikimediacommons\" srclang=\"he\" dir=\"rtl\" label=\"\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea (he) subtitles\"/&gt;&lt;track src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:President+Obama+on+Death+of+Osama+bin+Laden.ogv.it.srt&amp;amp;action=raw&amp;amp;ctype=text%2Fx-srt\" kind=\"subtitles\" type=\"text/x-srt\" title=\"TimedText:President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogv.it.srt\" provider=\"wikimediacommons\" srclang=\"it\" dir=\"ltr\" label=\"italiano (it) subtitles\"/&gt;&lt;track src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:President+Obama+on+Death+of+Osama+bin+Laden.ogv.pt.srt&amp;amp;action=raw&amp;amp;ctype=text%2Fx-srt\" kind=\"subtitles\" type=\"text/x-srt\" title=\"TimedText:President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogv.pt.srt\" provider=\"wikimediacommons\" srclang=\"pt\" dir=\"ltr\" label=\"portugu\u00eas (pt) subtitles\"/&gt;&lt;track src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:President+Obama+on+Death+of+Osama+bin+Laden.ogv.sv.srt&amp;amp;action=raw&amp;amp;ctype=text%2Fx-srt\" kind=\"subtitles\" type=\"text/x-srt\" title=\"TimedText:President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogv.sv.srt\" provider=\"wikimediacommons\" srclang=\"sv\" dir=\"ltr\" label=\"svenska (sv) subtitles\"/&gt;&lt;track src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:President+Obama+on+Death+of+Osama+bin+Laden.ogv.zh-hans.srt&amp;amp;action=raw&amp;amp;ctype=text%2Fx-srt\" kind=\"subtitles\" type=\"text/x-srt\" title=\"TimedText:President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogv.zh-hans.srt\" provider=\"wikimediacommons\" srclang=\"zh-hans\" dir=\"ltr\" label=\"\u4e2d\u6587\uff08\u7b80\u4f53\uff09\u200e (zh-hans) subtitles\"/&gt;&lt;/video&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'><img alt=\"File:President Obama on Death of Osama bin Laden.ogv\" style=\"width:220px;height:124px\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogv/220px--President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogv.jpg\"><a href=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogv\" title=\"Play media\" target=\"new\"><span class=\"play-btn-large\"><span class=\"mw-tmh-playtext\">Play media</span></span></a></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"description\" style=\"padding:2px 0 0 0\">President Obama's address <a href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Remarks_by_the_President_on_Osama_bin_Laden\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"s:Remarks by the President on Osama bin Laden\">(Full Text)</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Wikisource\" title='Wikisource has information on \"Remarks by the President on Osama bin Laden\"'><img alt='Wikisource has information on \"Remarks by the President on Osama bin Laden\"' src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/11px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png\" width=\"11\" height=\"12\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/17px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/22px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"410\" data-file-height=\"430\"></a></div>\n</div>\n<hr><div class=\"haudio\">\n<div style=\"padding:4px 0\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:050111_Osama_Bin_Laden_Death_Statement_audioonly.ogg\" title=\"File:050111 Osama Bin Laden Death Statement audioonly.ogg\">President Obama on Osama bin Laden's Death</a></div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"mediaContainer\" style=\"width:
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp 220px\"><audio id=\"mwe_player_4\" controls=\"\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width:220px\" class=\"kskin\" data-durationhint=\"567.56244897959\" data-startoffset=\"0\" data-mwtitle=\"050111_Osama_Bin_Laden_Death_Statement_audioonly.ogg\" data-mwprovider=\"wikimediacommons\"><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/050111_Osama_Bin_Laden_Death_Statement_audioonly.ogg\" type='audio/ogg; codecs=\"vorbis\"' data-title=\"Original Ogg file (89 kbps)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg source\" data-width=\"0\" data-height=\"0\" data-bandwidth=\"89353\"></source></audio></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"description\" style=\"padding:2px 0 0 0\">audio only version</div>\n</div>\n<hr></td>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"mbox-text\" style=\"line-height:1.1em\"><span><i>Problems playing these files? See <a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help\" title=\"Wikipedia:Media help\">media help</a>.</i></span></td>\n</tr></table><div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden, along with members of the national security team, receive an update on Operation Neptune's Spear, a mission against Osama bin Laden, in one of the conference rooms of the Situation Room of the White House, on May 1, 2011. They are watching live feed from drones operating over the bin Laden complex.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/220px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/330px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/440px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4096\" data-file-height=\"2731\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nPresident Barack Obama along with members of the national security team, receive an update on <a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Neptune%27s_Spear\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Operation Neptune's Spear\">Operation Neptune's Spear</a>, in the <a href=\"/wiki/White_House_Situation_Room\" title=\"White House Situation Room\">White House Situation Room</a>, May 1, 2011. See also: <i><a href=\"/wiki/Situation_Room\" title=\"Situation Room\">Situation Room</a></i></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Starting with information received in July 2010, intelligence developed by the CIA over the next several months determined what they believed to be the location of <a href=\"/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden\" title=\"Osama bin Laden\">Osama bin Laden</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_compound_in_Abbottabad\" title=\"Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad\">a large compound</a> in Abbottabad, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles from Islamabad.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-clues_320-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT-clues-320\">[320]</a></sup> CIA head <a href=\"/wiki/Leon_Panetta\" title=\"Leon Panetta\">Leon Panetta</a> reported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-clues_320-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT-clues-320\">[320]</a></sup> Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a \"surgical raid\" to be conducted by <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs\" title=\"United States Navy SEALs\">United States Navy SEALs</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-clues_320-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT-clues-320\">[320]</a></sup> The operation took place on May 1, 2011, resulting in the death of bin Laden and the seizure of p
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp apers, computer drives and disks from the compound.<sup id=\"cite_ref-WP-binLaden_321-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WP-binLaden-321\">[321]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-ND-binLaden_322-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ND-binLaden-322\">[322]</a></sup> DNA testing identified bin Laden's body,<sup id=\"cite_ref-ABC-binLaden_323-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ABC-binLaden-323\">[323]</a></sup> which was buried at sea several hours later.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-ObamaAnnounce_324-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT-ObamaAnnounce-324\">[324]</a></sup> Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City's <a href=\"/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site\" title=\"World Trade Center site\">Ground Zero</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Times_Square\" title=\"Times Square\">Times Square</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-WP-binLaden_321-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WP-binLaden-321\">[321]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Guard-ObamaAnnounce_325-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Guard-ObamaAnnounce-325\">[325]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Reactions_to_the_death_of_Osama_bin_Laden\" title=\"Reactions to the death of Osama bin Laden\">Reaction to the announcement</a> was positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Bloom-binLaden_326-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Bloom-binLaden-326\">[326]</a></sup> and from many countries around the world.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NPR-worldreaction_327-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NPR-worldreaction-327\">[327]</a></sup></p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"></div>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Iran nuclear talks","anchor":"Iran_nuclear_talks","id":32,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_(8637772147).jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4096\" data-file-height=\"2730\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_(8637772147).jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nObama talks with Benjamin Netanyahu, March 2013</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action\" title=\"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action\">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a></div>\n<p>In November 2013, Obama's administration opened <a href=\"/wiki/Negotiations_leading_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action\" title=\"Negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action\">negotiations</a> with Iran to prevent it from acquiring <a href=\"/wiki/Nuclear_weapon\" title=\"Nuclear weapon\">nuclear weapons</a>, which included an <a href=\"/wiki/Joint_Plan_of_Action\" title=\"Joint Plan of Action\">interim agreement</a>. Negotiations took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced July 14, 2015. The deal, titled <a href=\"/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action\" title=\"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action\">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a>, saw the removal of sanctions in exchange for measures that would prevent
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli prime minister <a href=\"/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu\" title=\"Benjamin Netanyahu\">Benjamin Netanyahu</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-328\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-328\">[328]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-329\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-329\">[329]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-330\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-330\">[330]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Relations with Cuba","anchor":"Relations_with_Cuba","id":33,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Cuban_Thaw\" title=\"United States\u2013Cuban Thaw\">United States\u2013Cuban Thaw</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg/220px-Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg/330px-Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg/440px-Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1500\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nMeeting between President Obama and Cuban President <a href=\"/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro\" title=\"Ra\u00fal Castro\">Ra\u00fal Castro</a> in Panama, April 2015</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations of Canada and <a href=\"/wiki/Vatican_City\" title=\"Vatican City\">Vatican City</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-331\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-331\">[331]</a></sup> The Vatican first became involved in 2013 when <a href=\"/wiki/Pope_Francis\" title=\"Pope Francis\">Pope Francis</a> advised the U.S. and Cuba to <a href=\"/wiki/Prisoner_exchange\" title=\"Prisoner exchange\">exchange prisoners</a> as a gesture of goodwill.<sup id=\"cite_ref-332\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-332\">[332]</a></sup> On December 10, 2013, <a href=\"/wiki/President_of_Cuba\" title=\"President of Cuba\">Cuban President</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro\" title=\"Ra\u00fal Castro\">Ra\u00fal Castro</a>, in a significant public moment, greeted and shook hands with Obama at the <a href=\"/wiki/Death_of_Nelson_Mandela\" title=\"Death of Nelson Mandela\">Nelson Mandela memorial service</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Johannesburg\" title=\"Johannesburg\">Johannesburg</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-333\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-333\">[333]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In December 2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with <a href=\"/wiki/Pope_Francis\" title=\"Pope Francis\">Pope Francis</a> as an intermediary, had negotiated a restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of d\u00e9tente.<sup id=\"cite_ref-334\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-334\">[334]</a></sup> Popularly dubbed the <a href=\"/wiki/Cuban_Thaw\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cuban Thaw\">Cuban Thaw</a>, <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_New_Republic\" title=\"The New Republic\">The New Republic</a></i> deemed the Cuban Thaw to be \"Obama's finest foreign policy achievement.\"<sup i
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp d=\"cite_ref-335\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-335\">[335]</a></sup> On July 1, 2015, President Barack Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies would be opened in Washington and Havana.<sup id=\"cite_ref-336\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-336\">[336]</a></sup> The countries' respective \"interests sections\" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.<sup id=\"cite_ref-337\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-337\">[337]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Obama has visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. President to arrive since <a href=\"/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge\" title=\"Calvin Coolidge\">Calvin Coolidge</a> in 1928.<sup id=\"cite_ref-338\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-338\">[338]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Africa","anchor":"Africa","id":34,"text":"<p>Obama spoke in front of the <a href=\"/wiki/African_Union\" title=\"African Union\">African Union</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Addis_Ababa\" title=\"Addis Ababa\">Addis Ababa</a>, Ethiopia, on July 29, 2015, the first sitting U.S. president to do so. He gave a speech encouraging the world to increase economic ties via investments and trade with the continent, and lauded the progresses made in <a href=\"/wiki/Education_in_Africa\" title=\"Education in Africa\">education</a>, infrastructure, and <a href=\"/wiki/Economy_of_Africa\" title=\"Economy of Africa\">economy</a>. He also criticized the lack of democracy and leaders who refuse to step aside, discrimination against minorities (<a href=\"/wiki/LGBT\" title=\"LGBT\">LGBT</a> people, religious groups and ethnicities), and corruption. He suggested an intensified <a href=\"/wiki/Democratization\" title=\"Democratization\">democratization</a> and free trade, to significantly improve the quality of life for Africans.<sup id=\"cite_ref-339\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-339\">[339]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-340\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-340\">[340]</a></sup> During his July 2015 trip, Obama also was the first U.S. president ever to <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_presidential_visits_to_Sub-Saharan_Africa\" title=\"United States presidential visits to Sub-Saharan Africa\">visit</a> Kenya, which is the homeland of his father.<sup id=\"cite_ref-341\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-341\">[341]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Hiroshima speech","anchor":"Hiroshima_speech","id":35,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">See also: <a href=\"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%90%E3%83%9E%E3%81%AE%E5%BA%83%E5%B3%B6%E8%A8%AA%E5%95%8F\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"ja:\u30d0\u30e9\u30af\u30fb\u30aa\u30d0\u30de\u306e\u5e83\u5cf6\u8a2a\u554f\">ja:\u30d0\u30e9\u30af\u30fb\u30aa\u30d0\u30de\u306e\u5e83\u5cf6\u8a2a\u554f</a></div>\n<p>On May 27, 2016, the 71st anniversary of <a href=\"/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki\" title=\"Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki\">the atomic bombing of Hiroshima by America</a>, Obama became the first sitting American president to visit Hiroshima, Japan. Accompanied by Japanese Prime Minister <a href=\"/wiki/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe\" title=\"Shinz\u014d Abe\">Shinzo Abe</a>, Obama paid tribute to the victims of the bombing at the <a href=\"/wiki/Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial_Museum\" title=\"Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum\">Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-342\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-342\">[342]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Cultural and political image","anchor":"Cultural_and_political_image","id":36,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Public_image_of_Barack_Obama\" title=\"Public image of Barack Obama\">Public image of Barack Obama</a></div>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/International_media_reaction_to_
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp the_United_States_presidential_election,_2008\" title=\"International media reaction to the United States presidential election, 2008\">International media reaction to the United States presidential election, 2008</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_United_States_presidential_election,_2012\" title=\"International reactions to the United States presidential election, 2012\">International reactions to the United States presidential election, 2012</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"First official presidential portrait of Barack Obama, wearing a black suit with a blue tie and American flag lapel pin, indoors with the American flag and the flag of the President draped in the background\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg/170px-Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg\" width=\"170\" height=\"231\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg/255px-Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg/340px-Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1916\" data-file-height=\"2608\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nObama's first term presidential portrait (2009)</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Obama's family history, upbringing, and <a href=\"/wiki/Ivy_League\" title=\"Ivy League\">Ivy League</a> education differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the <a href=\"/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1954%E2%80%9368)\" title=\"African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954\u201368)\">civil rights movement</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-343\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-343\">[343]</a></sup> Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is \"black enough\", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the <a href=\"/wiki/National_Association_of_Black_Journalists\" title=\"National Association of Black Journalists\">National Association of Black Journalists</a> that \"we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-344\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-344\">[344]</a></sup> Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: \"I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-345\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-345\">[345]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Obama is frequently referred to as an exceptional orator.<sup id=\"cite_ref-exceptional_orator_346-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-exceptional_orator-346\">[346]</a></sup> During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama has delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses.<sup id=\"cite_ref-347\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-347\">[347]</a></sup> Former presidential campaign surrogate and Georgetown professor, Michael Eric Dyson, is both critical and sympathetic of President Obama's leadership in race relations, indicating that Obama's speeches and action on racial disparity and justice have been somewhat reactive and reluctant when, especially in the later part of his second term, racial violence demanded immediate presidential action and conversation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-348\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-348\">[348]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_hangout.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"President Barack Obama, seated at right, answers qu
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp estions about the State of the Union posed by citizens, shown on a flat-screen monitor at left, in the first-ever completely virtual interview from the White House. This interview aired on the official White House Google+ page on January 30, 2012.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Barack_Obama_hangout.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_hangout.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"124\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Barack_Obama_hangout.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_hangout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Barack_Obama_hangout.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_hangout.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"615\" data-file-height=\"346\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_hangout.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nObama conducting the first completely virtual interview from the White House in 2012<sup id=\"cite_ref-349\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-349\">[349]</a></sup></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>According to the <a href=\"/wiki/Gallup_Organization\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Gallup Organization\">Gallup Organization</a>, Obama began his presidency with a 68% approval rating<sup id=\"cite_ref-350\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-350\">[350]</a></sup> before gradually declining for the rest of the year, and eventually bottoming out at 41% in August 2010,<sup id=\"cite_ref-351\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-351\">[351]</a></sup> a trend similar to <a href=\"/wiki/Ronald_Reagan\" title=\"Ronald Reagan\">Ronald Reagan</a>'s and <a href=\"/wiki/Bill_Clinton\" title=\"Bill Clinton\">Bill Clinton</a>'s first years in office.<sup id=\"cite_ref-352\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-352\">[352]</a></sup> He experienced a small poll bounce shortly after the <a href=\"/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden\" title=\"Death of Osama bin Laden\">death of Osama bin Laden</a> on May 2, 2011. This bounce lasted until around June 2011, when his approval numbers dropped back to where they were previously.<sup id=\"cite_ref-353\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-353\">[353]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-354\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-354\">[354]</a></sup> His approval ratings rebounded around the same time as his reelection in 2012, with polls showing an average job approval of 52% shortly after his second inauguration.<sup id=\"cite_ref-355\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-355\">[355]</a></sup> Despite him dropping to 39% in his approval ratings in late-2013 due to the ACA roll-out, he has climbed to 50% in late January 2015 according to Gallup.<sup id=\"cite_ref-356\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-356\">[356]</a></sup> Polls show strong support for Obama in other countries,<sup id=\"cite_ref-357\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-357\">[357]</a></sup> and before being elected President he met with prominent foreign figures including former British Prime Minister <a href=\"/wiki/Tony_Blair\" title=\"Tony Blair\">Tony Blair</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-358\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-358\">[358]</a></sup> Italy's <a href=\"/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)\" title=\"Democratic Party (Italy)\">Democratic Party</a> leader and Mayor of Rome <a href=\"/wiki/Walter_Veltroni\" title=\"Walter Veltroni\">Walter Veltroni</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-359\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-359\">[359]</a></sup> and <a href=\"/wiki/President_of_France\" title=\"President of France\">French President</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy\" title=\"Nicolas Sarkozy\">Nicolas Sarkozy</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-360\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-360\">[360]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In a February 2009 poll conducted in Western Europe and the U.S. by <a href=\"/wiki/Harris_Interactive\" title=\"Harris Interactive\">Harris Interactive</a> for <a href=\"/wiki/France_24\" title=\"France 24\">France 24</a> and the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Internation
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp al_Herald_Tribune\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"International Herald Tribune\">International Herald Tribune</a></i>, Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful.<sup id=\"cite_ref-361\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-361\">[361]</a></sup> In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn.<sup id=\"cite_ref-362\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-362\">[362]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-363\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-363\">[363]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Prime Minister David Cameron of the United Kingdom, President Barack Obama, Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany, Jos\u00e9 Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission, President Fran\u00e7ois Hollande of France and others react emotionally while watching the overtime shootout of the Chelsea vs. Bayern Munich Champions League final, in the Laurel Cabin conference room during the G8 Summit at Camp David, Maryland, May 19, 2012. Cameron raises his arms triumphantly as the Chelsea team wins their first Champions League title in the overtime shootout.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg/220px-G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"144\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg/330px-G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg/440px-G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4021\" data-file-height=\"2629\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nG8 leaders watching the <a href=\"/wiki/2012_UEFA_Champions_League_Final\" title=\"2012 UEFA Champions League Final\">2012 UEFA Champions League Final</a></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Obama won <a href=\"/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album\" title=\"Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album\">Best Spoken Word Album</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Grammy_Award\" title=\"Grammy Award\">Grammy Awards</a> for abridged <a href=\"/wiki/Audiobook\" title=\"Audiobook\">audiobook</a> versions of <i><a href=\"/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father\" title=\"Dreams from My Father\">Dreams from My Father</a></i> in February 2006 and for <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope\" title=\"The Audacity of Hope\">The Audacity of Hope</a></i> in February 2008.<sup id=\"cite_ref-364\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-364\">[364]</a></sup> His <a href=\"/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_primary_campaign,_2008#New_Hampshire\" title=\"Barack Obama presidential primary campaign, 2008\">concession speech</a> after the New Hampshire primary was set to music by independent artists as the music video \"<a href=\"/wiki/Yes_We_Can_(will.i.am_song)\" title=\"Yes We Can (will.i.am song)\">Yes We Can</a>\", which was viewed 10\u00a0million times on YouTube in its first month<sup id=\"cite_ref-365\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-365\">[365]</a></sup> and received a <a href=\"/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award\" title=\"Daytime Emmy Award\">Daytime Emmy Award</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-366\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-366\">[366]</a></sup> In December 2008 and in 2012, <i><a href=\"/wiki/Time_(magazine)\" title=\"Time (magazine)\">Time</a></i> magazine named Obama as its <a href=\"/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year\" title=\"Time Person of the Year\">Person of the Year</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-367\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-367\">[367]</a></sup> The 2008 awarding was for his historic candidacy and election, which Time
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp described as \"the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-368\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-368\">[368]</a></sup> On May 25, 2011, Obama became the first President of the United States to address both houses of the <a href=\"/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom\" title=\"Parliament of the United Kingdom\">UK Parliament</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Westminster_Hall\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Westminster Hall\">Westminster Hall</a>, London. This was only the fifth occurrence since the start of the 20th century, of a head of state being extended this invitation, following <a href=\"/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle\" title=\"Charles de Gaulle\">Charles de Gaulle</a> in 1960, <a href=\"/wiki/Nelson_Mandela\" title=\"Nelson Mandela\">Nelson Mandela</a> in 1996, <a href=\"/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom\" title=\"Monarchy of the United Kingdom\">Queen</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Elizabeth_II\" title=\"Elizabeth II\">Elizabeth II</a> in 2002 and <a href=\"/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI\" title=\"Pope Benedict XVI\">Pope Benedict XVI</a> in 2010.<sup id=\"cite_ref-369\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-369\">[369]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-370\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-370\">[370]</a></sup></p>\n<p>On October 9, 2009, the <a href=\"/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee\" title=\"Norwegian Nobel Committee\">Norwegian Nobel Committee</a> announced that Obama had won the <a href=\"/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize\" title=\"2009 Nobel Peace Prize\">2009 Nobel Peace Prize</a> \"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-nobel_peace_prize_371-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nobel_peace_prize-371\">[371]</a></sup> Obama accepted this award in <a href=\"/wiki/Oslo\" title=\"Oslo\">Oslo</a>, Norway on December 10, 2009, with \"deep gratitude and great humility.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-CNN:_Obama_acceptance_transcript_372-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CNN:_Obama_acceptance_transcript-372\">[372]</a></sup> The award drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.<sup id=\"cite_ref-373\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-373\">[373]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-374\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-374\">[374]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-375\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-375\">[375]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-376\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-376\">[376]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-377\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-377\">[377]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-378\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-378\">[378]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-whr1_379-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-whr1-379\">[379]</a></sup> Obama's peace prize was called a \"stunning surprise\" by <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_New_York_Times\" title=\"The New York Times\">The New York Times</a></i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-380\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-380\">[380]</a></sup> Obama is the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.<sup id=\"cite_ref-381\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-381\">[381]</a></sup> Obama's Nobel Prize has been viewed skeptically in subsequent years, especially after the director of the Nobel Institute, <a href=\"/wiki/Geir_Lundestad\" title=\"Geir Lundestad\">Geir Lundestad</a>, said Obama's Peace Prize did not have the desired effect.<sup id=\"cite_ref-382\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-382\">[382]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Family and personal life","anchor":"Family_and_personal_life","id":37,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama\" title=\"Family of Barack Obama\">Family of Barack Obama</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:252px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg\" class=\"
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg/250px-Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"167\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg/375px-Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg/500px-Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4096\" data-file-height=\"2731\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nObama posing in the <a href=\"/wiki/Green_Room_(White_House)\" title=\"Green Room (White House)\">Green Room</a> of the White House with wife Michelle and daughters Sasha and Malia in 2009</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of <a href=\"/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama\" title=\"Family of Barack Obama\">his extended family</a>: \"It's like a little mini-United Nations\", he said. \"I've got relatives who look like <a href=\"/wiki/Bernie_Mac\" title=\"Bernie Mac\">Bernie Mac</a>, and I've got relatives who look like <a href=\"/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher\" title=\"Margaret Thatcher\">Margaret Thatcher</a>.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-383\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-383\">[383]</a></sup> Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised (<a href=\"/wiki/Maya_Soetoro-Ng\" title=\"Maya Soetoro-Ng\">Maya Soetoro-Ng</a>, the daughter of his mother and her Indonesian second husband) and seven half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family\u2014six of them living.<sup id=\"cite_ref-384\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-384\">[384]</a></sup> Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham,<sup id=\"cite_ref-385\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-385\">[385]</a></sup> until her death on November 2, 2008,<sup id=\"cite_ref-386\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-386\">[386]</a></sup> two days before his election to the Presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins in <a href=\"/wiki/Moneygall\" title=\"Moneygall\">Moneygall</a> in May 2011.<sup id=\"cite_ref-387\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-387\">[387]</a></sup> In <i>Dreams from My Father</i>, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of <a href=\"/wiki/Jefferson_Davis\" title=\"Jefferson Davis\">Jefferson Davis</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America\" title=\"President of the Confederate States of America\">President of the Confederate States of America</a> during the <a href=\"/wiki/American_Civil_War\" title=\"American Civil War\">American Civil War</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-388\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-388\">[388]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg/220px-BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"142\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg/330px-BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg/440px-BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"800\" data-file-height=\"516\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nBarack Obama with <a href=\"/wiki/Johnathan_Toews\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Johnathan Toews\">Johnathan Toews</a></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Besides his native English, Obama speaks some basic Indon
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp esian, having learned the language during his four childhood years in Jakarta.<sup id=\"cite_ref-in_Jakarta_389-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-in_Jakarta-389\">[389]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-in_Jakarta2_390-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-in_Jakarta2-390\">[390]</a></sup> He plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team;<sup id=\"cite_ref-391\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-391\">[391]</a></sup> he is left-handed.<sup id=\"cite_ref-392\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-392\">[392]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Obama about to take a shot while three other players look at him. One of those players is holding is arms up in an attempt to block Obama.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg/170px-Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg\" width=\"170\" height=\"255\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg/255px-Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg/340px-Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2333\" data-file-height=\"3500\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nObama taking a shot during a game on the White House basketball court, 2009</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Obama is a supporter of the <a href=\"/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox\" title=\"Chicago White Sox\">Chicago White Sox</a>, and he threw out the first pitch at the <a href=\"/wiki/2005_American_League_Championship_Series\" title=\"2005 American League Championship Series\">2005 ALCS</a> when he was still a senator.<sup id=\"cite_ref-393\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-393\">[393]</a></sup> In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the <a href=\"/wiki/2009_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game\" title=\"2009 Major League Baseball All-Star Game\">All-Star Game</a> while wearing a White Sox jacket.<sup id=\"cite_ref-394\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-394\">[394]</a></sup> He is also primarily a <a href=\"/wiki/Chicago_Bears\" title=\"Chicago Bears\">Chicago Bears</a> football fan in the <a href=\"/wiki/National_Football_League\" title=\"National Football League\">NFL</a>, but in his childhood and adolescence was a <a href=\"/wiki/Steeler_Nation\" title=\"Steeler Nation\">fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers</a>, and rooted for them ahead of their victory in <a href=\"/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIII\" title=\"Super Bowl XLIII\">Super Bowl XLIII</a> 12 days after he took office as President.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Steelers_395-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Steelers-395\">[395]</a></sup> In 2011, Obama invited the <a href=\"/wiki/1985_Chicago_Bears_season\" title=\"1985 Chicago Bears season\">1985 Chicago Bears</a> to the White House; the team had not visited the White House after their <a href=\"/wiki/Super_Bowl_XX\" title=\"Super Bowl XX\">Super Bowl win</a> in 1986 due to the <a href=\"/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster\" title=\"Space Shuttle Challenger disaster\">Space Shuttle Challenger disaster</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-396\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-396\">[396]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" sty
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp le=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:DIG13623-230.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DIG13623-230.jpg/220px-DIG13623-230.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"330\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DIG13623-230.jpg/330px-DIG13623-230.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DIG13623-230.jpg/440px-DIG13623-230.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3048\" data-file-height=\"4572\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:DIG13623-230.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nObama and First Lady at the Civil Rights Summit at the LBJ Presidential Library in 2014</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>In June 1989, Obama met <a href=\"/wiki/Michelle_Obama\" title=\"Michelle Obama\">Michelle Robinson</a> when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of <a href=\"/wiki/Sidley_Austin\" title=\"Sidley Austin\">Sidley Austin</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-397\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-397\">[397]</a></sup> Assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, Robinson joined him at several group social functions, but declined his initial requests to date.<sup id=\"cite_ref-398\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-398\">[398]</a></sup> They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.<sup id=\"cite_ref-399\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-399\">[399]</a></sup> The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born on July 4, 1998,<sup id=\"cite_ref-400\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-400\">[400]</a></sup> followed by a second daughter, Natasha (\"Sasha\"), on June 10, 2001.<sup id=\"cite_ref-401\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-401\">[401]</a></sup> The Obama daughters attended the private <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Laboratory_Schools\" title=\"University of Chicago Laboratory Schools\">University of Chicago Laboratory Schools</a>. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the private <a href=\"/wiki/Sidwell_Friends_School\" title=\"Sidwell Friends School\">Sidwell Friends School</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-402\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-402\">[402]</a></sup> Malia graduated in 2016, and after a gap year will attend Harvard University beginning in the fall of 2017.<sup id=\"cite_ref-403\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-403\">[403]</a></sup> The Obamas have two <a href=\"/wiki/Portuguese_Water_Dog\" title=\"Portuguese Water Dog\">Portuguese Water Dogs</a>, the first, a male named <a href=\"/wiki/Bo_(dog)\" title=\"Bo (dog)\">Bo</a>, a gift from Senator <a href=\"/wiki/Ted_Kennedy\" title=\"Ted Kennedy\">Ted Kennedy</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-404\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-404\">[404]</a></sup> In August 2013, Bo was joined by <a href=\"/wiki/Sunny_(dog)\" title=\"Sunny (dog)\">Sunny</a>, a female.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Feldmann_405-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Feldmann-405\">[405]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Applying the proceeds of a book deal, the family moved in 2005 from a <a href=\"/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Chicago\" title=\"Hyde Park, Chicago\">Hyde Park, Chicago</a> condominium to a $1.6\u00a0million house in neighboring <a href=\"/wiki/Kenwood,_Chicago\" title=\"Kenwood, Chicago\">Kenwood, Chicago</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-406\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-406\">[406]</a></sup> The purchase of an adjacent lot\u2014and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend <a href=\"/wiki/Tony_Rezko\" title=\"Tony Rezko\">Tony Rezko</a>\u2014attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.<sup id=\"cite_ref-corruption_charges_407-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-corruption_charges-407\">[407]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In December 2007, <i><a href=\"/wiki/Money_(magazine)
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp \" title=\"Money (magazine)\">Money</a></i> estimated the Obama family's net worth at $1.3\u00a0million.<sup id=\"cite_ref-408\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-408\">[408]</a></sup> Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5\u00a0million\u2014up from about $4.2\u00a0million in 2007 and $1.6\u00a0million in 2005\u2014mostly from sales of his books.<sup id=\"cite_ref-409\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-409\">[409]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-410\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-410\">[410]</a></sup> On his 2010 income of $1.7\u00a0million, he gave 14% to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 to <a href=\"/wiki/Fisher_House_Foundation\" title=\"Fisher House Foundation\">Fisher House Foundation</a>, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.<sup id=\"cite_ref-411\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-411\">[411]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-412\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-412\">[412]</a></sup> As per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10\u00a0million.<sup id=\"cite_ref-networth12_413-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-networth12-413\">[413]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Obama tried to quit smoking several times, sometimes using <a href=\"/wiki/Nicotine_replacement_therapy\" title=\"Nicotine replacement therapy\">nicotine replacement therapy</a>, and, in early 2010, Michelle Obama said that he had successfully quit smoking.<sup id=\"cite_ref-reuters-smoking_414-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-reuters-smoking-414\">[414]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-415\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-415\">[415]</a></sup></p>\n<p>On his 55th birthday, August 4, 2016, Obama penned an essay in <a href=\"/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)\" title=\"Glamour (magazine)\"><i>Glamour</i></a> describing how his daughters and being president have made him a <a href=\"/wiki/Feminist\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Feminist\">feminist</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-416\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-416\">[416]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-417\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-417\">[417]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-418\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-418\">[418]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Religious views","anchor":"Religious_views","id":38,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/Barack_Obama_religion_conspiracy_theories\" title=\"Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories\">Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg/220px-Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"146\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg/330px-Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg/440px-Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4040\" data-file-height=\"2675\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nObama and First Lady worship at <a href=\"/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church\" title=\"African Methodist Episcopal Church\">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> in Washington, D.C., January 2013</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Obama is a Protestant Christian whose religious views developed in his adult life.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Christian_419-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Christian-419\">[419]</a></sup> He wrote in <i>The Audacity of Hope</i> that he \"wa
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp s not raised in a religious household\". He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached from religion, yet \"in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I have ever known.\" He described his father as a \"confirmed atheist\" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as \"a man who saw religion as not particularly useful.\" Obama explained how, through working with <a href=\"/wiki/Black_church\" title=\"Black church\">black churches</a> as a <a href=\"/wiki/Community_organizing\" title=\"Community organizing\">community organizer</a> while in his twenties, he came to understand \"the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-social_change_420-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-social_change-420\">[420]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In January 2008, Obama told <i><a href=\"/wiki/Christianity_Today\" title=\"Christianity Today\">Christianity Today</a></i>: \"I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in the redemptive death and <a href=\"/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus\" title=\"Resurrection of Jesus\">resurrection of Jesus Christ</a>. I believe that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-421\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-421\">[421]</a></sup> On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views saying \"I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't \u2013 frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts of Jesus Christ spoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead \u2013 being my brothers' and sisters' keeper, treating others as they would treat me.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-APbychoice_422-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APbychoice-422\">[422]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-ABCVideobychoice_423-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ABCVideobychoice-423\">[423]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Obama met <a href=\"/wiki/Trinity_United_Church_of_Christ\" title=\"Trinity United Church of Christ\">Trinity United Church of Christ</a> pastor Rev. <a href=\"/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright\" title=\"Jeremiah Wright\">Jeremiah Wright</a> in October 1987, and became a member of Trinity in 1992.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Trinity_424-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Trinity-424\">[424]</a></sup> He resigned from Trinity in May 2008 during his first presidential campaign after <a href=\"/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright_controversy\" title=\"Jeremiah Wright controversy\">some of Wright's statements were criticized</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-425\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-425\">[425]</a></sup> The Obama family has attended several Protestant churches since moving to Washington, D.C. in 2009, including <a href=\"/wiki/Shiloh_Baptist_Church_(Washington,_D.C.)\" title=\"Shiloh Baptist Church (Washington, D.C.)\">Shiloh Baptist Church</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/St._John%27s_Episcopal_Church,_Lafayette_Square\" title=\"St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square\">St. John's Episcopal Church</a>. After a prolonged effort to find a church to attend regularly in Washington, Obama announced in June 2009 that his primary place of worship would be the Evergreen Chapel at <a href=\"/wiki/Camp_David\" title=\"Camp David\">Camp David</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-426\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-426\">[426]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Notes and references","anchor":"Notes_and_references","id":39,"text":""},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Notes","anchor":"Notes","id":40,"text":"<div class=\"reflist columns references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<ol class=\"references\"><li id=\"cite_note-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-1\">^</a></b></span> <s
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp pan class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Barak\">\"Barak\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Merriam-Webster\" title=\"Merriam-Webster\">Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Barak&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FBarak&amp;rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span>, <cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Hussein\">\"Hussein\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Merriam-Webster\" title=\"Merriam-Webster\">Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Hussein&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FHussein&amp;rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span>, <cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Obama\">\"Obama\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Merriam-Webster\" title=\"Merriam-Webster\">Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FObama&amp;rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span>.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-2\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Barak\">\"Barak\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Dictionary.com\" title=\"Dictionary.com\">Dictionary.com</a> Unabridged</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/Random_House\" title=\"Random House\">Random House</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Barak&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2FBarak&amp;rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> <cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Hussein\">\"Hussein\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Dictionary.com\" title=\"Dictionary.com\">Dictionary.com</a> Unabridged</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/Random_House\" title=\"Random House\">Random House</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Hussein&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2FHussein&amp;rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> <cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Obama\">\"Obama\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Dictionary.com\" title=\"Dictionary.com\">Dictionary.com</a> Unabridged</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/Random_House\" title=\"Random House\">Random House</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2FObama&amp;rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp %3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-biography-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-biography_3-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama\">\"President Barack Obama\"</a>. Washington, D.C.: The White House. 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 12,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=President+Barack+Obama&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fadministration%2Fpresident-obama&amp;rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&amp;rft.pub=The+White+House&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-birth-certificate-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-birth-certificate_4-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110429013125/http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf\">\"Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24\u00a0pm, Honolulu\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Department of Health, State of Hawaii</i>. The White House. April 27, 2011. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf\">the original</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span> on April 29, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 27,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Certificate+of+Live+Birth%3A+Barack+Hussein+Obama+II%2C+August+4%2C+1961%2C+7%3A24+pm%2C+Honolulu&amp;rft.date=2011-04-27&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Frss_viewer%2Fbirth-certificate-long-form.pdf&amp;rft.jtitle=Department+of+Health%2C+State+of+Hawaii&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-maraniss-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-maraniss_5-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html\">\"Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p.\u00a0A22<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Though+Obama+had+to+leave+to+find+himself%2C+it+is+Hawaii+that+made+his+rise+possible&amp;rft.au=Maraniss%2C+David&amp;rft.date=2008-08-24&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F08%2F23%2FAR2008082301620.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft.pages=A22&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-6\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Nakaso, Dan (December 22, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii81222
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp 0320.html\">\"Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years\"</a>. <i>The Honolulu Advertiser</i>. p.\u00a0B1<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Twin+sisters%2C+Obama+on+parallel+paths+for+years&amp;rft.au=Nakaso%2C+Dan&amp;rft.date=2008-12-22&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthe.honoluluadvertiser.com%2Farticle%2F2008%2FDec%2F22%2Fln%2Fhawaii812220320.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Honolulu+Advertiser&amp;rft.pages=B1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-7\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Rudin, Ken (December 23, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2009/12/todays_junkie_segment_on_totn_5.html\">\"Today's Junkie segment on TOTN: a political review Of 2009\"</a>. <i>Talk of the Nation (Political Junkie blog)</i>. NPR<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 18,</span> 2010</span>. <q>We began with the historic inauguration on January 20 \u2013 yes, the first president ever born in Hawaii</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Today%27s+Junkie+segment+on+TOTN%3A+a+political+review+Of+2009&amp;rft.au=Rudin%2C+Ken&amp;rft.date=2009-12-23&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fblogs%2Fpoliticaljunkie%2F2009%2F12%2Ftodays_junkie_segment_on_totn_5.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Talk+of+the+Nation+%28Political+Junkie+blog%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-8\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Obama (1995, 2004), p. 12.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Jones_2007-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Jones_2007_9-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Jones, Tim (March 27, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://servv89pn0aj.sn.sourcedns.com/~gbpprorg/obama/barack.mother.txt\">\"Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator\"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p.\u00a01 (Tempo).</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Barack+Obama%3A+Mother+not+just+a+girl+from+Kansas%3B+Stanley+Ann+Dunham+shaped+a+future+senator&amp;rft.au=Jones%2C+Tim&amp;rft.date=2007-03-27&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fservv89pn0aj.sn.sourcedns.com%2F~gbpprorg%2Fobama%2Fbarack.mother.txt&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft.pages=1+%28Tempo%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Obama_1995.2C_2004.2C_pp._9.E2.80.9310-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Obama_1995.2C_2004.2C_pp._9.E2.80.9310_10-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Obama_1995.2C_2004.2C_pp._9.E2.80.9310_10-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9\u201310.</span>\n<ul><li><span class=\"reference-text\">Scott (2011), pp. 80\u201386.</span></li>\n<li><span class=\"reference-text\">Jacobs (2011), pp. 115\u2013118.</span></li>\n<li><span class=\"reference-text\">Maraniss (2012), pp. 154\u2013160.</span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Ripley_2008-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Ripley_2008_11-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"cit
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp ation news\">Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1729524,00.html\">\"The story of Barack Obama's mother\"</a>. <i>Time</i>. New York<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=The+story+of+Barack+Obama%27s+mother&amp;rft.au=Ripley%2C+Amanda&amp;rft.date=2008-04-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fnation%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1729524%2C00.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Time&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-12\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Scott (2011), p. 86.</span>\n<ul><li><span class=\"reference-text\">Jacobs (2011), pp. 125\u2013127.</span></li>\n<li><span class=\"reference-text\">Maraniss (2012), pp. 160\u2013163.</span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-13\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Scott (2011), pp. 87\u201393.</span>\n<ul><li><span class=\"reference-text\">Jacobs (2011), pp. 115\u2013118, 125\u2013127, 133\u2013161.</span></li>\n<li><span class=\"reference-text\">Maraniss (2012), pp. 170\u2013183, 188\u2013189.</span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-14\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Scott (2011), pp. 142\u2013144.</span>\n<ul><li><span class=\"reference-text\">Jacobs (2011), pp. 161\u2013177, 227\u2013230.</span></li>\n<li><span class=\"reference-text\">Maraniss (2012), pp. 190\u2013194, 201\u2013209, 227\u2013230.</span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-15\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Ochieng, Philip (November 1, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223905/http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html\">\"From home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found\"</a>. <i>The EastAfrican</i>. Nairobi. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html\">the original</a> on September 27, 2007.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=From+home+squared+to+the+US+Senate%3A+how+Barack+Obama+was+lost+and+found&amp;rft.au=Ochieng%2C+Philip&amp;rft.date=2004-11-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmedia.com%2FEastAfrican%2F01112004%2FFeatures%2FPA2-11.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+EastAfrican&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/12/13/ST2007121301893.html\">\"The ghost of a father\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p.\u00a0A12<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=The+ghost+of+a+father&amp;rft.au=Merida%2C+Kevin&amp;rft.date=2007-12-14&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Fstory%2F2007%2F12%2F13%2FST2007121301893.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft.pages=A12&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li>Jacobs (2011
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp ), pp. 251\u2013255.</li>\n<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 411\u2013417.</li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-16\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Scott (2011), pp. 97\u2013103.</span>\n<ul><li><span class=\"reference-text\">Maraniss (2012), pp. 195\u2013201, 225\u2013230.</span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-17\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Maraniss (2012), pp. 195\u2013201, 209\u2013223, 230\u2013244.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-18\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Maraniss (2012), pp. 216, 221, 230, 234\u2013244.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-19\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://blog.calverteducation.com/calvert/barack-obama-calvert-homeschooler\">\"Barack Obama: Calvert Homeschooler? \u2013 Calvert Education Blog\"</a>. calverteducation.com<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Barack+Obama%3A+Calvert+Homeschooler%3F+%93+Calvert+Education+Blog&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.calverteducation.com%2Fcalvert%2Fbarack-obama-calvert-homeschooler&amp;rft.pub=calverteducation.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-20\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Serafin, Peter (March 21, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://archives.starbulletin.com/2004/03/21/news/story4.html\">\"Punahou grad stirs up Illinois politics\"</a>. <i>Honolulu Star-Bulletin</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Punahou+grad+stirs+up+Illinois+politics&amp;rft.au=Serafin%2C+Peter&amp;rft.date=2004-03-21&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.starbulletin.com%2F2004%2F03%2F21%2Fnews%2Fstory4.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Honolulu+Star-Bulletin&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Scott, Janny (March 14, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/14/us/politics/14obama.html?pagewanted=all\">\"A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.\u00a0A1<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 18,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=A+free-spirited+wanderer+who+set+Obama%27s+path&amp;rft.au=Scott%2C+Janny&amp;rft.date=2008-03-14&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F03%2F14%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F14obama.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.pages=A1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li>Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 3 and 4.</li>\n<li>Scott (2012), pp. 131\u2013134.</li>\n<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 264\u2013269.</li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-21\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Wolffe, Richard (March 22, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" h
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp ref=\"http://www.newsweek.com/when-barry-became-barack-84255\">\"When Barry Became Barack\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Newsweek\" title=\"Newsweek\">Newsweek</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=When+Barry+Became+Barack&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.aulast=Wolffe&amp;rft.date=2008-03-22&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fwhen-barry-became-barack-84255&amp;rft.jtitle=Newsweek&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-22\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Scott (2011), pp. 139\u2013157.</span>\n<ul><li><span class=\"reference-text\">Maraniss (2012), pp. 279\u2013281.</span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-23\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Scott (2011), pp. 157\u2013194.</span>\n<ul><li><span class=\"reference-text\">Maraniss (2012), pp. 279\u2013281, 324\u2013326.</span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-24\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Scott (2011), pp. 214, 294, 317\u2013346.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-25\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Serrano, Richard A. (March 11, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-obamahawaii11-2007mar11,0,199085,full.story\">\"Obama's peers didn't see his angst\"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p.\u00a0A20<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%27s+peers+didn%27t+see+his+angst&amp;rft.au=Serrano%2C+Richard+A.&amp;rft.date=2007-03-11&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fla-na-obamahawaii11-2007mar11%2C0%2C199085%2Cfull.story&amp;rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;rft.pages=A20&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li>Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.</li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-26\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Reyes, B.J. (February 8, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/02/08/news/story02.html\">\"Punahou left lasting impression on Obama\"</a>. <i>Honolulu Star-Bulletin</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 10,</span> 2007</span>. <q>As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were mostly attended by blacks.</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Punahou+left+lasting+impression+on+Obama&amp;rft.au=Reyes%2C+B.J.&amp;rft.date=2007-02-08&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.starbulletin.com%2F2007%2F02%2F08%2Fnews%2Fstory02.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Honolulu+Star-Bulletin&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-27\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Elliott, Philip (November 21, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://articl
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp es.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail\">\"Obama gets blunt with N.H. students\"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. Associated Press. p.\u00a08A<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+gets+blunt+with+N.H.+students&amp;rft.au=Elliott%2C+Philip&amp;rft.date=2007-11-21&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.boston.com%2F2007-11-21%2Fnews%2F29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail&amp;rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&amp;rft.pages=8A&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-28\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Karl, Jonathan (May 25, 2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/obama-and-his-pot-smoking-choom-gang/\">\"Obama and his pot-smoking \"choom gang<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">\"</span>\"</a>. ABC News<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+and+his+pot-smoking+%22choom+gang%22&amp;rft.au=Karl%2C+Jonathan&amp;rft.date=2012-05-25&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2Fblogs%2Fpolitics%2F2012%2F05%2Fobama-and-his-pot-smoking-choom-gang%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation book\">Obama, Barack (2004) [1995]. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=HRCHJp-V0QUC&amp;pg=PA93\"><i>Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance</i></a>. pp.\u00a093\u201394<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.aufirst=Barack&amp;rft.aulast=Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Dreams+from+My+Father%3A+A+Story+of+Race+and+Inheritance&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHRCHJp-V0QUC%26pg%3DPA93&amp;rft.pages=93-94&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation book\">Maraniss, David (2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&amp;&amp;q=choom\"><i>Barack Obama: The Story</i></a>. pages with \"choom gang\"<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Maraniss&amp;rft.btitle=Barack+Obama%3A+The+Story&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWnna9CLtblAC%26%26q%3Dchoom&amp;rft.pages=pages+with+%22choom+gang%22&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li>for analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager (\"When I was a kid, I inhaled\"), see:</li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Seelye, Katharine Q. (October 24, 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63\">\"Obama offers more variations from the norm\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.\u00a0A21<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"now
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp rap\">October 29,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+offers+more+variations+from+the+norm&amp;rft.au=Seelye%2C+Katharine+Q.&amp;rft.date=2006-10-24&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.pages=A21&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/02/AR2007010201359.html\">\"Effect of Obama's candor remains to be seen\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p.\u00a0A1<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 14,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Effect+of+Obama%27s+candor+remains+to+be+seen&amp;rft.au=Romano%2C+Lois&amp;rft.date=2007-01-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F01%2F02%2FAR2007010201359.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft.pages=A1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-29\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://video.pbs.org/video/2288869682/\">\"FRONTLINE The Choice 2012\"</a>. PBS. October 9, 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=FRONTLINE+The+Choice+2012&amp;rft.date=2012-10-09&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.pbs.org%2Fvideo%2F2288869682%2F&amp;rft.pub=PBS&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Occidental-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Occidental_30-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Occidental_30-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Gordon, Larry (January 29, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100524102944/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29\">\"Occidental recalls 'Barry' Obama\"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p.\u00a0B1. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29\">the original</a> on May 24, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Occidental+recalls+%27Barry%27+Obama&amp;rft.au=Gordon%2C+Larry&amp;rft.date=2007-01-29&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2007%2Fjan%2F29%2Flocal%2Fme-oxy29&amp;rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;rft.pages=B1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Possley, Maurice (March 30, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive,0,1533921.story\">\"Activism blossomed in college\"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p.\u00a020. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20101009204342/http://www.chicagotribune.c
08-17 14:36:09.680 debug OkHttp om/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive,0,1533921.story\">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Activism+blossomed+in+college&amp;rft.au=Possley%2C+Maurice&amp;rft.date=2007-03-30&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fchi-0703291042mar30-archive%2C0%2C1533921.story&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft.pages=20&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Kovaleski, Serge F. (February 9, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/us/politics/09obama.html?pagewanted=all\">\"Old friends say drugs played bit part in Obama's young life\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.\u00a0A1<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Old+friends+say+drugs+played+bit+part+in+Obama%27s+young+life&amp;rft.au=Kovaleski%2C+Serge+F.&amp;rft.date=2008-02-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F02%2F09%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F09obama.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.pages=A1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Rohter, Larry (April 10, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/us/politics/10obama.html\">\"Obama says real-life experience trumps rivals' foreign policy credits\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.\u00a0A18<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+says+real-life+experience+trumps+rivals%27+foreign+policy+credits&amp;rft.au=Rohter%2C+Larry&amp;rft.date=2008-04-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F04%2F10%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F10obama.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.pages=A18&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Adam Goldman; Robert Tanner (May 15, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-05-15-3144401415_x.htm\">\"Old friends recall Obama's years in LA, NYC\"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Associated Press<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Old+friends+recall+Obama%27s+years+in+LA%2C+NYC&amp;rft.au=Adam+Goldman&amp;rft.au=Robert+Tanner&amp;rft.date=2008-05-15&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2008-05-15-3144401415_x.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=USA+Today&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Helman, Scott (August 25, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/2008/08/25/small_college_awakened_future_senator_to_service/?page=full\">\"Small college awakened future senator to service (subscription archive)\"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. p.\u00a01A<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wi
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp kipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Small+college+awakened+future+senator+to+service+%28subscription+archive%29&amp;rft.au=Helman%2C+Scott&amp;rft.date=2008-08-25&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2008%2Farticles%2F2008%2F08%2F25%2Fsmall_college_awakened_future_senator_to_service%2F%3Fpage%3Dfull&amp;rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&amp;rft.pages=1A&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Jackson, Brooks (June 5, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.factcheck.org/2009/06/more-birther-nonsense-obamas-1981-pakistan-trip\">\"More 'birther' nonsense: Obama's 1981 Pakistan trip\"</a>. FactCheck.org<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=More+%27birther%27+nonsense%3A+Obama%27s+1981+Pakistan+trip&amp;rft.au=Jackson%2C+Brooks&amp;rft.date=2009-06-05&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.factcheck.org%2F2009%2F06%2Fmore-birther-nonsense-obamas-1981-pakistan-trip&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation book\">Remnick, David (2010). <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Bridge:_The_Life_and_Rise_of_Barack_Obama\" title=\"The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama\">The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama</a></i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp.\u00a098\u2013112. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4360-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4360-6\">978-1-4000-4360-6</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.au=Remnick%2C+David&amp;rft.btitle=The+Bridge%3A+The+Life+and+Rise+of+Barack+Obama&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4000-4360-6&amp;rft.pages=98-112&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 92\u2013112.</li>\n<li>Mendell (2007), pp. 55\u201362.</li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-31\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Boss-Bicak, Shira (January 2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan05/cover.php\">\"Barack Obama '83\"</a>. <i>Columbia College Today</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0572-7820\">0572-7820</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 1,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Barack+Obama+%2783&amp;rft.au=Boss-Bicak%2C+Shira&amp;rft.date=2005-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.college.columbia.edu%2Fcct_archive%2Fjan05%2Fcover.php&amp;rft.issn=0572-7820&amp;rft.jtitle=Columbia+College+Today&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-32\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nymag.com/arts/all/approvalmatrix/approval-matrix-2012-8-27/\">\"The Approval Matrix\"</a>. <i>New York</i>. August 27, 2012.</cite><span title=\"ctx_
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=The+Approval+Matrix&amp;rft.date=2012-08-27&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Farts%2Fall%2Fapprovalmatrix%2Fapproval-matrix-2012-8-27%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-33\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Obama, Barack (1998). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20010509024017/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/obama/cv.html\">\"Curriculum vitae\"</a>. The University of Chicago Law School. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/obama/cv.html\">the original</a> on May 9, 2001<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 1,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.au=Obama%2C+Barack&amp;rft.btitle=Curriculum+vitae&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.uchicago.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fobama%2Fcv.html&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Law+School&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Issenberg, Sasha (August 6, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance/?page=1\">\"Obama shows hints of his year in global finance; Tied markets to social aid\"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. p.\u00a01A. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080809070043/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance/?page=1\">Archived</a> from the original on August 9, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+shows+hints+of+his+year+in+global+finance%3B+Tied+markets+to+social+aid&amp;rft.au=Issenberg%2C+Sasha&amp;rft.date=2008-08-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Farticles%2F2008%2F08%2F06%2Fobama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance%2F%3Fpage%3D1&amp;rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&amp;rft.pages=1A&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-34\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Scott, Janny (July 30, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/us/politics/30obama.html?pagewanted=all\">\"Obama's account of New York often differs from what others say\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.\u00a0B1<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 31,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%27s+account+of+New+York+often+differs+from+what+others+say&amp;rft.au=Scott%2C+Janny&amp;rft.date=2007-07-30&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F10%2F30%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F30obama.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.pages=B1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 133\u2013140.</li>\n<li>Mendell (2007), pp. 62\u201363.</li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_not
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp e-Who.27s_Who_2008-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Who.27s_Who_2008_35-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Who.27s_Who_2008_35-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Who.27s_Who_2008_35-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Who.27s_Who_2008_35-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Chassie, Karen, ed. (2007). <i>Who's Who in America, 2008</i>. New Providence, NJ: Marquis Who's Who. p.\u00a03468. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8379-7011-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8379-7011-0\">978-0-8379-7011-0</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+America%2C+2008&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8379-7011-0&amp;rft.pages=3468&amp;rft.place=New+Providence%2C+NJ&amp;rft.pub=Marquis+Who%27s+Who&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-36\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Fink, Jason (November 9, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/obama-stood-out-even-during-brief-1985-nypirg-job-1.885513\">\"Obama stood out, even during brief 1985 NYPIRG job\"</a>. <i>Newsday</i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+stood+out%2C+even+during+brief+1985+NYPIRG+job&amp;rft.aufirst=Jason&amp;rft.aulast=Fink&amp;rft.date=2008-11-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsday.com%2Fnews%2Fnew-york%2Fobama-stood-out-even-during-brief-1985-nypirg-job-1.885513&amp;rft.jtitle=Newsday&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-37\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Lizza, Ryan (March 19, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.tnr.com/article/the-agitator-barack-obamas-unlikely-political-education\">\"The agitator: Barack Obama's unlikely political education\"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i>. <b>236</b> (12): 22\u201326, 28\u201329. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583\">0028-6583</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 21,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=The+agitator%3A+Barack+Obama%27s+unlikely+political+education&amp;rft.au=Lizza%2C+Ryan&amp;rft.date=2007-03-19&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnr.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-agitator-barack-obamas-unlikely-political-education&amp;rft.issn=0028-6583&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&amp;rft.pages=22-26%2C+28-29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=236\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Bob Secter; John McCormick (March 30, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20091214172131/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive,0,2491692,full.story\">\"Portrait of a pragmatist\"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p.\u00a01. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationwor
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp ld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive,0,2491692,full.story\">the original</a> on December 14, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Portrait+of+a+pragmatist&amp;rft.au=Bob+Secter&amp;rft.au=John+McCormick&amp;rft.date=2007-03-30&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fchi-0703300121mar30-archive%2C0%2C2491692%2Cfull.story&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140\u2013295.</li>\n<li>Mendell (2007), pp. 63\u201383.</li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-38\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_38-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_38-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_38-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Matchan, Linda (February 15, 1990). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/1990/02/15/a_law_review_breakthrough\">\"A Law Review breakthrough\"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. p.\u00a029<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=A+Law+Review+breakthrough&amp;rft.au=Matchan%2C+Linda&amp;rft.date=1990-02-15&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2008%2Farticles%2F1990%2F02%2F15%2Fa_law_review_breakthrough&amp;rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&amp;rft.pages=29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Corr, John (February 27, 1990). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=PI%7CDN%7C&amp;p_product=PHNP&amp;p_theme=phnp&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;s_trackval=PHNP&amp;s_dispstring=Author%28John%20Corr%29%20AND%20date%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29%20AND%20date%28all%29&amp;p_field_advanced-0=Author&amp;p_text_advanced-0=%28John%20Corr%29&amp;p_bool_advanced-1=AND&amp;p_params_advanced-1=date:B,E&amp;p_field_advanced-1=YMD_date&amp;p_text_advanced-1=%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no\">\"From mean streets to hallowed halls\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(paid archive)</span>. <i>The Philadelphia Inquirer</i>. p.\u00a0C01<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=From+mean+streets+to+hallowed+halls&amp;rft.au=Corr%2C+John&amp;rft.date=1990-02-27&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_multi%3DPI%257CDN%257C%26p_product%3DPHNP%26p_theme%3Dphnp%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26s_trackval%3DPHNP%26s_dispstring%3DAuthor%2528John%2520Corr%2529%2520AND%2520date%252802%2F27%2F1990%2520to%252002%2F27%2F1990%2529%2520AND%2520date%2528all%2529%26p_field_advanced-0%3DAuthor%26p_text_advanced-0%3D%2528John%2520Corr%2529%26p_bool_advanced-1%3DAND%26p_params_advanced-1%3Ddate%3AB%2CE%26p_field_advanced-1%3DYMD_date%26p_text_advanced-1%3D%252802%2F27%2F1990%2520to%252002%2F27%2F1990%2529%C3%8Al_numdocs%3D20%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%C3%8Al_useweights%3Dno&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&amp;rft.pages=C01&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp =\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-39\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-39\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Obama, Barack (August\u2013September 1988). \"Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city\". <i>Illinois Issues</i>. <b>14</b> (8\u20139): 40\u201342. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0738-9663\">0738-9663</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Why+organize%3F+Problems+and+promise+in+the+inner+city&amp;rft.au=Obama%2C+Barack&amp;rft.date=1988-08%2F1988-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=0738-9663&amp;rft.issue=8%939&amp;rft.jtitle=Illinois+Issues&amp;rft.pages=40-42&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=14\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> reprinted in:<br><cite class=\"citation book\">Knoepfle, Peg, ed. (1990). <i>After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois</i>. Springfield, IL: Sangamon State University. pp.\u00a035\u201340. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9620873-3-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-9620873-3-5\">0-9620873-3-5</a>. <q>He has also been a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, an organizing institute working throughout the Midwest.</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=After+Alinsky%3A+community+organizing+in+Illinois&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-9620873-3-5&amp;rft.pages=35-40&amp;rft.place=Springfield%2C+IL&amp;rft.pub=Sangamon+State+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Obama_2012-40\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Obama_2012_40-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Obama, Auma (2012). <i>And then life happens: a memoir</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp.\u00a0189\u2013208, 212\u2013216. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-01005-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-250-01005-6\">978-1-250-01005-6</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.aufirst=Auma&amp;rft.aulast=Obama&amp;rft.btitle=And+then+life+happens%3A+a+memoir&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-250-01005-6&amp;rft.pages=189-208%2C+212-216&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-41\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-41\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 299\u2013437.</span>\n<ul><li><span class=\"reference-text\">Maraniss (2012), pp. 564\u2013570.</span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-42\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-42\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Joey Del Ponte and Somerville Scout Staff. \"Something in the Water\". <i>Somerville Scout</i> (January/February 2014). p.\u00a026.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Something+in+the+Water&amp;rft.au=Joey+Del+Ponte+and+Somerville+Scout+Staff&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=January%2FFebruary+2014&amp;rft.jtitle=Somerville+Scout&amp;rft.pages=26&amp;rft_
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> \"Barack Obama lived in the big, ivy-covered brick building at 365 Broadway\u00a0... From 1988 to 1991, the future president resided in a basement apartment while attending Harvard Law School.\"</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Harvard_Law_2007-43\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_2007_43-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_2007_43-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Michael Levenson; Jonathan Saltzman (January 28, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/28/at_harvard_law_a_unifying_voice/?page=full\">\"At Harvard Law, a unifying voice\"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. p.\u00a01A<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=At+Harvard+Law%2C+a+unifying+voice&amp;rft.au=Jonathan+Saltzman&amp;rft.au=Michael+Levenson&amp;rft.date=2007-01-28&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farticles%2F2007%2F01%2F28%2Fat_harvard_law_a_unifying_voice%2F%3Fpage%3Dfull&amp;rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&amp;rft.pages=1A&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Kantor, Jodi (January 28, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/us/politics/28obama.html?pagewanted=all\">\"In law school, Obama found political voice\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.\u00a0A1<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=In+law+school%2C+Obama+found+political+voice&amp;rft.au=Kantor%2C+Jodi&amp;rft.date=2007-01-28&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F01%2F28%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F28obama.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.pages=A1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Mundy, Liza (August 12, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/08/AR2007080802038_pf.html\">\"A series of fortunate events\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p.\u00a0W10<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=A+series+of+fortunate+events&amp;rft.au=Mundy%2C+Liza&amp;rft.date=2007-08-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F08%2F08%2FAR2007080802038_pf.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft.pages=W10&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li>Mendell (2007), pp. 80\u201392.</li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990b-44\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990b_44-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990b_44-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Butterfield, Fox (February 6, 1990). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/06/us/first-black-elected-to-head-harvard-s-law-review.html\">\"First black elected to head Harvard's Law Review\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.\u00a0A20<span class=\"r
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp eference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=First+black+elected+to+head+Harvard%27s+Law+Review&amp;rft.au=Butterfield%2C+Fox&amp;rft.date=1990-02-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F02%2F06%2Fus%2Ffirst-black-elected-to-head-harvard-s-law-review.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.pages=A20&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Ybarra, Michael J (February 7, 1990). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-02-07/news/9001110408_1_ann-dunham-chicago-housing-authority-barack-obama\">\"Activist in Chicago now heads Harvard Law Review\"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p.\u00a03<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Activist+in+Chicago+now+heads+Harvard+Law+Review&amp;rft.au=Ybarra%2C+Michael+J&amp;rft.date=1990-02-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.chicagotribune.com%2F1990-02-07%2Fnews%2F9001110408_1_ann-dunham-chicago-housing-authority-barack-obama&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft.pages=3&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Drummond, Tammerlin (March 12, 1990). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60017156.html?dids=60017156:60017156&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT\">\"Barack Obama's law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(paid archive)</span>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p.\u00a0E1<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Barack+Obama%27s+law%3B+Harvard+Law+Review%27s+first+black+president+plans+a+life+of+public+service&amp;rft.au=Drummond%2C+Tammerlin&amp;rft.date=1990-03-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Flatimes%2Faccess%2F60017156.html%3Fdids%3D60017156%3A60017156%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&amp;rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;rft.pages=E1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation journal\">Evans, Gaynelle (March 15, 1990). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://diverseeducation.com/article/11791/\">\"Opening another door: The saga of Harvard's Barack H. Obama\"</a>. <i>Black Issues in Higher Education</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 5. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0742-0277\">0742-0277</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Opening+another+door%3A+The+saga+of+Harvard%27s+Barack+H.+Obama&amp;rft.au=Evans%2C+Gaynelle&amp;rft.date=1990-03-15&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiverseeducation.com%2Farticle%2F11791%2F&amp;rft.issn=0742-0277&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Black+Issues+in+Higher+Education&amp;rft.pages=5&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=7\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Pugh, Allison J. (April 18, 1990). <a re
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp l=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=MH%7C&amp;p_product=MH&amp;p_theme=realcities2&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;s_site=miami&amp;s_trackval=MH&amp;s_search_type=keyword&amp;s_dispstring=Law%20Review%27s%20first%20black%20president%20aims%20to%20help%20poor%20AND%20date%28all%29&amp;p_field_advanced-0=&amp;p_text_advanced-0=%28Law%20Review%27s%20first%20black%20president%20aims%20to%20help%20poor%29%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no\">\"Law Review's first black president aims to help poor\"</a>. <i>The Miami Herald</i>. Associated Press. p.\u00a0C01<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Law+Review%27s+first+black+president+aims+to+help+poor&amp;rft.au=Pugh%2C+Allison+J.&amp;rft.date=1990-04-18&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_multi%3DMH%257C%26p_product%3DMH%26p_theme%3Drealcities2%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26s_site%3Dmiami%26s_trackval%3DMH%26s_search_type%3Dkeyword%26s_dispstring%3DLaw%2520Review%2527s%2520first%2520black%2520president%2520aims%2520to%2520help%2520poor%2520AND%2520date%2528all%2529%26p_field_advanced-0%3D%26p_text_advanced-0%3D%2528Law%2520Review%2527s%2520first%2520black%2520president%2520aims%2520to%2520help%2520poor%2529%C3%8Al_numdocs%3D20%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%C3%8Al_useweights%3Dno&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Miami+Herald&amp;rft.pages=C01&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-45\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-45\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wzmmBZ7i4BQ\">Video</a> on <a href=\"/wiki/YouTube\" title=\"YouTube\">YouTube</a></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-46\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-46\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Aguilar, Louis (July 11, 1990). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/28774085.html?dids=28774085:28774085&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT\">\"Survey: Law firms slow to add minority partners\"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p.\u00a01 (Business)<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Survey%3A+Law+firms+slow+to+add+minority+partners&amp;rft.au=Aguilar%2C+Louis&amp;rft.date=1990-07-11&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F28774085.html%3Fdids%3D28774085%3A28774085%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft.pages=1+%28Business%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Juris_Doctor-47\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Juris_Doctor_47-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Adams, Richard (May 9, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/may/09/barackobama.uselections20081\">\"Barack Obama\"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081013083027/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/may/09/barackobama.uselections20081\">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Barack+Obama&amp;rft.au=Adams%2C+Richard&amp;rft.date=2007-05-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2007%2Fmay%2F09%2Fbarackobama.uselections20081&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Scott_2008a-48\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Scott_2008a_48-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Scott_2008a_48-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Scott_2008a_48-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Scott, Janny (May 18, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html?pagewanted=all\">\"The story of Obama, written by Obama\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.\u00a0A1<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=The+story+of+Obama%2C+written+by+Obama&amp;rft.au=Scott%2C+Janny&amp;rft.date=2008-05-18&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F05%2F18%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F18memoirs.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.pages=A1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. xiii\u2013xvii.</li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Fellow-49\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Fellow_49-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Merriner, James L. (June 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2008/Obamas-Chicago-Posse/The-Friends-of-O/index.php?cp=2&amp;si=1\">\"The friends of O\"</a>. <i>Chicago</i>. <b>57</b> (6): 74\u201379, 97\u201399. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4595\">0362-4595</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=The+friends+of+O&amp;rft.au=Merriner%2C+James+L.&amp;rft.date=2008-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagomag.com%2FChicago-Magazine%2FJune-2008%2FObamas-Chicago-Posse%2FThe-Friends-of-O%2Findex.php%3Fcp%3D2%26si%3D1&amp;rft.issn=0362-4595&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago&amp;rft.pages=74-79%2C+97-99&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=57\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Zengerle, Jason (July 30, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.tnr.com/article/con-law?id=86dd0277-c6ee-4e3c-83e9-0bb468c5c40d&amp;p=1\">\"Con law; What the University of Chicago right thinks of Obama\"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i>. <b>239</b> (1). pp.\u00a07\u20138<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Con+law%3B+What+the+University+of+Chicago+right+thinks+of+Obama&amp;rft.au=Zengerle%2C+Jason&amp;rft.date=2008-07-30&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnr.com%2Farticle%2Fcon-law%3Fid%3D86dd0277-c6ee-4e3c-83e9-0bb468c5c40d%26p%3D1&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&amp;rft.pages=7-8&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajo
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp urnal&amp;rft.volume=239\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Kantor, Jodi (July 30, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/30/us/politics/30law.html?pagewanted=all\">\"Teaching law, testing ideas, Obama stood slightly apart\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.\u00a0A1<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Teaching+law%2C+testing+ideas%2C+Obama+stood+slightly+apart&amp;rft.au=Kantor%2C+Jodi&amp;rft.date=2008-07-30&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F07%2F30%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F30law.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.pages=A1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Gray, Steven (September 10, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1835238-2,00.html\">\"Taking professor Obama's class\"</a>. <i>Time</i>. New York<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Taking+professor+Obama%27s+class&amp;rft.au=Gray%2C+Steven&amp;rft.date=2008-09-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1835238-2%2C00.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Time&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Starr, Alexandra (September 21, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/21/magazine/21obama-t.html?pagewanted=all\">\"Case study\"</a>. <i>The New York Times Magazine</i>. p.\u00a076<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Case+study&amp;rft.au=Starr%2C+Alexandra&amp;rft.date=2008-09-21&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F09%2F21%2Fmagazine%2F21obama-t.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&amp;rft.pages=76&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Hundley, Tom (March 22, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-03-22/features/0903200725_1_barack-obama-story-chicago-school-harvard-law\">\"Ivory tower of power\"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune Magazine</i>. p.\u00a06<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Ivory+tower+of+power&amp;rft.au=Hundley%2C+Tom&amp;rft.date=2009-03-22&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.chicagotribune.com%2F2009-03-22%2Ffeatures%2F0903200725_1_barack-obama-story-chicago-school-harvard-law&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune+Magazine&amp;rft.pages=6&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-50\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-50\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.law.uchicago.edu/media/index.html\">\"Statement regarding Barack Obama\"</a>. University of Chicago Law School. March 27, 2008
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp . <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080608225931/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/media/index.html\">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Statement+regarding+Barack+Obama&amp;rft.date=2008-03-27&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.uchicago.edu%2Fmedia%2Findex.html&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Law+School&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation web\">Miller, Joe (March 28, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://factcheck.org/2008/03/obama-a-constitutional-law-professor/\">\"Was Barack Obama really a constitutional law professor?\"</a>. FactCheck.org<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.au=Miller%2C+Joe&amp;rft.btitle=Was+Barack+Obama+really+a+constitutional+law+professor%3F&amp;rft.date=2008-03-28&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactcheck.org%2F2008%2F03%2Fobama-a-constitutional-law-professor%2F&amp;rft.pub=FactCheck.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\">Holan, Angie Drobnic (March 7, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2008/mar/07/obamas-20-years-experience\">\"Obama's 20 years of experience\"</a>. PolitiFact.com<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 10,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.au=Holan%2C+Angie+Drobnic&amp;rft.btitle=Obama%27s+20+years+of+experience&amp;rft.date=2008-03-07&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politifact.com%2Ftruth-o-meter%2Farticle%2F2008%2Fmar%2F07%2Fobamas-20-years-experience&amp;rft.pub=PolitiFact.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Forty-51\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Forty_51-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">White, Jesse, ed. (2000). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20040416120057/www.sos.state.il.us/bb/sec4_71_132.pdf\"><i>Illinois Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed.</i></a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. Springfield, IL: Illinois Secretary of State. p.\u00a083. <a href=\"/wiki/OCLC\" title=\"OCLC\">OCLC</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/oclc/43923973\">43923973</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sos.state.il.us/bb/toc.html\">the original</a> on April 16, 2004<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Illinois+Blue+Book%2C+2000%2C+Millennium+ed.&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sos.state.il.us%2Fbb%2Ftoc.html&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43923973&amp;rft.pages=83&amp;rft.place=Springfield%2C+IL&amp;rft.pub=Illinois+Secretary+of+State&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Jarrett, Vernon (August 11, 1992). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archiv
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp es?p_product=CSTB&amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;s_dispstring=(Vernon%20Jarrett)%20AND%20date(8/11/1992%20to%208/11/1992)&amp;p_field_date-0=YMD_date&amp;p_params_date-0=date:B,E&amp;p_text_date-0=8/11/1992%20to%208/11/1992)&amp;p_field_advanced-0=&amp;p_text_advanced-0=(Vernon%20Jarrett)%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no\">\"<span style=\"padding-left:0.2em;\">'</span>Project Vote' brings power to the people\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(paid archive)</span>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. p.\u00a023<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=%27Project+Vote%27+brings+power+to+the+people&amp;rft.au=Jarrett%2C+Vernon&amp;rft.date=1992-08-11&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DCSTB%26p_theme%3Dcstb%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26s_dispstring%3D%28Vernon%2520Jarrett%29%2520AND%2520date%288%2F11%2F1992%2520to%25208%2F11%2F1992%29%26p_field_date-0%3DYMD_date%26p_params_date-0%3Ddate%3AB%2CE%26p_text_date-0%3D8%2F11%2F1992%2520to%25208%2F11%2F1992%29%26p_field_advanced-0%3D%26p_text_advanced-0%3D%28Vernon%2520Jarrett%29%C3%8Al_numdocs%3D20%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%C3%8Al_useweights%3Dno&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&amp;rft.pages=23&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Reynolds, Gretchen (January 1993). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-1993/Vote-of-Confidence\">\"Vote of confidence\"</a>. <i>Chicago Magazine</i>. <b>42</b> (1). pp.\u00a053\u201354. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4595\">0362-4595</a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080514183643/http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-1993/Vote-of-Confidence\">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Vote+of+confidence&amp;rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Gretchen&amp;rft.date=1993-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagomag.com%2FChicago-Magazine%2FJanuary-1993%2FVote-of-Confidence&amp;rft.issn=0362-4595&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Magazine&amp;rft.pages=53-54&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=42\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation journal\">Anderson, Veronica (September 27 \u2013 October 3, 1993). \"40 under Forty: Barack Obama, Director, Illinois Project Vote\". <i>Crain's Chicago Business</i>. <b>16</b> (39): 43. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0149-6956\">0149-6956</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=40+under+Forty%3A+Barack+Obama%2C+Director%2C+Illinois+Project+Vote&amp;rft.au=Anderson%2C+Veronica&amp;rft.date=1993-09-27%2F1993-10-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=0149-6956&amp;rft.issue=39&amp;rft.jtitle=Crain%27s+Chicago+Business&amp;rft.pages=43&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=16\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-52\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp a href=\"#cite_ref-52\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">United States District Court: Northern District of Illinois\u00a0\u2013 CM/ECF LIVE, Ver 3.0 (Chicago) (July 6, 1994). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.clearinghouse.net/chDocs/public/FH-IL-0011-9000.pdf\">\"CIVIL DOCKET FOR CASE #: 1:94-cv-04094\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>clearinghouse.net</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=CIVIL+DOCKET+FOR+CASE+%23%3A+1%3A94-cv-04094&amp;rft.au=United+States+District+Court%3A+Northern+District+of+Illinois+%93+CM%2FECF+LIVE%2C+Ver+3.0+%28Chicago%29&amp;rft.date=1994-07-06&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clearinghouse.net%2FchDocs%2Fpublic%2FFH-IL-0011-9000.pdf&amp;rft.jtitle=clearinghouse.net&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> <span class=\"citation-comment\" style=\"display:none; color:#33aa33\">CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (<a href=\"/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Multiple_names:_authors_list\" title=\"Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list\">link</a>)</span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-53\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-53\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.clearinghouse.net/detail.php?id=10112\">\"Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank \u2013 Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse\"</a>. clearinghouse.net<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Buycks-Roberson+v.+Citibank+Fed.+Sav.+Bank+%93+Civil+Rights+Litigation+Clearinghouse&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clearinghouse.net%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D10112&amp;rft.pub=clearinghouse.net&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-54\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-54\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT~\u00b7':lj FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS EASTERN DIVISION (January 16, 1988). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.clearinghouse.net/chDocs/public/FH-IL-0011-0008.pdf\">\"Settlement Agreement\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>clearinghouse.net</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Settlement+Agreement&amp;rft.au=UNITED+STATES+DISTRICT+COURT~%B7%27%3Alj+FOR+THE+NORTHERN+DISTRICT+OF+ILLINOIS+EASTERN+DIVISION&amp;rft.date=1988-01-16&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clearinghouse.net%2FchDocs%2Fpublic%2FFH-IL-0011-0008.pdf&amp;rft.jtitle=clearinghouse.net&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-55\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-55\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">United States District Cuurt For the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division (May 13, 1998). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.clearinghouse.net/chDocs/public/FH-IL-0011-0010.pdf\">\"Final Judgment and Order of Dismissal\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>clearinghouse.net</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span cl
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp ass=\"nowrap\">June 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Final+Judgment+and+Order+of+Dismissal&amp;rft.au=United+States+District+Cuurt+For+the+Northern+District+of+Illinois+Eastern+Division&amp;rft.date=1998-05-13&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clearinghouse.net%2FchDocs%2Fpublic%2FFH-IL-0011-0010.pdf&amp;rft.jtitle=clearinghouse.net&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-56\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-56\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Gore, D'Angelo (June 14, 2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.factcheck.org/2012/06/the-obamas-law-licenses/\">\"The Obamas' Law Licenses\"</a>. FactCheck.org<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.au=Gore%2C+D%27Angelo&amp;rft.btitle=The+Obamas%27+Law+Licenses&amp;rft.date=2012-06-14&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.factcheck.org%2F2012%2F06%2Fthe-obamas-law-licenses%2F&amp;rft.pub=FactCheck.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DavisMiner-57\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-DavisMiner_57-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Robinson, Mike (February 20, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2007/02/20/obama_got_start_in_civil_rights_practice\">\"Obama got start in civil rights practice\"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. Associated Press<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+got+start+in+civil+rights+practice&amp;rft.au=Robinson%2C+Mike&amp;rft.date=2007-02-20&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Fhigher%2Farticles%2F2007%2F02%2F20%2Fobama_got_start_in_civil_rights_practice&amp;rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Pallasch, Abdon M. (December 17, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;s_dispstring=(Pallasch)_AND_date(12/17/2007_to_12/17/2007)&amp;p_field_date-0=YMD_date&amp;p_params_date-0=date:B,E&amp;p_text_date-0=December_17,_2007_to_12/17/2007)&amp;p_field_advanced-0=&amp;p_text_advanced-0=(Pallasch)%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no\">\"As lawyer, Obama was strong, silent type; He was 'smart, innovative, relentless,' and he mostly let other lawyers do the talking\"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. p.\u00a04<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=As+lawyer%2C+Obama+was+strong%2C+silent+type%3B+He+was+%27smart%2C+innovative%2C+relentless%2C%27+and+he+mostly+let+other+lawyers+do+the+talking&amp;rft.au=Pallasch%2C+Abdon+M.&amp;rft.date=2007-12-17&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DCSTB%26p_theme%3Dcstb%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26s_dispstring%3D%28Pallasch%29_AND_date%2812%2F17%2F2007_to_12%2F17%2F2007%29%26p_field_date-0%3DYMD_date
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp %26p_params_date-0%3Ddate%3AB%2CE%26p_text_date-0%3DDecember_17%2C_2007_to_12%2F17%2F2007%29%26p_field_advanced-0%3D%26p_text_advanced-0%3D%28Pallasch%29%C3%8Al_numdocs%3D20%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%C3%8Al_useweights%3Dno&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&amp;rft.pages=4&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span><span style=\"font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555\">(subscription required)</span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Morain, Dan (April 6, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/06/nation/na-obamalegal6\">\"Obama's law days effective but brief\"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p.\u00a0A14<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%27s+law+days+effective+but+brief&amp;rft.au=Morain%2C+Dan&amp;rft.date=2008-04-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2008%2Fapr%2F06%2Fnation%2Fna-obamalegal6&amp;rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;rft.pages=A14&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20131204190346/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/doc/283584889.html?FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=&amp;author=&amp;pub=&amp;edition=&amp;startpage=&amp;desc=\">\"Document\"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. June 27, 1993. p.\u00a09 (Business). Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24302659.html?dids=24302659:24302659&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT\">the original</a> on December 4, 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Document&amp;rft.date=1993-06-27&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F24302659.html%3Fdids%3D24302659%3A24302659%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft.pages=9+%28Business%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span><span style=\"font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555\">(subscription required)</span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;s_dispstring=(Business%20appointments)%20AND%20date(7/5/1993%20to%207/5/1993)&amp;p_field_date-0=YMD_date&amp;p_params_date-0=date:B,E&amp;p_text_date-0=7/5/1993%20to%207/5/1993)&amp;p_field_advanced-0=&amp;p_text_advanced-0=(Business%20appointments)%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no\">\"Business appointments\"</a>. <i>Chicago-Sun-Times</i>. July 5, 1993. p.\u00a040<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Business+appointments&amp;rft.date=1993-07-05&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DCSTB%26p_theme%3Dcstb%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26s_dispstring%3D%28Business%2520appointments%29%2520AND%2520date%287%2F5%2F1993%2520to%25207%2F5%2F1993%29%26p_field_date-0%3DYMD_date%26p_params_date-0%3Ddate%3AB%2CE%26p_text_date-0%3D7%2F5%2F1993%2520to%25207%2F5%2F1993%29%26p_field_advanced-0%3D%26p_text_advanced-0%3D%28Business%2520appointment
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp s%29%C3%8Al_numdocs%3D20%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%C3%8Al_useweights%3Dno&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago-Sun-Times&amp;rft.pages=40&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span><span style=\"font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555\">(subscription required)</span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Ripley, Amanda (November 3, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,750742,00.html\">\"Obama's ascent\"</a>. <i>Time</i>. New York<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%27s+ascent&amp;rft.au=Ripley%2C+Amanda&amp;rft.date=2004-11-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C750742%2C00.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Time&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.lawmbg.com/index.cfm/PageID/2711\">\"About us\"</a>. Miner, Barnhill &amp; Galland\u00a0\u2013 Chicago, Illinois. 2008. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080720182856/http://www.lawmbg.com/index.cfm/PageID/2711\">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=About+us&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawmbg.com%2Findex.cfm%2FPageID%2F2711&amp;rft.pub=Miner%2C+Barnhill+%26+Galland+%93+Chicago%2C+Illinois&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Reardon, Patrick T. (June 25, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/chi-obama-chicago-htmlstory,0,506256.htmlstory\">\"Obama's Chicago\"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p.\u00a01 (Tempo)<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Chicago&amp;rft.au=Reardon%2C+Patrick+T.&amp;rft.date=2008-06-25&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Ftravel%2Fchi-obama-chicago-htmlstory%2C0%2C506256.htmlstory&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft.pages=1+%28Tempo%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 438\u2013439.</li>\n<li>Mendell (2007), pp. 104\u2013106.</li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-58\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-58\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Jackson, David; Ray Long (April 3, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081011054057/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-070403obama-ballot-archive,0,5693903.story\">\"Obama Knows His Way Around a Ballot\"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-070403obama-ballot-archive,0,5693903.story\">the original</a> on October 11, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Knows+His+Way+Around+a+Ballot&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp aulast=Jackson&amp;rft.au=Ray+Long&amp;rft.date=2007-04-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fobama%2Fchi-070403obama-ballot-archive%2C0%2C5693903.story&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation book\"><a href=\"/wiki/Jesse_White_(politician)\" title=\"Jesse White (politician)\">White, Jesse</a> (2001). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080226221919/http://www.sos.state.il.us/publications/02bluebook/legislative_branch/legdistrictmaps.pdf\">\"Legislative Districts of Cook County, 1991 Reapportionment\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Illinois Blue Book 2001\u20132002</i>. Springfield: <a href=\"/wiki/Illinois_Secretary_of_State\" title=\"Illinois Secretary of State\">Illinois Secretary of State</a>. p.\u00a065<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Legislative+Districts+of+Cook+County%2C+1991+Reapportionment&amp;rft.au=White%2C+Jesse&amp;rft.btitle=Illinois+Blue+Book+2001%932002&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080226221919%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.sos.state.il.us%2Fpublications%2F02bluebook%2Flegislative_branch%2Flegdistrictmaps.pdf&amp;rft.pages=65&amp;rft.place=Springfield&amp;rft.pub=Illinois+Secretary+of+State&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> State Sen. District 13 = State Rep. Districts 25 &amp; 26.</li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-59\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-59\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Slevin, Peter (February 9, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020802262.html\">\"Obama Forged Political Mettle in Illinois Capitol\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Forged+Political+Mettle+in+Illinois+Capitol&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.aulast=Slevin&amp;rft.date=2007-02-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F02%2F08%2FAR2007020802262.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span><cite class=\"citation news\">Helman, Scott (September 23, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/\">\"In Illinois, Obama dealt with Lobbyists\"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080416235513/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/?\">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=In+Illinois%2C+Obama+dealt+with+Lobbyists&amp;rft.aufirst=Scott&amp;rft.aulast=Helman&amp;rft.date=2007-09-23&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Farticles%2F2007%2F09%2F23%2Fin_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp \u00a0</span></span> See also:<cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/politics/main2369157.shtml\">\"Obama Record May Be Gold Mine for Critics\"</a>. CBS News. Associated Press. January 17, 2007. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080412223055/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/politics/main2369157.shtml\">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Record+May+Be+Gold+Mine+for+Critics&amp;rft.date=2007-01-17&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2007%2F01%2F17%2Fpolitics%2Fmain2369157.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Scott20070730-60\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Scott20070730_60-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Scott20070730_60-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Scott, Janny (July 30, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html\">\"In Illinois, Obama Proved Pragmatic and Shrewd\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081210135903/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html\">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=In+Illinois%2C+Obama+Proved+Pragmatic+and+Shrewd&amp;rft.aufirst=Janny&amp;rft.aulast=Scott&amp;rft.date=2007-07-30&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F30%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F30obama.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-61\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-61\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Allison, Melissa (December 15, 2000). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/65214450.html?dids=65214450:65214450&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT\">\"State takes on predatory lending; Rules would halt single-premium life insurance financing\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(paid archive)</span>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p.\u00a01 (Business). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080617151154/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/65214450.html?dids=65214450:65214450&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT\">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=State+takes+on+predatory+lending%3B+Rules+would+halt+single-premium+life+insurance+financing&amp;rft.au=Allison%2C+Melissa&amp;rft.date=2000-12-15&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F65214450.html%3Fdids%3D65214450%3A65214450%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft.pages=1+%28Business%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span><cite class=\"citation news\">Ray Long; Melissa Allison (April 18, 2001). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"externa
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp l text\" href=\"http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/71459393.html?dids=71459393:71459393&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT\">\"Illinois OKs predatory loan curbs; State aims to avert home foreclosures\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(paid archive)</span>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p.\u00a01<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Illinois+OKs+predatory+loan+curbs%3B+State+aims+to+avert+home+foreclosures&amp;rft.au=Melissa+Allison&amp;rft.au=Ray+Long&amp;rft.date=2001-04-18&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F71459393.html%3Fdids%3D71459393%3A71459393%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-62\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-62\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20000824102110/http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html\">\"13th District: Barack Obama\"</a>. Illinois State Senate Democrats. August 24, 2000. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html\">the original</a> on April 12, 2000<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=13th+District%3A+Barack+Obama&amp;rft.date=2000-08-24&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senatedem.state.il.us%2Fobama%2Findex.html&amp;rft.pub=Illinois+State+Senate+Democrats&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20040802233730/http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html\">\"13th District: Barack Obama\"</a>. Illinois State Senate Democrats. October 9, 2004. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html\">the original</a> on August 2, 2004<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=13th+District%3A+Barack+Obama&amp;rft.date=2004-10-09&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senatedem.state.il.us%2Fobama%2Findex.html&amp;rft.pub=Illinois+State+Senate+Democrats&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Democratic_primary-63\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Democratic_primary_63-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/ilh.htm\">\"Federal Elections 2000: U.S. House Results\u00a0\u2013 Illinois\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission\" title=\"Federal Election Commission\">Federal Election Commission</a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080328011936/http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/ilh.htm\">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Federal+Elections+2000%3A+U.S.+House+Results+%93+Illinois&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;r
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp ft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fec.gov%2Fpubrec%2Ffe2000%2Filh.htm&amp;rft.pub=Federal+Election+Commission&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Gonyea, Dan (September 19, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110218211819/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14502364\">\"Obama's Loss May Have Aided White House Bid\"</a>. NPR. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14502364\">the original</a> on February 18, 2011.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Loss+May+Have+Aided+White+House+Bid&amp;rft.au=Gonyea%2C+Dan&amp;rft.date=2007-09-19&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D14502364&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Scott, Janny (September 9, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/us/politics/09obama.html\">\"A Streetwise Veteran Schooled Young Obama\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080321122541/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/us/politics/09obama.html\">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=A+Streetwise+Veteran+Schooled+Young+Obama&amp;rft.aufirst=Janny&amp;rft.aulast=Scott&amp;rft.date=2007-09-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F09%2F09%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F09obama.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">McClelland, Edward (February 12, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/02/12/obama_natural/\">\"How Obama Learned to Be a Natural\"</a>. <i>Salon</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080308133402/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/02/12/obama_natural/\">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=How+Obama+Learned+to+Be+a+Natural&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward&amp;rft.aulast=McClelland&amp;rft.date=2007-02-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2F2007%2F02%2F12%2Fobama_natural%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Salon&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Wolffe, Richard; Daren Briscoe (July 16, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.newsweek.com/id/33156\">\"Across the Divide\"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080418014600/http://www.newsweek.com/id/33156?\">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Across+the+Divide&amp;rft.au=Daren+Briscoe&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.aulast=Wolffe&amp;rft.date=2007-07-16&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp id%2F33156&amp;rft.jtitle=Newsweek&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Helman, Scott (October 12, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/10/12/early_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb/\">\"Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb\"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Early+Defeat+Launched+a+Rapid+Political+Climb&amp;rft.aufirst=Scott&amp;rft.aulast=Helman&amp;rft.date=2007-10-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Farticles%2F2007%2F10%2F12%2Fearly_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Wills, Christopher (October 24, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2007-10-24-3157940059_x.htm\">\"Obama learned from failed Congress run\"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 15,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+learned+from+failed+Congress+run&amp;rft.au=Wills%2C+Christopher&amp;rft.date=2007-10-24&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2007-10-24-3157940059_x.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=USA+Today&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-64\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-64\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Calmes, Jackie (February 23, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080918032039/http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117219748197216894-Sn6oV_4KLQHp_xz7CjYLuyjv3Jg_20070324.html\">\"Statehouse Yields Clues to Obama\"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117219748197216894-Sn6oV_4KLQHp_xz7CjYLuyjv3Jg_20070324.html\">the original</a> on September 18, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Statehouse+Yields+Clues+to+Obama&amp;rft.aufirst=Jackie&amp;rft.aulast=Calmes&amp;rft.date=2007-02-23&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Fpublic%2Farticle%2FSB117219748197216894-Sn6oV_4KLQHp_xz7CjYLuyjv3Jg_20070324.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-65\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-65\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Tavella, Anne Marie (April 14, 2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ADHB&amp;p_theme=adhb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_text_search-0=Profiling,%20AND%20taping%20AND%20plans%20AND%20pass%20AND%20Senate&amp;s_dispstring=Profiling,%20taping%20plans%20pass%20Senate%20AND%20date(April_4,_2003%20to%204/4/2003)&amp;p_field_date-0=YMD_date&amp;p_params_date-0=date:B,E&amp;p_text_date-0=4_April_2003%20to%204/4/2003%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no\"
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp >\"Profiling, taping plans pass Senate\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(paid archive)</span>. <i>Daily Herald</i>. p.\u00a017<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Profiling%2C+taping+plans+pass+Senate&amp;rft.au=Tavella%2C+Anne+Marie&amp;rft.date=2003-04-14&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DADHB%26p_theme%3Dadhb%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26p_text_search-0%3DProfiling%2C%2520AND%2520taping%2520AND%2520plans%2520AND%2520pass%2520AND%2520Senate%26s_dispstring%3DProfiling%2C%2520taping%2520plans%2520pass%2520Senate%2520AND%2520date%28April_4%2C_2003%2520to%25204%2F4%2F2003%29%26p_field_date-0%3DYMD_date%26p_params_date-0%3Ddate%3AB%2CE%26p_text_date-0%3D4_April_2003%2520to%25204%2F4%2F2003%C3%8Al_numdocs%3D20%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%C3%8Al_useweights%3Dno&amp;rft.jtitle=Daily+Herald&amp;rft.pages=17&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span><cite class=\"citation news\">Haynes, V. Dion (June 29, 2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/352884461.html?dids=352884461:352884461&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT\">\"Fight racial profiling at local level, lawmaker says; U.S. guidelines get mixed review\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(paid archive)</span>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p.\u00a08. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080617150449/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/352884461.html?dids=352884461:352884461&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT\">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Fight+racial+profiling+at+local+level%2C+lawmaker+says%3B+U.S.+guidelines+get+mixed+review&amp;rft.au=Haynes%2C+V.+Dion&amp;rft.date=2003-06-29&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F352884461.html%3Fdids%3D352884461%3A352884461%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft.pages=8&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span><cite class=\"citation news\">Pearson, Rick (July 17, 2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/370136121.html?dids=370136121:370136121&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT\">\"Taped confessions to be law; State will be 1st to pass legislation\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(paid archive)</span>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p.\u00a01 (Metro)<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Taped+confessions+to+be+law%3B+State+will+be+1st+to+pass+legislation&amp;rft.au=Pearson%2C+Rick&amp;rft.date=2003-07-17&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F370136121.html%3Fdids%3D370136121%3A370136121%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft.pages=1+%28Metro%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-66\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-66\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Youngman, Sam; Aaron Blake (March 14, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://thehill.com/homenews/news/11316-obamas-crime-votes-a
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp re-fodder-for-rivals\">\"Obama's Crime Votes Are Fodder for Rivals\"</a>. <i>The Hill</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Crime+Votes+Are+Fodder+for+Rivals&amp;rft.au=Aaron+Blake&amp;rft.aufirst=Sam&amp;rft.aulast=Youngman&amp;rft.date=2007-03-14&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fnews%2F11316-obamas-crime-votes-are-fodder-for-rivals&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Hill&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> See also:<cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080607111231/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/12/america/NA-POL-US-Obama-Death-Penalty.php\">\"US Presidential Candidate Obama Cites Work on State Death Penalty Reforms\"</a>. <i>International Herald Tribune</i>. Associated Press. November 12, 2007. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/12/america/NA-POL-US-Obama-Death-Penalty.php\">the original</a> on June 7, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=US+Presidential+Candidate+Obama+Cites+Work+on+State+Death+Penalty+Reforms&amp;rft.date=2007-11-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2Fap%2F2007%2F11%2F12%2Famerica%2FNA-POL-US-Obama-Death-Penalty.php&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-67\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-67\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Coffee, Melanie (November 6, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.hydepark.org/hpkccnews/raoul.htm#ap\">\"Attorney Chosen to Fill Obama's State Senate Seat\"</a>. HPKCC. Associated Press. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080516174431/http://www.hydepark.org/hpkccnews/raoul.htm\">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Attorney+Chosen+to+Fill+Obama%27s+State+Senate+Seat&amp;rft.aufirst=Melanie&amp;rft.aulast=Coffee&amp;rft.date=2004-11-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydepark.org%2Fhpkccnews%2Fraoul.htm%23ap&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-68\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-68\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Helman, Scott (October 12, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/10/12/early_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb\">\"Early defeat launched a rapid political climb\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Boston_Globe\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Boston Globe\">Boston Globe</a></i>. p.\u00a01A<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Early+defeat+launched+a+rapid+political+climb&amp;rft.au=Helman%2C+Scott&amp;rft.date=2007-10-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Farticles%2F2007%2F10%2F12%2Fearly_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp climb&amp;rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&amp;rft.pages=1A&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-69\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-69\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Strausberg, Chinta (September 26, 2002). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220062931.html\">\"Opposition to war mounts\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(paid archive)</span>. <i>Chicago Defender</i>. p.\u00a01<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Opposition+to+war+mounts&amp;rft.au=Strausberg%2C+Chinta&amp;rft.date=2002-09-26&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P3-220062931.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Defender&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Rose_Garden-70\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Rose_Garden_70-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Office of the Press Secretary (October 2, 2002). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021002-7.html\">\"President, House leadership agree on Iraq resolution\"</a>. The White House<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.au=Office+of+the+Press+Secretary&amp;rft.btitle=President%2C+House+leadership+agree+on+Iraq+resolution&amp;rft.date=2002-10-02&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2002%2F10%2F20021002-7.html&amp;rft.pub=The+White+House&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Tackett, Michael (October 3, 2002). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569641.html?dids=203569641:203569641&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT\">\"Bush, House OK Iraq deal; Congress marches with Bush\"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p.\u00a01<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Bush%2C+House+OK+Iraq+deal%3B+Congress+marches+with+Bush&amp;rft.au=Tackett%2C+Michael&amp;rft.date=2002-10-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F203569641.html%3Fdids%3D203569641%3A203569641%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span><span style=\"font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555\">(subscription required)</span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Federal_Plaza-71\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Federal_Plaza_71-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Glauber, Bill (October 3, 2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569621.html?dids=203569621:203569621&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT\">\"War protesters gentler, but passion still burns\"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p.\u00a01<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp 004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=War+protesters+gentler%2C+but+passion+still+burns&amp;rft.au=Glauber%2C+Bill&amp;rft.date=2003-10-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F203569621.html%3Fdids%3D203569621%3A203569621%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span><span style=\"font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555\">(subscription required)</span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Strausberg, Chinta (October 3, 2002). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220379051.html\">\"War with Iraq undermines U.N\"</a>. <i>Chicago Defender</i>. p.\u00a01<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 28,</span> 2008</span>. <q>Photo caption: Left Photo: Sen. Barack Obama along with Rev. Jesse Jackson spoke to nearly 3,000 anti-war protestors (below) during a rally at Federal Plaza Wednesday.</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=War+with+Iraq+undermines+U.N&amp;rft.au=Strausberg%2C+Chinta&amp;rft.date=2002-10-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P3-220379051.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Defender&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\">Katz, Marilyn (October 2, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721192331/http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?p=127\">\"Five years since our first action\"</a>. Chicagoans Against War &amp; Injustice. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?p=127\">the original</a> on July 21, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.au=Katz%2C+Marilyn&amp;rft.btitle=Five+years+since+our+first+action&amp;rft.date=2007-10-02&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noiraqwar-chicago.org%2F%3Fp%3D127&amp;rft.pub=Chicagoans+Against+War+%26+Injustice&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Greg Bryant; Jane B. Vaughn (October 3, 2002). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ADHB&amp;p_theme=adhb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_text_search-0=300%20AND%20attend%20AND%20rally%20AND%20against%20AND%20Iraq%20AND%20war&amp;s_dispstring=300%20attend%20rally%20against%20Iraq%20war%20AND%20date(10/3/2002%20to%2010/3/2002)&amp;p_field_date-0=YMD_date&amp;p_params_date-0=date:B,E&amp;p_text_date-0=10/3/2002%20to%2010/3/2002)%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no\">\"300 attend rally against Iraq war\"</a>. <i>Daily Herald</i>. Arlington Heights. p.\u00a08<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=300+attend+rally+against+Iraq+war&amp;rft.au=Greg+Bryant&amp;rft.au=Jane+B.+Vaughn&amp;rft.date=2002-10-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DADHB%26p_theme%3Dadhb%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26p_text_search-0%3D300%2520AND%2520attend%2520AND%2520rally%2520AND%2520against%2520AND%2520Iraq%2520AND%2520war%26s_dispstring%3D300%2520attend%2520rally%2520against%2520Iraq%2520war%2520AND%2520dat
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp e%2810%2F3%2F2002%2520to%252010%2F3%2F2002%29%26p_field_date-0%3DYMD_date%26p_params_date-0%3Ddate%3AB%2CE%26p_text_date-0%3D10%2F3%2F2002%2520to%252010%2F3%2F2002%29%C3%8Al_numdocs%3D20%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%C3%8Al_useweights%3Dno&amp;rft.jtitle=Daily+Herald&amp;rft.pages=8&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span><span style=\"font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555\">(subscription required)</span></li>\n<li>Mendell (2007), pp. 172\u2013177.</li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-spoke_out-72\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-spoke_out_72-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Obama, Barack (October 2, 2002). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080130204029/http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php\">\"Remarks of Illinois State Sen. Barack Obama against going to war with Iraq\"</a>. Barack Obama. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php\">the original</a> on January 30, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.au=Obama%2C+Barack&amp;rft.btitle=Remarks+of+Illinois+State+Sen.+Barack+Obama+against+going+to+war+with+Iraq&amp;rft.date=2002-10-02&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barackobama.com%2F2002%2F10%2F02%2Fremarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php&amp;rft.pub=Barack+Obama&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">McCormick, John (October 3, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1351610621.html?dids=1351610621:1351610621&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT\">\"Obama marks '02 war speech; Contender highlights his early opposition in effort to distinguish him from his rivals\"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p.\u00a07<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 28,</span> 2008</span>. <q>The top strategist for Sen. Barack Obama has just 14 seconds of video of what is one of the most pivotal moments of the presidential candidate's political career. The video, obtained from a Chicago TV station, is of Obama's 2002 speech in opposition to the impending Iraq invasion.</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+marks+%2702+war+speech%3B+Contender+highlights+his+early+opposition+in+effort+to+distinguish+him+from+his+rivals&amp;rft.au=McCormick%2C+John&amp;rft.date=2007-10-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F1351610621.html%3Fdids%3D1351610621%3A1351610621%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft.pages=7&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span><span style=\"font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555\">(subscription required)</span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Pallasch, Abdon M. (October 3, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;s_dispstring=headline(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)%20AND%20date(all)&amp;p_field_advanced-0=title&amp;p_text_advanced-0=(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no\">\"Obama touts anti-war cred; Kicks off tour 5 years after speech critical of going to Iraq\"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. p.\u00a026<span class=\"refe
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp rence-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+touts+anti-war+cred%3B+Kicks+off+tour+5+years+after+speech+critical+of+going+to+Iraq&amp;rft.au=Pallasch%2C+Abdon+M.&amp;rft.date=2007-10-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DCSTB%26p_theme%3Dcstb%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26s_dispstring%3Dheadline%28Obama%2520touts%2520anti-war%2520cred%29%2520AND%2520date%28all%29%26p_field_advanced-0%3Dtitle%26p_text_advanced-0%3D%28Obama%2520touts%2520anti-war%2520cred%29%C3%8Al_numdocs%3D20%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%C3%8Al_useweights%3Dno&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&amp;rft.pages=26&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span><span style=\"font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555\">(subscription required)</span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-stop_the_war-73\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-stop_the_war_73-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Ritter, Jim (March 17, 2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;s_dispstring=headline(Anti-war%20rally%20here%20draws%20thousands)%20AND%20date(all)&amp;p_field_advanced-0=title&amp;p_text_advanced-0=(Anti-war%20rally%20here%20draws%20thousands)%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no\">\"Anti-war rally here draws thousands\"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. p.\u00a03<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Anti-war+rally+here+draws+thousands&amp;rft.au=Ritter%2C+Jim&amp;rft.date=2003-03-17&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DCSTB%26p_theme%3Dcstb%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26s_dispstring%3Dheadline%28Anti-war%2520rally%2520here%2520draws%2520thousands%29%2520AND%2520date%28all%29%26p_field_advanced-0%3Dtitle%26p_text_advanced-0%3D%28Anti-war%2520rally%2520here%2520draws%2520thousands%29%C3%8Al_numdocs%3D20%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%C3%8Al_useweights%3Dno&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&amp;rft.pages=3&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> <span style=\"font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555\">(subscription required)</span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation pressrelease\">Office of the Press Secretary (March 16, 2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030316-3.html\">\"President Bush: Monday 'moment of truth' for world on Iraq\"</a> (Press release). The White House<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.au=Office+of+the+Press+Secretary&amp;rft.btitle=President+Bush%3A+Monday+%27moment+of+truth%27+for+world+on+Iraq&amp;rft.date=2003-03-16&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2003%2F03%2F20030316-3.html&amp;rft.pub=The+White+House&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-74\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-74\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Davey, Monica (March 7, 2004
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp ). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090416015834/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/07/politics/campaign/07ILLI.html\">\"Closely watched Illinois Senate race attracts 7 candidates in millionaire range\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_New_York_Times\" title=\"The New York Times\">The New York Times</a></i>. p.\u00a019. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/07/politics/campaign/07ILLI.html\">the original</a> on April 16, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Closely+watched+Illinois+Senate+race+attracts+7+candidates+in+millionaire+range&amp;rft.au=Davey%2C+Monica&amp;rft.date=2004-03-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F03%2F07%2Fpolitics%2Fcampaign%2F07ILLI.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.pages=19&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-future-75\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-future_75-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Mendell, David (March 17, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-03-17/news/0403170332_1_blair-hull-gery-chico-blacks-and-liberal-whites\">\"Obama routs Democratic foes; Ryan tops crowded GOP field; Hynes, Hull fall far short across state\"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p.\u00a01<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+routs+Democratic+foes%3B+Ryan+tops+crowded+GOP+field%3B+Hynes%2C+Hull+fall+far+short+across+state&amp;rft.au=Mendell%2C+David&amp;rft.date=2004-03-17&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.chicagotribune.com%2F2004-03-17%2Fnews%2F0403170332_1_blair-hull-gery-chico-blacks-and-liberal-whites&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Davey, Monica (March 18, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/18/us/as-quickly-as-overnight-a-democratic-star-is-born.html?pagewanted=all\">\"As quickly as overnight, a Democratic star is born\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.\u00a0A20<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=As+quickly+as+overnight%2C+a+Democratic+star+is+born&amp;rft.au=Davey%2C+Monica&amp;rft.date=2004-03-18&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F03%2F18%2Fus%2Fas-quickly-as-overnight-a-democratic-star-is-born.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.pages=A20&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Howlett, Debbie (March 19, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/2004-03-18-obama-usat_x.htm\">\"Dems see a rising star in Illinois Senate candidate\"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. p.\u00a0A04<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Dems+see+a+rising+star+in+Illinois+Senate+candidate&amp;rft.au=Howlett%2C+Debbie&amp;rft.date=2004-03-19&amp;rft.ge
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp nre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fpoliticselections%2Fnation%2F2004-03-18-obama-usat_x.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=USA+Today&amp;rft.pages=A04&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Scheiber, Noam (May 31, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.tnr.com/article/race-against-history-0\">\"Race against history. Barack Obama's miraculous campaign\"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i>. <b>230</b> (20). pp.\u00a021\u201322, 24\u201326 (cover story)<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Race+against+history.+Barack+Obama%27s+miraculous+campaign&amp;rft.au=Scheiber%2C+Noam&amp;rft.date=2004-05-31&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnr.com%2Farticle%2Frace-against-history-0&amp;rft.issue=20&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&amp;rft.pages=21-22%2C+24-26+%28cover+story%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=230\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Finnegan, William (May 31, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/05/31/040531fa_fact1?currentPage=all\">\"The Candidate. How far can Barack Obama go?\"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. <b>20</b> (14). pp.\u00a032\u201338<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=The+Candidate.+How+far+can+Barack+Obama+go%3F&amp;rft.au=Finnegan%2C+William&amp;rft.date=2004-05-31&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farchive%2F2004%2F05%2F31%2F040531fa_fact1%3FcurrentPage%3Dall&amp;rft.issue=14&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&amp;rft.pages=32-38&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=20\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Dionne Jr., E.J. (June 25, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A4062-2004Jun24.html\">\"In Illinois, a star prepares\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p.\u00a0A29<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=In+Illinois%2C+a+star+prepares&amp;rft.au=Dionne+Jr.%2C+E.J.&amp;rft.date=2004-06-25&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA4062-2004Jun24.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft.pages=A29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Scott, Janny (May 18, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html?pagewanted=all\">\"The story of Obama, written by Obama\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.\u00a0A1<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=The+story+of+Obama%2C+written+by+Obama&amp;rft.au=Scott%2C+Janny&amp;rft.date=2008-05-18&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F05%2F18%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F18memoirs.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.pages=A1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li>Mendell (
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp 2007), pp. 235\u2013259.</li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-76\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-76\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Bernstein, David (June 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2007/The-Speech\">\"The Speech\"</a>. <i>Chicago Magazine</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=The+Speech&amp;rft.au=Bernstein%2C+David&amp;rft.date=2007-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagomag.com%2FChicago-Magazine%2FJune-2007%2FThe-Speech&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Magazine&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-status-77\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-status_77-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.newsweek.com/id/54728/output/print\">\"Star Power. Showtime: Some are on the rise; others have long been fixtures in the firmament. A galaxy of bright Democratic lights\"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. New York. August 2, 2004. pp.\u00a048\u201351. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081218014146/http://www.newsweek.com/id/54728/output/print\">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Star+Power.+Showtime%3A+Some+are+on+the+rise%3B+others+have+long+been+fixtures+in+the+firmament.+A+galaxy+of+bright+Democratic+lights&amp;rft.date=2004-08-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fid%2F54728%2Foutput%2Fprint&amp;rft.jtitle=Newsweek&amp;rft.pages=48-51&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Samuel, Terence (August 2, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/040802/2obama.htm\">\"A shining star named Obama. How a most unlikely politician became a darling of the Democrats\"</a>. <i>U.S. News &amp; World Report</i>. Washington DC. p.\u00a025. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081206100640/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/040802/2obama.htm\">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=A+shining+star+named+Obama.+How+a+most+unlikely+politician+became+a+darling+of+the+Democrats&amp;rft.au=Samuel%2C+Terence&amp;rft.date=2004-08-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fusnews%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F040802%2F2obama.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&amp;rft.pages=25&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Lizza, Ryan (September 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200409/lizza\">\"Why is Barack Obama generating more excitement among Democrats than John Kerry?\"</a>. <i>The Atlantic Monthly</i>. pp.\u00a030, 33<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Why+
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp is+Barack+Obama+generating+more+excitement+among+Democrats+than+John+Kerry%3F&amp;rft.au=Lizza%2C+Ryan&amp;rft.date=2004-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fdoc%2F200409%2Flizza&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&amp;rft.pages=30%2C+33&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Davey, Monica (July 26, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/26/us/the-speaker-a-surprise-senate-contender-reaches-his-biggest-stage-yet.html\">\"A surprise Senate contender reaches his biggest stage yet\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.\u00a0A1<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 25,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=A+surprise+Senate+contender+reaches+his+biggest+stage+yet&amp;rft.au=Davey%2C+Monica&amp;rft.date=2004-07-26&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F07%2F26%2Fus%2Fthe-speaker-a-surprise-senate-contender-reaches-his-biggest-stage-yet.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.pages=A1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Leibovich, Mark (July 27, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A16606-2004Jul26.html\">\"The other man of the hour\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p.\u00a0C1<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=The+other+man+of+the+hour&amp;rft.au=Leibovich%2C+Mark&amp;rft.date=2004-07-27&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA16606-2004Jul26.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft.pages=C1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Milligan, Susan (July 27, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2004/07/27/in_obama_democrats_see_their_future/\">\"In Obama, Democrats see their future\"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. p.\u00a0B8. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081218181835/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2004/07/27/in_obama_democrats_see_their_future/\">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=In+Obama%2C+Democrats+see+their+future&amp;rft.au=Milligan%2C+Susan&amp;rft.date=2004-07-27&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farticles%2F2004%2F07%2F27%2Fin_obama_democrats_see_their_future%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&amp;rft.pages=B8&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Seelye, Katharine Q. (July 28, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20060624052131/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/28/politics/campaign/28blacks.html\">\"Illinois Senate nominee speaks of encompassing unity\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.\u00a0A1. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/28/politics/campaign/28blacks.html\">the original</a> on June 24, 2006.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp +Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Illinois+Senate+nominee+speaks+of+encompassing+unity&amp;rft.au=Seelye%2C+Katharine+Q.&amp;rft.date=2004-07-28&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F07%2F28%2Fpolitics%2Fcampaign%2F28blacks.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.pages=A1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Broder, David S. (July 28, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17865-2004Jul27.html\">\"Democrats focus on healing divisions; Addressing convention, newcomers set themes\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p.\u00a0A1<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Democrats+focus+on+healing+divisions%3B+Addressing+convention%2C+newcomers+set+themes&amp;rft.au=Broder%2C+David+S.&amp;rft.date=2004-07-28&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA17865-2004Jul27.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft.pages=A1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Jonathan Bing; Pamela McClintock (July 29, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117908388.html\">\"Auds resist charms of Dem stars\"</a>. <i>Variety</i>. Los Angeles. p.\u00a01<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Auds+resist+charms+of+Dem+stars&amp;rft.au=Jonathan+Bing&amp;rft.au=Pamela+McClintock&amp;rft.date=2004-07-29&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.variety.com%2Farticle%2FVR1117908388.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Variety&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li>Mendell (2007), pp. 272\u2013285.</li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-78\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-78\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/06/25/il.ryan/\">\"Ryan drops out of Senate race in Illinois\"</a>. CNN. June 25, 2004<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Ryan+drops+out+of+Senate+race+in+Illinois&amp;rft.date=2004-06-25&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2004%2FALLPOLITICS%2F06%2F25%2Fil.ryan%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li>Mendell (2007), pp. 260\u2013271.</li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-79\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-79\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Lannan, Maura Kelly (August 9, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/news/politics/20040809-0849-illinoissenate.html\">\"Alan Keyes enters U.S. Senate race in Illinois against rising Democratic star\"</a>. <i>Union-Tribune</i>. San Diego. Associated Press<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Alan+Keyes+enters+U.S.+Senate+race+in+Illinois+against+rising+Democratic+star&amp;rft.au=Lannan%2C+Ma
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp ura+Kelly&amp;rft.date=2004-08-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.signonsandiego.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F20040809-0849-illinoissenate.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Union-Tribune&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-margin-80\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-margin_80-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/IL/S/01/index.html\">\"America Votes 2004: U.S. Senate / Illinois\"</a>. CNN. 2005. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080416061340/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004//pages/results/states/IL/S/01/index.html\">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=America+Votes+2004%3A+U.S.+Senate+%2F+Illinois&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FELECTION%2F2004%2Fpages%2Fresults%2Fstates%2FIL%2FS%2F01%2Findex.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Slevin, Peter (November 13, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/12/AR2007111201945.html\">\"For Obama, a handsome payoff in political gambles\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p.\u00a0A3<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=For+Obama%2C+a+handsome+payoff+in+political+gambles&amp;rft.au=Slevin%2C+Peter&amp;rft.date=2007-11-13&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F11%2F12%2FAR2007111201945.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft.pages=A3&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">John Chase; David Mendell (November 3, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.noticiasdot.com/publicaciones/2004/1104/0311/noticias031104/presidenciales-usa/images/usa/chicago_tribune/chicago_tribune_031104.pdf\">\"Obama scores a record landslide\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p.\u00a01<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+scores+a+record+landslide&amp;rft.au=David+Mendell&amp;rft.au=John+Chase&amp;rft.date=2004-11-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noticiasdot.com%2Fpublicaciones%2F2004%2F1104%2F0311%2Fnoticias031104%2Fpresidenciales-usa%2Fimages%2Fusa%2Fchicago_tribune%2Fchicago_tribune_031104.pdf&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Fornek, Scott (November 3, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1553596.html\">\"Obama takes Senate seat in a landslide\"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. p.\u00a06<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+takes+Senate+seat+in+a+landslide&amp;rft.au=For
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp nek%2C+Scott&amp;rft.date=2004-11-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-1553596.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&amp;rft.pages=6&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-81\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-81\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFUnited_States_Congresso000167\" class=\"citation web\">United States Congress. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=o000167\">\"Barack Obama (id: o000167)\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress\" title=\"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress\">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Barack+Obama+%28id%3A+o000167%29&amp;rft.au=United+States+Congress&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3Do000167&amp;rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-82\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-82\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080709114659/http://www.house.gov/kilpatrick/cbc/member_info.html\">\"Member Info\"</a>. Congressional Black Caucus. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.house.gov/kilpatrick/cbc/member_info.html\">the original</a> on July 9, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Member+Info&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.house.gov%2Fkilpatrick%2Fcbc%2Fmember_info.html&amp;rft.pub=Congressional+Black+Caucus&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-transition_period-83\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-transition_period_83-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Mason, Jeff (November 16, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE4AF1MJ20081116\">\"Obama resigns Senate seat, thanks Illinois\"</a>. Reuters<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+resigns+Senate+seat%2C+thanks+Illinois&amp;rft.au=Mason%2C+Jeff&amp;rft.date=2008-11-16&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FpoliticsNews%2FidUSTRE4AF1MJ20081116&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-84\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-84\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">U.S. Senate, 109th Congress, 1st Session (May 12, 2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:SN01033:\">\"S. 1033, Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act\"</a>. Thomas<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp 2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.aufirst=109th+Congress%2C+1st+Session&amp;rft.aulast=U.S.+Senate&amp;rft.btitle=S.+1033%2C+Secure+America+and+Orderly+Immigration+Act&amp;rft.date=2005-05-12&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthomas.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fbdquery%2Fz%3Fd109%3ASN01033%3A&amp;rft.pub=Thomas&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-85\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-85\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154746/http://obama.senate.gov/press/070111-lugar-obama_non/\">\"Lugar\u2013Obama Nonproliferation Legislation Signed into Law by the President\"</a>. Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office. January 11, 2007. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://obama.senate.gov/press/070111-lugar-obama_non/\">the original</a> on December 18, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Lugar%93Obama+Nonproliferation+Legislation+Signed+into+Law+by+the+President&amp;rft.date=2007-01-11&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobama.senate.gov%2Fpress%2F070111-lugar-obama_non%2F&amp;rft.pub=Richard+Lugar+U.S.+Senate+Office&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> See also:<cite class=\"citation news\">Lugar, Richard G.; Barack Obama (December 3, 2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/02/AR2005120201509.html\">\"Junkyard Dogs of War\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Junkyard+Dogs+of+War&amp;rft.au=Barack+Obama&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&amp;rft.aulast=Lugar&amp;rft.date=2005-12-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2005%2F12%2F02%2FAR2005120201509.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-86\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-86\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">McCormack, John (December 21, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/502njiqx.asp\">\"Google Government Gone Viral\"</a>. <i>Weekly Standard</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080423235240/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/502njiqx.asp\">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Google+Government+Gone+Viral&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=McCormack&amp;rft.date=2007-12-21&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weeklystandard.com%2FContent%2FPublic%2FArticles%2F000%2F000%2F014%2F502njiqx.asp&amp;rft.jtitle=Weekly+Standard&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> See also:<cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080501233103/http://coburn.senate.gov/ffm/index.cfm?FuseAction=Legi
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp slativeFloorAction.Home&amp;ContentRecord_id=eb582f19-802a-23ad-41db-7a7cb464cfdb\">\"President Bush Signs Coburn\u2013Obama Transparency Act\"</a>. Tom Coburn U.S. Senate Office. September 26, 2006. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://coburn.senate.gov/ffm/index.cfm?FuseAction=LegislativeFloorAction.Home&amp;ContentRecord_id=eb582f19-802a-23ad-41db-7a7cb464cfdb\">the original</a> on May 1, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=President+Bush+Signs+Coburn%93Obama+Transparency+Act&amp;rft.date=2006-09-26&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoburn.senate.gov%2Fffm%2Findex.cfm%3FFuseAction%3DLegislativeFloorAction.Home%26ContentRecord_id%3Deb582f19-802a-23ad-41db-7a7cb464cfdb&amp;rft.pub=Tom+Coburn+U.S.+Senate+Office&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-87\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-87\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/110/s3077\">\"S. 3077: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008: 2007\u20132008 (110th Congress)\"</a>. Govtrack.us. June 3, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=S.+3077%3A+Strengthening+Transparency+and+Accountability+in+Federal+Spending+Act+of+2008%3A+2007%932008+%28110th+Congress%29&amp;rft.date=2008-06-03&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fbills%2F110%2Fs3077&amp;rft.pub=Govtrack.us&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-88\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-88\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">McIntire, Mike (February 3, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/us/politics/03exelon.html\">\"Nuclear Leaks and Response Tested Obama in Senate\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081209065950/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/us/politics/03exelon.html\">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Nuclear+Leaks+and+Response+Tested+Obama+in+Senate&amp;rft.aufirst=Mike&amp;rft.aulast=McIntire&amp;rft.date=2008-02-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F02%2F03%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F03exelon.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Fisher-89\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Fisher_89-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Fisher, Daniel (August 11, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.forbes.com/2008/08/08/obama-mccain-torts-biz-beltway-cz_df_0811torts.html\">\"November Election A Lawyer's Delight\"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 11,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=November+Election+A+Lawyer%27s+Delight&amp;rf
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp t.au=Fisher%2C+Daniel&amp;rft.date=2008-08-11&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2008%2F08%2F08%2Fobama-mccain-torts-biz-beltway-cz_df_0811torts.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Forbes&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-90\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-90\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080501002134/http://lugar.senate.gov/nunnlugar/pdf/trip_report_2005.pdf\">\"Nunn\u2013Lugar Report\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office. August 2005. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://lugar.senate.gov/nunnlugar/pdf/trip_report_2005.pdf\">the original</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span> on May 1, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 30,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Nunn%93Lugar+Report&amp;rft.date=2005-08&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flugar.senate.gov%2Fnunnlugar%2Fpdf%2Ftrip_report_2005.pdf&amp;rft.pub=Richard+Lugar+U.S.+Senate+Office&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-91\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-91\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110108193726/http://www.usccb.org/sdwp/international/drc0406.shtml\">\"Democratic Republic of the Congo\"</a>. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. April 2006. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.usccb.org/sdwp/international/drc0406.shtml\">the original</a> on January 8, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&amp;rft.date=2006-04&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fsdwp%2Finternational%2Fdrc0406.shtml&amp;rft.pub=United+States+Conference+of+Catholic+Bishops&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110807061958/http://www.rescue.org/news/the-irc-welcomes-new-us-law.html\">\"The IRC Welcomes New U.S. Law on Congo\"</a>. International Rescue Committee. January 5, 2007. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.theirc.org/news/the-irc-welcomes-new-us-law.html\">the original</a> on August 7, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=The+IRC+Welcomes+New+U.S.+Law+on+Congo&amp;rft.date=2007-01-05&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theirc.org%2Fnews%2Fthe-irc-welcomes-new-us-law.html&amp;rft.pub=International+Rescue+Committee&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-92\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-92\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Weixel, Nathaniel (November 15, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/feingold-obama-go-after-corporate-jet-travel-2007-11-15.html\">\"Feingold, Obama Go
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp After Corporate Jet Travel\"</a>. <i>The Hill</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080515201902/http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/feingold-obama-go-after-corporate-jet-travel-2007-11-15.html\">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Feingold%2C+Obama+Go+After+Corporate+Jet+Travel&amp;rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&amp;rft.aulast=Weixel&amp;rft.date=2007-11-15&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fleading-the-news%2Ffeingold-obama-go-after-corporate-jet-travel-2007-11-15.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Hill&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span><cite class=\"citation news\">Weixel, Nathaniel (December 5, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/lawmakers-press-fec-on-bundling-regulation-2007-12-05.html\">\"Lawmakers Press FEC on Bundling Regulation\"</a>. <i>The Hill</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080416162108/http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/lawmakers-press-fec-on-bundling-regulation-2007-12-05.html\">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Lawmakers+Press+FEC+on+Bundling+Regulation&amp;rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&amp;rft.aulast=Weixel&amp;rft.date=2007-12-05&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fleading-the-news%2Flawmakers-press-fec-on-bundling-regulation-2007-12-05.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Hill&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> See also:<cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.fec.gov/press/press2007/20070924travel.shtml\">\"Federal Election Commission Announces Plans to Issue New Regulations to Implement the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007\"</a>. Federal Election Commission. September 24, 2007. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080411220016/http://www.fec.gov/press/press2007/20070924travel.shtml\">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Federal+Election+Commission+Announces+Plans+to+Issue+New+Regulations+to+Implement+the+Honest+Leadership+and+Open+Government+Act+of+2007&amp;rft.date=2007-09-24&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fec.gov%2Fpress%2Fpress2007%2F20070924travel.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-93\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-93\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Stern, Seth (January 31, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/cq/2007/01/31/cq_2213.html\">\"Obama\u2013Schumer Bill Proposal Would Criminalize Voter Intimidation\"</a>. CQPolitics.com. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080516104256/http://www.nytimes.com/cq/2007/01/31/cq_2213.html\">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=O
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp bama%93Schumer+Bill+Proposal+Would+Criminalize+Voter+Intimidation&amp;rft.aufirst=Seth&amp;rft.aulast=Stern&amp;rft.date=2007-01-31&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fcq%2F2007%2F01%2F31%2Fcq_2213.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span><cite class=\"citation web\">U.S. Senate, 110th Congress, 1st Session (January 31, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:SN00453:\">\"S. 453, Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act of 2007\"</a>. Thomas<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.aufirst=110th+Congress%2C+1st+Session&amp;rft.aulast=U.S.+Senate&amp;rft.btitle=S.+453%2C+Deceptive+Practices+and+Voter+Intimidation+Prevention+Act+of+2007&amp;rft.date=2007-01-31&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthomas.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fbdquery%2Fz%3Fd110%3ASN00453%3A&amp;rft.pub=Thomas&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> See also:<cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/31/opinion/31wed1.html\">\"Honesty in Elections\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(editorial)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. January 31, 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Honesty+in+Elections&amp;rft.date=2007-01-31&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F01%2F31%2Fopinion%2F31wed1.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-94\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-94\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Krystin, E. Kasak (February 7, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/article_c7147a5d-31bc-5497-abdd-a99c0cd6c189.html\">\"Obama Introduces Measure to Bring Troops Home\"</a>. Medill News Service<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Introduces+Measure+to+Bring+Troops+Home&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+Kasak&amp;rft.aulast=Krystin&amp;rft.date=2007-02-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwitimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farticle_c7147a5d-31bc-5497-abdd-a99c0cd6c189.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-95\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-95\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20101205075008/http://bond.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom.NewsReleases&amp;ContentRecord_id=5C1EBFEB-1321-0E36-BA7D-04630AEFAD31\">\"Obama, Bond Hail New Safeguards on Military Personality Disorder Discharges, Urge Further Action\"</a>. Kit Bond U.S. Senate Office. October 1, 2007. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://bond.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom.NewsReleases&amp;ContentRecord_id=5C1EBFEB-1321-0E36-BA7D-04630AEFAD31\">the original</a> on December 5, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-200
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp 4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Obama%2C+Bond+Hail+New+Safeguards+on+Military+Personality+Disorder+Discharges%2C+Urge+Further+Action&amp;rft.date=2007-10-01&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbond.senate.gov%2Fpublic%2Findex.cfm%3FFuseAction%3DPressRoom.NewsReleases%26ContentRecord_id%3D5C1EBFEB-1321-0E36-BA7D-04630AEFAD31&amp;rft.pub=Kit+Bond+U.S.+Senate+Office&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-96\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-96\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154824/http://obama.senate.gov/press/080314-obama_bond_appl/\">\"Obama, Bond Applaud Senate Passage of Amendment to Expedite the Review of Personality Disorder Discharge Cases\"</a>. March 14, 2008. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://obama.senate.gov/press/080314-obama_bond_appl/\">the original</a> on December 18, 2008.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Obama%2C+Bond+Applaud+Senate+Passage+of+Amendment+to+Expedite+the+Review+of+Personality+Disorder+Discharge+Cases&amp;rft.date=2008-03-14&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobama.senate.gov%2Fpress%2F080314-obama_bond_appl%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nuclear_terrorism-97\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nuclear_terrorism_97-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation pressrelease\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154751/http://obama.senate.gov/press/071220-obama_schiff_pr/\">\"Obama, Schiff Provision to Create Nuclear Threat Reduction Plan Approved\"</a> (Press release). Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. December 20, 2007. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://obama.senate.gov/press/071220-obama_schiff_pr/\">the original</a> on December 18, 2008.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Obama%2C+Schiff+Provision+to+Create+Nuclear+Threat+Reduction+Plan+Approved&amp;rft.date=2007-12-20&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobama.senate.gov%2Fpress%2F071220-obama_schiff_pr%2F&amp;rft.pub=Barack+Obama+U.S.+Senate+Office&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-98\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-98\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154819/http://obama.senate.gov/press/070802-senate_passes_o_1/\">\"Senate Passes Obama, McCaskill Legislation to Provide Safety Net for Families of Wounded Service Members\"</a>. Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. August 2, 2007. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://obama.senate.gov/press/070802-senate_passes_o_1/\">the original</a> on December 18, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Senate+Passes+Obama%2C+McCaskill+Legislation+to+Provide+Safety+Net+for+Families+of+Wounded+Service+Members&amp;rft.date=2007-08-02&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobama.senate.gov%2Fpress%2F070802-senate_passes_o_1%2F&amp;rft.pub=Barack+Obama+U.S.+Senate+Office&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span st
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp yle=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-99\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-99\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20061209190827/obama.senate.gov/committees/\">\"Committee Assignments\"</a>. Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. December 9, 2006. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://obama.senate.gov/committees/\">the original</a> on December 9, 2006<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Committee+Assignments&amp;rft.date=2006-12-09&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobama.senate.gov%2Fcommittees%2F&amp;rft.pub=Barack+Obama+U.S.+Senate+Office&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-100\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-100\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154741/http://obama.senate.gov/news/061115-obama_gets_new/\">\"Obama Gets New Committee Assignments\"</a>. Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. Associated Press. November 15, 2006. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://obama.senate.gov/news/061115-obama_gets_new/\">the original</a> on December 18, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Gets+New+Committee+Assignments&amp;rft.date=2006-11-15&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobama.senate.gov%2Fnews%2F061115-obama_gets_new%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-101\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-101\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Baldwin, Tom (December 21, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article3080794.ece\">\"Stay-At-Home Barack Obama Comes Under Fire for a Lack of Foreign Experience\"</a>. <i>Sunday Times (UK)</i>. London<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Stay-At-Home+Barack+Obama+Comes+Under+Fire+for+a+Lack+of+Foreign+Experience&amp;rft.aufirst=Tom&amp;rft.aulast=Baldwin&amp;rft.date=2007-12-21&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fus_and_americas%2Farticle3080794.ece&amp;rft.jtitle=Sunday+Times+%28UK%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Kenyan-102\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Kenyan_102-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Larson, Christina (September 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.larson.html\">\"Hoosier Daddy: What Rising Democratic Star Barack Obama Can Learn from an Old Lion of the GOP\"</a>. <i>Washington Monthly</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080430232404/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.larson.html\">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp <span class=\"nowrap\">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Hoosier+Daddy%3A+What+Rising+Democratic+Star+Barack+Obama+Can+Learn+from+an+Old+Lion+of+the+GOP&amp;rft.aufirst=Christina&amp;rft.aulast=Larson&amp;rft.date=2006-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonmonthly.com%2Ffeatures%2F2006%2F0609.larson.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Washington+Monthly&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Goudie, Chuck (January 12, 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://a.abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&amp;id=3806933\">\"Obama Meets with Arafat's Successor\"</a>. Chicago: WLS-TV<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Meets+with+Arafat%27s+Successor&amp;rft.aufirst=Chuck&amp;rft.aulast=Goudie&amp;rft.date=2006-01-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fa.abclocal.go.com%2Fwls%2Fstory%3Fsection%3Dnews%2Flocal%26id%3D3806933&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080605213213/http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1989646,00.html\">\"Obama Slates Kenya for Fraud\"</a>. Cape Town: News24. August 28, 2006. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1989646,00.html\">the original</a> on June 5, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Slates+Kenya+for+Fraud&amp;rft.date=2006-08-28&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2FNews24%2FAfrica%2FNews%2F0%2C%2C2-11-1447_1989646%2C00.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Wamalwa, Chris (September 2, 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20071010050740/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957666\">\"Envoy Hits at Obama Over Graft Remark\"</a>. <i>The Standard (Nairobi)</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957666\">the original</a> on October 10, 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Envoy+Hits+at+Obama+Over+Graft+Remark&amp;rft.aufirst=Chris&amp;rft.aulast=Wamalwa&amp;rft.date=2006-09-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastandard.net%2Farchives%2Fcl%2Fhm_news%2Fnews.php%3Farticleid%3D1143957666&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Standard+%28Nairobi%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Moracha, Vincent; Mangoa Mosota (September 4, 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20071007115436/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957752\">\"Leaders Support Obama on Graft Claims\"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Nairobi. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957752\">the original</a>
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp on October 7, 2007.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Leaders+Support+Obama+on+Graft+Claims&amp;rft.aufirst=Vincent&amp;rft.aulast=Moracha&amp;rft.au=Mangoa+Mosota&amp;rft.date=2006-09-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastandard.net%2Farchives%2Fcl%2Fhm_news%2Fnews.php%3Farticleid%3D1143957752&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Standard&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210-103\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210_103-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210_103-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Pearson, Rick; Long, Ray (February 10, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-070210obama-pearson1-story,0,3768114.story\">\"Obama: I'm running for president\"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20070813115846/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-070210obama-pearson1-story,0,3768114.story\">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%3A+I%27m+running+for+president&amp;rft.au=Long%2C+Ray&amp;rft.au=Pearson%2C+Rick&amp;rft.date=2007-02-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fchi-070210obama-pearson1-story%2C0%2C3768114.story&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BBC20070210-104\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-BBC20070210_104-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6349081.stm\">\"Obama Launches Presidential Bid\"</a>. BBC News. February 10, 2007. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080202060802/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6349081.stm\">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Launches+Presidential+Bid&amp;rft.date=2007-02-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F6349081.stm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Parsons20070210-105\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ChicagoTribune_Parsons20070210_105-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Parsons, Christi (February 10, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-159132539.html\">\"Obama's launch site: Symbolic Springfield: Announcement venue evokes Lincoln legacy\"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 12,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%27s+launch+site%3A+Symbolic+Springfield%3A+Announcement+venue+evokes+Lincoln+legacy&amp;rft.aufirst=Christi&amp;rft.aulast=Parsons&amp;rft.date=2007-02-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hig
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp hbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-159132539.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-106\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-106\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/issues/candidates/barack-obama/#top-priorities\">\"Barack Obama on the Issues: What Would Be Your Top Three Overall Priorities If Elected?\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080509140350/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/issues/candidates/barack-obama/\">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Barack+Obama+on+the+Issues%3A+What+Would+Be+Your+Top+Three+Overall+Priorities+If+Elected%3F&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojects.washingtonpost.com%2F2008-presidential-candidates%2Fissues%2Fcandidates%2Fbarack-obama%2F%23top-priorities&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> See also:</span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation book\"><a href=\"/wiki/Evan_Thomas\" title=\"Evan Thomas\">Thomas, Evan</a> (2009). <i>A Long Time Coming</i>. New York: <a href=\"/wiki/PublicAffairs\" title=\"PublicAffairs\">PublicAffairs</a>. p.\u00a074. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-607-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-607-5\">978-1-58648-607-5</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.au=Thomas%2C+Evan&amp;rft.btitle=A+Long+Time+Coming&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-58648-607-5&amp;rft.pages=74&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=PublicAffairs&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Falcone, Michael (December 21, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/21/obamas-one-thing/\">\"Obama's 'One Thing<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">'</span>\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%27s+%27One+Thing%27&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Falcone&amp;rft.date=2007-12-21&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F12%2F21%2Fobamas-one-thing%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-107\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-107\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110515091856/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-the-obama-promise-of-hope-and-change-981761.html\">\"The Obama promise of hope and change\"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. November 1, 2008. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-the-obama-promise-of-hope-and-change-981761.html\">the original</a>
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp on May 15, 2011.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=The+Obama+promise+of+hope+and+change&amp;rft.date=2008-11-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fopinion%2Fleading-articles%2Fleading-article-the-obama-promise-of-hope-and-change-981761.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Independent&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-allocation-108\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-allocation_108-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a href=\"/wiki/Karen_Tumulty\" title=\"Karen Tumulty\">Tumulty, Karen</a> (May 8, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1738331,00.html\">\"The Five Mistakes Clinton Made\"</a>. <i>Time</i>. New York. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081211125310/http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1738331,00.html\">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 11,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=The+Five+Mistakes+Clinton+Made&amp;rft.au=Tumulty%2C+Karen&amp;rft.date=2008-05-08&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1738331%2C00.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Time&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Peter Baker; Jim Rutenberg (June 8, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/politics/08recon.html\">\"The Long Road to a Clinton Exit\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081209030041/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/politics/08recon.html\">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=The+Long+Road+to+a+Clinton+Exit&amp;rft.au=Jim+Rutenberg&amp;rft.au=Peter+Baker&amp;rft.date=2008-06-08&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F06%2F08%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F08recon.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-109\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-109\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Nagourney, Adam; Zeleny, Jeff (June 5, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/05/us/politics/04cnd-campaign.html\">\"Clinton to End Bid and Endorse Obama\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Clinton+to+End+Bid+and+Endorse+Obama&amp;rft.aufirst=Adam&amp;rft.aulast=Nagourney&amp;rft.au=Zeleny%2C+Jeff&amp;rft.date=2008-06-05&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F06%2F05%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F04cnd-campaign.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-110\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-110\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Nagourney, Adam; Zeleny, Jeff (August 23, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/us/politics/24biden.html\">\"Obama Chooses Biden as Running Mate\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090401222653/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/us/politics/24biden.html\">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Chooses+Biden+as+Running+Mate&amp;rft.aufirst=Adam&amp;rft.aulast=Nagourney&amp;rft.au=Zeleny%2C+Jeff&amp;rft.date=2008-08-23&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F08%2F24%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F24biden.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-111\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-111\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-21/politics/obama.vice.president_1_obama-selection-process-joe-biden?_s=PM:POLITICS\">\"Sources: High court selection process down to finalists\"</a>. CNN. May 13, 2009.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Sources%3A+High+court+selection+process+down+to+finalists&amp;rft.date=2009-05-13&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.cnn.com%2F2008-08-21%2Fpolitics%2Fobama.vice.president_1_obama-selection-process-joe-biden%3F_s%3DPM%3APOLITICS&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-delegates-112\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-delegates_112-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Baldwin, Tom (August 27, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article4616719.ece\">\"Hillary Clinton: 'Barack is my candidate<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">'</span>\"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Hillary+Clinton%3A+%27Barack+is+my+candidate%27&amp;rft.au=Baldwin%2C+Tom&amp;rft.date=2008-08-27&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fus_and_americas%2Fus_elections%2Farticle4616719.ece&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span><span style=\"font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555\">(subscription required)</span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Nagourney, Adam (August 27, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/28/us/politics/28DEMSDAY.html?pagewanted=all\">\"Obama Wins Nomination as Biden and Bill Clinton Rally the Party\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Wins+Nomination+as+Biden+and+Bill+Clinton+Rally+the+Party&amp;rft.au=Nagourney%2C+Adam&amp;rft.date=2008-08-27&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F08%2F28%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F28DEMSDAY.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-npr1409-113\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-npr1409_113-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Mara Liasson; Michele Norris (July 7, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92301409\">\"Obama To Accept Nomination at Mile High Stadium\"</a>. NPR<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+To+Accept+Nomination+at+Mile+High+Stadium&amp;rft.au=Mara+Liasson&amp;rft.au=Michele+Norris&amp;rft.date=2008-07-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D92301409&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-acceptance-114\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-acceptance_114-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7586375.stm\">\"Obama accepts Democrat nomination\"</a>. BBC News. August 29, 2008. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080828234350/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7586375.stm\">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+accepts+Democrat+nomination&amp;rft.date=2008-08-29&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F7586375.stm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Marks, Alexandra (August 29, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100314121702/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2008/0829/soaring-speech-from-obama-plus-some-specifics\">\"Soaring speech from Obama, plus some specifics\"</a>. <i>The Christian Science Monitor</i>. Boston MA. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2008/0829/soaring-speech-from-obama-plus-some-specifics\">the original</a> on March 14, 2010.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Soaring+speech+from+Obama%2C+plus+some+specifics&amp;rft.au=Marks%2C+Alexandra&amp;rft.date=2008-08-29&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FPolitics%2F2008%2F0829%2Fsoaring-speech-from-obama-plus-some-specifics&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-small_donations-115\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-small_donations_115-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Malone, Jim (July 2, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20070914032004/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2007-07/2007-07-02-voa52.cfm\">\"Obama Fundraising Suggests Close Race for Party Nomination\"</a>. Voice of America. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-07/2007-07-02-voa52.cfm\">the original</a> on September 14, 2007.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3As
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp id%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Fundraising+Suggests+Close+Race+for+Party+Nomination&amp;rft.aufirst=Jim&amp;rft.aulast=Malone&amp;rft.date=2007-07-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fenglish%2Farchive%2F2007-07%2F2007-07-02-voa52.cfm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Cummings, Jeanne (September 26, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=3ECB3515-3048-5C12-004D622CB6F4E214\">\"Small Donors Rewrite Fundraising Handbook\"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080201140941/http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=3ECB3515-3048-5C12-004D622CB6F4E214\">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Small+Donors+Rewrite+Fundraising+Handbook&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeanne&amp;rft.aulast=Cummings&amp;rft.date=2007-09-26&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdyn.politico.com%2Fprintstory.cfm%3Fuuid%3D3ECB3515-3048-5C12-004D622CB6F4E214&amp;rft.jtitle=Politico&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Cadei, Emily (February 21, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080613213513/http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000002674309\">\"Obama Outshines Other Candidates in January Fundraising\"</a>. CQ Politics. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000002674309\">the original</a> on June 13, 2008.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Outshines+Other+Candidates+in+January+Fundraising&amp;rft.aufirst=Emily&amp;rft.aulast=Cadei&amp;rft.date=2008-02-21&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cqpolitics.com%2Fwmspage.cfm%3FdocID%3Dnews-000002674309&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Bloomberg_Salant_20080619-116\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Bloomberg_Salant_20080619_116-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Salant, Jonathan D. (June 19, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601070&amp;sid=aNi.G0PhWnFw\">\"Obama Won't Accept Public Money in Election Campaign\"</a>. New York: <a href=\"/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P.\" title=\"Bloomberg L.P.\">Bloomberg</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 19,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Won%27t+Accept+Public+Money+in+Election+Campaign&amp;rft.au=Salant%2C+Jonathan+D.&amp;rft.date=2008-06-19&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3D20601070%26sid%3DaNi.G0PhWnFw&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span><sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template\"><span style=\"white-space: nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot\" title=\"Wikipedia:Link rot\"><span title=\"\u00a0Dead link since June 2016\">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-presidential_debates-117\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-presidential_debates_117-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp class=\"citation pressrelease\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080706070658/http://www.debates.org/pages/news_111907.html\">\"Commission on Presidential Debates Announces Sites, Dates, Formats and Candidate Selection Criteria for 2008 General Election\"</a> (Press release). <a href=\"/wiki/Commission_on_Presidential_Debates\" title=\"Commission on Presidential Debates\">Commission on Presidential Debates</a>. November 19, 2007. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.debates.org/pages/news_111907.html\">the original</a> on July 6, 2008.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Commission+on+Presidential+Debates+Announces+Sites%2C+Dates%2C+Formats+and+Candidate+Selection+Criteria+for+2008+General+Election&amp;rft.date=2007-11-19&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.debates.org%2Fpages%2Fnews_111907.html&amp;rft.pub=Commission+on+Presidential+Debates&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.courant.com/topic/\">\"Gun Ruling Reverberates\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Hartford_Courant\" title=\"Hartford Courant\">Hartford Courant</a></i>. June 27, 2008. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080705225819/http://www.courant.com/topic/\">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Gun+Ruling+Reverberates&amp;rft.date=2008-06-27&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courant.com%2Ftopic%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Hartford+Courant&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-electoral_votes-118\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-electoral_votes_118-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Johnson, Alex (November 4, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27531033/\">\"Barack Obama elected 44th president\"</a>. MSNBC. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090220052714/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27531033/\">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 20,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Barack+Obama+elected+44th+president&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+Alex&amp;rft.date=2008-11-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F27531033%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/president/\">\"CNN Electoral Map Calculator\u00a0\u2013 Election Center 2008\"</a>. CNN. 2008. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081212014309/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/president/\">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=CNN+Electoral+Map+Calculator+%93+Election+Center+2008&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FELECTION%2F2008%2Fresults%2Fpresident%2F&amp;rft_va
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp l_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-119\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-119\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2008/president/us/general_election_mccain_vs_obama-225.html\">\"General Election: McCain vs. Obama\"</a>. Real Clear Politics. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090217083055/http://www.realclearpolitics.com//epolls//2008//president//us//general_election_mccain_vs_obama-225.html\">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 20,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=General+Election%3A+McCain+vs.+Obama&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearpolitics.com%2Fepolls%2F2008%2Fpresident%2Fus%2Fgeneral_election_mccain_vs_obama-225.html&amp;rft.pub=Real+Clear+Politics&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-120\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-120\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/us_elections_2008/7709978.stm\">\"Obama wins historic US election\"</a>. BBC News. November 5, 2008. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081218083153/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/us_elections_2008/7709978.stm\">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+wins+historic+US+election&amp;rft.date=2008-11-05&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fus_elections_2008%2F7709978.stm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Nagourney, Adam (November 4, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/05/us/politics/05elect.html?pagewanted=all\">\"Obama Elected President as Racial Barrier Falls\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081209071842/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/05/us/politics/05elect.html?pagewanted=all\">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Elected+President+as+Racial+Barrier+Falls&amp;rft.aufirst=Adam&amp;rft.aulast=Nagourney&amp;rft.date=2008-11-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F11%2F05%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F05elect.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/04/election.president/index.html\">\"Obama: 'This is your victory<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">'</span>\"</a>. CNN. November 5, 2008. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081104231227/http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/04/election.president/index.html\">Arch
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp ived</a> from the original on November 4, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%3A+%27This+is+your+victory%27&amp;rft.date=2008-11-05&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FPOLITICS%2F11%2F04%2Felection.president%2Findex.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-independent1-121\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-independent1_121-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Johnson, Wesley (November 5, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/change-has-come-says-presidentelect-obama-992930.html\">\"Change has come, says President-elect Obama\"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081209055411/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/change-has-come-says-presidentelect-obama-992930.html\">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Change+has+come%2C+says+President-elect+Obama&amp;rft.aufirst=Wesley&amp;rft.aulast=Johnson&amp;rft.date=2008-11-05&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fchange-has-come-says-presidentelect-obama-992930.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Independent&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-122\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-122\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Shear, Michael D. (April 4, 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110405205656/http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/04/obama-launches-re-election-facing-new-political-challenges/\">\"Obama Begins Re-Election Facing New Political Challenges\"</a>. <i>The New York Times (blog)</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/04/obama-launches-re-election-facing-new-political-challenges/\">the original</a> on April 5, 2011.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Begins+Re-Election+Facing+New+Political+Challenges&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Shear&amp;rft.date=2011-04-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F04%2F04%2Fobama-launches-re-election-facing-new-political-challenges%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+%28blog%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-123\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-123\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110510011832/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/04/04/Obama-announces-re-election-bid/UPI-95081301905800/?dailybrief\">\"Obama announces re-election bid\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/United_Press_International\" title=\"United Press International\">United Press International</a>. April 4, 2011. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/04/04/Obama-announces-re-election-bid/UPI-95081301905800/?dailybrief\">the original</a> on May 10, 2011.</cite><span title=\"
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+announces+re-election+bid&amp;rft.date=2011-04-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FTop_News%2FUS%2F2011%2F04%2F04%2FObama-announces-re-election-bid%2FUPI-95081301905800%2F%3Fdailybrief&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-124\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-124\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Zeleny, Jeff &amp; Calmes, Jackie (April 4, 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20121115021431/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/05/us/politics/05obama.html?scp=1&amp;sq=obama%202012&amp;st=cse\">\"Obama Opens 2012 Campaign, With Eye on Money and Independent Voters\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/05/us/politics/05obama.html?scp=1&amp;sq=obama%202012&amp;st=cse\">the original</a> on November 15, 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Opens+2012+Campaign%2C+With+Eye+on+Money+and+Independent+Voters&amp;rft.au=Calmes%2C+Jackie&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeff&amp;rft.aulast=Zeleny&amp;rft.date=2011-04-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F04%2F05%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F05obama.html%3Fscp%3D1%26sq%3Dobama%25202012%26st%3Dcse&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CNN-clinch1-125\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-CNN-clinch1_125-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Yoon, Robert (April 3, 2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/03/leading-presidential-candidate-to-clinch-nomination-tuesday/\">\"Leading presidential candidate to clinch nomination Tuesday\"</a>. CNN (blog)<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 2,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Leading+presidential+candidate+to+clinch+nomination+Tuesday&amp;rft.au=Yoon%2C+Robert&amp;rft.date=2012-04-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoliticalticker.blogs.cnn.com%2F2012%2F04%2F03%2Fleading-presidential-candidate-to-clinch-nomination-tuesday%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CNN-clinch2-126\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-CNN-clinch2_126-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/03/breaking-obama-clinches-democratic-nomination/\">\"Obama clinches Democratic nomination\"</a>. CNN (blog). April 3, 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+clinches+Democratic+nomination&amp;rft.date=2012-04-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoliticalticker.blogs.cnn.com%2F2012%2F04%2F03%2Fbreaking-obama-clinches-democratic-nomination%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-127\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-127\">^</a></b></sp
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp an> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Cohen, Tom (September 6, 2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/05/politics/democratic-convention-wrap/index.html\">\"Clinton says Obama offers a better path forward for America\"</a>. CNN<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Clinton+says+Obama+offers+a+better+path+forward+for+America&amp;rft.aufirst=Tom&amp;rft.aulast=Cohen&amp;rft.date=2012-09-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2012%2F09%2F05%2Fpolitics%2Fdemocratic-convention-wrap%2Findex.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-128\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-128\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Lauter, David (November 8, 2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20121109020204/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/la-pn-romney-concedes-florida-election-20121108,0,415187.story\">\"Romney campaign gives up in Florida\"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/la-pn-romney-concedes-florida-election-20121108,0,415187.story\">the original</a> on November 9, 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Romney+campaign+gives+up+in+Florida&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Lauter&amp;rft.date=2012-11-08&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fla-pn-romney-concedes-florida-election-20121108%2C0%2C415187.story&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-129\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-129\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Barnes, Robert (November 6, 2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/decision2012/after-grueling-campaign-polls-open-for-election-day-2012/2012/11/06/d1c24c98-2802-11e2-b4e0-346287b7e56c_story.html\">\"Obama wins a second term as U.S. president\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+wins+a+second+term+as+U.S.+president&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.aulast=Barnes&amp;rft.date=2012-11-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fdecision2012%2Fafter-grueling-campaign-polls-open-for-election-day-2012%2F2012%2F11%2F06%2Fd1c24c98-2802-11e2-b4e0-346287b7e56c_story.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-130\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-130\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Welch, William M.; Strauss, Gary (November 7, 2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2012/11/06/election-day-obama-romney/1680933/\">\"With win in critical battleground states, Obama wins second term\"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp 2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=With+win+in+critical+battleground+states%2C+Obama+wins+second+term&amp;rft.aufirst=William+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Welch&amp;rft.au=Strauss%2C+Gary&amp;rft.date=2012-11-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2012%2F11%2F06%2Felection-day-obama-romney%2F1680933%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=USA+Today&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FEC-131\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FEC_131-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">FEC (July 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2012/federalelections2012.pdf\">\"Election Results for the U.S. President, the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Federal_Elections_Commission\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Federal Elections Commission\">Federal Elections Commission</a>. p.\u00a05<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.au=FEC&amp;rft.btitle=Election+Results+for+the+U.S.+President%2C+the+U.S.+Senate+and+the+U.S.+House+of+Representatives&amp;rft.date=2013-07&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fec.gov%2Fpubrec%2Ffe2012%2Ffederalelections2012.pdf&amp;rft.pages=5&amp;rft.pub=Federal+Elections+Commission&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-132\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-132\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Brownstein, Ronald (November 9, 2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20121111231854/http://www.nationaljournal.com/thenextamerica/demographics/the-u-s-has-reached-a-demographic-milestone-and-it-s-not-turning-back-20121109\">\"The U.S. has reached a demographic milestone\u00a0\u2013 and it's not turning back\"</a>. <i>National Journal</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nationaljournal.com/thenextamerica/demographics/the-u-s-has-reached-a-demographic-milestone-and-it-s-not-turning-back-20121109\">the original</a> on November 11, 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=The+U.S.+has+reached+a+demographic+milestone+%93+and+it%27s+not+turning+back&amp;rft.aufirst=Ronald&amp;rft.aulast=Brownstein&amp;rft.date=2012-11-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaljournal.com%2Fthenextamerica%2Fdemographics%2Fthe-u-s-has-reached-a-demographic-milestone-and-it-s-not-turning-back-20121109&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Journal&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-133\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-133\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Nichols, John (November 9, 2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.thenation.com/blog/171178/obama-has-great-big-mandate-and-he-must-use-it#\">\"Obama's 3 Million Vote, Electoral College Landslide, Majority of States Mandate\"</a>. <i>The Nation</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%27s+3+Million+Vote%2C+Electoral+
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08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp itation news\">Serbu, Jared (January 7, 2011), <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://federalnewsradio.com/congress/2011/01/obama-signs-defense-authorization-bill/\">\"Obama signs Defense authorization bill\"</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Federal_News_Radio\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Federal News Radio\">Federal News Radio</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">, retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 22,</span> 2011</span></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+signs+Defense+authorization+bill&amp;rft.aufirst=Jared&amp;rft.aulast=Serbu&amp;rft.date=2011-01-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffederalnewsradio.com%2Fcongress%2F2011%2F01%2Fobama-signs-defense-authorization-bill%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-141\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-141\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Northam, Jackie (January 23, 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/01/23/169922171/obamas-promise-to-close-guantanamo-prison-falls-short\">\"Obama's Promise To Close Guantanamo Prison Falls Short\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/NPR\" title=\"NPR\">NPR</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Promise+To+Close+Guantanamo+Prison+Falls+Short&amp;rft.au=Northam%2C+Jackie&amp;rft.date=2013-01-23&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2013%2F01%2F23%2F169922171%2Fobamas-promise-to-close-guantanamo-prison-falls-short&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-142\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-142\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/ExecutiveOrderPresidentialRecords/\">\"Executive Order\u00a0\u2013 Presidential Records\"</a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090122234307/http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/ExecutiveOrderPresidentialRecords/\">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 22,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Executive+Order+%93+Presidential+Records&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fthe_press_office%2FExecutiveOrderPresidentialRecords%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-143\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-143\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Obama, Barack (January 23, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/MexicoCityPolicy-VoluntaryPopulationPlanning\">\"Mexico City Policy and assistance for voluntary population planning (Presidential memorandum)\"</a>. Washington, D.C.: The White House<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.aufirst=Barack&amp;rft.aulast=Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Mexico+City+Policy+and+assistance+for+voluntary+population+planning+%28Presidential+memorandum%29&amp;rft.date=2009-01-23&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.g
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp ov%2Fthe_press_office%2FMexicoCityPolicy-VoluntaryPopulationPlanning&amp;rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&amp;rft.pub=The+White+House&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Meckler, Laura (January 24, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123272364299610287.html\">\"Obama lifts 'gag rule' on family-planning groups\"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. p.\u00a0A3<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+lifts+%27gag+rule%27+on+family-planning+groups&amp;rft.aufirst=Laura&amp;rft.aulast=Meckler&amp;rft.date=2009-01-24&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB123272364299610287.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&amp;rft.pages=A3&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Stein, Rob; Shear, Michael (January 24, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/23/AR2009012302814.html\">\"Funding restored to groups that perform abortions, other care\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p.\u00a0A3<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 21,</span> 2012</span>. <q>Lifting the Mexico City Policy would not permit U.S. tax dollars to be used for abortions, but it would allow funding to resume to groups that provide other services, including counseling about abortions.</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Funding+restored+to+groups+that+perform+abortions%2C+other+care&amp;rft.aufirst=Rob&amp;rft.aulast=Stein&amp;rft.au=Shear%2C+Michael&amp;rft.date=2009-01-24&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F01%2F23%2FAR2009012302814.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft.pages=A3&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-144\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-144\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/30/us/politics/30ledbetter-web.html\">\"Obama Signs Equal-Pay Legislation\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. January 30, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 15,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Signs+Equal-Pay+Legislation&amp;rft.date=2009-01-30&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F01%2F30%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F30ledbetter-web.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-145\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-145\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Levey, Noam N. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090430194400/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-kids-health-care_thufeb05,0,30310.story\">\"Obama signs into law expansion of SCHIP health care program for children\"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-kids-health-care_thufeb05,0,30310.story\">the original</a> on April 30
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp , 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 15,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+signs+into+law+expansion+of+SCHIP+health+care+program+for+children&amp;rft.aufirst=Noam+N.&amp;rft.aulast=Levey&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fchi-kids-health-care_thufeb05%2C0%2C30310.story&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-146\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-146\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100330183125/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/03/09/obama.stem.cells/index.html\">\"Obama overturns Bush policy on stem cells\"</a>. CNN. March 9, 2009. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/03/09/obama.stem.cells/index.html\">the original</a> on March 30, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+overturns+Bush+policy+on+stem+cells&amp;rft.date=2009-03-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FPOLITICS%2F03%2F09%2Fobama.stem.cells%2Findex.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-147\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-147\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/08/06/sonia.sotomayor/\">\"Senate confirms Sotomayor for Supreme Court\"</a>. CNN. August 6, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 6,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Senate+confirms+Sotomayor+for+Supreme+Court&amp;rft.date=2009-08-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FPOLITICS%2F08%2F06%2Fsonia.sotomayor%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-148\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-148\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/05/26/supreme.court/index.html\">\"Obama nominates Sotomayor to Supreme Court\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+nominates+Sotomayor+to+Supreme+Court&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FPOLITICS%2F05%2F26%2Fsupreme.court%2Findex.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-149\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-149\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Sherman, Mark (October 4, 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.theledger.com/article/20101004/news/10045042\">\"New Era Begins on High Court: Kagan Takes Place as Third Woman\"</a>. Associated Press<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=New+Era+Begins+on+High+Court%3A+Kagan+Takes+Place+as+Third+Woman&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft.aulast=Sherman&amp;rft.date=2010-10-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theledger.com%2Farticle%2F20101004%2Fnews%2F10045042&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-150\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-150\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Parsons, Christi (March 30, 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100419024047/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/mar/30/nation/la-na-obama-college31-2010mar31\">\"Obama signs student loan reforms into law\"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2010/mar/30/nation/la-na-obama-college31-2010mar31\">the original</a> on April 19, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+signs+student+loan+reforms+into+law&amp;rft.aufirst=Christi&amp;rft.aulast=Parsons&amp;rft.date=2010-03-30&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2010%2Fmar%2F30%2Fnation%2Fla-na-obama-college31-2010mar31&amp;rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-151\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-151\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Branigin, William. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2010/03/obama-signs-higher-education-m.html\">\"Obama signs higher-education measure into law\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+signs+higher-education+measure+into+law&amp;rft.aufirst=William&amp;rft.aulast=Branigin&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.washingtonpost.com%2F44%2F2010%2F03%2Fobama-signs-higher-education-m.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-152\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-152\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Robert Block, Robert; Mark K. Matthews (January 27, 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jan/27/nation/la-na-nasa-budget27-2010jan27\">\"White House won't fund NASA moon program\"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 30,</span> 2011</span>. <q>President Obama's budget proposal includes no money for the Ares I and Ares V rocket or Constellation program. Instead, NASA would be asked to monitor climate change and develop a new rocket</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=White+House+won%27t+fund+NASA+moon+program&amp;rft.au=Mark+K.+Matthews&amp;rft.au=Robert+Block%2C+Robert&amp;rft.date=2010-01-27&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2010%2Fjan%2F27%2Fnation%2Fla-na-nasa-budget27-2010jan27&amp;rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-153\"><span
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08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp ft.date=2009-10-28&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.cnn.com%2F2009-10-28%2Fpolitics%2Fhate.crimes_1_crimes-gay-rights-human-rights-campaign%3F_s%3DPM%3APOLITICS&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-157\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-157\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20101223060037/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/22/obama-repeals-dont-ask-dont-tell\">\"<span style=\"padding-left:0.2em;\">'</span>Don't ask, don't tell' repealed as Obama signs landmark law\"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. December 22, 2010. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/22/obama-repeals-dont-ask-dont-tell\">the original</a> on December 23, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=%27Don%27t+ask%2C+don%27t+tell%27+repealed+as+Obama+signs+landmark+law&amp;rft.date=2010-12-22&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fdec%2F22%2Fobama-repeals-dont-ask-dont-tell&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-158\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-158\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110125182154/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/nov/21/obama-to-delay-repeal-of-dont-ask-dont-tell/\">\"Obama to delay 'don't ask, don't tell' repeal\"</a>. <i>The Washington Times</i>. November 21, 2008. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/nov/21/obama-to-delay-repeal-of-dont-ask-dont-tell/\">the original</a> on January 25, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+to+delay+%27don%27t+ask%2C+don%27t+tell%27+repeal&amp;rft.date=2008-11-21&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2Fnov%2F21%2Fobama-to-delay-repeal-of-dont-ask-dont-tell%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-159\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-159\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Lee, Jesse. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20101225051110/http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/12/22/president-signs-repeal-dont-ask-dont-tell-out-many-we-are-one\">\"The President Signs Repeal of \"Don't Ask Don't Tell\": \"Out of Many, We Are One<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">\"</span>\"</a>. The White House. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/12/22/president-signs-repeal-dont-ask-dont-tell-out-many-we-are-one\">the original</a> on December 25, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.au=Lee%2C+Jesse&amp;rft.btitle=The+President+Signs+Repeal+of+%22Don%27t+Ask+Don%27t+Tell%22%3A+%22Out+of+Many%2C+We+Are+One%22&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehou
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp se.gov%2Fblog%2F2010%2F12%2F22%2Fpresident-signs-repeal-dont-ask-dont-tell-out-many-we-are-one&amp;rft.pub=The+White+House&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WCT0114-160\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-WCT0114_160-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Baim, Tracy (January 14, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/Windy-City-Times-exclusive-Obamas-Marriage-Views-Changed-WCT-Examines-His-Step-Back/20524.html\">\"Windy City Times exclusive: Obama's Marriage Views Changed. WCT Examines His Step Back\"</a>. <i>Windy City Times</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Windy+City+Times+exclusive%3A+Obama%27s+Marriage+Views+Changed.+WCT+Examines+His+Step+Back&amp;rft.aufirst=Tracy&amp;rft.aulast=Baim&amp;rft.date=2009-01-14&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.windycitymediagroup.com%2Flgbt%2FWindy-City-Times-exclusive-Obamas-Marriage-Views-Changed-WCT-Examines-His-Step-Back%2F20524.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Windy+City+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WCT0204-161\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-WCT0204_161-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Baim, Tracy (February 4, 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/gay/lesbian/news/ARTICLE.php?AID=3931\">\"Obama Seeks U.S. Senate seat\"</a>. <i>Windy City Times</i>. Chicago<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Seeks+U.S.+Senate+seat&amp;rft.aufirst=Tracy&amp;rft.aulast=Baim&amp;rft.date=2004-02-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.windycitymediagroup.com%2Fgay%2Flesbian%2Fnews%2FARTICLE.php%3FAID%3D3931&amp;rft.jtitle=Windy+City+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-162\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-162\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-57431122-503544/obama-backs-same-sex-marriage/\">\"Obama backs same-sex marriage\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/CBS_News\" title=\"CBS News\">CBS News</a>. May 9, 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+backs+same-sex+marriage&amp;rft.date=2012-05-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2F8301-503544_162-57431122-503544%2Fobama-backs-same-sex-marriage%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-The_Huffington_Post-163\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-The_Huffington_Post_163-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Stein, Sam (May 9, 2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/09/obama-gay-marriage_n_1503245.html\">\"Obama Backs Gay Marriage\"</a>. <i>The Huffington Post</i>. AOL Inc<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=
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08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp href=\"#cite_ref-cnn-amicus_167-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Mears, Bill (February 27, 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/22/politics/supreme-court-marriage\">\"Obama administration weighs in on defense of marriage law\"</a>. CNN<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+administration+weighs+in+on+defense+of+marriage+law&amp;rft.aufirst=Bill&amp;rft.aulast=Mears&amp;rft.date=2013-02-27&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F02%2F22%2Fpolitics%2Fsupreme-court-marriage&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-remarksDecision-168\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-remarksDecision_168-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/06/26/remarks-president-supreme-court-decision-marriage-equality\">\"Remarks by the President on the Supreme Court Decision on Marriage Equality\"</a>. The White House<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Remarks+by+the+President+on+the+Supreme+Court+Decision+on+Marriage+Equality&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fthe-press-office%2F2015%2F06%2F26%2Fremarks-president-supreme-court-decision-marriage-equality&amp;rft.pub=The+White+House&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Executive-169\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Executive_169-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><i>Executive Order 13506</i>, Washington, DC: President Barack Obama, The White House, March 11, 2009, Obama, B.. Retrieved January 27, 2014.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Sexualassault-170\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Sexualassault_170-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Sexualassault_170-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2014/01/22/renewed-call-action-end-rape-and-sexual-assault\">\"A renewed call to action to end rape and sexual assault\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=A+renewed+call+to+action+to+end+rape+and+sexual+assault&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fblog%2F2014%2F01%2F22%2Frenewed-call-action-end-rape-and-sexual-assault&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Memo-171\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Memo_171-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Memo_171-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/01/22/memorandum-establishing-white-house-task-force-protect-students-sexual-a\">\"Memorandum: Establishing White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><spa
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp n title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Memorandum%3A+Establishing+White+House+Task+Force+to+Protect+Students+from+Sexual+Assault&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fthe-press-office%2F2014%2F01%2F22%2Fmemorandum-establishing-white-house-task-force-protect-students-sexual-a&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Freedom-172\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Freedom_172-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.msnbc.com/morning-joe/obama-we-have-power-end-sexual-assaults\">\"Obama admin: Freedom from sexual assault a basic human right\"</a>. MSNBC<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Obama+admin%3A+Freedom+from+sexual+assault+a+basic+human+right&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.com%2Fmorning-joe%2Fobama-we-have-power-end-sexual-assaults&amp;rft.pub=MSNBC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Report-173\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Report_173-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/sexual_assault_report_1-21-14.pdf\">Rape and sexual assault: A renewed call to action</a>, <i>White House Council on Women and Girls</i>, Washington, DC: White House Council on Women and Girls &amp; Office of the Vice President, January 2014. Retrieved June 10, 2014.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-174\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-174\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/13/stimulus/index.html\">\"Stimulus package en route to Obama's desk\"</a>. CNN. February 14, 2009. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090330094958/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/13/stimulus/index.html\">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 29,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Stimulus+package+en+route+to+Obama%27s+desk&amp;rft.date=2009-02-14&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FPOLITICS%2F02%2F13%2Fstimulus%2Findex.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-direct_assistance-175\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-direct_assistance_175-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://stimulus.org/\">\"Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget, Stimulus Watch\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Committee+for+a+Responsible+Federal+Budget%2C+Stimulus+Watch&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstimulus.org%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/17/obama.stimulu
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08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp Federal budget deficit to exceed $1.4\u00a0trillion in 2010 and 2011\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Federal+budget+deficit+to+exceed+%241.4+trillion+in+2010+and+2011&amp;rft.aufirst=Lori&amp;rft.aulast=Montgomery&amp;rft.date=2010-07-24&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F07%2F23%2FAR2010072304101.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-186\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-186\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Bull, Alister; Mason, Jeff (February 1, 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60U00220100201\">\"Obama's 2010 budget: deficit soars amid job spending\"</a>. Reuters<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%27s+2010+budget%3A+deficit+soars+amid+job+spending&amp;rft.aufirst=Alister&amp;rft.aulast=Bull&amp;rft.au=Mason%2C+Jeff&amp;rft.date=2010-02-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSTRE60U00220100201&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-187\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-187\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Dickson, David M. (March 26, 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/mar/26/cbos-2020-vision-debt-will-rise-to-90-of-gdp/?page=1\">\"CBO report: Debt will rise to 90% of GDP\"</a>. <i>The Washington Times</i>. Associated Press<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=CBO+report%3A+Debt+will+rise+to+90%25+of+GDP&amp;rft.aufirst=David+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Dickson&amp;rft.date=2010-03-26&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2Fmar%2F26%2Fcbos-2020-vision-debt-will-rise-to-90-of-gdp%2F%3Fpage%3D1&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-188\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-188\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Sahadi, Jeanne (February 12, 2014). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://money.cnn.com/2014/02/11/news/economy/debt-ceiling-reset/\">\"Where's the debt ceiling now?\"</a>. CNN<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 21,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Where%27s+the+debt+ceiling+now%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeanne&amp;rft.aulast=Sahadi&amp;rft.date=2014-02-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2014%2F02%2F11%2Fnews%2Feconomy%2Fdebt-ceiling-reset%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-189\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-189\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">NBC's Sylvie Stein. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"exter
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp nal text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20120114001916/http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/08/02/7231805-a-breakdown-of-the-debt-limit-legislation\">\"First Read\u00a0\u2013 A breakdown of the debt-limit legislation\"</a>. MSNBC. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/08/02/7231805-a-breakdown-of-the-debt-limit-legislation\">the original</a> on January 14, 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.au=NBC%27s+Sylvie+Stein&amp;rft.btitle=First+Read+%93+A+breakdown+of+the+debt-limit+legislation&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffirstread.msnbc.msn.com%2F_news%2F2011%2F08%2F02%2F7231805-a-breakdown-of-the-debt-limit-legislation&amp;rft.pub=MSNBC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-190\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-190\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43967924/ns/politics-capitol_hill/\">\"House passes debt ceiling bill\"</a>. MSNBC. March 8, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=House+passes+debt+ceiling+bill&amp;rft.date=2011-03-08&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F43967924%2Fns%2Fpolitics-capitol_hill%2F&amp;rft.pub=MSNBC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-191\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-191\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000\">\"Unemployment Rate\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics\" title=\"Bureau of Labor Statistics\">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 6,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Unemployment+Rate&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.bls.gov%2Ftimeseries%2FLNS14000000&amp;rft.pub=Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-192\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-192\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/CES0000000001?output_view=net_1mth\">\"Unemployment Rate\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics\" title=\"Bureau of Labor Statistics\">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 6,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Unemployment+Rate&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.bls.gov%2Ftimeseries%2FCES0000000001%3Foutput_view%3Dnet_1mth&amp;rft.pub=Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Theodossiou-193\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Theodossiou_193-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Theodossiou, Eleni; Hipple, Steven F. (2011). <a rel=\"nofol
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp low\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110508050328/http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art1full.pdf\">\"Unemployment Remains High in 2010\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Monthly Labor Review</i>. Bureau of Labor Statistics. <b>134</b> (3): 3\u201322. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art1full.pdf\">the original</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span> on May 8, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 7,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Unemployment+Remains+High+in+2010&amp;rft.aufirst=Eleni&amp;rft.au=Hipple%2C+Steven+F.&amp;rft.aulast=Theodossiou&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Fopub%2Fmlr%2F2011%2F03%2Fart1full.pdf&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Monthly+Labor+Review&amp;rft.pages=3-22&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=134\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Eddlemon-194\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Eddlemon_194-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Eddlemon, John P. (2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110506195757/http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art2full.pdf\">\"Payroll Employment Turns the Corner in 2010\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Monthly Labor Review</i>. Bureau of Labor Statistics. <b>134</b> (3): 23\u201332. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art2full.pdf\">the original</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span> on May 6, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 7,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Payroll+Employment+Turns+the+Corner+in+2010&amp;rft.aufirst=John+P.&amp;rft.aulast=Eddlemon&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Fopub%2Fmlr%2F2011%2F03%2Fart2full.pdf&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Monthly+Labor+Review&amp;rft.pages=23-32&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=134\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-195\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-195\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://data.bls.gov/pdq/SurveyOutputServlet\">\"Unemployment Rate\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics\" title=\"Bureau of Labor Statistics\">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Unemployment+Rate&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.bls.gov%2Fpdq%2FSurveyOutputServlet&amp;rft.pub=Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-196\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-196\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000\">\"Unemployment Rate\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics\" title=\"Bureau of Labor Statistics\">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp %2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Unemployment+Rate&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.bls.gov%2Ftimeseries%2FLNS14000000&amp;rft.pub=Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-197\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-197\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000\">\"Unemployment Rate\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics\" title=\"Bureau of Labor Statistics\">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Unemployment+Rate&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.bls.gov%2Ftimeseries%2FLNS14000000&amp;rft.pub=Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BEA1-198\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-BEA1_198-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-BEA1_198-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=1&amp;ViewSeries=NO&amp;Java=no&amp;Request3Place=N&amp;3Place=N&amp;FromView=YES&amp;Freq=Qtr&amp;FirstYear=2009&amp;LastYear=2010&amp;3Place=N&amp;Update=Update&amp;JavaBox=no#Mid\">\"Percent Change in Real Gross Domestic Product (Quarterly)\"</a>. <i>National Income and Product Accounts Table</i>. Bureau of Economic Analysis. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110512014536/http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=1&amp;ViewSeries=NO&amp;Java=no&amp;Request3Place=N&amp;3Place=N&amp;FromView=YES&amp;Freq=Qtr&amp;FirstYear=2009&amp;LastYear=2010&amp;3Place=N&amp;Update=Update&amp;JavaBox=no\">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 7,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Percent+Change+in+Real+Gross+Domestic+Product+%28Quarterly%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbea.gov%2Fnational%2Fnipaweb%2FTableView.asp%3FSelectedTable%3D1%26ViewSeries%3DNO%26Java%3Dno%26Request3Place%3DN%263Place%3DN%26FromView%3DYES%26Freq%3DQtr%26FirstYear%3D2009%26LastYear%3D2010%263Place%3DN%26Update%3DUpdate%26JavaBox%3Dno%23Mid&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Income+and+Product+Accounts+Table&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-199\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-199\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Harding, Robin (July 28, 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100729184009/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dac3245a-9a7b-11df-87fd-00144feab49a.html\">\"Beige Book survey reports signs of slowdown\"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dac3245a-9a7b-11df-87fd-00144feab49a.html\">the original</a> on July 29, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Beige+Book+survey+reports+signs+of+slowdown&amp;rft.aufirst=Robin&amp;rft.aulast=Harding&amp;rft.date=2010-07-28&amp;rft.genr
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp e=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fdac3245a-9a7b-11df-87fd-00144feab49a.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-200\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-200\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=1&amp;ViewSeries=NO&amp;Java=no&amp;Request3Place=N&amp;3Place=N&amp;FromView=YES&amp;Freq=Year&amp;FirstYear=2009&amp;LastYear=2010&amp;3Place=N&amp;Update=Update&amp;JavaBox=no#Mid\">\"Percent Change in Real Gross Domestic Product (Annual)\"</a>. <i>National Income and Product Accounts Table</i>. Bureau of Economic Analysis. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110512014513/http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=1&amp;ViewSeries=NO&amp;Java=no&amp;Request3Place=N&amp;3Place=N&amp;FromView=YES&amp;Freq=Year&amp;FirstYear=2009&amp;LastYear=2010&amp;3Place=N&amp;Update=Update&amp;JavaBox=no\">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 7,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Percent+Change+in+Real+Gross+Domestic+Product+%28Annual%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbea.gov%2Fnational%2Fnipaweb%2FTableView.asp%3FSelectedTable%3D1%26ViewSeries%3DNO%26Java%3Dno%26Request3Place%3DN%263Place%3DN%26FromView%3DYES%26Freq%3DYear%26FirstYear%3D2009%26LastYear%3D2010%263Place%3DN%26Update%3DUpdate%26JavaBox%3Dno%23Mid&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Income+and+Product+Accounts+Table&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-estimated-201\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-estimated_201-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-estimated_201-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cbo.gov/publication/42715\">\"Estimated Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act on Employment and Economic Output\"</a>. Congressional Budget Office<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Estimated+Impact+of+the+American+Recovery+and+Reinvestment+Act+on+Employment+and+Economic+Output&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbo.gov%2Fpublication%2F42715&amp;rft.pub=Congressional+Budget+Office&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-newc-202\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-newc_202-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-newc_202-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Calmes, Jackie; Cooper, Michael (November 20, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110511230904/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/21/business/economy/21stimulus.html\">\"New Consensus Sees Stimulus Package as Worthy Step\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/21/business/economy/21stimulus.html\">the original</a> on May 11, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 21,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp arack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=New+Consensus+Sees+Stimulus+Package+as+Worthy+Step&amp;rft.au=Cooper%2C+Michael&amp;rft.aufirst=Jackie&amp;rft.aulast=Calmes&amp;rft.date=2009-11-20&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F11%2F21%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2F21stimulus.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-203\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-203\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/83253-cbo-stimulus-created-as-many-as-21-million-jobs\">\"CBO: Stimulus created as many as 2.1\u00a0million jobs\"</a>. February 23, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 25,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=CBO%3A+Stimulus+created+as+many+as+2.1+million+jobs&amp;rft.date=2010-02-23&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fblogs%2Fblog-briefing-room%2Fnews%2F83253-cbo-stimulus-created-as-many-as-21-million-jobs&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-204\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-204\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Krugman, Paul (November 2, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/02/opinion/02krugman.html\">\"Too Little of a Good Thing\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Too+Little+of+a+Good+Thing&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.aulast=Krugman&amp;rft.date=2009-11-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F11%2F02%2Fopinion%2F02krugman.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-205\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-205\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Isidore, Chris (January 29, 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://money.cnn.com/2010/01/29/news/economy/gdp/index.htm\">\"Best economic growth in six years\"</a>. CNN<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Best+economic+growth+in+six+years&amp;rft.aufirst=Chris&amp;rft.aulast=Isidore&amp;rft.date=2010-01-29&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2010%2F01%2F29%2Fnews%2Feconomy%2Fgdp%2Findex.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-206\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-206\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nabe.com/publib/indsum.html\">\"New NABE Survey Shows Business Recovery Gaining Momentum, with More Jobs Ahead\"</a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100502053859/http://www.nabe.com/publib/indsum.html\">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=inf
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp o%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=New+NABE+Survey+Shows+Business+Recovery+Gaining+Momentum%2C+with+More+Jobs+Ahead&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nabe.com%2Fpublib%2Findsum.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-207\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-207\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Politics that Work, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://politicsthatwork.com/graphs/gdp-growth-vs-nato-president\">\"U.S. GDP Growth Relative to Original NATO Members\"</a>, <i>Politics that Work</i>, March 9, 2015</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-208\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-208\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Irene Chapple, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/29/business/oecd-u-s-europe-economic-recovery/\">\"OECD: U.S. will recover faster, Europe faces unemployment crisis\"</a>, CNN, May 29, 2013</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-209\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-209\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Herszenhorn, David M.; Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (December 7, 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/08/us/politics/08cong.html\">\"Democrats Skeptical of Obama on New Tax Plan\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Democrats+Skeptical+of+Obama+on+New+Tax+Plan&amp;rft.au=Herszenhorn%2C+David+M.&amp;rft.au=Stolberg%2C+Sheryl+Gay&amp;rft.date=2010-12-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F12%2F08%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F08cong.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-210\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-210\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/12/17/tax.deal/index.html\">\"Obama signs tax deal into law\"</a>. CNN. December 17, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 17,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+signs+tax+deal+into+law&amp;rft.date=2010-12-17&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2010%2FPOLITICS%2F12%2F17%2Ftax.deal%2Findex.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-211\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-211\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Kuhnhenn, Jim (December 5, 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/obama-speech-focus-income-disparities\">\"Obama: Income Inequality a Defining Challenge\"</a>. <i>Associated Press</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%3A+Income+Inequality+a+Defining+Challenge&amp;rft.aufirst=Jim&amp;rft.aulast=Kuhnhenn&amp;rft.date=2013-12-05&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbigstory.ap.org%2Farticle%2Fobama-speech-focus-income-disparities&amp;rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-212\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a
08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp href=\"#cite_ref-212\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Broder, John M. (October 1, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/01/science/earth/01epa.html\">\"E.P.A. Moves to Curtail Greenhouse Gas Emissions\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=E.P.A.+Moves+to+Curtail+Greenhouse+Gas+Emissions&amp;rft.aufirst=John+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Broder&amp;rft.date=2009-10-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F10%2F01%2Fscience%2Fearth%2F01epa.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-213\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-213\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20120523114528/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ip53lrBGDBrm5QYg-npRkHn4ggRA\">\"US moves to limit industrial greenhouse gas emissions\"</a>. Google News. Agence France-Presse. October 1, 2009. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ip53lrBGDBrm5QYg-npRkHn4ggRA\">the original</a> on May 23, 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=US+moves+to+limit+industrial+greenhouse+gas+emissions&amp;rft.date=2009-10-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5ip53lrBGDBrm5QYg-npRkHn4ggRA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-214\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-214\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127205462&amp;ps=rs\">\"Obama Halts Drilling Projects, Defends Actions\"</a>. NPR. May 27, 2010.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Halts+Drilling+Projects%2C+Defends+Actions&amp;rft.date=2010-05-27&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D127205462%26ps%3Drs&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-215\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-215\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Jonsson, Patrik (May 29, 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0529/Gulf-oil-spill-Obama-s-big-political-test\">\"Gulf oil spill: Obama's big political test\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor\" title=\"The Christian Science Monitor\">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100601094118/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0529/Gulf-oil-spill-Obama-s-big-political-test\">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Gulf+oil+spill%3A+Obama%27s+big+political+test&amp;rft.aufirst=Patrik&amp;rft.aulast=Jonsson&amp;rft.date=2010-05-29&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FPol
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08-17 14:36:09.685 debug OkHttp rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-225\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-225\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/09/09/obama.speech/index.html\">\"Obama calls for Congress to face health care challenge\"</a>. CNN. September 9, 2009. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090910083332/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/09/09/obama.speech/index.html\">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+calls+for+Congress+to+face+health+care+challenge&amp;rft.date=2009-09-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FPOLITICS%2F09%2F09%2Fobama.speech%2Findex.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-226\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-226\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Daniel Nasaw. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/10/obama-stem-cell-research\">\"Stem cell\"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Stem+cell&amp;rft.au=Daniel+Nasaw&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fmar%2F10%2Fobama-stem-cell-research&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nyt1-227\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nyt1_227-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Hulse, Carl; Robert Pear (November 7, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/health/policy/08health.html\">\"Sweeping Health Care Plan Passes House\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110331033230/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/health/policy/08health.html\">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 8,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Sweeping+Health+Care+Plan+Passes+House&amp;rft.aufirst=Carl&amp;rft.aulast=Hulse&amp;rft.au=Robert+Pear&amp;rft.date=2009-11-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F11%2F08%2Fhealth%2Fpolicy%2F08health.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nyt-228\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nyt_228-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Herszenhorn, David M.; Jackie Calmes (December 7, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/health/policy/08scene.html\">\"Abortion Was at Heart of Wrangling\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110331073732/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/health/policy/08scene.html\">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2011<span
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08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp ournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cnn_ref1-232\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-cnn_ref1_232-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Rice, Sabriya (March 25, 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/03/25/health.care.law.basics/index.html\">\"5 key things to remember about health care reform\"</a>. CNN<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=5+key+things+to+remember+about+health+care+reform&amp;rft.aufirst=Sabriya&amp;rft.aulast=Rice&amp;rft.date=2010-03-25&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2010%2FHEALTH%2F03%2F25%2Fhealth.care.law.basics%2Findex.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-whitehouse-233\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-whitehouse_233-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-whitehouse_233-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.whitehouse.gov/health-care-meeting/proposal/whatsnew/affordability\">\"Policies to Improve Affordability and Accountability\"</a>. The White House<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Policies+to+Improve+Affordability+and+Accountability&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fhealth-care-meeting%2Fproposal%2Fwhatsnew%2Faffordability&amp;rft.pub=The+White+House&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-234\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-234\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Grier, Peter (March 20, 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0320/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-gets-subsidized-insurance\">\"Health Care Reform Bill 101\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor\" title=\"The Christian Science Monitor\">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i>. Boston<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Health+Care+Reform+Bill+101&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.aulast=Grier&amp;rft.date=2010-03-20&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FPolitics%2F2010%2F0320%2FHealth-care-reform-bill-101-Who-gets-subsidized-insurance&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cbo_est-235\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-cbo_est_235-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Elmendorf, Douglas W. (November 30, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/107xx/doc10781/11-30-premiums.pdf\">\"An Analysis of Health Insurance Premiums Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. Congressional Budget Office<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.aufirst=Douglas+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Elmendorf&amp;rft.btitle=An+Analysis+of+Health+Insurance+Premiums+Under+the+Patient+Protection+and+Affordable+Care+Act&amp;rft.date=2009-11-30&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbo.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcbofiles%2Fftpdocs%2F107xx%2Fdoc10781%2F11-30-premiums.pdf&amp;rft.pub=Congressional+Budget+Office&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-236\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-236\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Obama, Barack (2 August 2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2533698\">\"United States Health Care Reform\"</a>. <i>JAMA</i>. <b>316</b> (5): 525. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2016.9797\">10.1001/jama.2016.9797</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0098-7484\">0098-7484</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">17 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=United+States+Health+Care+Reform&amp;rft.aufirst=Barack&amp;rft.aulast=Obama&amp;rft.date=2016-08-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjama.jamanetwork.com%2Farticle.aspx%3Farticleid%3D2533698&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2016.9797&amp;rft.issn=0098-7484&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=JAMA&amp;rft.pages=525&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=316\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-237\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-237\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Grier, Peter (March 21, 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0321/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-will-pay-for-reform\">\"Health care reform bill 101: Who will pay for reform?\"</a>. <i>The Christian Science Monitor</i>. Boston<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Health+care+reform+bill+101%3A+Who+will+pay+for+reform%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.aulast=Grier&amp;rft.date=2010-03-21&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FPolitics%2F2010%2F0321%2FHealth-care-reform-bill-101-Who-will-pay-for-reform&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-238\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-238\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Grier, Peter (March 19, 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100405075157/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0319/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-must-buy-insurance\">\"Health care reform bill 101: Who must buy insurance?\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor\" title=\"The Christian Science Monitor\">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i>. Boston. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0319/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-must-buy-insurance\">the original</a> on April 5, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Re
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp trieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Health+care+reform+bill+101%3A+Who+must+buy+insurance%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.aulast=Grier&amp;rft.date=2010-03-19&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FPolitics%2F2010%2F0319%2FHealth-care-reform-bill-101-Who-must-buy-insurance&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-239\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-239\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Elmendorf, Douglas W. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cbo.gov/publication/21351\">\"H.R. 4872, Reconciliation Act of 2010 (Final Health Care Legislation)\"</a>. Congressional Budget Office<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.aufirst=Douglas+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Elmendorf&amp;rft.btitle=H.R.+4872%2C+Reconciliation+Act+of+2010+%28Final+Health+Care+Legislation%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbo.gov%2Fpublication%2F21351&amp;rft.pub=Congressional+Budget+Office&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WP-uphold-240\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-WP-uphold_240-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Barnes, Robert (June 28, 2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/supreme-court-to-rule-thursday-on-health-care-law/2012/06/28/gJQAarRm8V_story.html\">\"Supreme Court upholds Obama health care overhaul by 5\u20134 vote, approving insurance requirement\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Washington_Post\" title=\"The Washington Post\">The Washington Post</a></i>. Associated Press<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+upholds+Obama+health+care+overhaul+by+5%934+vote%2C+approving+insurance+requirement&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.aulast=Barnes&amp;rft.date=2012-06-28&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fsupreme-court-to-rule-thursday-on-health-care-law%2F2012%2F06%2F28%2FgJQAarRm8V_story.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-241\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-241\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Kimberly Leonard. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/06/25/supreme-court-upholds-obamacare-subsidies-in-king-v-burwell\">\"Supreme Court Upholds Obamacare Subsidies\"</a>. <i>US News &amp; World Report</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+Upholds+Obamacare+Subsidies&amp;rft.au=Kimberly+Leonard&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2015%2F06%2F25%2Fsupreme-court-upholds-obamacare-subsidies-in-king-v-burwell&amp;rft.jtitle=US+News+%26+World+Report&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp "cite_note-242\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-242\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Rebecca Droke, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, June 17, 2014, \"Obama speaks in Pittsburgh about tech, jobs.\"</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-243\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-243\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Obama domestic energy policy. Bloomberg News. June 17, 2014.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-244\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-244\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/video/manufacturing-balks-at-obama-s-u-s-energy-policy-rdCH8kbCQAyS_Wjr6AjELA.html\">\"Manufacturing Balks at Obama's U.S. Energy Policy: Video\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Bloomberg_News\" title=\"Bloomberg News\">Bloomberg News</a></i>. June 17, 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 17,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Manufacturing+Balks+at+Obama%27s+U.S.+Energy+Policy%3A+Video&amp;rft.date=2014-06-17&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fvideo%2Fmanufacturing-balks-at-obama-s-u-s-energy-policy-rdCH8kbCQAyS_Wjr6AjELA.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-245\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-245\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Mardell, Mark (January 16, 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-21049942\">\"US gun debate: Obama unveils gun control proposals\"</a>. London: BBC News<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=US+gun+debate%3A+Obama+unveils+gun+control+proposals&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft.aulast=Mardell&amp;rft.date=2013-01-16&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-21049942&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-246\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-246\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/01/16/us/obama-gun-control-proposal.html\">\"What's in Obama's Gun Control Proposal\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. January 16, 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=What%27s+in+Obama%27s+Gun+Control+Proposal&amp;rft.date=2013-01-16&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2013%2F01%2F16%2Fus%2Fobama-gun-control-proposal.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-247\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-247\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/05/politics/obama-gun-control-executive-action/?iid=ob_lockedrail_bottomlist&amp;iref=obinsite\">\"Obama announces gun control executive action (full transcript)\"</a> \"CNN\". January 5, 2016. January 7, 2016.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-248\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-248
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp \">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Obama, Barack. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/08/opinion/president-barack-obama-guns-are-our-shared-responsibility.html\">\"Barack Obama: Guns Are Our Shared Responsibility\"</a> <i>The New York Times</i>. January 7, 2016. January 7, 2016.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-249\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-249\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Paul Harris in Oakland and Ewen MacAskill in Washington (November 3, 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20101214214006/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/03/us-midterm-election-results-tea-party\">\"US midterm election results herald new political era as Republicans take House\"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/03/us-midterm-election-results-tea-party\">the original</a> on December 14, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=US+midterm+election+results+herald+new+political+era+as+Republicans+take+House&amp;rft.au=Paul+Harris+in+Oakland+and+Ewen+MacAskill+in+Washington&amp;rft.date=2010-11-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fnov%2F03%2Fus-midterm-election-results-tea-party&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-250\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-250\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20101124220406/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Elections/Vox-News/2010/1104/Obama-calls-midterm-elections-a-shellacking-for-Democrats\">\"Obama calls midterm elections a 'shellacking' for Democrats\"</a>. <i>The Christian Science Monitor</i>. November 4, 2010. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Elections/Vox-News/2010/1104/Obama-calls-midterm-elections-a-shellacking-for-Democrats\">the original</a> on November 24, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+calls+midterm+elections+a+%27shellacking%27+for+Democrats&amp;rft.date=2010-11-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FElections%2FVox-News%2F2010%2F1104%2FObama-calls-midterm-elections-a-shellacking-for-Democrats&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-251\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-251\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=131048554\">\"See Obama's first paragraph of his transcript\"</a>. <i>All Things Considered</i>. NPR. November 3, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=See+Obama%27s+first+paragraph+of+his+transcript&amp;rft.date=2010-11-03&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D131048554&amp;rft.jtitle=All+Things+Considered&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amt
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08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp 5/story.html\">the original</a> on November 6, 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 31,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Biden+vows+break+with+Bush+era+foreign+policy&amp;rft.au=Barkin%2C+Noah&amp;rft.aufirst=Ross&amp;rft.aulast=Colvin&amp;rft.date=2009-02-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fnews%2Funveils%2Bchanges%2Bforeign%2Bpolicy%2F1265065%2Fstory.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Ghattas, Kim (March 8, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7931699.stm\">\"Clinton's gaffes and gains on tour\"</a>. BBC News<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 15,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Clinton%27s+gaffes+and+gains+on+tour&amp;rft.aufirst=Kim&amp;rft.aulast=Ghattas&amp;rft.date=2009-03-08&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F7931699.stm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-256\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-256\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28869185/\">\"Obama reaches out to Muslim world on TV\"</a>. MSNBC. January 27, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 15,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+reaches+out+to+Muslim+world+on+TV&amp;rft.date=2009-01-27&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F28869185%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-257\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-257\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/20/barack-obama-usa\">\"Barack Obama's address to Iran: Full text of Barack Obama's videotaped message to the people and leaders of Iran as they celebrate their New Year's holiday, Nowruz\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Guardian\" title=\"The Guardian\">The Guardian</a></i>. London. March 20, 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 14,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Barack+Obama%27s+address+to+Iran%3A+Full+text+of+Barack+Obama%27s+videotaped+message+to+the+people+and+leaders+of+Iran+as+they+celebrate+their+New+Year%27s+holiday%2C+Nowruz&amp;rft.date=2013-03-20&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fmar%2F20%2Fbarack-obama-usa&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-258\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-258\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">DeYoung, Karen (April 9, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/08/AR2009040802254.html\">\"Nation U.S. to Join Talks on Iran's Nuclear Program\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">Jun
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08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp alem.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-266\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-266\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Baker, Peter (March 26, 2010).<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/27/world/europe/27start.html\">\"Obama Seals Arms Control Deal With Russia\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-267\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-267\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Baker, Peter (December 22, 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/23/world/europe/23treaty.html\">\"Senate Passes Arms Control Treaty With Russia, 71\u201326\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Senate+Passes+Arms+Control+Treaty+With+Russia%2C+71%9326&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.aulast=Baker&amp;rft.date=2010-12-22&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F12%2F23%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F23treaty.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-268\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-268\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">McVeigh, Karen (December 6, 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/dec/07/gay-rights-us-aid-criteria\">\"Gay rights must be criterion for US aid allocations, instructs Obama\"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Gay+rights+must+be+criterion+for+US+aid+allocations%2C+instructs+Obama&amp;rft.aufirst=Karen&amp;rft.aulast=McVeigh&amp;rft.date=2011-12-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fdec%2F07%2Fgay-rights-us-aid-criteria&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LAT80713-269\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-LAT80713_269-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Parsons, Christi (August 7, 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/aug/07/nation/la-na-pn-obama-leno-russia-snowden-20130807\">\"Obama criticizes Russia's new anti-gay law in Leno interview\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times\" title=\"Los Angeles Times\">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+criticizes+Russia%27s+new+anti-gay+law+in+Leno+interview&amp;rft.aufirst=Christi&amp;rft.aulast=Parsons&amp;rft.date=2013-08-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2013%2Faug%2F07%2Fnation%2Fla-na-pn-obama-leno-russia-snowden-20130807&amp;rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Huffpo80913-270\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Huffpo80913_270-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Johnson, Luke (August 9, 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp "http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/09/obama-olympic-boycott_n_3733275.html\">\"Obama Opposes Olympic Boycott, Criticizes Russian Anti-Gay Law\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Huffington_Post\" title=\"The Huffington Post\">The Huffington Post</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Opposes+Olympic+Boycott%2C+Criticizes+Russian+Anti-Gay+Law&amp;rft.aufirst=Luke&amp;rft.aulast=Johnson&amp;rft.date=2013-08-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F08%2F09%2Fobama-olympic-boycott_n_3733275.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-271\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-271\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Achenbach, Joel (December 18, 2014). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/in-miami-a-mixed-and-muted-response-to-historic-change-in-cuba-policy/2014/12/18/a27325c0-86b0-11e4-b9b7-b8632ae73d25_story.html\">\"In Miami, a mixed and muted response to historic change in Cuba policy\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=In+Miami%2C+a+mixed+and+muted+response+to+historic+change+in+Cuba+policy&amp;rft.au=Achenbach%2C+Joel&amp;rft.date=2014-12-18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Fhealth-science%2Fin-miami-a-mixed-and-muted-response-to-historic-change-in-cuba-policy%2F2014%2F12%2F18%2Fa27325c0-86b0-11e4-b9b7-b8632ae73d25_story.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-272\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-272\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/report-yemens-embattled-president-flees-stronghold-as-rebels-advance/2015/03/25/e0913ae2-d2d5-11e4-a62f-ee745911a4ff_story.html\">\"Saudi Arabia launces air attacks in Yemen\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. March 25, 2015.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+launces+air+attacks+in+Yemen&amp;rft.date=2015-03-25&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Freport-yemens-embattled-president-flees-stronghold-as-rebels-advance%2F2015%2F03%2F25%2Fe0913ae2-d2d5-11e4-a62f-ee745911a4ff_story.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-273\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-273\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Feller, Ben (February 27, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.detnews.com/article/20090228/POLITICS/902280332/Obama+sets+firm+Iraq+withdrawal\">\"Obama sets firm withdrawal timetable for Iraq\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Detroit_News\" title=\"The Detroit News\">The Detroit News</a></i>. <a href=\"/wiki/Associated_Press\" title=\"Associated Press\">Associated Press</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedi
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp a.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+sets+firm+withdrawal+timetable+for+Iraq&amp;rft.aufirst=Ben&amp;rft.aulast=Feller&amp;rft.date=2009-02-27&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.detnews.com%2Farticle%2F20090228%2FPOLITICS%2F902280332%2FObama%2Bsets%2Bfirm%2BIraq%2Bwithdrawal&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Detroit+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span><sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template\"><span style=\"white-space: nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot\" title=\"Wikipedia:Link rot\"><span title=\"\u00a0Dead link since June 2016\">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-274\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-274\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Jones, Athena (February 27, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2009/02/27/4428005-obama-announces-iraq-plan?lite\">\"Obama announces Iraq plan\"</a>. MSNBC<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.aufirst=Athena&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.btitle=Obama+announces+Iraq+plan&amp;rft.date=2009-02-27&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffirstread.nbcnews.com%2F_news%2F2009%2F02%2F27%2F4428005-obama-announces-iraq-plan%3Flite&amp;rft.pub=MSNBC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-275\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-275\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Sykes, Hugh (August 19, 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11020270\">\"Last US combat brigade exits Iraq\"</a>. BBC News<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Last+US+combat+brigade+exits+Iraq&amp;rft.au=Sykes%2C+Hugh&amp;rft.date=2010-08-19&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-11020270&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-276\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-276\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">MacAskill, Ewen (September 1, 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/sep/01/obama-formally-ends-iraq-war\">\"Barack Obama ends the war in Iraq. 'Now it's time to turn the page<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">'</span>\"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Barack+Obama+ends+the+war+in+Iraq.+%27Now+it%27s+time+to+turn+the+page%27&amp;rft.aufirst=Ewen&amp;rft.aulast=MacAskill&amp;rft.date=2010-09-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fsep%2F01%2Fobama-formally-ends-iraq-war&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-277\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-277\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44990594/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/\">\"All U.S. troops out of Iraq by end of year\"</a>. MSNBC. October 21, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"now
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08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp nfo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-282\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-282\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Aaron Mehta (January 19, 2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/2015/01/19/a10-strikes-isis-11-percent/21875911/\">\"A-10 Performing 11 Percent of Anti-ISIS Sorties\"</a>. <i>Defense News</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=A-10+Performing+11+Percent+of+Anti-ISIS+Sorties&amp;rft.au=Aaron+Mehta&amp;rft.date=2015-01-19&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defensenews.com%2Fstory%2Fdefense%2F2015%2F01%2F19%2Fa10-strikes-isis-11-percent%2F21875911%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Defense+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-283\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-283\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.stripes.com/news/us/1-000-soldiers-from-the-82nd-airborne-headed-to-iraq-1.320194\">\"1,000 soldiers from the 82nd Airborne headed to Iraq\"</a>. <i>Stars and Stripes</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=1%2C000+soldiers+from+the+82nd+Airborne+headed+to+Iraq&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stripes.com%2Fnews%2Fus%2F1-000-soldiers-from-the-82nd-airborne-headed-to-iraq-1.320194&amp;rft.jtitle=Stars+and+Stripes&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-284\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-284\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2015/07/21/stealthy-jet-ensures-other-war-fighting-aircraft-survive\">\"Stealthy Jet Ensures Other War-Fighting Aircraft Survive\"</a>. <i>US News &amp; World Report</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Stealthy+Jet+Ensures+Other+War-Fighting+Aircraft+Survive&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Farticles%2F2015%2F07%2F21%2Fstealthy-jet-ensures-other-war-fighting-aircraft-survive&amp;rft.jtitle=US+News+%26+World+Report&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-autogenerated1-285\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-autogenerated1_285-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100327094906/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/july-dec08/obama_07-15.html\">\"Obama Calls for U.S. Military to Renew Focus on Afghanistan\"</a>. <i>NewsHour with Jim Lehrer</i>. PBS. July 15, 2008. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/july-dec08/obama_07-15.html\">the original</a> on March 27, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.or
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08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp ><cite class=\"citation news\">Jones, Sam (March 22, 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/22/f15-fighter-crash-libya\">\"F-15 fighter jet crashes in Libya\"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110322190309/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/22/f15-fighter-crash-libya\">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=F-15+fighter+jet+crashes+in+Libya&amp;rft.aufirst=Sam&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.date=2011-03-22&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fmar%2F22%2Ff15-fighter-crash-libya&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NATOPressRelease-307\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NATOPressRelease_307-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_03/20110325_110325-unified-protector-no-fly-zone.pdf\">\"NATO No-Fly Zone over Libya Operation UNIFIED PROTECTOR\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. NATO. March 25, 2011.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=NATO+No-Fly+Zone+over+Libya+Operation+UNIFIED+PROTECTOR&amp;rft.date=2011-03-25&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fnato_static%2Fassets%2Fpdf%2Fpdf_2011_03%2F20110325_110325-unified-protector-no-fly-zone.pdf&amp;rft.pub=NATO&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LibyaOffensive-308\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-LibyaOffensive_308-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Montopoli, Brian (March 22, 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/is-obamas-libya-offensive-constitutional/\">\"Is Obama's Libya offensive constitutional?\"</a>. CBS News<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Is+Obama%27s+Libya+offensive+constitutional%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=Brian&amp;rft.aulast=Montopoli&amp;rft.date=2011-03-22&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fis-obamas-libya-offensive-constitutional%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-309\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-309\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Stein, Sam (March 21, 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/20/obama-libya_n_838219.html\">\"Obama's Libya Policy Makes Strange Bedfellows of Congressional Critics\"</a>. <i>The Huffington Post</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110323083100/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/20/obama-libya_n_838219.html\">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 26,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Libya+Policy+Makes+Strange+Bedfellows+of+Congressional+Critics&amp;rft.aufirst=Sam&amp;rft.aulast=Stei
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08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp n></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-314\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-314\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Michael D. Shear; Helene Cooper; Eric Schmitt. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/10/world/middleeast/pentagon-program-islamic-state-syria.html?_r=0\">\"Obama Administration Ends Effort to Train Syrians to Combat ISIS\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Administration+Ends+Effort+to+Train+Syrians+to+Combat+ISIS&amp;rft.au=Eric+Schmitt&amp;rft.au=Helene+Cooper&amp;rft.au=Michael+D.+Shear&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F10%2F10%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fpentagon-program-islamic-state-syria.html%3F_r%3D0&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-315\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-315\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Phil Stewart and Kate Holton. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-usa-idUSKCN0S31BR20151009\">\"U.S. pulls plug on Syria rebel training effort; will focus on weapons supply\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.au=Phil+Stewart+and+Kate+Holton&amp;rft.btitle=U.S.+pulls+plug+on+Syria+rebel+training+effort%3B+will+focus+on+weapons+supply&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-usa-idUSKCN0S31BR20151009&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-316\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-316\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Gordon, Michael. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/world/middleeast/syria-talks.html?pagewanted=all&amp;_r=0\">\"U.S. and Russia Reach Deal to Destroy Syria's Chemical Arms\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=U.S.+and+Russia+Reach+Deal+to+Destroy+Syria%27s+Chemical+Arms&amp;rft.au=Gordon%2C+Michael&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F09%2F15%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria-talks.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26_r%3D0&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-317\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-317\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Boghani, Priyanka. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/syria-got-rid-of-its-chemical-weapons-but-reports-of-attacks-continue/\">\"Syria Got Rid of Its Chemical Weapons\u00a0\u2013 But Reports of Attacks Continue\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Syria+Got+Rid+of+Its+Chemical+Weapons+%93+But+Reports+of+Attacks+Continue&amp;rft.au=Boghani%2C+Priyanka&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Ffrontline%2Farticle%2Fsyria-got-rid-of-its-chemical-weapons-but-reports-of-attacks-continue
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp %2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-318\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-318\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/09/obama-strike-wherever-it-exists-2014910223935601193.html\">\"Obama outlines plan to target IS fighters\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Al_Jazeera\" title=\"Al Jazeera\">Al Jazeera</a>. September 11, 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 24,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+outlines+plan+to+target+IS+fighters&amp;rft.date=2014-09-11&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2014%2F09%2Fobama-strike-wherever-it-exists-2014910223935601193.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-319\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-319\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Gregory Korte. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2015/10/30/16-times-obama-said-there-would-no-boots-ground-syria/74869884/\">\"16 times Obama said there would be no boots on the ground in Syria\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=16+times+Obama+said+there+would+be+no+boots+on+the+ground+in+Syria&amp;rft.au=Gregory+Korte&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fonpolitics%2F2015%2F10%2F30%2F16-times-obama-said-there-would-no-boots-ground-syria%2F74869884%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NYT-clues-320\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-NYT-clues_320-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-NYT-clues_320-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-NYT-clues_320-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Mazzetti, Mark; Helene Cooper; Peter Baker (May 3, 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/asia/03intel.html?pagewanted=all\">\"Clues Gradually Led to the Location of Osama bin Laden\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110503190900/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/asia/03intel.html?pagewanted=all\">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Clues+Gradually+Led+to+the+Location+of+Osama+bin+Laden&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft.au=Helene+Cooper&amp;rft.aulast=Mazzetti&amp;rft.au=Peter+Baker&amp;rft.date=2011-05-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F05%2F03%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F03intel.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WP-binLaden-321\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-WP-binLaden_321-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-WP-binLaden_321-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"refe
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp rence-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Rucker, Philip; Wilson, Scott; Kornblut, Anne E. (May 2, 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/osama-bin-laden-is-killed-by-us-forces-in-pakistan/2011/05/01/AFXMZyVF_story.html\">\"Osama bin Laden is killed by U.S. forces in Pakistan\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Osama+bin+Laden+is+killed+by+U.S.+forces+in+Pakistan&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft.au=Kornblut%2C+Anne+E.&amp;rft.aulast=Rucker&amp;rft.au=Wilson%2C+Scott&amp;rft.date=2011-05-02&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fosama-bin-laden-is-killed-by-us-forces-in-pakistan%2F2011%2F05%2F01%2FAFXMZyVF_story.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ND-binLaden-322\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ND-binLaden_322-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.newsday.com/news/breaking/official-offers-details-of-bin-laden-raid-1.2853079\">\"Official offers details of bin Laden raid\"</a>. <i>Newsday</i>. May 2, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Official+offers+details+of+bin+Laden+raid&amp;rft.date=2011-05-02&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsday.com%2Fnews%2Fbreaking%2Fofficial-offers-details-of-bin-laden-raid-1.2853079&amp;rft.jtitle=Newsday&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ABC-binLaden-323\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ABC-binLaden_323-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Schabner, Dean; Karen Travers (May 1, 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110504021523/http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/osama-bin-laden-killed/story?id=13505703\">\"Osama bin Laden Killed by U.S. Forces in Pakistan\"</a>. ABC News. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/osama-bin-laden-killed/story?id=13505703\">the original</a> on May 4, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Osama+bin+Laden+Killed+by+U.S.+Forces+in+Pakistan&amp;rft.aufirst=Dean&amp;rft.au=Karen+Travers&amp;rft.aulast=Schabner&amp;rft.date=2011-05-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FBlotter%2Fosama-bin-laden-killed%2Fstory%3Fid%3D13505703&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NYT-ObamaAnnounce-324\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NYT-ObamaAnnounce_324-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Baker, Peter; Helene Cooper; Mark Mazzetti (May 2, 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110505195308/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/asia/osama-bin-laden-is-killed.html?\">\"Bin Laden Is Dead, Obama Says\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/asia/osama-bin-laden-is-killed.html\">the ori
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp ginal</a> on May 5, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Bin+Laden+Is+Dead%2C+Obama+Says&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.au=Helene+Cooper&amp;rft.aulast=Baker&amp;rft.au=Mark+Mazzetti&amp;rft.date=2011-05-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F05%2F02%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fosama-bin-laden-is-killed.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Guard-ObamaAnnounce-325\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Guard-ObamaAnnounce_325-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Walsh, Declan; Richard Adams; Ewen MacAskill (May 2, 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/02/osama-bin-laden-dead-obama\">\"Osama bin Laden is dead, Obama announces\"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110503154000/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/02/osama-bin-laden-dead-obama\">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Osama+bin+Laden+is+dead%2C+Obama+announces&amp;rft.au=Ewen+MacAskill&amp;rft.aufirst=Declan&amp;rft.aulast=Walsh&amp;rft.au=Richard+Adams&amp;rft.date=2011-05-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fmay%2F02%2Fosama-bin-laden-dead-obama&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Bloom-binLaden-326\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Bloom-binLaden_326-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Dorning, Mike (May 2, 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110503203539/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-02/death-of-bin-laden-may-strengthen-obama-s-hand-in-domestic-foreign-policy.html\">\"Death of Bin Laden May Strengthen Obama's Hand in Domestic, Foreign Policy\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Bloomberg_News\" title=\"Bloomberg News\">Bloomberg News</a></i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-02/death-of-bin-laden-may-strengthen-obama-s-hand-in-domestic-foreign-policy.html\">the original</a> on May 3, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Death+of+Bin+Laden+May+Strengthen+Obama%27s+Hand+in+Domestic%2C+Foreign+Policy&amp;rft.aufirst=Mike&amp;rft.aulast=Dorning&amp;rft.date=2011-05-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2011-05-02%2Fdeath-of-bin-laden-may-strengthen-obama-s-hand-in-domestic-foreign-policy.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NPR-worldreaction-327\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NPR-worldreaction_327-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110503215724/http://www.npr.org/2011/05/02/135919728/world-reaction-to-osama-bin-ladens-death\">\"World Reaction To Osama Bin Laden's Death\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/NPR\" title=\"N
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp PR\">NPR</a>. May 2, 2011. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/05/02/135919728/world-reaction-to-osama-bin-ladens-death\">the original</a> on May 3, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=World+Reaction+To+Osama+Bin+Laden%27s+Death&amp;rft.date=2011-05-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2011%2F05%2F02%2F135919728%2Fworld-reaction-to-osama-bin-ladens-death&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-328\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-328\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/07/14/us-iran-nuclear-idUSKCN0PM0CE20150714\">\"Iran deal reached, Obama hails step toward 'more hopeful world<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">'</span>\"</a>. July 14, 2015<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Iran+deal+reached%2C+Obama+hails+step+toward+%27more+hopeful+world%27&amp;rft.date=2015-07-14&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2015%2F07%2F14%2Fus-iran-nuclear-idUSKCN0PM0CE20150714&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-329\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-329\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.wsj.com/articles/embargo-on-arms-clouds-iran-nuclear-deal-1436831280\">\"Iran, World Powers Prepare to Sign Nuclear Accord\"</a>. July 14, 2015<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Iran%2C+World+Powers+Prepare+to+Sign+Nuclear+Accord&amp;rft.date=2015-07-14&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fembargo-on-arms-clouds-iran-nuclear-deal-1436831280&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-330\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-330\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/14/politics/iran-nuclear-deal/\">\"Landmark deal reached on Iran nuclear program\"</a>. July 14, 2015<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Landmark+deal+reached+on+Iran+nuclear+program&amp;rft.date=2015-07-14&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2015%2F07%2F14%2Fpolitics%2Firan-nuclear-deal%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-331\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-331\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Warren, Strobel. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/17/us-cuba-usa-reconstruction-idUSKBN0JV2DM20141217\">\"Secret talks in Canada, Vatican City led to Cuba breakthrough\"</a>. Reuters<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span clas
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08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp y:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-335\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-335\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><i><a href=\"/wiki/The_New_Republic\" title=\"The New Republic\">The New Republic</a></i>, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.newrepublic.com/article/121522/cuba-obamas-biggest-foreign-policy-success\">The Cuban Thaw Is Obama's Finest Foreign Policy Achievement to Date</a>, by Joel Gillin, April 13, 2015.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-336\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-336\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/01/politics/obama-note-to-castro-reestablish-ties/\">\"Obama announces re-establishment of U.S.-Cuba diplomatic ties\"</a>. CNN<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+announces+re-establishment+of+U.S.-Cuba+diplomatic+ties&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2015%2F07%2F01%2Fpolitics%2Fobama-note-to-castro-reestablish-ties%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-337\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-337\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Whitefield, Mimi (July 20, 2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article27862504.html\">\"United States and Cuba reestablish diplomatic relations\"</a>. <i>The Miami Herald</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=United+States+and+Cuba+reestablish+diplomatic+relations&amp;rft.aufirst=Mimi&amp;rft.aulast=Whitefield&amp;rft.date=2015-07-20&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fcuba%2Farticle27862504.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Miami+Herald&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-338\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-338\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Julie Hirschfeld Davis and Damien Cave (March 21, 2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/21/world/americas/obama-arrives-in-cuba.html\">\"Obama Arrives in Cuba, Heralding New Era After Decades of Hostility\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.\u00a0A1.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Arrives+in+Cuba%2C+Heralding+New+Era+After+Decades+of+Hostility&amp;rft.au=Julie+Hirschfeld+Davis+and+Damien+Cave&amp;rft.date=2016-03-21&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F03%2F21%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fobama-arrives-in-cuba.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.pages=A1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-339\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-339\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Lee, Carol E. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.wsj.com/articles/obama-becomes-first-u-s-president-to-address-african-union-1438090849\">\"Obama Becomes First U.S. President to Address African Union\"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i><span class=\"reference-acces
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp sdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Becomes+First+U.S.+President+to+Address+African+Union&amp;rft.aufirst=Carol+E.&amp;rft.aulast=Lee&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fobama-becomes-first-u-s-president-to-address-african-union-1438090849&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-340\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-340\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/07/28/remarks-president-obama-people-africa\">\"Remarks by President Obama to the People of Africa\"</a>. The White House<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Remarks+by+President+Obama+to+the+People+of+Africa&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fthe-press-office%2F2015%2F07%2F28%2Fremarks-president-obama-people-africa&amp;rft.pub=The+White+House&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-341\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-341\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Ferris, Sarah. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/249189-obama-proud-to-be-first-us-president-to-visit-kenya\">\"Obama: Proud to be first U.S. president to visit Kenya\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)\" title=\"The Hill (newspaper)\">The Hill</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%3A+Proud+to+be+first+U.S.+president+to+visit+Kenya&amp;rft.aufirst=Sarah&amp;rft.aulast=Ferris&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fadministration%2F249189-obama-proud-to-be-first-us-president-to-visit-kenya&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Hill&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-342\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-342\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-36395350\">\"President Obama visits Hiroshima\"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=President+Obama+visits+Hiroshima&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-36395350&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-343\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-343\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Wallace-Wells, Benjamin (November 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0411.wallace-wells.html\">\"The Great Black Hope: What's Riding on Barack Obama?\"</a>. <i>Washington Monthly</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/2008051315355
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp 6/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0411.wallace-wells.html\">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=The+Great+Black+Hope%3A+What%27s+Riding+on+Barack+Obama%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=Benjamin&amp;rft.aulast=Wallace-Wells&amp;rft.date=2004-11&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonmonthly.com%2Ffeatures%2F2004%2F0411.wallace-wells.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Washington+Monthly&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> See also:<cite class=\"citation news\">Scott, Janny (December 28, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080117005009/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/28/america/obama.php\">\"A Member of a New Generation, Obama Walks a Fine Line\"</a>. <i>International Herald Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/28/america/obama.php\">the original</a> on January 17, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=A+Member+of+a+New+Generation%2C+Obama+Walks+a+Fine+Line&amp;rft.aufirst=Janny&amp;rft.aulast=Scott&amp;rft.date=2007-12-28&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2F2007%2F12%2F28%2Famerica%2Fobama.php&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-344\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-344\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Payne, Les (August 19, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/1322008241.html?dids=1322008241:1322008241&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT\">\"In One Country, a Dual Audience\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(paid archive)</span>. <i>Newsday</i>. New York<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=In+One+Country%2C+a+Dual+Audience&amp;rft.aufirst=Les&amp;rft.aulast=Payne&amp;rft.date=2007-08-19&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fnewsday%2Faccess%2F1322008241.html%3Fdids%3D1322008241%3A1322008241%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&amp;rft.jtitle=Newsday&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-345\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-345\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Dorning, Mike (October 4, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1353513781.html?dids=1353513781:1353513781&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Oct+4%2C+2007&amp;author=Mike+Dorning\">\"Obama Reaches Across Decades to JFK\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(paid archive)</span>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Reaches+Across+Decades+to+JFK&amp;rft.aufirst=Mike&amp;rft.aulast=Dorning&amp;rft.date=2007-10-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F1353513781.html%3Fdids%3D1353513781%3A1353513781%26FMT%3DABS%26F
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp MTS%3DABS%3AFT%26type%3Dcurrent%26date%3DOct%2B4%252C%2B2007%26author%3DMike%2BDorning&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> See also:<cite class=\"citation news\">Harnden, Toby (October 15, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1565992/Barack-Obama-is-JFK-heir%2C-says-Kennedy-aide.html\">\"Barack Obama is JFK Heir, Says Kennedy Aide\"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080515071852/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1565992/Barack-Obama-is-JFK-heir%2C-says-Kennedy-aide.html\">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Barack+Obama+is+JFK+Heir%2C+Says+Kennedy+Aide&amp;rft.aufirst=Toby&amp;rft.aulast=Harnden&amp;rft.date=2007-10-15&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2F1565992%2FBarack-Obama-is-JFK-heir%252C-says-Kennedy-aide.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-exceptional_orator-346\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-exceptional_orator_346-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Holmes, Stephanie (November 30, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.theage.com.au/world/a-classic-orator-obama-learnt-from-the-masters-20081129-6nf1.html\">\"Obama: Oratory and originality\"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. Melbourne. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154747/http://www.theage.com.au/world/a-classic-orator-obama-learnt-from-the-masters-20081129-6nf1.html\">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 11,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%3A+Oratory+and+originality&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephanie&amp;rft.aulast=Holmes&amp;rft.date=2008-11-30&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fworld%2Fa-classic-orator-obama-learnt-from-the-masters-20081129-6nf1.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Age&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Gallo, Carmine (March 3, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/mar2008/sb2008033_156351.htm\">\"How to Inspire People Like Obama Does\"</a>. <i>Bloomberg BusinessWeek</i>. New York. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090226003326/http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/mar2008/sb2008033_156351.htm\">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=How+to+Inspire+People+Like+Obama+Does&amp;rft.aufirst=Carmine&amp;rft.aulast=Gallo&amp;rft.date=2008-03-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fsmallbiz%2Fcontent%2Fmar2008%2Fsb2008033_156351.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+BusinessWeek&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Zlomislic, Diana (December 11, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external tex
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp t\" href=\"http://www.thestar.com/living/article/551538\">\"New emotion dubbed 'elevation<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">'</span>\"</a>. <i>Toronto Star</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081212193736/http://www.thestar.com/living/article/551538\">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 11,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=New+emotion+dubbed+%27elevation%27&amp;rft.aufirst=Diana&amp;rft.aulast=Zlomislic&amp;rft.date=2008-12-11&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fliving%2Farticle%2F551538&amp;rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Greene, Richard (January 25, 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-greene/obama-is-americas-3rd-gre_b_813868.html\">\"Obama Is America's Third Greatest Presidential Orator in Modern Era\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Huffington_Post\" title=\"The Huffington Post\">The Huffington Post</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Is+America%27s+Third+Greatest+Presidential+Orator+in+Modern+Era&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.aulast=Greene&amp;rft.date=2011-01-25&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Frichard-greene%2Fobama-is-americas-3rd-gre_b_813868.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-347\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-347\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100220004338/http://www.youtube.com/user/ChangeDotGov\">\"YouTube\u00a0\u2013 ChangeDotGov's Channel\"</a>. YouTube. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/ChangeDotGov\">the original</a> on February 20, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=YouTube+%93+ChangeDotGov%27s+Channel&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fuser%2FChangeDotGov&amp;rft.pub=YouTube&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-348\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-348\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Dyson, Michael Eric. (2016). The Black Presidency: Barack Obama and the Politics of Race in America. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 275. <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780544387669\" class=\"internal mw-magiclink-isbn\">ISBN 978-0-544-38766-9</a>.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-349\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-349\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Compton, Matt (January 30, 2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2012/01/30/president-obama-hangs-out-america\">\"President Obama Hangs Out With America\"</a>. <i>The White House Blog</i>. White House<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp =President+Obama+Hangs+Out+With+America&amp;rft.aufirst=Matt&amp;rft.aulast=Compton&amp;rft.date=2012-01-30&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fblog%2F2012%2F01%2F30%2Fpresident-obama-hangs-out-america&amp;rft.jtitle=The+White+House+Blog&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-350\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-350\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110616021142/http://www.gallup.com/poll/113962/Obama-Starts-Job-Approval.aspx\">\"Obama Starts With 68% Job Approval\"</a>. Gallup.com. January 24, 2009. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/113962/obama-starts-job-approval.aspx\">the original</a> on June 16, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Obama+Starts+With+68%25+Job+Approval&amp;rft.date=2009-01-24&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F113962%2Fobama-starts-job-approval.aspx&amp;rft.pub=Gallup.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-351\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-351\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/04/obama-hits-low-point-in-gallup-poll/1\">\"Obama hits low point in Gallup Poll\u00a0\u2013 41%\"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. April 15, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+hits+low+point+in+Gallup+Poll+%93+41%25&amp;rft.date=2011-04-15&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.usatoday.com%2Fcommunities%2Ftheoval%2Fpost%2F2011%2F04%2Fobama-hits-low-point-in-gallup-poll%2F1&amp;rft.jtitle=USA+Today&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-352\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-352\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Jon Terbush (December 9, 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/12/approval-by-numbers-how-obama-compares-to-past-presidents.php\">\"Approval By Numbers: How Obama Compares To Past Presidents\"</a>. Tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.au=Jon+Terbush&amp;rft.btitle=Approval+By+Numbers%3A+How+Obama+Compares+To+Past+Presidents&amp;rft.date=2010-12-09&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com%2F2010%2F12%2Fapproval-by-numbers-how-obama-compares-to-past-presidents.php&amp;rft.pub=Tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-353\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-353\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Oliphant, James (May 11, 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2011/may/11/news/la-pn-obama-bounce-20110511\">\"Bin Laden bounce? New poll shows jump in Obama approval\"</a>. <i><
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp a href=\"/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times\" title=\"Los Angeles Times\">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. Tribune Publishing<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 7,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Bin+Laden+bounce%3F+New+poll+shows+jump+in+Obama+approval&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft.aulast=Oliphant&amp;rft.date=2011-05-11&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2011%2Fmay%2F11%2Fnews%2Fla-pn-obama-bounce-20110511&amp;rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-354\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-354\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Balz, Dan; Cohen, John (June 6, 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-loses-bin-laden-bounce-romney-on-the-move-among-gop-contenders/2011/06/06/AGT5wiKH_story.html\">\"Obama loses bin Laden bounce; Romney on the move among GOP contenders\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Nash Holdings LLC<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 7,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+loses+bin+Laden+bounce%3B+Romney+on+the+move+among+GOP+contenders&amp;rft.au=Cohen%2C+John&amp;rft.aufirst=Dan&amp;rft.aulast=Balz&amp;rft.date=2011-06-06&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fobama-loses-bin-laden-bounce-romney-on-the-move-among-gop-contenders%2F2011%2F06%2F06%2FAGT5wiKH_story.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-355\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-355\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/124922/Presidential-Job-Approval-Center.aspx?utm_source=POLITICS&amp;utm_medium=topic&amp;utm_campaign=tiles\">\"Presidential Job Approval Center\"</a>. Gallup.com<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Presidential+Job+Approval+Center&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F124922%2FPresidential-Job-Approval-Center.aspx%3Futm_source%3DPOLITICS%26utm_medium%3Dtopic%26utm_campaign%3Dtiles&amp;rft.pub=Gallup.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-356\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-356\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/113980/Gallup-Daily-Obama-Job-Approval.aspx\">\"Gallup Daily: Obama Job Approval\"</a>. <i>Gallup Polling</i>. January 22, 2015<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Gallup+Daily%3A+Obama+Job+Approval&amp;rft.date=2015-01-22&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F113980%2FGallup-Daily-Obama-Job-Approval.aspx&amp;rft.jtitle=Gallup+Polling&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-357\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-357\">^</a>
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp </b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/09/09/2360240.htm\">\"World wants Obama as president: poll\"</a>. ABC News. Reuters. September 9, 2008.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=World+wants+Obama+as+president%3A+poll&amp;rft.date=2008-09-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2008%2F09%2F09%2F2360240.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-358\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-358\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081218122125/http://obama.senate.gov/press/050823-obama_to_visit/\">\"Obama to visit nuclear, biological weapons destruction facilities in former Soviet Union\"</a>. Obama.senate.gov. August 24, 2005. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://obama.senate.gov/press/050823-obama_to_visit/\">the original</a> on December 18, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Obama+to+visit+nuclear%2C+biological+weapons+destruction+facilities+in+former+Soviet+Union&amp;rft.date=2005-08-24&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobama.senate.gov%2Fpress%2F050823-obama_to_visit%2F&amp;rft.pub=Obama.senate.gov&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-359\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-359\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Scherer, Steve (September 12, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100529022120/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&amp;sid=aea6jJJwShpQ&amp;refer=europe\">\"Rome Mayor's Leadership Bid May Lead to Early Italian Elections\"</a>. Bloomberg. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&amp;sid=aea6jJJwShpQ&amp;refer=europe\">the original</a> on May 29, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 21,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Rome+Mayor%27s+Leadership+Bid+May+Lead+to+Early+Italian+Elections&amp;rft.aufirst=Steve&amp;rft.aulast=Scherer&amp;rft.date=2007-09-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3D20601085%26sid%3Daea6jJJwShpQ%26refer%3Deurope&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-360\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-360\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Pedder, Sophie (February 20, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.economist.com/blogs/certainideasofeurope/2008/02/sarkozy_obama_and_mccain.cfm\">\"Sarkozy, Obama and McCain\"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20120131114355/http://www.economist.com/blogs/certainideasofeurope/2008/02/sarkozy_obama_and_mccain\">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Sa
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp rkozy%2C+Obama+and+McCain&amp;rft.aufirst=Sophie&amp;rft.aulast=Pedder&amp;rft.date=2008-02-20&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Fcertainideasofeurope%2F2008%2F02%2Fsarkozy_obama_and_mccain.cfm&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Economist&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-361\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-361\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Freed, John C. (February 6, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/06/world/americas/06iht-poll.4.19983290.html\">\"Poll shows Obama atop list of most respected\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Poll+shows+Obama+atop+list+of+most+respected&amp;rft.aufirst=John+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Freed&amp;rft.date=2009-02-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F02%2F06%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F06iht-poll.4.19983290.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-362\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-362\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/29/world/europe/29iht-poll.html\">\"Obama Most Popular Leader, Poll Finds\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. May 29, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Most+Popular+Leader%2C+Poll+Finds&amp;rft.date=2009-05-29&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F05%2F29%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F29iht-poll.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-363\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-363\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110513050036/http://www.france24.com/en/20090529-obama-remains-popular-symbol-hope-harris-interactive-poll-world-leaders\">\"Obama remains a popular symbol of hope\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/France_24\" title=\"France 24\">France 24</a>. June 2, 2009. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.france24.com/en/20090529-obama-remains-popular-symbol-hope-harris-interactive-poll-world-leaders\">the original</a> on May 13, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+remains+a+popular+symbol+of+hope&amp;rft.date=2009-06-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20090529-obama-remains-popular-symbol-hope-harris-interactive-poll-world-leaders&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-364\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-364\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Goodman, Dean (February 10, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSN0852813420080210\">\"Obama or Clinton? Grammys go for Obama\"</a>. Reut
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp ers. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081219070404/http://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSN0852813420080210\">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+or+Clinton%3F+Grammys+go+for+Obama&amp;rft.au=Goodman%2C+Dean&amp;rft.date=2008-02-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FmusicNews%2FidUSN0852813420080210&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-365\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-365\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Strange, Hannah (March 5, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article3491460.ece\">\"Celebrities join YouTube revolution\"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Celebrities+join+YouTube+revolution&amp;rft.aufirst=Hannah&amp;rft.aulast=Strange&amp;rft.date=2008-03-05&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Farts_and_entertainment%2Ffilm%2Farticle3491460.ece&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> <span style=\"font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555\">(subscription required)</span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-366\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-366\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Wappler, Margaret (June 20, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110516090327/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/soundboard/2008/06/emmys-give-knuc.html\">\"Emmys give knuckle bump to will.i.am; more videos on the way\"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times blogs</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/soundboard/2008/06/emmys-give-knuc.html\">the original</a> on May 16, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Emmys+give+knuckle+bump+to+will.i.am%3B+more+videos+on+the+way&amp;rft.aufirst=Margaret&amp;rft.aulast=Wappler&amp;rft.date=2008-06-20&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Fsoundboard%2F2008%2F06%2Femmys-give-knuc.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times+blogs&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-367\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-367\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Scherer, Michael (December 19, 2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://poy.time.com/2012/12/19/person-of-the-year-barack-obama/\">\"2012 Person of the Year: Barack Obama, the President\"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=2012+Person+of+the+Year%3A+Barack+Obama%2C+the+President&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Scherer&amp;rft.date=2012-12-19&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoy.time.com%2F2012%2F12%2F19%2Fperson-o
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp f-the-year-barack-obama%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Time&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-368\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-368\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Von Drehle, David (December 16, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.time.com/time/specials/2008/personoftheyear/article/0,31682,1861543_1865068,00.html\">\"Why History Can't Wait\"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081217223841/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2008/personoftheyear/article/0,31682,1861543_1865068,00.html\">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Why+History+Can%27t+Wait&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Von+Drehle&amp;rft.date=2008-12-16&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2F2008%2Fpersonoftheyear%2Farticle%2F0%2C31682%2C1861543_1865068%2C00.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Time&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-369\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-369\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Barack Obama (May 25, 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.newstatesman.com/2011/05/nations-rights-world-united\">\"Full transcript | 25 May 2011\"</a>. <i>New Statesman</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Full+transcript+%26%23124%3B+25+May+2011&amp;rft.au=Barack+Obama&amp;rft.date=2011-05-25&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2F2011%2F05%2Fnations-rights-world-united&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-370\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-370\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/westminsterhall/key-dates-wesminster-hall/keydates20th-topresent/\">\"20th century to the present day\u00a0\u2013 UK Parliament\"</a>. Parliament of the United Kingdom. April 21, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=20th+century+to+the+present+day+%93+UK+Parliament&amp;rft.date=2010-04-21&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Fbuilding%2Fpalace%2Fwestminsterhall%2Fkey-dates-wesminster-hall%2Fkeydates20th-topresent%2F&amp;rft.pub=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nobel_peace_prize-371\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nobel_peace_prize_371-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2009/\">\"The Nobel Peace Prize 2009\"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20091010170600/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp /laureates/2009/\">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Peace+Prize+2009&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fpeace%2Flaureates%2F2009%2F&amp;rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CNN:_Obama_acceptance_transcript-372\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-CNN:_Obama_acceptance_transcript_372-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/12/10/obama.transcript/index.html\">\"Obama: 'Peace requires responsibility<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">'</span>\"</a>. CNN. December 10, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 21,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%3A+%27Peace+requires+responsibility%27&amp;rft.date=2009-12-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FPOLITICS%2F12%2F10%2Fobama.transcript%2Findex.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-373\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-373\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Philp, Catherine (October 10, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6868905.ece\">\"Barack Obama's peace prize starts a fight\"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Barack+Obama%27s+peace+prize+starts+a+fight&amp;rft.aufirst=Catherine&amp;rft.aulast=Philp&amp;rft.date=2009-10-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fus_and_americas%2Farticle6868905.ece&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span><span style=\"font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555\">(subscription required)</span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-374\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-374\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Samuelsohn, Darren (October 9, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100415013852/http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2009/10/09/09greenwire-obama-wins-nobel-prize-in-part-for-confronting-55250.html\">\"Obama Wins Nobel Prize in Part for Confronting 'Great Climatic Challenges<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">'</span>\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Greenwire. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2009/10/09/09greenwire-obama-wins-nobel-prize-in-part-for-confronting-55250.html\">the original</a> on April 15, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Wins+Nobel+Prize+in+Part+for+Confronting+%27Great+Climatic+Challenges%27&amp;rft.au=Samuelsohn%2C+Darren&amp;rft.date=2009-10-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fgwire%2F2009%2F10%2F09%2F09greenwire-obama-wins-nobel-prize-in-part-for-confronting-55250.html&amp;r
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp ft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-375\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-375\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Sharon Otterman (October 9, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/09/world-reaction-to-a-nobel-surprise/?hp#bozoanchor\">\"World Reaction to a Nobel Surprise\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=World+Reaction+to+a+Nobel+Surprise&amp;rft.au=Sharon+Otterman&amp;rft.date=2009-10-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthelede.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F10%2F09%2Fworld-reaction-to-a-nobel-surprise%2F%3Fhp%23bozoanchor&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-376\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-376\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-BarackObama/idUKTRE5983AM20091009?virtualBrandChannel=11621&amp;sp=true\">\"Obama Peace Prize win has Americans asking why?\"</a>. Reuters. October 9, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Peace+Prize+win+has+Americans+asking+why%3F&amp;rft.date=2009-10-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FGCA-BarackObama%2FidUKTRE5983AM20091009%3FvirtualBrandChannel%3D11621%26sp%3Dtrue&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-377\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-377\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/33237202/\">\"Obama: Nobel Peace Prize 'a call to action'\u00a0\u2013 Politics\u00a0\u2013 White House\"</a>. MSNBC<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Obama%3A+Nobel+Peace+Prize+%27a+call+to+action%27+%93+Politics+%93+White+House&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F33237202%2F&amp;rft.pub=MSNBC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-378\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-378\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE5981JK20091009?sp=true\">\"Obama is surprise winner of Nobel Peace Prize\"</a>. Reuters. October 9, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+is+surprise+winner+of+Nobel+Peace+Prize&amp;rft.date=2009-10-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FtopNews%2FidUSTRE5981JK20091009%3Fsp%3Dtrue&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp whr1-379\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-whr1_379-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Remarks-by-the-President-on-Winning-the-Nobel-Peace-Prize/\">\"Remarks by the President on Winning the Nobel Peace Prize\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Remarks+by+the+President+on+Winning+the+Nobel+Peace+Prize&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fthe_press_office%2FRemarks-by-the-President-on-Winning-the-Nobel-Peace-Prize%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-380\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-380\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Steven Erlanger (October 10, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/10/world/10nobel.html\">\"Surprise Nobel for Obama Stirs Praise and Doubts\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Surprise+Nobel+for+Obama+Stirs+Praise+and+Doubts&amp;rft.au=Steven+Erlanger&amp;rft.date=2009-10-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F10%2F10%2Fworld%2F10nobel.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-381\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-381\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/10/09/us.nobel.presidents/\">\"Obama's win unique among presidents\"</a>. CNN. October 9, 2009.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%27s+win+unique+among+presidents&amp;rft.date=2009-10-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FPOLITICS%2F10%2F09%2Fus.nobel.presidents%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-382\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-382\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Taylor, Adam. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/09/17/obamas-nobel-peace-prize-didnt-have-the-desired-effect-former-nobel-official-reveals/\">\"Obama's Nobel peace prize didn't have the desired effect, former Nobel official reveals\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Nobel+peace+prize+didn%27t+have+the+desired+effect%2C+former+Nobel+official+reveals&amp;rft.aufirst=Adam&amp;rft.aulast=Taylor&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2015%2F09%2F17%2Fobamas-nobel-peace-prize-didnt-have-the-desired-effect-former-nobel-official-reveals%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-383\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-383\">^</a></b></sp
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp an> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.oprah.com/slideshow/oprahshow/oprahshow1_ss_20061018/10\">\"Keeping Hope Alive: Barack Obama Puts Family First\"</a>. <i>The Oprah Winfrey Show</i>. October 18, 2006<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Keeping+Hope+Alive%3A+Barack+Obama+Puts+Family+First&amp;rft.date=2006-10-18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oprah.com%2Fslideshow%2Foprahshow%2Foprahshow1_ss_20061018%2F10&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Oprah+Winfrey+Show&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-384\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-384\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Fornek, Scott (September 9, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/5msGZ6sKn\">\"Half Siblings: 'A Complicated Family<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">'</span>\"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545462,BSX-News-wotrees09.stng\">the original</a> on January 18, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Half+Siblings%3A+%27A+Complicated+Family%27&amp;rft.aufirst=Scott&amp;rft.aulast=Fornek&amp;rft.date=2007-09-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suntimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fobama%2Ffamilytree%2F545462%2CBSX-News-wotrees09.stng&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> See also:<cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080703042659/http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html\">\"Interactive Family Tree\"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. September 9, 2007. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html\">the original</a> on July 3, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Interactive+Family+Tree&amp;rft.date=2007-09-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suntimes.com%2Fimages%2Fcds%2Fspecial%2Ffamily_tree.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-385\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-385\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Fornek, Scott (September 9, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/5gm7oJqn9\">\"Madelyn Payne Dunham: 'A Trailblazer<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">'</span>\"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545449,BSX-News-wotreeee09.stng\">the original</a> on May 14, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Madelyn+Payne+Dunham%3A+%27A+Trailblazer%27&amp;rft.aufirst=Scott&amp;rft.aulast=Fornek&amp;rft.date=2007-09-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_i
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp d=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suntimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fobama%2Ffamilytree%2F545449%2CBSX-News-wotreeee09.stng&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-386\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-386\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html\">\"Obama's grandmother dies after battle with cancer\"</a>. CNN. November 3, 2008. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081103235343/http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html\">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 4,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%27s+grandmother+dies+after+battle+with+cancer&amp;rft.date=2008-11-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FPOLITICS%2F11%2F03%2Fobama.grandma%2Findex.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-387\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-387\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Smolenyak, Megan (May 9, 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/megan-smolenyak-smolenyak/tracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html\">\"Tracing Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall\"</a>. <i>The Huffington Post</i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Tracing+Barack+Obama%27s+Roots+to+Moneygall&amp;rft.aufirst=Megan&amp;rft.aulast=Smolenyak&amp;rft.date=2011-05-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fmegan-smolenyak-smolenyak%2Ftracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-388\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-388\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Obama (1995, 2004), p. 13. For reports on Obama's maternal genealogy, including slave owners, Irish connections, and common ancestors with George W. Bush, <a href=\"/wiki/Dick_Cheney\" title=\"Dick Cheney\">Dick Cheney</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Harry_S._Truman\" title=\"Harry S. Truman\">Harry S. Truman</a>, see: <cite class=\"citation news\">Nitkin, David; Harry Merritt (March 2, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033339/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02,0,3453027.story\">\"A New Twist to an Intriguing Family History\"</a>. <i>The Baltimore Sun</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02,0,3453027.story\">the original</a> on September 30, 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=A+New+Twist+to+an+Intriguing+Family+History&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.au=Harry+Merritt&amp;rft.aulast=Nitkin&amp;rft.date=2007-03-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fpolitics%2Fbal-te.obama02mar02%2C0%2C3453027.story&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span><cite class=\
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp "citation news\">Jordan, Mary (May 13, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html\">\"Tiny Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Tiny+Irish+Village+Is+Latest+Place+to+Claim+Obama+as+Its+Own&amp;rft.aufirst=Mary&amp;rft.aulast=Jordan&amp;rft.date=2007-05-13&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F05%2F12%2FAR2007051201551.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080602215833/http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Barack.Obama.family.2.339709.html\">\"Obama's Family Tree Has a Few Surprises\"</a>. CBS 2 (Chicago). Associated Press. September 8, 2007. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Barack.Obama.family.2.339709.html\">the original</a> on June 2, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Family+Tree+Has+a+Few+Surprises&amp;rft.date=2007-09-08&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbs2chicago.com%2Ftopstories%2FBarack.Obama.family.2.339709.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-in_Jakarta-389\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-in_Jakarta_389-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Zimmer, Benjamin (2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025\">\"Obama's Indonesian Redux\"</a>. Language Log. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090303094040/http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025\">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 12,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.au=Zimmer%2C+Benjamin&amp;rft.btitle=Obama%27s+Indonesian+Redux&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanguagelog.ldc.upenn.edu%2Fnll%2F%3Fp%3D1025&amp;rft.pub=Language+Log&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/11/26/00223862/obama.saya.kangen.nasi.goreng.bakso.dan.rambutan\">Obama: Saya Kangen Nasi Goreng, Bakso, dan Rambutan</a></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-in_Jakarta2-390\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-in_Jakarta2_390-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Zimmer, Benjamin (January 23, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1052\">\"Obama's Indonesian pleasantries: the video\"</a>. <i>Language Log</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania\" title=\"University of Pennsylvania\">University of Pennsylvania</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Indonesian+pleasantries%3A+the+video&amp;r
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp ft.au=Zimmer%2C+Benjamin&amp;rft.date=2009-01-23&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanguagelog.ldc.upenn.edu%2Fnll%2F%3Fp%3D1052&amp;rft.jtitle=Language+Log&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-391\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-391\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Kantor, Jodi (June 1, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html\">\"One Place Where Obama Goes Elbow to Elbow\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090401222632/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html\">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=One+Place+Where+Obama+Goes+Elbow+to+Elbow&amp;rft.aufirst=Jodi&amp;rft.aulast=Kantor&amp;rft.date=2007-06-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F06%2F01%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F01hoops.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> See also: <cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.hbo.com/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes#/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes/0/133-april-15-2008/index.html\">\"The Love of the Game\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(video)</span>. <i>Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel</i>. HBO. April 15, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=The+Love+of+the+Game&amp;rft.date=2008-04-15&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbo.com%2Freal-sports-with-bryant-gumbel%2Fepisodes%23%2Freal-sports-with-bryant-gumbel%2Fepisodes%2F0%2F133-april-15-2008%2Findex.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Real+Sports+with+Bryant+Gumbel&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-392\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-392\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Kirkpatrick, David D.; Shane, Scott (January 22, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/us/politics/22obama.html?ref=us\">\"On First Day, Obama Quickly Sets a New Tone\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.\u00a01<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=On+First+Day%2C+Obama+Quickly+Sets+a+New+Tone&amp;rft.aufirst=Sheryl+Gay&amp;rft.au=Kirkpatrick%2C+David+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Stolberg&amp;rft.au=Shane%2C+Scott&amp;rft.date=2009-01-22&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F01%2F22%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F22obama.html%3Fref%3Dus&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-393\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-393\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Silva, Mark (August 25, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080829134235/http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serio
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp us.html\">\"Barack Obama: White Sox 'serious' ball\"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html\">the original</a> on August 29, 2008.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Barack+Obama%3A+White+Sox+%27serious%27+ball&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft.aulast=Silva&amp;rft.date=2008-08-25&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swamppolitics.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fblog%2F2008%2F08%2Fbarack_obama_white_sox_serious.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-394\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-394\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.yardbarker.com/all_sports/articles/barack_obama_explains_white_sox_jacket_talks_nats_in_all_star_booth_visit/803700\">\"Barack Obama Explains White Sox Jacket, Talks Nats in All-Star Booth Visit\"</a>. MLB Fanhouse. July 14, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 6,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Barack+Obama+Explains+White+Sox+Jacket%2C+Talks+Nats+in+All-Star+Booth+Visit&amp;rft.date=2009-07-14&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yardbarker.com%2Fall_sports%2Farticles%2Fbarack_obama_explains_white_sox_jacket_talks_nats_in_all_star_booth_visit%2F803700&amp;rft.pub=MLB+Fanhouse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Steelers-395\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Steelers_395-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Branigin, William (January 30, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/29/AR2009012903196.html\">\"Steelers Win Obama's Approval\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <q>But other than the Bears, the Steelers are probably the team that's closest to my heart.</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Steelers+Win+Obama%27s+Approval&amp;rft.aufirst=William&amp;rft.aulast=Branigin&amp;rft.date=2009-01-30&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F01%2F29%2FAR2009012903196.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-396\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-396\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Mayer, Larry (October 7, 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.chicagobears.com/news/article-1/85-Bears-honored-by-President-Obama-at-White-House/A3C494F7-6681-44BB-850A-61EEE18315E4\">\"1985 Bears honored by President Obama\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Chicago_Bears\" title=\"Chicago Bears\">Chicago Bears</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 4,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.aufirst=Larry&amp;rft.aulast=Mayer&amp;rft.btitle=1985+Bears+honored+by+President+Obama&amp;rft.date=2011-10-07&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagobears.com%2Fnews%2Farticle-1%2F85-Bears-honored-by-President-Obama-at-White-House%2FA3C494F7-6681-44BB-850A-61EEE18315E4&amp;rft.pub=Chicago+Bears&amp;rft_val_
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-397\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-397\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Obama (2006), pp. 327\u2013332. See also:<cite class=\"citation news\">Brown, Sarah (December 7, 2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090220165725/http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049/\">\"Obama '85 masters balancing act\"</a>. <i>The Daily Princetonian</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049\">the original</a> on February 20, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+%2785+masters+balancing+act&amp;rft.aufirst=Sarah&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.date=2005-12-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyprincetonian.com%2F2005%2F12%2F07%2F14049&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Princetonian&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-398\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-398\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Obama (2006), p. 329.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-399\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-399\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Fornek, Scott (October 3, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/5msGZDbMO\">\"Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">'</span>\"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/585261,CST-NWS-wedding03.stng\">the original</a> on January 18, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Michelle+Obama%3A+%27He+Swept+Me+Off+My+Feet%27&amp;rft.au=Fornek%2C+Scott&amp;rft.date=2007-10-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suntimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fobama%2F585261%2CCST-NWS-wedding03.stng&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-400\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-400\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Martin, Jonathan (July 4, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html\">\"Born on the 4th of July\"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080710073536/http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html\">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 10,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Born+on+the+4th+of+July&amp;rft.au=Martin%2C+Jonathan&amp;rft.date=2008-07-04&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fblogs%2Fjonathanmartin%2F0708%2FBorn_on_the_4th_of_July.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Politico&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-401\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-401\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Obam
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp a (1995, 2004), p. 440, and Obama (2006), pp. 339\u2013340. See also:<cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.gannettnewsservice.com/?cat=153\">\"Election 2008 Information Center: Barack Obama\"</a>. Gannett News Service<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Election+2008+Information+Center%3A+Barack+Obama&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gannettnewsservice.com%2F%3Fcat%3D153&amp;rft.pub=Gannett+News+Service&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-402\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-402\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090129194323/http://iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/22/america/Obama-School.php\">\"Obamas choose private Sidwell Friends School\"</a>. <i>International Herald Tribune</i>. November 22, 2008. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/22/america/Obama-School.php\">the original</a> on January 29, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obamas+choose+private+Sidwell+Friends+School&amp;rft.date=2008-11-22&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiht.com%2Farticles%2Fap%2F2008%2F11%2F22%2Famerica%2FObama-School.php&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-403\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-403\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/02/us/politics/malia-obama-to-attend-harvard-but-not-until-2017.html\">\"Malia Obama to Attend Harvard, but Not Until 2017\"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. May 1, 2016<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 31,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Malia+Obama+to+Attend+Harvard%2C+but+Not+Until+2017&amp;rft.date=2016-05-01&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F05%2F02%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fmalia-obama-to-attend-harvard-but-not-until-2017.html&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-404\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-404\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Cooper, Helene (April 13, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/13/us/politics/13obama.html\">\"One Obama Search Ends With a Puppy Named Bo\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=One+Obama+Search+Ends+With+a+Puppy+Named+Bo&amp;rft.aufirst=Helene&amp;rft.aulast=Cooper&amp;rft.date=2009-04-13&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F04%2F13%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F13obama.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Feld
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp mann-405\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Feldmann_405-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Feldmann, Linda (August 20, 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/Decoder-Wire/2013/0820/New-little-girl-arrives-at-White-House.-Meet-Sunny-Obama.-video\">\"New little girl arrives at White House. Meet Sunny Obama. (+video)\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor\" title=\"The Christian Science Monitor\">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=New+little+girl+arrives+at+White+House.+Meet+Sunny+Obama.+%28%2Bvideo%29&amp;rft.aufirst=Linda&amp;rft.aulast=Feldmann&amp;rft.date=2013-08-20&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FDC-Decoder%2FDecoder-Wire%2F2013%2F0820%2FNew-little-girl-arrives-at-White-House.-Meet-Sunny-Obama.-video&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-406\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-406\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Zeleny, Jeff (December 24, 2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-051224obama,0,1779783,full.story\">\"The first time around: Sen. Obama's freshman year\"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110513214525/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-051224obama,0,1779783,full.story\">Archived</a> from the original on March 13, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=The+first+time+around%3A+Sen.+Obama%27s+freshman+year&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeff&amp;rft.aulast=Zeleny&amp;rft.date=2005-12-24&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fchi-051224obama%2C0%2C1779783%2Cfull.story&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-corruption_charges-407\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-corruption_charges_407-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Slevin, Peter (December 17, 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/16/AR2006121600729.html\">\"Obama says he regrets land deal with fundraiser\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 10,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+says+he+regrets+land+deal+with+fundraiser&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.aulast=Slevin&amp;rft.date=2006-12-17&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F12%2F16%2FAR2006121600729.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\">Robinson, Mike (June 4, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24973282/\">\"Rezko found guilty in corruption case\"</a>. MSNBC. Associated Press. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080607025656/http://www.msnbc.
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp msn.com/id/24973282/\">Archived</a> from the original on June 7, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Rezko+found+guilty+in+corruption+case&amp;rft.aufirst=Mike&amp;rft.aulast=Robinson&amp;rft.date=2008-06-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F24973282%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-408\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-408\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Harris, Marlys (December 7, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0712/gallery.candidates.moneymag/5.html\">\"Obama's Money\"</a>. CNNMoney.com. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080424113420/http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0712/gallery.candidates.moneymag/5.html\">Archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Money&amp;rft.aufirst=Marlys&amp;rft.aulast=Harris&amp;rft.date=2007-12-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2Fgalleries%2F2007%2Fmoneymag%2F0712%2Fgallery.candidates.moneymag%2F5.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span><br>\nSee also:<cite class=\"citation news\">Goldfarb, Zachary A (March 24, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/24/AR2007032400305.html\">\"Measuring Wealth of the '08 Candidates\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Measuring+Wealth+of+the+%2708+Candidates&amp;rft.aufirst=Zachary+A&amp;rft.aulast=Goldfarb&amp;rft.date=2007-03-24&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F03%2F24%2FAR2007032400305.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-409\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-409\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Zeleny, Jeff (April 17, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html\">\"Book Sales Lifted Obamas' Income in 2007 to a Total of $4.2\u00a0Million\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090416015848/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html\">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Book+Sales+Lifted+Obamas%27+Income+in+2007+to+a+Total+of+%244.2+Million&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeff&amp;rft.aulast=Zeleny&amp;rft.date=2008-04-17&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F04%2F17%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F17obama.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-410\"><span class=\"m
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp w-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-410\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Shear, Michael D.; Hilzenrath, David S. (April 16, 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/15/AR2010041504485.html\">\"Obamas report $5.5\u00a0million in income on 2009 tax return\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obamas+report+%245.5+million+in+income+on+2009+tax+return&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&amp;rft.au=Hilzenrath%2C+David+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Shear&amp;rft.date=2010-04-16&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F15%2FAR2010041504485.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-411\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-411\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Solman, Paul (April 18, 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110502113725/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/businessdesk/2011/04/how-much-did-president-obama-m.html\">\"How Much Did President Obama Make in 2010?\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/PBS_NewsHour\" title=\"PBS NewsHour\">PBS NewsHour</a></i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/businessdesk/2011/04/how-much-did-president-obama-m.html\">the original</a> on May 2, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=How+Much+Did+President+Obama+Make+in+2010%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.aulast=Solman&amp;rft.date=2011-04-18&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fbusinessdesk%2F2011%2F04%2Fhow-much-did-president-obama-m.html&amp;rft.jtitle=PBS+NewsHour&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-412\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-412\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Solman, Paul (April 27, 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20140129072652/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2011/04/the-obamas-gave-131000-to-the-fisher-house-foundation-last-year-what-is-it.html\">\"The Obamas Gave $131,000 to Fisher House Foundation in 2010; What Is It?\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/PBS_NewsHour\" title=\"PBS NewsHour\">PBS NewsHour</a></i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2011/04/the-obamas-gave-131000-to-the-fisher-house-foundation-last-year-what-is-it.html\">the original</a> on January 29, 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=The+Obamas+Gave+%24131%2C000+to+Fisher+House+Foundation+in+2010%3B+What+Is+It%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.aulast=Solman&amp;rft.date=2011-04-27&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Frundown%2F2011%2F04%2Fthe-obamas-gave-131000-to-the-fisher-house-foundation-last-year-what-is-it.html&amp;rft.jtitle=PBS+NewsHour&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-networth12-413\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp ><a href=\"#cite_ref-networth12_413-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Wolf, Richard (May 16, 2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2012/05/obama-worth-as-much-as-10-million/1\">\"Obama worth as much as $10\u00a0million\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/USA_Today\" title=\"USA Today\">USA Today</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+worth+as+much+as+%2410+million&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.aulast=Wolf&amp;rft.date=2012-05-16&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.usatoday.com%2Fcommunities%2Ftheoval%2Fpost%2F2012%2F05%2Fobama-worth-as-much-as-10-million%2F1&amp;rft.jtitle=USA+Today&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-reuters-smoking-414\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-reuters-smoking_414-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Elsner, Alan (December 7, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/12/07/us-usa-obama-smoking-idUSTRE4B61GF20081207\">Obama says he won't be smoking in White House\"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved February 28, 2010.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-415\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-415\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Zengerle, Patricia (February 8, 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/08/us-obama-smoking-idUSTRE7176EL20110208\">\"Yes, he did: first lady says Obama quit smoking\"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved May 9, 2011.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-416\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-416\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Obama, Barack (August 4, 2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.glamour.com/story/glamour-exclusive-president-barack-obama-says-this-is-what-a-feminist-looks-like\">\"Glamour Exclusive: President Barack Obama Says, \"This Is What a Feminist Looks Like<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">\"</span>\"</a>. <i>Glamour</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Glamour+Exclusive%3A+President+Barack+Obama+Says%2C+%22This+Is+What+a+Feminist+Looks+Like%22&amp;rft.aufirst=Barack&amp;rft.aulast=Obama&amp;rft.date=2016-08-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glamour.com%2Fstory%2Fglamour-exclusive-president-barack-obama-says-this-is-what-a-feminist-looks-like&amp;rft.jtitle=Glamour&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-417\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-417\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Victor, Daniel (August 4, 2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/05/us/obama-writes-feminist-essay-in-glamour.html?_r=0\">\"Obama Writes Feminist Essay in Glamour\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+Writes+Feminist+Essay+in+Glamour&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.aulast=Victor&amp;rft.date=2016-08-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F08%2F05%2Fus%2Fobama-writes-feminist-essay-in-glamour.html%3F_r%3D0&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Tim
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp es&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-418\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-418\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Kelly, Cara (August 4, 2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2016/08/04/president-obama-glamour-s-important-sasha-and-malias-dad-feminist/88061556/\">\"President Obama in 'Glamour': It's important Sasha and Malia's dad is a feminist\"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=President+Obama+in+%27Glamour%27%3A+It%27s+important+Sasha+and+Malia%27s+dad+is+a+feminist&amp;rft.aufirst=Cara&amp;rft.aulast=Kelly&amp;rft.date=2016-08-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Flife%2Fentertainthis%2F2016%2F08%2F04%2Fpresident-obama-glamour-s-important-sasha-and-malias-dad-feminist%2F88061556%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=USA+Today&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Christian-419\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Christian_419-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">* <cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama\">\"American President: Barack Obama\"</a>. Charlottesville, VA: Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 2009. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090123091100/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama\">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 23,</span> 2009</span>. <q>Religion: Christian</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=American+President%3A+Barack+Obama&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Facademic%2Famericanpresident%2Fobama&amp;rft.place=Charlottesville%2C+VA&amp;rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110105040018/http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf\">\"The Truth about Barack's Faith\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. Obama for America. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf\">the original</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span> on January 5, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=The+Truth+about+Barack%27s+Faith&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fightthesmears.com%2Ffile_download%2F2%2Fbaracksfaith.pdf&amp;rft.pub=Obama+for+America&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Miller, Lisa (July 18, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971\">\"Finding his faith\"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100206163704/http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971\">Archived</a> from the original on February 6
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp , 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 4,</span> 2010</span>. <q>He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago.</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Finding+his+faith&amp;rft.au=Miller%2C+Lisa&amp;rft.date=2008-07-18&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fid%2F145971&amp;rft.jtitle=Newsweek&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Barakat, Matthew (November 17, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757\">\"Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized; D.C. churches have started extending invitations to Obama and his family\"</a>. MSNBC. Associated Press. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090124004315/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757\">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 20,</span> 2009</span>. <q>The United Church of Christ, the denomination from which Obama resigned when he left Wright's church, issued a written invitation to join a UCC denomination in Washington and resume his connections to the church.</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%27s+church+choice+likely+to+be+scrutinized%3B+D.C.+churches+have+started+extending+invitations+to+Obama+and+his+family&amp;rft.au=Barakat%2C+Matthew&amp;rft.date=2008-11-17&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F27775757&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html\">\"Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President\"</a>. United Church of Christ. January 20, 2009. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090125002304/http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html\">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 21,</span> 2009</span>. <q>Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States.</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Barack+Obama%2C+long+time+UCC+member%2C+inaugurated+forty-fourth+U.S.+President&amp;rft.date=2009-01-20&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucc.org%2Fnews%2Fobama-inauguration.html&amp;rft.pub=United+Church+of+Christ&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Sullivan, Amy (June 29, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1907610,00.html\">\"The Obama's find a church home\u00a0\u2013 away from home\"</a>. <i>Time</i>. New York<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 5,</span> 2010</span>. <q>instead of joining a congregation in Washington, D.C., he will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship Evergreen Chapel, the nondenominational church at Camp David.</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=The+Obama%27s+find+a+church+home+%93+away+from+home&amp;rft.au=Sullivan%2C+Amy&amp;rft.date=2009-06-29&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fnation%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C190
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp 7610%2C00.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Time&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Kornblut, Anne E. (February 4, 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/03/AR2010020303619.html\">\"Obama's spirituality is largely private, but it's influential, advisers say\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p.\u00a0A6<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 5,</span> 2010</span>. <q>Obama prays privately\u00a0... And when he takes his family to Camp David on the weekends, a Navy chaplain ministers to them, with the daughters attending a form of Sunday school there.</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%27s+spirituality+is+largely+private%2C+but+it%27s+influential%2C+advisers+say&amp;rft.au=Kornblut%2C+Anne+E.&amp;rft.date=2010-02-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F02%2F03%2FAR2010020303619.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft.pages=A6&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-social_change-420\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-social_change_420-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Obama (2006), pp. 202\u2013208. Portions excerpted in: <cite class=\"citation news\">Obama, Barack (October 16, 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546579,00.html\">\"My Spiritual Journey\"</a>. <i>Time</i>. New York. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546579,00.html\">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=My+Spiritual+Journey&amp;rft.aufirst=Barack&amp;rft.aulast=Obama&amp;rft.date=2006-10-16&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1546579%2C00.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Time&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation web\">Obama, Barack (June 28, 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090104231501/http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/\">\"<span style=\"padding-left:0.2em;\">'</span>Call to Renewal' Keynote Address\"</a>. Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/\">the original</a> on January 4, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 16,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.aufirst=Barack&amp;rft.aulast=Obama&amp;rft.btitle=%27Call+to+Renewal%27+Keynote+Address&amp;rft.date=2006-06-28&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobama.senate.gov%2Fspeech%2F060628-call_to_renewal%2F&amp;rft.pub=Barack+Obama%3A+U.S.+Senator+for+Illinois&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-421\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-421\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Pulliam, Sarah; Olsen, Ted (January 23, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp .christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/januaryweb-only/104-32.0.html?start=2\">\"Q&amp;A: Barack Obama\"</a>. <i>Christianity Today</i>. Carol Stream, IL<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+Barack+Obama&amp;rft.aufirst=Sarah&amp;rft.aulast=Pulliam&amp;rft.au=Olsen%2C+Ted&amp;rft.date=2008-01-23&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2008%2Fjanuaryweb-only%2F104-32.0.html%3Fstart%3D2&amp;rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-APbychoice-422\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-APbychoice_422-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Charles Babington; Darlene Superville (September 28, 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110511232554/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/28/obama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html?view=print\">\"Obama 'Christian By Choice': President Responds To Questioner\"</a>. <i>The Huffington Post</i>. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/28/obama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html?view=print\">the original</a> on May 11, 2011.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+%27Christian+By+Choice%27%3A+President+Responds+To+Questioner&amp;rft.au=Charles+Babington&amp;rft.au=Darlene+Superville&amp;rft.date=2010-09-28&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2010%2F09%2F28%2Fobama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html%3Fview%3Dprint&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ABCVideobychoice-423\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ABCVideobychoice_423-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Video\u00a0\u2013 <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2010/09/president-obama-i-am-a-christian-by-choicethe-precepts-of-jesus-spoke-to-me.html\">\"President Obama: 'I am a Christian By Choice'\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ABC_News\" title=\"ABC News\">ABC News</a> blog. September 29, 2010.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Trinity-424\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Trinity_424-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Garrett, Major; Obama, Barack (March 14, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/03/obama_talks_to_major_garrett_o.html\">\"Obama talks to Major Garrett on 'Hannity &amp; Colmes<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">'</span>\"</a>. RealClearPolitics<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 10,</span> 2012</span>. <q>Major Garrett, Fox News correspondent: So the first question, how long have you been a member in good standing of that church? Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL), presidential candidate: You know, I've been a member since 1991 or '92. And\u00a0\u2013 but I have known Trinity even before then when I was a community organizer on the South Side, helping steel workers find jobs\u00a0... Garrett: As a member in good standing, were you a regular attendee of Sunday services? Obama: You know, I won't say that I was a perfect attendee. I was regular in spurts, because there was times when, for example, our child had just been born, our first child. And so we didn't go as regularly then.</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Oba
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp ma&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+talks+to+Major+Garrett+on+%27Hannity+%26+Colmes%27&amp;rft.aufirst=Major&amp;rft.aulast=Garrett&amp;rft.au=Obama%2C+Barack&amp;rft.date=2008-03-14&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearpolitics.com%2Farticles%2F2008%2F03%2Fobama_talks_to_major_garrett_o.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span>\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24371827/\">\"Obama strongly denounces former pastor\"</a>. MSNBC. Associated Press. April 29, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 10,</span> 2012</span>. <q>I have been a member of Trinity United Church of Christ since 1992, and have known Reverend Wright for 20 years,\" Obama said. \"The person I saw yesterday was not the person that I met 20 years ago.</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+strongly+denounces+former+pastor&amp;rft.date=2008-04-29&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F24371827%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation news\">Miller, Lisa (July 11, 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130720055213/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html\">\"Finding his faith\"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. New York. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html\">the original</a> on July 20, 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 10,</span> 2012</span>. <q>He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago.</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Finding+his+faith&amp;rft.aufirst=Lisa&amp;rft.aulast=Miller&amp;rft.date=2008-07-11&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fnewsweek%2F2008%2F07%2F11%2Ffinding-his-faith.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Newsweek&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation book\">Remnick, David (2010). <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Bridge:_The_Life_and_Rise_of_Barack_Obama\" title=\"The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama\">The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama</a></i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p.\u00a0<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=F6HAasv2v-4C&amp;pg=PA177\">177</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4360-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4360-6\">978-1-4000-4360-6</a>. <q>In late October 1987, his third year as an organizer, Obama went with Kellman to a conference on the black church and social justice at the Harvard Divinity School.</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Remnick&amp;rft.btitle=The+Bridge%3A+The+Life+and+Rise+of+Barack+Obama&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4000-4360-6&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22plainlinks%22%3E177%3C%2Fspan%3E&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li>Maraniss (2012), <span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp &amp;pg=PT887\">p. 557</a></span>: It would take time for Obama to join and become fully engaged in Wright's church, a place where he would be baptized and married; that would not happen until later, during his second time around in Chicago, but the process started then, in October 1987\u00a0... Jerry Kellman: \"He wasn't a member of the church during those first three years, but he was drawn to Jeremiah.\"</li>\n</ul></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-425\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-425\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757/\">\"Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized\"</a>. MSNBC. Associated Press. November 17, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 20,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%27s+church+choice+likely+to+be+scrutinized&amp;rft.date=2008-11-17&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F27775757%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-426\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-426\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Sullivan, Amy (June 29, 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1908437,00.html\">\"The Obamas find a church home\u00a0\u2013 away from home\"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 14,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=The+Obamas+find+a+church+home+%93+away+from+home&amp;rft.aufirst=Amy&amp;rft.aulast=Sullivan&amp;rft.date=2009-06-29&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1908437%2C00.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Time&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n</ol></div>","references":""},{"toclevel":2,"line":"References","anchor":"References","id":41,"text":"<div class=\"refbegin columns references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;\">\n<dl style=\"text-indent: -3.2em;\"><dd>\n<dl><dd><cite id=\"CITEREFJacobs2011\" class=\"citation book\">Jacobs, Sally H. (2011). <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Other_Barack:_The_Bold_and_Reckless_Life_of_President_Obama%27s_Father\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"The Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father\">The Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father</a></i>. New York: <a href=\"/wiki/PublicAffairs\" title=\"PublicAffairs\">PublicAffairs</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-793-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-793-5\">978-1-58648-793-5</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.aufirst=Sally+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Jacobs&amp;rft.btitle=The+Other+Barack%3A+The+Bold+and+Reckless+Life+of+President+Obama%27s+Father&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-58648-793-5&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=PublicAffairs&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></dd>\n<dd><cite id=\"CITEREFMaraniss.2C_David2012\" class=\"citation book\"><a href=\"/wiki/David_Maraniss\" title=\"David Maraniss\">Maraniss, David</a> (2012). <i><a href=\"/wiki/Barack_Obama:_The_Story\" title=\"Barack Obama: The Story\">Barack Obama: The
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp Story</a></i>. New York: <a href=\"/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster\" title=\"Simon &amp; Schuster\">Simon &amp; Schuster</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-6040-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-6040-4\">978-1-4391-6040-4</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.au=Maraniss%2C+David&amp;rft.btitle=Barack+Obama%3A+The+Story&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4391-6040-4&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></dd>\n<dd><cite id=\"CITEREFMendell.2C_David2007\" class=\"citation book\"><a href=\"/wiki/David_Mendell\" title=\"David Mendell\">Mendell, David</a> (2007). <i><a href=\"/wiki/Obama:_From_Promise_to_Power\" title=\"Obama: From Promise to Power\">Obama: From Promise to Power</a></i>. New York: Amistad/<a href=\"/wiki/HarperCollins\" title=\"HarperCollins\">HarperCollins</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-085820-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-06-085820-9\">978-0-06-085820-9</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.au=Mendell%2C+David&amp;rft.btitle=Obama%3A+From+Promise+to+Power&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-06-085820-9&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Amistad%2FHarperCollins&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></dd>\n<dd><cite id=\"CITEREFObama2004\" class=\"citation book\">Obama, Barack (2004) [1st. Pub. 1995]. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father\" title=\"Dreams from My Father\">Dreams from My Father</a>: A Story of Race and Inheritance</i>. New York: <a href=\"/wiki/Three_Rivers_Press\" title=\"Three Rivers Press\">Three Rivers Press</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-8277-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-8277-3\">978-1-4000-8277-3</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.aufirst=Barack&amp;rft.aulast=Obama&amp;rft.btitle=Dreams+from+My+Father%3A+A+Story+of+Race+and+Inheritance&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4000-8277-3&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></dd>\n<dd><cite id=\"CITEREFObama2006\" class=\"citation book\">Obama, Barack (2006). <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope\" title=\"The Audacity of Hope\">The Audacity of Hope</a>: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream</i>. New York: <a href=\"/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group\" title=\"Crown Publishing Group\">Crown Publishing Group</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-23769-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-307-23769-9\">978-0-307-23769-9</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.aufirst=Barack&amp;rft.aulast=Obama&amp;rft.btitle=The+Audacity+of+Hope%3A+Thoughts+on+Reclaiming+the+American+Dream&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-307-23769-9&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></dd>\n<dd><cite class=\"citation book\">Scott, Janny (2011). <i><a href=\"/wiki/A_Singular_Woman:_The_Untold_S
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp tory_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Mother\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother\">A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother</a></i>. New York: <a href=\"/wiki/Riverhead_Books\" title=\"Riverhead Books\">Riverhead Books</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59448-797-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-59448-797-2\">978-1-59448-797-2</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.aufirst=Janny&amp;rft.aulast=Scott&amp;rft.btitle=A+Singular+Woman%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+Barack+Obama%27s+Mother&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-59448-797-2&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Riverhead+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></dd>\n</dl></dd>\n</dl></div>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Further reading","anchor":"Further_reading","id":42,"text":"<div class=\"refbegin columns references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;\">\n<dl style=\"text-indent: -3.2em;\"><dd>\n<dl><dd><cite class=\"citation journal\">Graff, Garrett M. (November 1, 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080214141924/http://www.washingtonian.com:80/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html\">\"The Legend of Barack Obama\"</a>. <i>Washingtonian</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html\">the original</a> on February 14, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=The+Legend+of+Barack+Obama&amp;rft.aufirst=Garrett+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Graff&amp;rft.date=2006-11-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonian.com%2Farticles%2Fmediapolitics%2F1836.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Washingtonian&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></dd>\n<dd><cite id=\"CITEREFKoltun2005\" class=\"citation book\">Koltun, Dave (2005). \"The 2004 Illinois Senate Race: Obama Wins Open Seat and Becomes National Political \"Star<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">\"</span>\". In Ahuja, Sunil; Dewhirst, Robert. <i>The Road to Congress 2004</i>. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-360-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-360-9\">978-1-59454-360-9</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=The+2004+Illinois+Senate+Race%3A+Obama+Wins+Open+Seat+and+Becomes+National+Political+%22Star%22&amp;rft.aufirst=Dave&amp;rft.aulast=Koltun&amp;rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Congress+2004&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-59454-360-9&amp;rft.place=Hauppauge%2C+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></dd>\n<dd><cite class=\"citation journal\">Lizza, Ryan (September 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.gq.com/news-politics/newsmakers/200708/obama-barack-election-president\">\"Above the Fray\"</a>. <i>GQ</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=Above+the+Fray&amp;rft.aufirst=Ryan&amp;rft.aulast=Lizza&amp;rft.date=2007-09&amp;rft.genr
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp e=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gq.com%2Fnews-politics%2Fnewsmakers%2F200708%2Fobama-barack-election-president&amp;rft.jtitle=GQ&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></dd>\n<dd><cite class=\"citation journal\">MacFarquhar, Larissa (May 7, 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/05/07/070507fa_fact_macfarquhar\">\"The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From?\"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=The+Conciliator%3A+Where+is+Barack+Obama+Coming+From%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=Larissa&amp;rft.aulast=MacFarquhar&amp;rft.date=2007-05-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Freporting%2F2007%2F05%2F07%2F070507fa_fact_macfarquhar&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></dd>\n<dd><cite class=\"citation book\">McClelland, Edward (2010). <i>Young Mr. Obama: Chicago and the Making of a Black President</i>. New York: Bloomsbury Press. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-060-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-060-7\">978-1-60819-060-7</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward&amp;rft.aulast=McClelland&amp;rft.btitle=Young+Mr.+Obama%3A+Chicago+and+the+Making+of+a+Black+President&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-60819-060-7&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></dd>\n<dd><cite class=\"citation news\">Zutter, Hank De (December 8, 1995). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/what-makes-obama-run/Content?oid=889221\">\"What Makes Obama Run?\"</a>. <i>Chicago Reader</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.atitle=What+Makes+Obama+Run%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=Hank+De&amp;rft.aulast=Zutter&amp;rft.date=1995-12-08&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagoreader.com%2Fchicago%2Fwhat-makes-obama-run%2FContent%3Foid%3D889221&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Reader&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></dd>\n</dl></dd>\n</dl></div>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"External links","anchor":"External_links","id":43,"text":"<table class=\"mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox\" style=\"border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9\"><tr><td class=\"mbox-image\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png\" width=\"40\" height=\"22\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"759\" data-file-height=\"415\"></a></td>\n<td class=\"mbox-text plainlist\">Wikinews has news related to:\n<div style=\"margin-left: 10px;\"><i><b><a href=\"https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Barack_Obama\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikinews:Category:Barack Obama\">Barack Obama</a></b></i></div>\n</td>\n</tr></table><div id=\"section_SpokenWikipedia\" class=\"infobox sisterproject plainlinks haudio\">\n<div style
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp =\"text-align: center; white-space:nowrap\"><b>Listen to this article</b> (<a href=\"/wiki/File:Barack_Obama.ogg\" title=\"File:Barack Obama.ogg\">info/dl</a>)\n<div class=\"center\">\n<div class=\"floatnone\">\n<div class=\"mediaContainer\" style=\"width:200px\"><audio id=\"mwe_player_5\" controls=\"\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width:200px\" class=\"kskin\" data-durationhint=\"3533.3224489796\" data-startoffset=\"0\" data-mwtitle=\"Barack_Obama.ogg\" data-mwprovider=\"wikimediacommons\"><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Barack_Obama.ogg\" type='audio/ogg; codecs=\"vorbis\"' data-title=\"Original Ogg file (131 kbps)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg source\" data-width=\"0\" data-height=\"0\" data-bandwidth=\"130658\"></source></audio></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p><br></p>\n<div style=\"float: left; margin-left: 5px;\">\n<div class=\"floatnone\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png\" title=\"Spoken Wikipedia\" width=\"45\" height=\"34\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"128\" data-file-height=\"96\"></div>\n</div>\n<div style=\"font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1.6em; margin-left: 60px;\">This audio file was created from a revision of the \"<span class=\"fn\">Barack Obama</span>\" article dated 2012-04-24, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (<a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help\" title=\"Wikipedia:Media help\">Audio help</a>)</div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center; clear: both\"><b><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles\" title=\"Wikipedia:Spoken articles\">More spoken articles</a></b></div>\n</div>\n<dl><dt>Official</dt>\n</dl><ul><li><span class=\"official-website\"><span class=\"url\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.barackobama.com/\">Official website</a></span></span> <i>of President Barack Obama</i> (White House)</li>\n<li><span class=\"official-website\"><span class=\"url\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.barackobamafoundation.org/\">Official website</a></span></span> of The Obama Foundation</li>\n<li><span class=\"official-website\"><span class=\"url\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.barackobama.com/\">Official website</a></span></span> of <a href=\"/wiki/Organizing_for_Action\" title=\"Organizing for Action\">Organizing for Action</a></li>\n</ul><dl><dt>Other</dt>\n</dl><ul><li>Obama B. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2533698\">United States Health Care Reform: Progress to Date and Next Steps</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/JAMA\" class=\"mw-redirect mw-disambig\" title=\"JAMA\">JAMA</a></i>. Published online July 11, 2016. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.9797.</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.dmoz.org/Regional/North_America/United_States/Government/Executive_Branch/President/POTUS_Barack_Obama\">Barack Obama</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/DMOZ\" title=\"DMOZ\">DMOZ</a></li>\n<li class=\"mw-empty-elt\">\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=o000167\">Biography</a> at the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress\" title=\"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress\">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.votesmart.org/candidate/9490\">Profile</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/Project_Vote_Smart\" title=\"Project Vote Smart\">Project Vote Smart</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.fec.gov/fecviewer/CandidateCommitteeDetail.do?&amp;tabIndex=1&amp;candidateCommitteeId=P80003338\">Financial information (federal office)</a
08-17 14:36:09.690 debug OkHttp > at the <a href=\"/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission\" title=\"Federal Election Commission\">Federal Election Commission</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.c-span.org/person/?barackobama\">Appearances</a> on <a href=\"/wiki/C-SPAN\" title=\"C-SPAN\">C-SPAN</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/keyword/barack-obama\">Barack Obama</a> articles in the archive of the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Chicago_Tribune\" title=\"Chicago Tribune\">Chicago Tribune</a></i></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.politifact.com/personalities/barack-obama/\">Collected news and commentary</a> at the <i>Tampa Bay Times's</i> <a href=\"/wiki/PolitiFact.com\" title=\"PolitiFact.com\">PolitiFact.com</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/2011/02/25/ABjfuEJ_category.html?blogId=fact-checker&amp;tag=barack%20obama\">Collected news and commentary</a> at <i>The Washington Post's</i> Fact Checker blog</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.gutenberg.org/author/Obama,+Barack\">Works by Barack Obama</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/Project_Gutenberg\" title=\"Project Gutenberg\">Project Gutenberg</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Obama%2C%20Barack%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Obama%2C%20Barack%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Obama%2C%20B%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Obama%2C%20Barack%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29\">Works by or about Barack Obama</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/Internet_Archive\" title=\"Internet Archive\">Internet Archive</a></li>\n</ul>"}]}}
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08-17 14:36:17.270 debug OkHttp {"mobileview":{"ns":0,"lastmodified":"2016-08-11T21:03:36Z","revision":734057157,"languagecount":210,"displaytitle":"Moon","id":19331,"description":"only natural satellite of Earth","image":{"file":"FullMoon2010.jpg","width":2580,"height":2452},"thumb":{"url":"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/640px-FullMoon2010.jpg","width":640,"height":608},"sections":[{"id":0,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">This article is about Earth's natural satellite. For moons in general, see <a href=\"/wiki/Natural_satellite\" title=\"Natural satellite\">Natural satellite</a>. For other uses, see <a href=\"/wiki/Moon_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-disambig\" title=\"Moon (disambiguation)\">Moon (disambiguation)</a>.</div>\n<table class=\"infobox\" style=\"width:22em\"><caption class=\"fn org\">Moon <a href=\"/wiki/File:Moon_symbol_decrescent.svg\" class=\"image\" title=\"Moon symbol\"><img alt=\"Moon symbol\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Moon_symbol_decrescent.svg/19px-Moon_symbol_decrescent.svg.png\" width=\"19\" height=\"19\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Moon_symbol_decrescent.svg/29px-Moon_symbol_decrescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Moon_symbol_decrescent.svg/38px-Moon_symbol_decrescent.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"50\" data-file-height=\"50\"></a></caption>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:FullMoon2010.jpg\" class=\"image\" title=\"Full moon\"><img alt=\"Full moon in the darkness of the night sky. It is patterned with a mix of light-tone regions and darker, irregular blotches, and scattered with varying sizes of impact craters, circles surrounded by out-thrown rays of bright ejecta.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/292px-FullMoon2010.jpg\" width=\"292\" height=\"278\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/438px-FullMoon2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/584px-FullMoon2010.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2580\" data-file-height=\"2452\"></a>\n<div><a href=\"/wiki/Full_moon\" title=\"Full moon\">Full moon</a> as seen from Earth's <a href=\"/wiki/Northern_hemisphere\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Northern hemisphere\">northern hemisphere</a></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center;background-color:#ddd\">Designations</th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_adjectivals_and_demonyms_of_astronomical_bodies\" title=\"List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies\">Adjectives</a></th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"hlist\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lunar\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikt:lunar\">lunar</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/selenic\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikt:selenic\">selenic</a></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center;background-color:#ddd\"><a href=\"/wiki/Osculating_orbit\" title=\"Osculating orbit\">Orbital characteristics</a></th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Apsis\" title=\"Apsis\">Perigee</a></th>\n<td><span style=\"white-space:nowrap\">362<span style=\"margin-left:0.2em\">600</span></span> km<br>\n(<span style=\"white-space:nowrap\">356<span style=\"margin-left:0.2em\">400</span></span>–<span style=\"white-space:nowrap\">370<span style=\"margin-left:0.2em\">400</span></span> km)</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Apsis\" title=\"Apsis\">Apogee</a></th>\n<td><span style=\"white-space:nowrap\">405<span style=\"margin-left:0.2em\">400</span></span> km<br>\n(<span style=\"white-space:nowrap\">404<span style=\"margin-left:0.2em\">000</span></span>–<span style=\"white-space:nowrap\">406<span style=\"margin-left:0.2em\">700</span></span> km)</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">
08-17 14:36:17.270 debug OkHttp \n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Semi-major_axis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Semi-major axis\">Semi-major axis</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7008384399000000000♠</span>384<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">399</span> km</span><span class=\"nowrap\">  </span>(<span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7008384466527698999♠</span>0.002<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">57</span> AU</span>)<sup id=\"cite_ref-W06_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-W06-1\">[1]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity\" title=\"Orbital eccentricity\">Eccentricity</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6998549000000000000♠</span>0.0549</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-W06_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-W06-1\">[1]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_period\" title=\"Orbital period\">Orbital period</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7006236059151040000♠</span>27.321<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">661</span> <a href=\"/wiki/Day\" title=\"Day\">d</a></span><br><span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(27 d 7 h 43.19 min 11.5 s<sup id=\"cite_ref-W06_1-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-W06-1\">[1]</a></sup>)</span></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_period\" title=\"Orbital period\">Synodic period</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7006255144288960000♠</span>29.530<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">589</span> d</span><br><span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(29 d 12 h 44 min 2.9 s)</span></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Average <a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_speed\" title=\"Orbital speed\">orbital speed</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7003102200000000000♠</span>1.022 <a href=\"/wiki/Metre_per_second\" title=\"Metre per second\">km/s</a></span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_inclination\" title=\"Orbital inclination\">Inclination</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\">5.145° to the <a href=\"/wiki/Ecliptic\" title=\"Ecliptic\">ecliptic</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-Lang2011_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lang2011-2\">[2]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-inclination_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-inclination-3\">[a]</a></sup></span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Longitude_of_the_ascending_node\" title=\"Longitude of the ascending node\">Longitude of ascending node</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">regressing by one <a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_revolution\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Orbital revolution\">revolution</a> in 18.6 years</div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis\" title=\"Argument of periapsis\">Argument of perigee</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">progressing by one revolution in 8.85 years</div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Natural_satellite\" title=\"Natural satellite\">Satellite of</a></th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Earth\" title=\"Earth\">Earth</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-near-Earth_asteroids_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-
08-17 14:36:17.270 debug OkHttp near-Earth_asteroids-4\">[b]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Morais2002_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Morais2002-5\">[3]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center;background-color:#ddd\">Physical characteristics</th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Mean radius</div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7006173710000000000♠</span>1<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">737</span>.1 km</span><span class=\"nowrap\">  </span><span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(0.273 Earths)</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-W06_1-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-W06-1\">[1]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NSSDC_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NSSDC-6\">[4]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-7\">[5]</a></sup></span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Equator\" title=\"Equator\">Equatorial</a> radius</div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7006173810000000000♠</span>1<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">738</span>.1 km</span><span class=\"nowrap\">  </span><span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(0.273 Earths)</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-NSSDC_6-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NSSDC-6\">[4]</a></sup></span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Geographical_pole\" title=\"Geographical pole\">Polar</a> radius</div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7006173600000000000♠</span>1<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">736</span>.0 km</span><span class=\"nowrap\">  </span><span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(0.273 Earths)</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-NSSDC_6-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NSSDC-6\">[4]</a></sup></span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Flattening\" title=\"Flattening\">Flattening</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6997119999999999999♠</span>0.0012</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-NSSDC_6-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NSSDC-6\">[4]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">Circumference</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7007109210000000000♠</span>10<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">921</span> km</span><span class=\"nowrap\">  </span><span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(<a href=\"/wiki/Equator\" title=\"Equator\">equatorial</a>)</span></span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Spheroid#Surface_area\" title=\"Spheroid\">Surface area</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7013379300000000000♠</span>3.793<span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">×</span>10<sup>7</sup> km<sup>2</sup></span><span class=\"nowrap\">  </span><span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(0.074 Earths)</span></span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Volume\" title=\"Volume\">Volume</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7019219580000000000♠</span>2.1958<span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">×</span>10<sup>10</sup> km<sup>3</sup></span><span class=\"nowrap\">  </span><span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(0.020 Earths)<sup id=\"cite_ref-NSSDC_6-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NSSDC-6\">[4]</a></sup></span></span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Mass\" title=\"Mass\">Mass</a></th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\">
08-17 14:36:17.270 debug OkHttp <span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7022734200000000000♠</span>7.342<span style=\"margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;\">×</span>10<sup>22</sup> kg</span><span class=\"nowrap\">  </span><span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(<span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6998123000000000000♠</span>0.012<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">300</span></span> Earths)<sup id=\"cite_ref-W06_1-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-W06-1\">[1]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NSSDC_6-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NSSDC-6\">[4]</a></sup></span></span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Mean <a href=\"/wiki/Density\" title=\"Density\">density</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7003334400000000000♠</span>3.344 <a href=\"/wiki/Gram_per_cubic_centimetre\" title=\"Gram per cubic centimetre\">g/cm<sup>3</sup></a></span><sup id=\"cite_ref-W06_1-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-W06-1\">[1]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NSSDC_6-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NSSDC-6\">[4]</a></sup><br><small><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6999606000000000000♠</span>0.606</span> × Earth</small></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Surface_gravity\" title=\"Surface gravity\">Surface gravity</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7000162000000000000♠</span>1.62 <a href=\"/wiki/Metre_per_second_squared\" title=\"Metre per second squared\">m/s<sup>2</sup></a></span><span class=\"nowrap\">  </span><span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(<span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6999165400000000000♠</span>0.1654 <a href=\"/wiki/G-force\" title=\"G-force\">g</a></span>)<sup id=\"cite_ref-NSSDC_6-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NSSDC-6\">[4]</a></sup></span></span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Moment_of_inertia_factor\" title=\"Moment of inertia factor\">Moment of inertia factor</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">6999392900000000000♠</span>0.3929<span style=\"margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;\">±</span>0.0009</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-Williams1996_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Williams1996-8\">[6]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Escape_velocity\" title=\"Escape velocity\">Escape velocity</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7003238000000000000♠</span>2.38 <a href=\"/wiki/Metre_per_second\" title=\"Metre per second\">km/s</a></span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Sidereal <a href=\"/wiki/Rotation_period\" title=\"Rotation period\">rotation period</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"display:none\" class=\"sortkey\">7006236059151040000♠</span>27.321<span style=\"margin-left:.25em;\">661</span> d</span><span class=\"nowrap\">  </span><span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(<a href=\"/wiki/Synchronous_rotation\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Synchronous rotation\">synchronous</a>)</span></span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Equatorial rotation velocity</div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\">4.627 m/s</span></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Axial_tilt\" title=\"Axial tilt\">Axial tilt</a></div>\n</th>\
08-17 14:36:17.270 debug OkHttp n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist nowrap\">\n<ul><li>1.5424° to <a href=\"/wiki/Ecliptic\" title=\"Ecliptic\">ecliptic</a></li>\n<li>6.687° to <a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_plane_(astronomy)\" title=\"Orbital plane (astronomy)\">orbit plane</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-Lang2011_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lang2011-2\">[2]</a></sup></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Albedo\" title=\"Albedo\">Albedo</a></th>\n<td>0.136<sup id=\"cite_ref-Saari_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Saari-9\">[7]</a></sup></td>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; border:none; background-color:#f9f9f9; margin:0; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em; white-space:nowrap\"><tr><th style=\"width:33%; padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">Surface <a href=\"/wiki/Temperature\" title=\"Temperature\">temp.</a></th>\n<th style=\"padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">min</th>\n<th style=\"padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">mean</th>\n<th style=\"padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left\">max</th>\n</tr><tr><th style=\"padding-left:1.0em\">Equator</th>\n<td>100 <a href=\"/wiki/Kelvin\" title=\"Kelvin\">K</a></td>\n<td>220 K</td>\n<td>390 K</td>\n</tr><tr><th style=\"padding-left:1.0em\">85°N </th>\n<td></td>\n<td>150 K</td>\n<td>230 K<sup id=\"cite_ref-Vasavada1999_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Vasavada1999-12\">[8]</a></sup></td>\n</tr></table></td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Apparent_magnitude\" title=\"Apparent magnitude\">Apparent magnitude</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist nowrap\">\n<ul><li>−2.5 to −12.9<sup id=\"cite_ref-maxval_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-maxval-10\">[c]</a></sup></li>\n<li>−12.74<span class=\"nowrap\">  </span><span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(mean <a href=\"/wiki/Full_moon\" title=\"Full moon\">full moon</a>)</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-NSSDC_6-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NSSDC-6\">[4]</a></sup></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Angular_diameter\" title=\"Angular diameter\">Angular diameter</a></div>\n</th>\n<td><span class=\"nowrap\">29.3 to 34.1 <a href=\"/wiki/Minute_of_arc\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Minute of arc\">arcminutes</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-NSSDC_6-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NSSDC-6\">[4]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-angular_size_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-angular_size-11\">[d]</a></sup></span></td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center;background-color:#ddd\">Atmosphere<sup id=\"cite_ref-L06_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-L06-13\">[9]</a></sup></th>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\">\n<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Surface <a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure\" title=\"Atmospheric pressure\">pressure</a></div>\n</th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlist nowrap\">\n<ul><li>10<sup>−7</sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Pascal_(unit)\" title=\"Pascal (unit)\">Pa</a> (1 <a href=\"/wiki/Bar_(unit)\" title=\"Bar (unit)\">picobar</a>)<span class=\"nowrap\">  </span><span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(day)</span></li>\n<li>10<sup>−10</sup> Pa (1 femtobar) <span class=\"nowrap\">  </span><span style=\"font-size:90%;\">(night)</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-pressure_explanation_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pressure_explanation-14\">[e]</a></sup></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"max-width:11em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry#Atmospheric_composition\" title=\"Atmospheric chemistry\">Composition by volume</a></th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"hlist\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Helium\" title=\"Helium\">He</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Argon\" title=\"Argon\">Ar</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Neon\" t
08-17 14:36:17.270 debug OkHttp itle=\"Neon\">Ne</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Sodium\" title=\"Sodium\">Na</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Potassium\" title=\"Potassium\">K</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen\" title=\"Hydrogen\">H</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Radon\" title=\"Radon\">Rn</a></li>\n</ul></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\"></div>\n</td>\n</tr></table><p>The <b>Moon</b> is <a href=\"/wiki/Earth\" title=\"Earth\">Earth</a>'s only <a href=\"/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth#Temporary_satellites\" title=\"Claimed moons of Earth\">permanent</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Natural_satellite\" title=\"Natural satellite\">natural satellite</a>. It is one of <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size#List_of_objects_by_radius\" title=\"List of Solar System objects by size\">the largest natural satellites in</a> the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_System\" title=\"Solar System\">Solar System</a>, and the largest among planetary satellites relative to the size of the planet that it orbits (its <a href=\"/wiki/Primary_(astronomy)\" title=\"Primary (astronomy)\">primary</a>). It is the second-<a href=\"/wiki/Density\" title=\"Density\">densest</a> satellite among those whose densities are known (after <a href=\"/wiki/Jupiter\" title=\"Jupiter\">Jupiter</a>'s satellite <a href=\"/wiki/Io_(moon)\" title=\"Io (moon)\">Io</a>).</p>\n<p>The Moon is thought to have formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago, <a href=\"/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth\" title=\"Age of the Earth\">not long after Earth</a>. There are several hypotheses for its origin; the most widely accepted explanation is that the Moon formed from the debris left over after a <a href=\"/wiki/Giant_impact_hypothesis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Giant impact hypothesis\">giant impact</a> between Earth and a <a href=\"/wiki/Mars\" title=\"Mars\">Mars</a>-sized body called <a href=\"/wiki/Theia_(planet)\" title=\"Theia (planet)\">Theia</a>.</p>\n<p>The Moon is in <a href=\"/wiki/Synchronous_rotation\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Synchronous rotation\">synchronous rotation</a> with Earth, always showing the same face, with its <a href=\"/wiki/Near_side_of_the_Moon\" title=\"Near side of the Moon\">near side</a> marked by dark volcanic <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_mare\" title=\"Lunar mare\">maria</a> that fill the spaces between the bright ancient crustal highlands and the prominent <a href=\"/wiki/Impact_crater\" title=\"Impact crater\">impact craters</a>. It is the second-brightest regularly visible <a href=\"/wiki/Celestial_object\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Celestial object\">celestial object</a> in Earth's sky after the <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a>, as measured by <a href=\"/wiki/Illuminance\" title=\"Illuminance\">illuminance</a> on Earth's surface. Its surface is actually dark (although it can appear a <a href=\"/wiki/Moonlight\" title=\"Moonlight\">very bright white</a>) with a <a href=\"/wiki/Reflectance\" title=\"Reflectance\">reflectance</a> just slightly higher than that of worn <a href=\"/wiki/Asphalt_concrete\" title=\"Asphalt concrete\">asphalt</a>. Its prominence in the sky and its regular cycle of <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_phases\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Lunar phases\">phases</a> have made the Moon an important <a href=\"/wiki/Culture\" title=\"Culture\">cultural</a> influence since <a href=\"/wiki/Ancient_history\" title=\"Ancient history\">ancient</a> times on <a href=\"/wiki/Moon#Name_and_etymology\" title=\"Moon\">language</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_calendar\" title=\"Lunar calendar\">calendars</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Moon_in_fiction\" title=\"Moon in fiction\">art</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_deity\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Lunar deity\">mythology</a>.</p>\n<p>The Moon's gravitational influence produces the <a href=\"/wiki/Ocean_tides\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Ocean tides\">ocean tides</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Earth_tide\" title=\"Earth tide\">body tides</a>, and the <a href=\"/wiki/T
08-17 14:36:17.270 debug OkHttp idal_acceleration\" title=\"Tidal acceleration\">slight lengthening</a> of the day. The Moon's current orbital distance is about thirty times the diameter of Earth, with its <a href=\"/wiki/Angular_diameter\" title=\"Angular diameter\">apparent size</a> in the sky almost the same as that of the Sun, resulting in the Moon covering the Sun nearly precisely in total <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_eclipse\" title=\"Solar eclipse\">solar eclipse</a>. This matching of apparent visual size will not continue in the far future. The Moon's linear distance from Earth is currently increasing at a rate of 3.82 ± 0.07 centimetres (1.504 ± 0.028 in) per year, but this rate is not constant.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_Union\" title=\"Soviet Union\">Soviet Union</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/Luna_programme\" title=\"Luna programme\">Luna programme</a> was the first to reach the Moon with <a href=\"/wiki/Unmanned_spacecraft\" title=\"Unmanned spacecraft\">unmanned spacecraft</a> in 1959; the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States\" title=\"United States\">United States</a>' <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_program\" title=\"Apollo program\">Apollo program</a> achieved the only manned missions to date, beginning with the first manned lunar orbiting mission by <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_8\" title=\"Apollo 8\">Apollo 8</a> in 1968, and six manned lunar landings between 1969 and 1972, with the first being <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_11\" title=\"Apollo 11\">Apollo 11</a>. These missions returned over 380 kg (840 lb) of <a href=\"/wiki/Moon_rock\" title=\"Moon rock\">lunar rocks</a>, which have been used to develop a <a href=\"/wiki/Geology\" title=\"Geology\">geological</a> understanding of the Moon's origin, the formation of <a href=\"/wiki/Internal_structure_of_the_Moon\" title=\"Internal structure of the Moon\">its internal structure</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Geology_of_the_Moon\" title=\"Geology of the Moon\">its subsequent history</a>. After the <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_17\" title=\"Apollo 17\">Apollo 17</a> mission in 1972, the Moon has been visited only by unmanned spacecraft.</p>\n<p></p>"}],"protection":{"edit":["autoconfirmed"],"move":["sysop"]},"editable":false}}
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08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp {"mobileview":{"sections":[{"toclevel":1,"line":"Name and etymology","anchor":"Name_and_etymology","id":1,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Lunar_eclipse_October_8_2014_California_Alfredo_Garcia_Jr_mideclipse.JPG\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lunar_eclipse_October_8_2014_California_Alfredo_Garcia_Jr_mideclipse.JPG/220px-Lunar_eclipse_October_8_2014_California_Alfredo_Garcia_Jr_mideclipse.JPG\" width=\"220\" height=\"217\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lunar_eclipse_October_8_2014_California_Alfredo_Garcia_Jr_mideclipse.JPG/330px-Lunar_eclipse_October_8_2014_California_Alfredo_Garcia_Jr_mideclipse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lunar_eclipse_October_8_2014_California_Alfredo_Garcia_Jr_mideclipse.JPG/440px-Lunar_eclipse_October_8_2014_California_Alfredo_Garcia_Jr_mideclipse.JPG 2x\" data-file-width=\"3025\" data-file-height=\"2989\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Lunar_eclipse_October_8_2014_California_Alfredo_Garcia_Jr_mideclipse.JPG\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nThe Moon, tinted reddish, during a <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_eclipse\" title=\"Lunar eclipse\">lunar eclipse</a></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_lunar_deities\" title=\"List of lunar deities\">list of lunar deities</a></div>\n<p>The usual English <a href=\"/wiki/Proper_name\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Proper name\">proper name</a> for Earth's natural satellite is \"the Moon\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\">[10]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-PN-FAQ_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PN-FAQ-16\">[11]</a></sup> The noun <i>moon</i> is derived from <i>moone</i> (around 1380), which developed from <i>mone</i> (1135), which is derived from <a href=\"/wiki/Old_English\" title=\"Old English\">Old English</a> <i>m\u014dna</i> (dating from before 725), which ultimately stems from <a href=\"/wiki/Proto-Germanic\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Proto-Germanic\">Proto-Germanic</a> <i>*m\u01e3n\u014dn</i>, like all <a href=\"/wiki/Germanic_languages\" title=\"Germanic languages\">Germanic language</a> cognates.<sup id=\"cite_ref-barnhart1995_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-barnhart1995-17\">[12]</a></sup> Occasionally, the name \"Luna\" is used, in poetry for a personified Moon, or in science fiction to distinguish it from other moons.<sup id=\"cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-18\">[13]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The principal modern English adjective pertaining to the Moon is <i>lunar</i>, derived from the Latin <i>Luna</i>. A less common adjective is <i>selenic</i>, derived from the Ancient Greek <i><a href=\"/wiki/Selene\" title=\"Selene\">Selene</a></i> (<span lang=\"el\"><i>\u03a3\u03b5\u03bb\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7</i></span>), from which is derived the prefix \"seleno-\" (as in <i><a href=\"/wiki/Selenography\" title=\"Selenography\">selenography</a></i>).<sup id=\"cite_ref-oed_19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-oed-19\">[14]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\">[15]</a></sup> Both the Greek Selene and the Roman goddess <a href=\"/wiki/Diana_(mythology)\" title=\"Diana (mythology)\">Diana</a> were alternatively called <a href=\"/wiki/Cynthia\" title=\"Cynthia\">Cynthia</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Pannen2010_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Pannen2010-21\">[16]</a></sup> The names Luna, Cynthia, and Selene are reflected in terminology for <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_orbit\" title=\"Lunar orbit\">lunar orbits</a> in words such as <i>apolune</i>, <i>pericynthion</i>, and <i>selenocentric</i>. The name Diana is connected to <i>dies</i> meaning 'day'.</p>\n<div class=\"thumb tmulti tnone center\">\n<div class=
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp \"thumbinner\" style=\"width:556px;max-width:556px\">\n<div style=\"clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;background-color:transparent\">The Moon</div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"float:left;margin:1px;width:137px;max-width:137px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:LRO_WAC_Nearside_Mosaic.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/LRO_WAC_Nearside_Mosaic.jpg/135px-LRO_WAC_Nearside_Mosaic.jpg\" width=\"135\" height=\"135\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/LRO_WAC_Nearside_Mosaic.jpg/203px-LRO_WAC_Nearside_Mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/LRO_WAC_Nearside_Mosaic.jpg/270px-LRO_WAC_Nearside_Mosaic.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"18000\" data-file-height=\"18000\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\"><a href=\"/wiki/Near_side_of_the_Moon\" title=\"Near side of the Moon\">Near side of the Moon</a></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"float:left;margin:1px;width:137px;max-width:137px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Moon_Farside_LRO.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Moon_Farside_LRO.jpg/135px-Moon_Farside_LRO.jpg\" width=\"135\" height=\"135\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Moon_Farside_LRO.jpg/203px-Moon_Farside_LRO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Moon_Farside_LRO.jpg/270px-Moon_Farside_LRO.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"18000\" data-file-height=\"18000\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\"><a href=\"/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon\" title=\"Far side of the Moon\">Far side of the Moon</a></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"float:left;margin:1px;width:137px;max-width:137px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:LRO_WAC_North_Pole_Mosaic_(PIA14024).jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/LRO_WAC_North_Pole_Mosaic_%28PIA14024%29.jpg/135px-LRO_WAC_North_Pole_Mosaic_%28PIA14024%29.jpg\" width=\"135\" height=\"135\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/LRO_WAC_North_Pole_Mosaic_%28PIA14024%29.jpg/203px-LRO_WAC_North_Pole_Mosaic_%28PIA14024%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/LRO_WAC_North_Pole_Mosaic_%28PIA14024%29.jpg/270px-LRO_WAC_North_Pole_Mosaic_%28PIA14024%29.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"18622\" data-file-height=\"18622\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\"><a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_north_pole\" title=\"Lunar north pole\">Lunar north pole</a></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"float:left;margin:1px;width:137px;max-width:137px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:LRO_WAC_South_Pole_Mosaic.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/LRO_WAC_South_Pole_Mosaic.jpg/135px-LRO_WAC_South_Pole_Mosaic.jpg\" width=\"135\" height=\"135\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/LRO_WAC_South_Pole_Mosaic.jpg/203px-LRO_WAC_South_Pole_Mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/LRO_WAC_South_Pole_Mosaic.jpg/270px-LRO_WAC_South_Pole_Mosaic.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"6082\" data-file-height=\"6082\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\"><a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_south_pole\" title=\"Lunar south pole\">Lunar south pole</a></div>\n</div>\n<div style=\"clear:left\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Formation","anchor":"Formation","id":2,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Origin_of_the_Moon\" title=\"Origin of the Moon\">Origin of the Moon</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Giant_impact_hypothesis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Giant impact hypothesis\">Giant impact hypothesis</a></div>\n<p>Several mechanisms have been proposed for the Moon's formation <span class=\"nowrap\">4.527 \u00b1 0.010 billion</span> y
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp ears ago,<sup id=\"cite_ref-age_22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-age-22\">[f]</a></sup> some 30\u201350 million years after the origin of the Solar System.<sup id=\"cite_ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-23\">[17]</a></sup> Recent research presented by Rick Carlson indicates a slightly lower age of between 4.40 and 4.45 billion years.<sup id=\"cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-24\">[18]</a></sup> <sup id=\"cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\">[19]</a></sup> These mechanisms included the fission of the Moon from Earth's crust through <a href=\"/wiki/Centrifugal_force\" title=\"Centrifugal force\">centrifugal force</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-Binder_26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Binder-26\">[20]</a></sup> (which would require too great an initial spin of Earth),<sup id=\"cite_ref-BotM_27-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BotM-27\">[21]</a></sup> the gravitational capture of a pre-formed Moon<sup id=\"cite_ref-Mitler_28-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Mitler-28\">[22]</a></sup> (which would require an unfeasibly extended <a href=\"/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Earth's atmosphere\">atmosphere of Earth</a> to <a href=\"/wiki/Dissipation\" title=\"Dissipation\">dissipate</a> the energy of the passing Moon),<sup id=\"cite_ref-BotM_27-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BotM-27\">[21]</a></sup> and the co-formation of Earth and the Moon together in the primordial <a href=\"/wiki/Accretion_disk\" title=\"Accretion disk\">accretion disk</a> (which does not explain the depletion of metals in the Moon).<sup id=\"cite_ref-BotM_27-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BotM-27\">[21]</a></sup> These hypotheses also cannot account for the high <a href=\"/wiki/Angular_momentum\" title=\"Angular momentum\">angular momentum</a> of the Earth\u2013Moon system.<sup id=\"cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-29\">[23]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:252px;\">\n<div id=\"mwe_player_0\" class=\"PopUpMediaTransform\" style=\"width:250px;\" videopayload='&lt;div class=\"mediaContainer\" style=\"width:640px\"&gt;&lt;video id=\"mwe_player_1\" poster=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv/640px--Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv.jpg\" controls=\"\" preload=\"none\" autoplay=\"\" style=\"width:640px;height:360px\" class=\"kskin\" data-durationhint=\"425.65856666667\" data-startoffset=\"0\" data-mwtitle=\"Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv\" data-mwprovider=\"wikimediacommons\"&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv/Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv.360p.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&amp;quot;vp8, vorbis&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"WebM (360P)\" data-shorttitle=\"WebM 360P\" data-transcodekey=\"360p.webm\" data-width=\"640\" data-height=\"360\" data-bandwidth=\"570088\" data-framerate=\"29.97002997003\"/&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv/Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv.360p.ogv\" type=\"video/ogg; codecs=&amp;quot;theora, vorbis&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"Ogg video (360P)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg 360P\" data-transcodekey=\"360p.ogv\" data-width=\"640\" data-height=\"360\" data-bandwidth=\"580272\" data-framerate=\"29.97002997003\"/&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv\" type=\"video/ogg; codecs=&amp;quot;theora, vorbis&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"Original Ogg file, 640 \u00d7 360 (1.61 Mbps)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg source\" data-width=\"640\" data-height=\"360\" data-bandwidth=\"1609654\" data-framerate=\"29.97002997003\"/&gt;&lt;source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv/Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv.160p.ogv\" type=\"video/ogg; codecs=&amp;quot;theora, vorbis&amp;quot;\" data-title=\"Low bandwidth
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp Ogg video (160P)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg 160P\" data-transcodekey=\"160p.ogv\" data-width=\"284\" data-height=\"160\" data-bandwidth=\"197632\" data-framerate=\"15\" data-mwtitle=\"TimedText:Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv.eu.srt\" data-mwprovider=\"wikimediacommons\" data-dir=\"ltr\"/&gt;&lt;track src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:Evolution+of+the+Moon.ogv.eu.srt&amp;amp;action=raw&amp;amp;ctype=text%2Fx-srt\" kind=\"subtitles\" type=\"text/x-srt\" title=\"TimedText:Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv.eu.srt\" provider=\"wikimediacommons\" srclang=\"eu\" dir=\"ltr\" label=\"euskara (eu) subtitles\"/&gt;&lt;/video&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'><img alt=\"File:Evolution of the Moon.ogv\" style=\"width:250px;height:141px\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv/250px--Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv.jpg\"><a href=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv\" title=\"Play media\" target=\"new\"><span class=\"play-btn-large\"><span class=\"mw-tmh-playtext\">Play media</span></span></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nThe evolution of the Moon and a tour of the Moon</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The prevailing hypothesis today is that the Earth\u2013Moon system formed as a result of a <a href=\"/wiki/Giant_impact_hypothesis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Giant impact hypothesis\">giant impact</a>, where a <a href=\"/wiki/Mars\" title=\"Mars\">Mars</a>-sized body (named <i><a href=\"/wiki/Theia_(planet)\" title=\"Theia (planet)\">Theia</a></i>) collided with the newly formed <a href=\"/wiki/History_of_the_Earth\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"History of the Earth\">proto-Earth</a>, blasting material into orbit around it that accreted to form the Moon.<sup id=\"cite_ref-taylor1998_30-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-taylor1998-30\">[24]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-31\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-31\">[25]</a></sup></p>\n<p>This <a href=\"/wiki/Hypothesis\" title=\"Hypothesis\">hypothesis</a> perhaps best explains the evidence, although not perfectly. Eighteen months prior to an October 1984 conference on lunar origins, Bill Hartmann, Roger Phillips, and Jeff Taylor challenged fellow lunar scientists: \"You have eighteen months. Go back to your Apollo data, go back to your computer, do whatever you have to, but make up your mind. Don't come to our conference unless you have something to say about the Moon's birth.\" At the 1984 conference at Kona, Hawaii, the giant impact hypothesis emerged as the most popular.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Before the conference, there were partisans of the three \"traditional\" theories, plus a few people who were starting to take the giant impact seriously, and there was a huge apathetic middle who didn\u2019t think the debate would ever be resolved. Afterward there were essentially only two groups: the giant impact camp and the agnostics.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Dana-Mackenzie.27s-book_32-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Dana-Mackenzie.27s-book-32\">[26]</a></sup></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment\" title=\"Late Heavy Bombardment\">Giant impacts</a> are thought to have been common in the early Solar System. Computer simulations modelling a giant impact are consistent with measurements of the angular momentum of the Earth\u2013Moon system and the small size of the lunar core. These simulations also show that most of the Moon came from the impactor, not from the proto-Earth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-33\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-33\">[27]</a></sup> However, more-recent tests suggest more of the Moon coalesced from Earth and not the impactor.<sup id=\"cite_ref-34\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-34\">[28]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-35\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-35\">[29]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-36\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp #cite_note-36\">[30]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-37\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-37\">[31]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Meteorite\" title=\"Meteorite\">Meteorites</a> show that other inner Solar System bodies such as <a href=\"/wiki/Mars\" title=\"Mars\">Mars</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Vesta_(asteroid)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Vesta (asteroid)\">Vesta</a> have very different oxygen and tungsten <a href=\"/wiki/Isotope\" title=\"Isotope\">isotopic</a> compositions to Earth, whereas Earth and the Moon have nearly identical isotopic compositions. Post-impact mixing of the vaporized material between the forming Earth and Moon could have equalized their isotopic compositions,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Pahlevan2007_38-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Pahlevan2007-38\">[32]</a></sup> although this is debated.<sup id=\"cite_ref-39\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-39\">[33]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The large amount of energy released in the giant impact event and the subsequent re-accretion of material in Earth orbit would have melted the outer shell of Earth, forming a magma ocean.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Warren1985_40-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Warren1985-40\">[34]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-41\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-41\">[35]</a></sup> The newly formed Moon would also have had its own <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_magma_ocean\" title=\"Lunar magma ocean\">lunar magma ocean</a>; estimates for its depth range from about 500\u00a0km (300 miles) to the entire radius of the Moon (1,737\u00a0km (1,079 miles)).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Warren1985_40-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Warren1985-40\">[34]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Despite its accuracy in explaining many lines of evidence, there are still some difficulties that are not fully explained by the giant impact hypothesis, most of them involving the Moon's composition.<sup id=\"cite_ref-42\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-42\">[36]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tmulti tnone center\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:591px;max-width:591px\">\n<div style=\"clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;background-color:transparent\"><a href=\"/wiki/Oceanus_Procellarum\" title=\"Oceanus Procellarum\">Oceanus Procellarum</a> (\"Ocean of Storms\")</div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"float:left;margin:1px;width:291px;max-width:291px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\" style=\"height:107px;overflow:hidden\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:14-236-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/14-236-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg/289px-14-236-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg\" width=\"289\" height=\"107\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/14-236-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg/434px-14-236-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/14-236-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg/578px-14-236-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"614\" data-file-height=\"228\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\">Ancient <a href=\"/wiki/Rift_valley\" title=\"Rift valley\">rift valleys</a> \u2013 rectangular structure (visible \u2013 topography \u2013 <a href=\"/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Interior_Laboratory\" title=\"Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory\">GRAIL gravity gradients</a>)</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"float:left;margin:1px;width:109px;max-width:109px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\" style=\"height:107px;overflow:hidden\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA18822-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/PIA18822-LunarGrailMission-Oceanus
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp Procellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg/107px-PIA18822-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg\" width=\"107\" height=\"107\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/PIA18822-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg/161px-PIA18822-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/PIA18822-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg/214px-PIA18822-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1500\" data-file-height=\"1500\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\">Ancient <a href=\"/wiki/Rift_valley\" title=\"Rift valley\">rift valleys</a> \u2013 context.</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"float:left;margin:1px;width:185px;max-width:185px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\" style=\"height:107px;overflow:hidden\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA18821-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Closeup-20141001.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/PIA18821-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Closeup-20141001.jpg/183px-PIA18821-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Closeup-20141001.jpg\" width=\"183\" height=\"107\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/PIA18821-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Closeup-20141001.jpg/275px-PIA18821-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Closeup-20141001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/PIA18821-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Closeup-20141001.jpg/366px-PIA18821-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Closeup-20141001.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1546\" data-file-height=\"905\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\">Ancient <a href=\"/wiki/Rift_valley\" title=\"Rift valley\">rift valleys</a> \u2013 closeup (artist's concept).</div>\n</div>\n<div style=\"clear:left\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>In 2001, a team at the Carnegie Institute of Washington reported the most precise measurement of the isotopic signatures of lunar rocks.<sup id=\"cite_ref-wiechert_43-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-wiechert-43\">[37]</a></sup> To their surprise, the team found that the rocks from the <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_program\" title=\"Apollo program\">Apollo program</a> carried an isotopic signature that was identical with rocks from Earth, and were different from almost all other bodies in the Solar System. Because most of the material that went into orbit to form the Moon was thought to come from <a href=\"/wiki/Theia_(planet)\" title=\"Theia (planet)\">Theia</a>, this observation was unexpected. In 2007, researchers from the California Institute of Technology announced that there was less than a 1% chance that Theia and Earth had identical isotopic signatures.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ps2007_44-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ps2007-44\">[38]</a></sup> Published in 2012, an analysis of titanium isotopes in Apollo lunar samples showed that the Moon has the same composition as Earth,<sup id=\"cite_ref-test_45-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-test-45\">[39]</a></sup> which <a href=\"/wiki/Giant_impact_hypothesis#Difficulties\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Giant impact hypothesis\">conflicts</a> with what is expected if the Moon formed far from Earth's orbit or from Theia. Variations on the giant impact hypothesis may explain this data.</p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Physical characteristics","anchor":"Physical_characteristics","id":3,"text":""},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Internal structure","anchor":"Internal_structure","id":4,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Internal_structure_of_the_Moon\" title=\"Internal structure of the Moon\">Internal structure of the Moon</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Moon_dia
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp gram.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Moon_diagram.svg/220px-Moon_diagram.svg.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"204\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Moon_diagram.svg/330px-Moon_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Moon_diagram.svg/440px-Moon_diagram.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"2770\" data-file-height=\"2570\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Moon_diagram.svg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nStructure of the Moon</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<table class=\"wikitable floatright\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;\"><caption>Chemical composition of the lunar surface regolith (derived from crustal rocks)<sup id=\"cite_ref-46\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-46\">[40]</a></sup></caption>\n<tr><th rowspan=\"2\">Compound</th>\n<th rowspan=\"2\">Formula</th>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Composition (wt\u00a0%)</th>\n</tr><tr><th style=\"font-size: smaller;\">Maria</th>\n<th style=\"font-size: smaller;\">Highlands</th>\n</tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Silicon_dioxide\" title=\"Silicon dioxide\">silica</a></td>\n<td>SiO<sub>2</sub></td>\n<td>45.4%</td>\n<td>45.5%</td>\n</tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Aluminium_oxide\" title=\"Aluminium oxide\">alumina</a></td>\n<td>Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>\n<td>14.9%</td>\n<td>24.0%</td>\n</tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Calcium_oxide\" title=\"Calcium oxide\">lime</a></td>\n<td>CaO</td>\n<td>11.8%</td>\n<td>15.9%</td>\n</tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide\" title=\"Iron(II) oxide\">iron(II) oxide</a></td>\n<td>FeO</td>\n<td>14.1%</td>\n<td>5.9%</td>\n</tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Magnesium_oxide\" title=\"Magnesium oxide\">magnesia</a></td>\n<td>MgO</td>\n<td>9.2%</td>\n<td>7.5%</td>\n</tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Titanium_dioxide\" title=\"Titanium dioxide\">titanium dioxide</a></td>\n<td>TiO<sub>2</sub></td>\n<td>3.9%</td>\n<td>0.6%</td>\n</tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Sodium_oxide\" title=\"Sodium oxide\">sodium oxide</a></td>\n<td>Na<sub>2</sub>O</td>\n<td>0.6%</td>\n<td>0.6%</td>\n</tr><tr><th colspan=\"2\">Total</th>\n<th>99.9%</th>\n<th>100.0%</th>\n</tr></table><p>The Moon is a <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_differentiation\" title=\"Planetary differentiation\">differentiated</a> body: it has a <a href=\"/wiki/Geochemistry\" title=\"Geochemistry\">geochemically</a> distinct <a href=\"/wiki/Crust_(geology)\" title=\"Crust (geology)\">crust</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Mantle_(geology)\" title=\"Mantle (geology)\">mantle</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Planetary_core\" title=\"Planetary core\">core</a>. The Moon has a solid iron-rich inner core with a radius of 240\u00a0km (150\u00a0mi) and a fluid outer core primarily made of liquid iron with a radius of roughly 300\u00a0km (190\u00a0mi). Around the core is a partially molten boundary layer with a radius of about 500\u00a0km (310\u00a0mi).<sup id=\"cite_ref-47\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-47\">[41]</a></sup> This structure is thought to have developed through the <a href=\"/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_(geology)\" title=\"Fractional crystallization (geology)\">fractional crystallization</a> of a global <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_magma_ocean\" title=\"Lunar magma ocean\">magma ocean</a> shortly after the Moon's formation 4.5\u00a0billion years ago.<sup id=\"cite_ref-48\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-48\">[42]</a></sup> Crystallization of this magma ocean would have created a <a href=\"/wiki/Mafic\" title=\"Mafic\">mafic</a> mantle from the <a href=\"/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)\" title=\"Precipitation (chemistry)\">precipitation</a> and sinking of the minerals <a href=\"/wiki/Olivine\" title=\"Olivine\">olivine</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp Clinopyroxene\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Clinopyroxene\">clinopyroxene</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Orthopyroxene\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Orthopyroxene\">orthopyroxene</a>; after about three-quarters of the magma ocean had crystallised, lower-density <a href=\"/wiki/Plagioclase\" title=\"Plagioclase\">plagioclase</a> minerals could form and float into a crust on top.<sup id=\"cite_ref-S06_49-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-S06-49\">[43]</a></sup> The final liquids to crystallise would have been initially sandwiched between the crust and mantle, with a high abundance of <a href=\"/wiki/Compatibility_(geochemistry)\" title=\"Compatibility (geochemistry)\">incompatible</a> and heat-producing elements.<sup id=\"cite_ref-W06_1-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-W06-1\">[1]</a></sup> Consistent with this, geochemical mapping from orbit shows the crust is mostly <a href=\"/wiki/Anorthosite\" title=\"Anorthosite\">anorthosite</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-L06_13-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-L06-13\">[9]</a></sup> and <a href=\"/wiki/Moon_rock\" title=\"Moon rock\">moon rock</a> samples of the flood lavas erupted on the surface from partial melting in the mantle confirm the mafic mantle composition, which is more iron rich than that of Earth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-W06_1-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-W06-1\">[1]</a></sup> Geophysical techniques suggest that the crust is on average circa 50\u00a0km (31\u00a0mi) thick.<sup id=\"cite_ref-W06_1-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-W06-1\">[1]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The Moon is the second densest satellite in the Solar System after <a href=\"/wiki/Io_(moon)\" title=\"Io (moon)\">Io</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Schubert2004_50-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Schubert2004-50\">[44]</a></sup> However, the inner core of the Moon is small, with a radius of about 350\u00a0km (220\u00a0mi) or less,<sup id=\"cite_ref-W06_1-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-W06-1\">[1]</a></sup> around 20% of the radius of the Moon. Its composition is not well constrained, but it is probably metallic iron alloyed with a small amount of <a href=\"/wiki/Sulfur\" title=\"Sulfur\">sulfur</a> and nickel; analyses of the Moon's time-variable rotation indicate that it is at least partly molten.<sup id=\"cite_ref-51\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-51\">[45]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Surface geology","anchor":"Surface_geology","id":5,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Geology_of_the_Moon\" title=\"Geology of the Moon\">Geology of the Moon</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Moon_rocks\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Moon rocks\">Moon rocks</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:MoonTopoLOLA.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/MoonTopoLOLA.png/220px-MoonTopoLOLA.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"152\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/MoonTopoLOLA.png/330px-MoonTopoLOLA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/MoonTopoLOLA.png/440px-MoonTopoLOLA.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"800\" data-file-height=\"551\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:MoonTopoLOLA.png\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nTopography of the Moon</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Topography_of_the_Moon\" title=\"Topography of the Moon\">topography of the Moon</a> has been measured with <a href=\"/wiki/Laser_altimetry\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Laser altimetry\">laser altimetry</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Stereoscopy\" title=\"Stereoscopy\">stereo image analysis</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-52\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-52\">[46]</a></sup> The most visible <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_features_on_the_Moon\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"List of features on the Moon\">topogr
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp aphic feature</a> is the giant far-side <a href=\"/wiki/South_Pole%E2%80%93Aitken_basin\" title=\"South Pole\u2013Aitken basin\">South Pole\u2013Aitken basin</a>, some 2,240\u00a0km (1,390\u00a0mi) in diameter, the largest crater on the Moon and the second-largest confirmed impact <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_largest_craters_in_the_Solar_System\" title=\"List of largest craters in the Solar System\">crater in the Solar System</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Spudis1994_53-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Spudis1994-53\">[47]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-54\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-54\">[48]</a></sup> At 13\u00a0km (8.1\u00a0mi) deep, its floor is the lowest point on the surface of the Moon.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Spudis1994_53-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Spudis1994-53\">[47]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-55\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-55\">[49]</a></sup> The highest elevations on the surface of the Moon are located directly to the northeast, and it has been suggested that this area might have been thickened by the oblique formation impact of the South Pole\u2013Aitken basin.<sup id=\"cite_ref-56\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-56\">[50]</a></sup> Other large impact basins, such as <a href=\"/wiki/Mare_Imbrium\" title=\"Mare Imbrium\">Imbrium</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Mare_Serenitatis\" title=\"Mare Serenitatis\">Serenitatis</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Mare_Crisium\" title=\"Mare Crisium\">Crisium</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Mare_Smythii\" title=\"Mare Smythii\">Smythii</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Mare_Orientale\" title=\"Mare Orientale\">Orientale</a>, also possess regionally low elevations and elevated rims.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Spudis1994_53-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Spudis1994-53\">[47]</a></sup> The lunar far side is on average about 1.9\u00a0km (1.2\u00a0mi) higher than the near side.<sup id=\"cite_ref-W06_1-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-W06-1\">[1]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The discovery of <a href=\"/wiki/Fault_scarp\" title=\"Fault scarp\">fault scarp</a> cliffs by the <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter\" title=\"Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter\">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> suggest that the Moon has shrunk within the past billion years, by a radius of about 300 feet.<sup id=\"cite_ref-57\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-57\">[51]</a></sup> Similar shrinkage features exist on <a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(planet)\" title=\"Mercury (planet)\">Mercury</a>.</p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Volcanic features","anchor":"Volcanic_features","id":6,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_mare\" title=\"Lunar mare\">Lunar mare</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Moon_names.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Lunar nearside with major maria and craters labeled\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Moon_names.svg/220px-Moon_names.svg.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Moon_names.svg/330px-Moon_names.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Moon_names.svg/440px-Moon_names.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"512\" data-file-height=\"384\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Moon_names.svg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Near_side_of_the_Moon\" title=\"Near side of the Moon\">Lunar nearside</a> with <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_mare\" title=\"Lunar mare\">major maria</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_craters\" title=\"Lunar craters\">craters</a> labeled</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The dark and relatively featureless lunar plains that can clearly be seen with the naked eye are called <i><a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_mare\" title=\"Lunar mare\">maria</a></i> (<a href=\"/wiki/Latin_language\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Latin language\">Latin</a> for \"seas\"; singular <i>mare</i>),
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp because they were believed by ancient astronomers to be filled with water.<sup id=\"cite_ref-58\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-58\">[52]</a></sup> They are now known to be vast solidified pools of ancient <a href=\"/wiki/Basalt\" title=\"Basalt\">basaltic</a> lava. Although similar to terrestrial basalts, lunar basalts have more iron and no minerals altered by water.<sup id=\"cite_ref-59\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-59\">[53]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-60\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-60\">[54]</a></sup> The majority of these lavas erupted or flowed into the depressions associated with <a href=\"/wiki/Impact_crater\" title=\"Impact crater\">impact basins</a>. Several <a href=\"/wiki/Geologic_province\" title=\"Geologic province\">geologic provinces</a> containing <a href=\"/wiki/Shield_volcano\" title=\"Shield volcano\">shield volcanoes</a> and volcanic <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_dome\" title=\"Lunar dome\">domes</a> are found within the near side maria.<sup id=\"cite_ref-61\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-61\">[55]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:152px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:14284-Moon-Maskelyne-LRO-20141012.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/14284-Moon-Maskelyne-LRO-20141012.jpg/150px-14284-Moon-Maskelyne-LRO-20141012.jpg\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/14284-Moon-Maskelyne-LRO-20141012.jpg/225px-14284-Moon-Maskelyne-LRO-20141012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/14284-Moon-Maskelyne-LRO-20141012.jpg/300px-14284-Moon-Maskelyne-LRO-20141012.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1082\" data-file-height=\"1082\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:14284-Moon-Maskelyne-LRO-20141012.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nEvidence of <a href=\"/wiki/Irregular_mare_patch\" title=\"Irregular mare patch\">young lunar volcanism</a></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Almost all maria are on the near side of the Moon, covering 31% of the surface on the near side,<sup id=\"cite_ref-worldbook_62-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-worldbook-62\">[56]</a></sup> compared with a few scattered patches on the far side covering only 2%.<sup id=\"cite_ref-63\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-63\">[57]</a></sup> This is thought to be due to a <a href=\"/wiki/KREEP\" title=\"KREEP\">concentration of heat-producing elements</a> under the crust on the near side, seen on geochemical maps obtained by <i><a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_Prospector\" title=\"Lunar Prospector\">Lunar Prospector</a>'</i>s gamma-ray spectrometer, which would have caused the underlying mantle to heat up, partially melt, rise to the surface and erupt.<sup id=\"cite_ref-S06_49-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-S06-49\">[43]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-64\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-64\">[58]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-65\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-65\">[59]</a></sup> Most of the Moon's <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_mare\" title=\"Lunar mare\">mare basalts</a> erupted during the Imbrian period, 3.0\u20133.5\u00a0billion years ago, although some radiometrically dated samples are as old as 4.2\u00a0billion years.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Papike_66-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Papike-66\">[60]</a></sup> Until recently, the youngest eruptions, dated by <a href=\"/wiki/Crater_counting\" title=\"Crater counting\">crater counting</a>, appeared to have been only 1.2\u00a0billion years ago.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Hiesinger_67-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hiesinger-67\">[61]</a></sup> In 2006, a study of <a href=\"/wiki/Ina_(crater)\" title=\"Ina (crater)\">Ina</a>, a tiny depression in <a href=\"/wiki/Lacus_Felicitatis\" title=\"Lacus Felicitatis\">Lacus Felicitatis</a>, found jagged, relatively dust-free features that, du
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp e to the lack of erosion by infalling debris, appeared to be only 2 million years old.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Berardelli_68-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Berardelli-68\">[62]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Moonquake\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Moonquake\">Moonquakes</a> and releases of gas also indicate some continued lunar activity.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Berardelli_68-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Berardelli-68\">[62]</a></sup> In 2014 NASA announced \"widespread evidence of young lunar volcanism\" at 70 <a href=\"/wiki/Irregular_mare_patch\" title=\"Irregular mare patch\">irregular mare patches</a> identified by the <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter\" title=\"Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter\">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a>, some less than 50 million years old. This raises the possibility of a much warmer lunar mantle than previously believed, at least on the near side where the deep crust is substantially warmer due to the greater concentration of radioactive elements.<sup id=\"cite_ref-69\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-69\">[63]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-70\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-70\">[64]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-71\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-71\">[65]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-72\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-72\">[66]</a></sup> Just prior to this, evidence has been presented for 2\u201310 million years younger basaltic volcanism inside Lowell crater,<sup id=\"cite_ref-73\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-73\">[67]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-74\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-74\">[68]</a></sup> Orientale basin, located in the transition zone between the near and far sides of the Moon. An initially hotter mantle and/or local enrichment of heat-producing elements in the mantle could be responsible for prolonged activities also on the far side in the Orientale basin.<sup id=\"cite_ref-75\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-75\">[69]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-76\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-76\">[70]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The lighter-coloured regions of the Moon are called <i>terrae</i>, or more commonly <i>highlands</i>, because they are higher than most maria. They have been radiometrically dated to having formed 4.4\u00a0billion years ago, and may represent <a href=\"/wiki/Plagioclase\" title=\"Plagioclase\">plagioclase</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulate_rock\" title=\"Cumulate rock\">cumulates</a> of the <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_magma_ocean\" title=\"Lunar magma ocean\">lunar magma ocean</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Papike_66-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Papike-66\">[60]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Hiesinger_67-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hiesinger-67\">[61]</a></sup> In contrast to Earth, no major lunar mountains are believed to have formed as a result of tectonic events.<sup id=\"cite_ref-77\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-77\">[71]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The concentration of maria on the Near Side likely reflects the substantially thicker crust of the highlands of the Far Side, which may have formed in a slow-velocity impact of a second moon of Earth a few tens of millions of years after their formation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-78\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-78\">[72]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-79\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-79\">[73]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Impact craters","anchor":"Impact_craters","id":7,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Further information: <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_craters_on_the_Moon\" title=\"List of craters on the Moon\">List of craters on the Moon</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Moon-craters.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"A grey, many-ridged surface from high above. The largest feature is a circular ringed structure with high walled sides and a lower central peak: the entire surface out to the horizon is fil
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp led with similar structures that are smaller and overlapping.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Moon-craters.jpg/170px-Moon-craters.jpg\" width=\"170\" height=\"166\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Moon-craters.jpg/255px-Moon-craters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Moon-craters.jpg/340px-Moon-craters.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"613\" data-file-height=\"599\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Moon-craters.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nLunar crater <a href=\"/wiki/Daedalus_(crater)\" title=\"Daedalus (crater)\">Daedalus</a> on the <a href=\"/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon\" title=\"Far side of the Moon\">Moon's far side</a></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The other major geologic process that has affected the Moon's surface is <a href=\"/wiki/Impact_crater\" title=\"Impact crater\">impact cratering</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-80\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-80\">[74]</a></sup> with craters formed when asteroids and comets collide with the lunar surface. There are estimated to be roughly 300,000 craters wider than 1\u00a0km (0.6\u00a0mi) on the Moon's near side alone.<sup id=\"cite_ref-81\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-81\">[75]</a></sup> Some of these are <a href=\"/wiki/Selenography#Mapping_and_naming_the_Moon\" title=\"Selenography\">named</a> for scholars, scientists, artists and explorers.<sup id=\"cite_ref-gazetteer_82-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-gazetteer-82\">[76]</a></sup> The <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_geologic_timescale\" title=\"Lunar geologic timescale\">lunar geologic timescale</a> is based on the most prominent impact events, including <a href=\"/wiki/Nectarian\" title=\"Nectarian\">Nectaris</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Lower_Imbrian\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Lower Imbrian\">Imbrium</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Mare_Orientale\" title=\"Mare Orientale\">Orientale</a>, structures characterized by multiple rings of uplifted material, typically hundreds to thousands of kilometres in diameter and associated with a broad apron of ejecta deposits that form a regional <a href=\"/wiki/Stratigraphy\" title=\"Stratigraphy\">stratigraphic horizon</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-geologic_83-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-geologic-83\">[77]</a></sup> The lack of an atmosphere, weather and recent geological processes mean that many of these craters are well-preserved. Although only a few multi-ring basins have been definitively dated, they are useful for assigning relative ages. Because impact craters accumulate at a nearly constant rate, counting the number of craters per unit area can be used to estimate the age of the surface.<sup id=\"cite_ref-geologic_83-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-geologic-83\">[77]</a></sup> The radiometric ages of impact-melted rocks collected during the <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_missions\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Apollo missions\">Apollo missions</a> cluster between 3.8 and 4.1\u00a0billion years old: this has been used to propose a <a href=\"/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment\" title=\"Late Heavy Bombardment\">Late Heavy Bombardment</a> of impacts.<sup id=\"cite_ref-84\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-84\">[78]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Blanketed on top of the Moon's crust is a highly <a href=\"/wiki/Comminution\" title=\"Comminution\">comminuted</a> (broken into ever smaller particles) and <a href=\"/wiki/Impact_gardening\" title=\"Impact gardening\">impact gardened</a> surface layer called <a href=\"/wiki/Regolith\" title=\"Regolith\">regolith</a>, formed by impact processes. The finer regolith, the <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_soil\" title=\"Lunar soil\">lunar soil</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Silicon_dioxide\" title=\"Silicon dioxide\">silicon dioxide</a> glass, has a texture resembling snow and a scent resembling spent <a href=\"/wiki/Gunpowder\" title=\"Gunpowder\">gunpowder</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-85
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp \" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-85\">[79]</a></sup> The regolith of older surfaces is generally thicker than for younger surfaces: it varies in thickness from 10\u201320\u00a0km (6.2\u201312.4\u00a0mi) in the highlands and 3\u20135\u00a0km (1.9\u20133.1\u00a0mi) in the maria.<sup id=\"cite_ref-86\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-86\">[80]</a></sup> Beneath the finely comminuted regolith layer is the <i>megaregolith</i>, a layer of highly fractured bedrock many kilometres thick.<sup id=\"cite_ref-87\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-87\">[81]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:202px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Reiner-gamma-clem1.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Reiner-gamma-clem1.jpg/200px-Reiner-gamma-clem1.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"148\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Reiner-gamma-clem1.jpg/300px-Reiner-gamma-clem1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Reiner-gamma-clem1.jpg/400px-Reiner-gamma-clem1.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1044\" data-file-height=\"775\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Reiner-gamma-clem1.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_swirls\" title=\"Lunar swirls\">Lunar swirls</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/Reiner_Gamma\" title=\"Reiner Gamma\">Reiner Gamma</a></div>\n</div>\n</div>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Lunar swirls","anchor":"Lunar_swirls","id":8,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_swirls\" title=\"Lunar swirls\">Lunar swirls</a></div>\n<p>Lunar swirls are enigmatic features found across the Moon\u2019s surface, which are characterized by having a high albedo, appearing optically immature (i.e. having the optical characteristics of a relatively young regolith), and (often) having a sinuous shape. Their curvilinear shape is often accentuated by low albedo regions that wind between the bright swirls.</p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Presence of water","anchor":"Presence_of_water","id":9,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_water\" title=\"Lunar water\">Lunar water</a></div>\n<p>Liquid water cannot persist on the lunar surface. When exposed to solar radiation, water quickly decomposes through a process known as <a href=\"/wiki/Photodissociation\" title=\"Photodissociation\">photodissociation</a> and is lost to space. However, since the 1960s, scientists have hypothesized that water ice may be deposited by impacting <a href=\"/wiki/Comets\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Comets\">comets</a> or possibly produced by the reaction of oxygen-rich lunar rocks, and hydrogen from <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_wind\" title=\"Solar wind\">solar wind</a>, leaving traces of water which could possibly survive in cold, permanently shadowed craters at either pole on the Moon.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Margot1999_88-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Margot1999-88\">[82]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-89\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-89\">[83]</a></sup> Computer simulations suggest that up to 14,000\u00a0km<sup>2</sup> (5,400\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) of the surface may be in permanent shadow.<sup id=\"cite_ref-M03_90-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-M03-90\">[84]</a></sup> The presence of usable quantities of water on the Moon is an important factor in rendering <a href=\"/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon\" title=\"Colonization of the Moon\">lunar habitation</a> as a cost-effective plan; the alternative of transporting water from Earth would be prohibitively expensive.<sup id=\"cite_ref-seedhouse2009_91-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-seedhouse2009-91\">[85]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In years since, signatures of water have been found to exist on the lunar surface.<sup id=\"cite_ref-moonwater_18032010_92-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp moonwater_18032010-92\">[86]</a></sup> In 1994, the <a href=\"/wiki/Clementine_mission#Bistatic_Radar_Experiment\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Clementine mission\">bistatic radar experiment</a> located on the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Clementine_(spacecraft)\" title=\"Clementine (spacecraft)\">Clementine</a></i> spacecraft, indicated the existence of small, frozen pockets of water close to the surface. However, later radar observations by <a href=\"/wiki/Arecibo_Observatory\" title=\"Arecibo Observatory\">Arecibo</a>, suggest these findings may rather be rocks ejected from young impact craters.<sup id=\"cite_ref-93\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-93\">[87]</a></sup> In 1998, the <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_Prospector#Neutron_Spectrometer_.28NS.29\" title=\"Lunar Prospector\">neutron spectrometer</a> located on the <i>Lunar Prospector</i> spacecraft, indicated that high concentrations of hydrogen are present in the first meter of depth in the regolith near the polar regions.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Feldman1998_94-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Feldman1998-94\">[88]</a></sup> In 2008, an analysis of volcanic lava beads, brought back to Earth aboard Apollo 15, showed small amounts of water to exist in the interior of the beads.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Saal2008_95-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Saal2008-95\">[89]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The 2008 <i><a href=\"/wiki/Chandrayaan-1\" title=\"Chandrayaan-1\">Chandrayaan-1</a></i> spacecraft has since confirmed the existence of surface water ice, using the on-board <a href=\"/wiki/Moon_Mineralogy_Mapper\" title=\"Moon Mineralogy Mapper\">Moon Mineralogy Mapper</a>. The spectrometer observed absorption lines common to <a href=\"/wiki/Hydroxyl\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Hydroxyl\">hydroxyl</a>, in reflected sunlight, providing evidence of large quantities of water ice, on the lunar surface. The spacecraft showed that concentrations may possibly be as high as 1,000\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Parts_per_million\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Parts per million\">ppm</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Pieters2009_96-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Pieters2009-96\">[90]</a></sup> In 2009, <i><a href=\"/wiki/LCROSS\" title=\"LCROSS\">LCROSS</a></i> sent a 2,300\u00a0kg (5,100\u00a0lb) impactor into a permanently shadowed polar crater, and detected at least 100\u00a0kg (220\u00a0lb) of water in a plume of ejected material.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Planetary_97-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Planetary-97\">[91]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Colaprete_98-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Colaprete-98\">[92]</a></sup> Another examination of the LCROSS data showed the amount of detected water to be closer to 155\u00a0\u00b1\u00a012\u00a0kg (342\u00a0\u00b1\u00a026\u00a0lb).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Colaprete2010_99-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Colaprete2010-99\">[93]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In May 2011, Erik Hauri et al. reported<sup id=\"cite_ref-hauri_100-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hauri-100\">[94]</a></sup> 615\u20131410 ppm water in <a href=\"/wiki/Melt_inclusions\" title=\"Melt inclusions\">melt inclusions</a> in lunar sample 74220, the famous high-titanium \"orange glass soil\" of volcanic origin collected during the <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_17\" title=\"Apollo 17\">Apollo 17</a> mission in 1972. The inclusions were formed during explosive eruptions on the Moon approximately 3.7 billion years ago. This concentration is comparable with that of magma in Earth's <a href=\"/wiki/Upper_mantle\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Upper mantle\">upper mantle</a>. Although of considerable selenological interest, Hauri's announcement affords little comfort to would-be lunar colonists\u2014the sample originated many kilometers below the surface, and the inclusions are so difficult to access that it took 39 years to find them with a state-of-the-art ion microprobe instrument.</p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Gravitational field","anchor":"Gravitational_field","id":10,"t
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp ext":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Gravity_of_the_Moon\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Gravity of the Moon\">Gravity of the Moon</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:GRAIL%27s_gravity_map_of_the_moon.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/GRAIL%27s_gravity_map_of_the_moon.jpg/220px-GRAIL%27s_gravity_map_of_the_moon.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/GRAIL%27s_gravity_map_of_the_moon.jpg/330px-GRAIL%27s_gravity_map_of_the_moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/GRAIL%27s_gravity_map_of_the_moon.jpg/440px-GRAIL%27s_gravity_map_of_the_moon.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1440\" data-file-height=\"1080\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:GRAIL%27s_gravity_map_of_the_moon.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Interior_Laboratory\" title=\"Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory\">GRAIL</a>'s gravity map of the Moon</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The gravitational field of the Moon has been measured through tracking the <a href=\"/wiki/Doppler_effect\" title=\"Doppler effect\">Doppler shift</a> of radio signals emitted by orbiting spacecraft. The main lunar gravity features are <a href=\"/wiki/Mass_concentration_(astronomy)\" title=\"Mass concentration (astronomy)\">mascons</a>, large positive gravitational anomalies associated with some of the giant <a href=\"/wiki/Impact_crater\" title=\"Impact crater\">impact basins</a>, partly caused by the dense mare basaltic lava flows that fill these basins.<sup id=\"cite_ref-101\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-101\">[95]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-102\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-102\">[96]</a></sup> These anomalies greatly influence the orbit of spacecraft about the Moon. There are some puzzles: lava flows by themselves cannot explain all of the gravitational signature, and some mascons exist that are not linked to mare volcanism.<sup id=\"cite_ref-103\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-103\">[97]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Magnetic field","anchor":"Magnetic_field","id":11,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetic_field_of_the_Moon\" title=\"Magnetic field of the Moon\">Magnetic field of the Moon</a></div>\n<p>The Moon has an external <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetic_field\" title=\"Magnetic field\">magnetic field</a> of about 1\u2013100 <a href=\"/wiki/Tesla_(unit)\" title=\"Tesla (unit)\">nanoteslas</a>, less than one-hundredth <a href=\"/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field\" title=\"Earth's magnetic field\">that of Earth</a>. It does not currently have a global <a href=\"/wiki/Dipole\" title=\"Dipole\">dipolar</a> magnetic field and only has crustal magnetization, probably acquired early in lunar history when a dynamo was still operating.<sup id=\"cite_ref-GB2009_104-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GB2009-104\">[98]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-105\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-105\">[99]</a></sup> Alternatively, some of the remnant magnetization may be from transient magnetic fields generated during large impact events, through the expansion of an impact-generated plasma cloud in the presence of an ambient magnetic field\u2014this is supported by the apparent location of the largest crustal magnetizations near the <a href=\"/wiki/Antipodes\" title=\"Antipodes\">antipodes</a> of the giant impact basins.<sup id=\"cite_ref-106\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-106\">[100]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Atmosphere","anchor":"Atmosphere","id":12,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon\" title=\"Atmosphere of the Moon\">Atmosphere of the Moon</a></div>\n<div class
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp =\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Apollo_17_twilight_ray_sketch.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Apollo_17_twilight_ray_sketch.jpg/170px-Apollo_17_twilight_ray_sketch.jpg\" width=\"170\" height=\"234\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Apollo_17_twilight_ray_sketch.jpg/255px-Apollo_17_twilight_ray_sketch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Apollo_17_twilight_ray_sketch.jpg/340px-Apollo_17_twilight_ray_sketch.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"450\" data-file-height=\"620\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Apollo_17_twilight_ray_sketch.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nSketch by the Apollo 17 astronauts. The lunar atmosphere was later studied by <a href=\"/wiki/LADEE\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"LADEE\">LADEE</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-107\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-107\">[101]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-108\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-108\">[102]</a></sup></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The Moon has an atmosphere so tenuous as to be nearly <a href=\"/wiki/Vacuum\" title=\"Vacuum\">vacuum</a>, with a total mass of less than 10 metric tons (9.8 long tons; 11 short tons).<sup id=\"cite_ref-109\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-109\">[103]</a></sup> The surface pressure of this small mass is around 3 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221215</sup>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)\" title=\"Atmosphere (unit)\">atm</a> (0.3\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Nanopascal\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Nanopascal\">nPa</a>); it varies with the lunar day. Its sources include <a href=\"/wiki/Outgassing\" title=\"Outgassing\">outgassing</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Sputtering\" title=\"Sputtering\">sputtering</a>, the release of atoms from the bombardment of lunar soil by <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_wind\" title=\"Solar wind\">solar wind</a> ions.<sup id=\"cite_ref-L06_13-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-L06-13\">[9]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-110\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-110\">[104]</a></sup> Elements that have been detected include <a href=\"/wiki/Sodium\" title=\"Sodium\">sodium</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Potassium\" title=\"Potassium\">potassium</a>, produced by sputtering, which are also found in the atmospheres of <a href=\"/wiki/Mercury_(planet)\" title=\"Mercury (planet)\">Mercury</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Io_(moon)\" title=\"Io (moon)\">Io</a>; <a href=\"/wiki/Helium-4\" title=\"Helium-4\">helium-4</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Neon\" title=\"Neon\">neon</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-20150817_111-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NASA-20150817-111\">[105]</a></sup> from the solar wind; and <a href=\"/wiki/Argon\" title=\"Argon\">argon-40</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Radon\" title=\"Radon\">radon-222</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Polonium-210\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Polonium-210\">polonium-210</a>, outgassed after their creation by <a href=\"/wiki/Radioactive_decay\" title=\"Radioactive decay\">radioactive decay</a> within the crust and mantle.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Stern1999_112-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Stern1999-112\">[106]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-113\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-113\">[107]</a></sup> The absence of such neutral species (atoms or molecules) as <a href=\"/wiki/Oxygen\" title=\"Oxygen\">oxygen</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Nitrogen\" title=\"Nitrogen\">nitrogen</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Carbon\" title=\"Carbon\">carbon</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen\" title=\"Hydrogen\">hydrogen</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Magnesium\" title=\"Magnesium\">magnesium</a>, which are present in the <a href=\"/wiki/Regolith\" title=\"Regolith\">regolith</a>, is not understood.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Stern1999_112-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Stern1999-112\">[106]</a></sup> Water vapour has been detected by <i><a href=\"/wiki/Chandrayaan-1\" tit
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp le=\"Chandrayaan-1\">Chandrayaan-1</a></i> and found to vary with latitude, with a maximum at ~60\u201370\u00a0degrees; it is possibly generated from the <a href=\"/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Sublimation (chemistry)\">sublimation</a> of water ice in the regolith.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sridharan2010_114-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sridharan2010-114\">[108]</a></sup> These gases can either return into the regolith due to the Moon's gravity or be lost to space, either through solar radiation pressure or, if they are ionized, by being swept away by the solar wind's magnetic field.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Stern1999_112-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Stern1999-112\">[106]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"Dust","anchor":"Dust","id":13,"text":"<p>A permanent asymmetric <a href=\"/wiki/Moon_dust\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Moon dust\">moon dust</a> cloud exists around the Moon, created by small particles from <a href=\"/wiki/Comets\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Comets\">comets</a>. Estimates are 5 tons of comet particles strike the Moon's surface each 24 hours. The particles strike the Moon's surface ejecting moon dust above the Moon. The dust stays above the Moon approximately 10 minutes, taking 5 minutes to rise, and 5 minutes to fall. On average, 120 kilograms of dust are present above the Moon, rising to 100 kilometers above the surface. The dust measurements were made by <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_Atmosphere_and_Dust_Environment_Explorer\" title=\"Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer\">LADEE</a>'s Lunar Dust EXperiment (LDEX), between 20 and 100 kilometers above the surface, during a six-month period. LDEX detected an average of one 0.3 micrometer moon dust particle each minute. Dust particle counts peaked during the <a href=\"/wiki/Geminids\" title=\"Geminids\">Geminid</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Quadrantids\" title=\"Quadrantids\">Quadrantid</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Taurids\" title=\"Taurids\">Northern Taurid</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Omicron_Centaurids\" title=\"Omicron Centaurids\">Omicron Centaurid</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Meteor_shower\" title=\"Meteor shower\">meteor showers</a>, when the Earth, and Moon, pass through comet debris. The cloud is asymmetric, more dense near the boundary between the Moon's dayside and nightside.<sup id=\"cite_ref-115\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-115\">[109]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-116\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-116\">[110]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Seasons","anchor":"Seasons","id":14,"text":"<p>The Moon's <a href=\"/wiki/Axial_tilt\" title=\"Axial tilt\">axial tilt</a> with respect to the <a href=\"/wiki/Ecliptic\" title=\"Ecliptic\">ecliptic</a> is only 1.5424\u00b0,<sup id=\"cite_ref-SolarViews_117-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SolarViews-117\">[111]</a></sup> much less than the 23.44\u00b0 of Earth. Because of this, the Moon's solar illumination varies much less with season, and topographical details play a crucial role in seasonal effects.<sup id=\"cite_ref-bbc_118-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-bbc-118\">[112]</a></sup> From images taken by <i><a href=\"/wiki/Clementine_(spacecraft)\" title=\"Clementine (spacecraft)\">Clementine</a></i> in 1994, it appears that four mountainous regions on the rim of <a href=\"/wiki/Peary_(crater)\" title=\"Peary (crater)\">Peary Crater</a> at the Moon's north pole may remain illuminated for the entire <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_day\" title=\"Lunar day\">lunar day</a>, creating <a href=\"/wiki/Peak_of_Eternal_Light\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Peak of Eternal Light\">peaks of eternal light</a>. No such regions exist at the south pole. Similarly, there are places that remain in permanent shadow at the bottoms of many polar craters,<sup id=\"cite_ref-M03_90-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-M03-90\">[84]</a></sup> and these dark craters are extremely cold: <i><a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter\" title=\"Lunar Rec
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp onnaissance Orbiter\">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> measured the lowest summer temperatures in craters at the southern pole at 35\u00a0K (\u2212238\u00a0\u00b0C; \u2212397\u00a0\u00b0F)<sup id=\"cite_ref-119\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-119\">[113]</a></sup> and just 26\u00a0K (\u2212247\u00a0\u00b0C; \u2212413\u00a0\u00b0F) close to the winter solstice in north polar <a href=\"/wiki/Hermite_(crater)\" title=\"Hermite (crater)\">Hermite Crater</a>. This is the coldest temperature in the Solar System ever measured by a spacecraft, colder even than the surface of <a href=\"/wiki/Pluto\" title=\"Pluto\">Pluto</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-bbc_118-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-bbc-118\">[112]</a></sup> Average temperatures of the Moon's surface are reported, but temperatures of different areas will vary greatly depending upon whether a spot is in sunlight or in shadow.<sup id=\"cite_ref-120\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-120\">[114]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Relationship to Earth","anchor":"Relationship_to_Earth","id":15,"text":""},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Orbit","anchor":"Orbit","id":16,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Orbit_of_the_Moon\" title=\"Orbit of the Moon\">Orbit of the Moon</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_theory\" title=\"Lunar theory\">Lunar theory</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Earth-Moon.PNG\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Earth has a pronounced axial tilt; the Moon's orbit is not perpendicular to Earth's axis, but lies close to Earth's orbital plane.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Earth-Moon.PNG/220px-Earth-Moon.PNG\" width=\"220\" height=\"139\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Earth-Moon.PNG/330px-Earth-Moon.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Earth-Moon.PNG/440px-Earth-Moon.PNG 2x\" data-file-width=\"860\" data-file-height=\"545\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Earth-Moon.PNG\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nEarth\u2013Moon system (schematic)</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Dscovrepicmoontransitfull.gif\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dscovrepicmoontransitfull.gif/220px-Dscovrepicmoontransitfull.gif\" width=\"220\" height=\"124\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dscovrepicmoontransitfull.gif/330px-Dscovrepicmoontransitfull.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dscovrepicmoontransitfull.gif/440px-Dscovrepicmoontransitfull.gif 2x\" data-file-width=\"1920\" data-file-height=\"1080\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Dscovrepicmoontransitfull.gif\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n<a href=\"/wiki/DSCOVR\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"DSCOVR\">DSCOVR satellite</a> sees the Moon passing in front of Earth</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The Moon makes a complete orbit around Earth with respect to the fixed stars about once every 27.3\u00a0days<sup id=\"cite_ref-orbpd_121-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-orbpd-121\">[g]</a></sup> (its <a href=\"/wiki/Sidereal_period\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Sidereal period\">sidereal period</a>). However, because Earth is moving in its orbit around the Sun at the same time, it takes slightly longer for the Moon to show the same <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_phase\" title=\"Lunar phase\">phase</a> to Earth, which is about 29.5\u00a0days<sup id=\"cite_ref-synpd_122-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-synpd-122\">[h]</a></sup> (its <a href=\"/wiki/Synodic_period\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Synodic period\">synodic period</a>).<sup id=\"cite_ref-worldbook_62-1\"
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-worldbook-62\">[56]</a></sup> Unlike most satellites of other planets, the Moon orbits closer to the <a href=\"/wiki/Ecliptic_plane\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Ecliptic plane\">ecliptic plane</a> than to the planet's <a href=\"/wiki/Equatorial_plane\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Equatorial plane\">equatorial plane</a>. The Moon's orbit is subtly <a href=\"/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)\" title=\"Perturbation (astronomy)\">perturbed</a> by the Sun and Earth in many small, complex and interacting ways. For example, the plane of the Moon's orbital motion <a href=\"/wiki/Precession\" title=\"Precession\">gradually rotates</a>, which affects other aspects of lunar motion. These follow-on effects are mathematically described by <a href=\"/wiki/Cassini%27s_Laws\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cassini's Laws\">Cassini's laws</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Beletskii2_123-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Beletskii2-123\">[115]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Relative size","anchor":"Relative_size","id":17,"text":"<p>The Moon is exceptionally large relative to Earth: a quarter its diameter and 1/81 its mass.<sup id=\"cite_ref-worldbook_62-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-worldbook-62\">[56]</a></sup> It is the largest moon in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet,<sup id=\"cite_ref-124\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-124\">[i]</a></sup> though <a href=\"/wiki/Charon_(moon)\" title=\"Charon (moon)\">Charon</a> is larger relative to the dwarf planet <a href=\"/wiki/Pluto\" title=\"Pluto\">Pluto</a>, at 1/9 Pluto's mass.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Moon_vs._Charon_125-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Moon_vs._Charon-125\">[j]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-126\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-126\">[116]</a></sup> Earth and the Moon are nevertheless still considered a planet\u2013satellite system, rather than a <a href=\"/wiki/Double_planet\" title=\"Double planet\">double planet</a>, because their <a href=\"/wiki/Barycentre\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Barycentre\">barycentre</a>, the common centre of mass, is located 1,700\u00a0km (1,100\u00a0mi) (about a quarter of Earth's radius) beneath Earth's surface.<sup id=\"cite_ref-127\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-127\">[117]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Appearance from Earth","anchor":"Appearance_from_Earth","id":18,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_phase\" title=\"Lunar phase\">Lunar phase</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Earthshine\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Earthshine\">Earthshine</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Observing_the_Moon\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Observing the Moon\">Observing the Moon</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Mountain_Moonset.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mountain_Moonset.jpg/220px-Mountain_Moonset.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"126\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mountain_Moonset.jpg/330px-Mountain_Moonset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mountain_Moonset.jpg/440px-Mountain_Moonset.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2355\" data-file-height=\"1349\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Mountain_Moonset.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nMoon setting in western sky over the <a href=\"/wiki/High_Desert_(California)\" title=\"High Desert (California)\">High Desert</a> in California</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The Moon is in <a href=\"/wiki/Synchronous_rotation\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Synchronous rotation\">synchronous rotation</a>: it rotates about its axis in about the same time it takes to <a href=\"/wiki/Orbit\" title=\"Orbit\">orbit</a> Earth. This results in it nearly always keeping the same face turned towards Earth. The Moon used to
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp rotate at a faster rate, but early in its history, its rotation slowed and became <a href=\"/wiki/Tidal_locking\" title=\"Tidal locking\">tidally locked</a> in this orientation as a result of <a href=\"/wiki/Friction\" title=\"Friction\">frictional</a> effects associated with <a href=\"/wiki/Tidal_force\" title=\"Tidal force\">tidal</a> deformations caused by Earth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-128\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-128\">[118]</a></sup> The side of the Moon that faces Earth is called the <a href=\"/wiki/Near_side_of_the_Moon\" title=\"Near side of the Moon\">near side</a>, and the opposite side the <a href=\"/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon\" title=\"Far side of the Moon\">far side</a>. The far side is often inaccurately called the \"dark side\", but in fact, it is illuminated as often as the near side: once per lunar day, during the new moon phase we observe on Earth when the near side is dark.<sup id=\"cite_ref-129\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-129\">[119]</a></sup> In 2016, planetary scientists, using data collected on the much earlier Nasa <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_Prospector\" title=\"Lunar Prospector\">Lunar Prospector</a> mission, found two hydrogen-rich areas on opposite sides of the Moon, probably in the form of water ice. It is speculated that these patches were the poles of the Moon billions of years ago, before it was tidally locked to Earth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-130\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-130\">[120]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The Moon has an exceptionally low <a href=\"/wiki/Albedo\" title=\"Albedo\">albedo</a>, giving it a reflectance that is slightly brighter than that of worn asphalt. Despite this, it is the brightest object in the sky after the <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-worldbook_62-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-worldbook-62\">[56]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-brightness_131-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-brightness-131\">[k]</a></sup> This is partly due to the brightness enhancement of the <a href=\"/wiki/Opposition_effect\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Opposition effect\">opposition effect</a>; at quarter phase, the Moon is only one-tenth as bright, rather than half as bright, as at full moon.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Moon_132-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Moon-132\">[121]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Additionally, <a href=\"/wiki/Colour_constancy\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Colour constancy\">colour constancy</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Visual_system\" title=\"Visual system\">visual system</a> recalibrates the relations between the colours of an object and its surroundings, and because the surrounding sky is comparatively dark, the sunlit Moon is perceived as a bright object. The edges of the full moon seem as bright as the centre, with no <a href=\"/wiki/Limb_darkening\" title=\"Limb darkening\">limb darkening</a>, due to the <a href=\"/wiki/Lambert%27s_cosine_law#Lambertian_scatterers\" title=\"Lambert's cosine law\">reflective properties</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_soil\" title=\"Lunar soil\">lunar soil</a>, which reflects more light back towards the Sun than in other directions. The Moon does appear larger when close to the horizon, but this is a purely psychological effect, known as the <a href=\"/wiki/Moon_illusion\" title=\"Moon illusion\">Moon illusion</a>, first described in the 7th century BC.<sup id=\"cite_ref-133\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-133\">[122]</a></sup> The full moon subtends an arc of about 0.52\u00b0 (on average) in the sky, roughly the same apparent size as the Sun (see <a href=\"#Eclipses\">\u00a7\u00a0Eclipses</a>).</p>\n<p>The highest <a href=\"/wiki/Altitude_(astronomy)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Altitude (astronomy)\">altitude</a> of the Moon in the sky varies with the lunar phase and the season of the year. The full moon is highest during winter. The 18.6-year <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_node\" title=\"Lunar node\">nodes cycle</a> also has an influence: when the <a href=
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp \"/wiki/Orbital_node\" title=\"Orbital node\">ascending node</a> of the lunar orbit is in the <a href=\"/wiki/Vernal_equinox\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Vernal equinox\">vernal equinox</a>, the lunar <a href=\"/wiki/Declination\" title=\"Declination\">declination</a> can go as far as 28\u00b0 each month. This means the Moon can go overhead at latitudes up to 28\u00b0 from the equator, instead of only 18\u00b0. The orientation of the Moon's crescent also depends on the latitude of the observation site: close to the equator, an observer can see a smile-shaped crescent moon.<sup id=\"cite_ref-134\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-134\">[123]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The moon is visible for two weeks every 27.3 days at the <a href=\"/wiki/North_Pole\" title=\"North Pole\">North</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/South_Pole\" title=\"South Pole\">South Pole</a>. The moon's light is used by <a href=\"/wiki/Zooplankton\" title=\"Zooplankton\">zooplankton</a> in the Arctic when the sun is below the horizon for months on end.<sup id=\"cite_ref-135\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-135\">[124]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The distance between the Moon and Earth varies from around 356,400\u00a0km (221,500\u00a0mi) to 406,700\u00a0km (252,700\u00a0mi) at <a href=\"/wiki/Apsis\" title=\"Apsis\">perigees</a> (closest) and apogees (farthest), respectively. On 19 March 2011, it was closer to Earth when at full phase than it has been since 1993, 14% closer than its farthest position in apogee.<sup id=\"cite_ref-136\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-136\">[125]</a></sup> Reported as a \"<a href=\"/wiki/Supermoon\" title=\"Supermoon\">super moon</a>\", this closest point coincides within an hour of a <a href=\"/wiki/Full_moon\" title=\"Full moon\">full moon</a>, and it was 30% more luminous than when at its greatest distance due to its angular diameter being 14% greater, because <span><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\" style=\"display: none;\"><math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">\n <semantics>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mstyle displaystyle=\"true\" scriptlevel=\"0\">\n <mstyle displaystyle=\"false\" scriptlevel=\"1\">\n <msup>\n <mn>1.14</mn>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mn>2</mn>\n </mrow>\n </msup>\n <mo>\u2248</mo>\n <mn>1.30</mn>\n </mstyle>\n </mstyle>\n </mrow>\n <annotation encoding=\"application/x-tex\">{\\displaystyle \\scriptstyle 1.14^{2}\\approx 1.30}</annotation>\n </semantics></math></span><img src=\"https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f32e4ec9fa9ee48b07c494b8da51ac49b17c472c\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.029ex; height:2.176ex;\" alt=\"\\scriptstyle 1.14^{2}\\approx 1.30\"></span>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-137\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-137\">[126]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-138\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-138\">[127]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-139\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-139\">[128]</a></sup> At lower levels, the human perception of reduced brightness as a percentage is provided by the following formula:<sup id=\"cite_ref-140\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-140\">[129]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-141\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-141\">[130]</a></sup></p>\n<p><span><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\" style=\"display: none;\"><math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">\n <semantics>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mstyle displaystyle=\"true\" scriptlevel=\"0\">\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mtext>perceived reduction</mtext>\n </mrow>\n <mi mathvariant=\"normal\">%</mi>\n <mo>=</mo>\n <mn>100</mn>\n <mo>\u00d7</mo>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <msqrt>\n <mf
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp rac>\n <mrow>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mtext>actual reduction</mtext>\n </mrow>\n <mi mathvariant=\"normal\">%</mi>\n </mrow>\n <mn>100</mn>\n </mfrac>\n </msqrt>\n </mrow>\n </mstyle>\n </mrow>\n <annotation encoding=\"application/x-tex\">{\\displaystyle {\\text{perceived reduction}}\\%=100\\times {\\sqrt {{\\text{actual reduction}}\\% \\over 100}}}</annotation>\n </semantics></math></span><img src=\"https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dd5a098d1ccd406ae5d1826bbfdcde7cfa60220c\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:52.885ex; height:6.343ex;\" alt=\"{\\text{perceived reduction}}\\%=100\\times {\\sqrt {{\\text{actual reduction}}\\% \\over 100}}\"></span></p>\n<p>When the actual reduction is 1.00 / 1.30, or about 0.770, the perceived reduction is about 0.877, or 1.00 / 1.14. This gives a maximum perceived increase of 14% between apogee and perigee moons of the same phase.<sup id=\"cite_ref-142\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-142\">[131]</a></sup></p>\n<p>There has been historical controversy over whether features on the Moon's surface change over time. Today, many of these claims are thought to be illusory, resulting from observation under different lighting conditions, poor <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_seeing\" title=\"Astronomical seeing\">astronomical seeing</a>, or inadequate drawings. However, <a href=\"/wiki/Outgassing\" title=\"Outgassing\">outgassing</a> does occasionally occur, and could be responsible for a minor percentage of the reported <a href=\"/wiki/Transient_lunar_phenomenon\" title=\"Transient lunar phenomenon\">lunar transient phenomena</a>. Recently, it has been suggested that a roughly 3\u00a0km (1.9\u00a0mi) diameter region of the lunar surface was modified by a gas release event about a million years ago.<sup id=\"cite_ref-143\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-143\">[132]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-144\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-144\">[133]</a></sup> The Moon's appearance, like that of the Sun, can be affected by Earth's atmosphere: common effects are a 22\u00b0 <a href=\"/wiki/Halo_(optical_phenomenon)\" title=\"Halo (optical phenomenon)\">halo ring</a> formed when the Moon's light is refracted through the ice crystals of high <a href=\"/wiki/Cirrostratus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cirrostratus\">cirrostratus</a> cloud, and smaller <a href=\"/wiki/Corona_(meteorology)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Corona (meteorology)\">coronal rings</a> when the Moon is seen through thin clouds.<sup id=\"cite_ref-145\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-145\">[134]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tnone\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto; width:99%; max-width:558px;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"\">\n<div class=\"overflowbugx\" style=\"overflow:auto;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Moon_phases_en.jpg\" class=\"image\" title=\"The monthly changes of angle between the direction of illumination by the Sun and viewing from Earth, and the phases of the Moon that result\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Moon_phases_en.jpg/550px-Moon_phases_en.jpg\" width=\"550\" height=\"220\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Moon_phases_en.jpg/825px-Moon_phases_en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Moon_phases_en.jpg/1100px-Moon_phases_en.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2400\" data-file-height=\"960\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Moon_phases_en.jpg\" title=\"File:Moon phases en.jpg\"></a></div>\nThe monthly changes of angle between the direction of illumination by the Sun and viewing from Earth, and the <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_phase\" title=\"Lunar phase\">phases of the Moon</a> that result</div>\n</div>\n<
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp /div>\n<p>The illuminated area of the visible sphere (degree of illumination) is given by <span><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\" style=\"display: none;\"><math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">\n <semantics>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mstyle displaystyle=\"true\" scriptlevel=\"0\">\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mfrac>\n <mn>1</mn>\n <mn>2</mn>\n </mfrac>\n </mrow>\n <mo stretchy=\"false\">(</mo>\n <mn>1</mn>\n <mo>\u2212</mo>\n <mi>cos</mi>\n <mo>\u2061</mo>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mo stretchy=\"false\">)</mo>\n </mstyle>\n </mrow>\n <annotation encoding=\"application/x-tex\">{\\displaystyle {\\frac {1}{2}}(1-\\cos e)}</annotation>\n </semantics></math></span><img src=\"https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1b7cf951016faa022a2690acf9bf5cd0ff168573\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:12.486ex; height:5.176ex;\" alt=\"{\\frac {1}{2}}(1-\\cos e)\"></span>, where <span><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\" style=\"display: none;\"><math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">\n <semantics>\n <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n <mstyle displaystyle=\"true\" scriptlevel=\"0\">\n <mi>e</mi>\n </mstyle>\n </mrow>\n <annotation encoding=\"application/x-tex\">{\\displaystyle e}</annotation>\n </semantics></math></span><img src=\"https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.094ex; height:1.676ex;\" alt=\"e\"></span> is the <a href=\"/wiki/Elongation_(astronomy)\" title=\"Elongation (astronomy)\">elongation</a> (i.e. the angle between Moon, the observer (on Earth) and the Sun).</p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Tidal effects","anchor":"Tidal_effects","id":19,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Tidal_force\" title=\"Tidal force\">Tidal force</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Tidal_acceleration\" title=\"Tidal acceleration\">Tidal acceleration</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Tide\" title=\"Tide\">Tide</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Theory_of_tides\" title=\"Theory of tides\">Theory of tides</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Lunar_libration_with_phase_Oct_2007_450px.gif\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Over one lunar month more than half of the Moon's surface can be seen from Earth's surface.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lunar_libration_with_phase_Oct_2007_450px.gif/220px-Lunar_libration_with_phase_Oct_2007_450px.gif\" width=\"220\" height=\"220\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lunar_libration_with_phase_Oct_2007_450px.gif/330px-Lunar_libration_with_phase_Oct_2007_450px.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lunar_libration_with_phase_Oct_2007_450px.gif/440px-Lunar_libration_with_phase_Oct_2007_450px.gif 2x\" data-file-width=\"450\" data-file-height=\"451\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Lunar_libration_with_phase_Oct_2007_450px.gif\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nThe <a href=\"/wiki/Libration\" title=\"Libration\">libration</a> of the Moon over a single lunar month. Also visible is the slight variation in the Moon's visual size from Earth.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The tides on Earth are mostly generated by the gradient in intensity of the Moon's gravitational pull from one side of Earth to the other, the <a href=\"/wiki/Tidal_forces\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Tidal forces\">tidal forces</a>. This forms two tidal bulges on Earth, which are most clearly seen in elevated sea level as <a href=\"/wiki/Tide\" title=\"Tide\">ocean t
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp ides</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lambeck1977_146-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lambeck1977-146\">[135]</a></sup> Because Earth spins about 27\u00a0times faster than the Moon moves around it, the bulges are dragged along with Earth's surface faster than the Moon moves, rotating around Earth once a day as it spins on its axis.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lambeck1977_146-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lambeck1977-146\">[135]</a></sup> The ocean tides are magnified by other effects: frictional coupling of water to Earth's rotation through the ocean floors, the <a href=\"/wiki/Inertia\" title=\"Inertia\">inertia</a> of water's movement, ocean basins that get shallower near land, and oscillations between different ocean basins.<sup id=\"cite_ref-147\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-147\">[136]</a></sup> The tidal effect of the Sun on Earth's oceans is almost half that of the Moon, and their gravitational interplay is responsible for <a href=\"/wiki/Spring_tide\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Spring tide\">spring and neap tides</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lambeck1977_146-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lambeck1977-146\">[135]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Gravitational coupling between the Moon and the bulge nearest the Moon acts as a <a href=\"/wiki/Torque\" title=\"Torque\">torque</a> on Earth's rotation, draining <a href=\"/wiki/Angular_momentum\" title=\"Angular momentum\">angular momentum</a> and rotational <a href=\"/wiki/Kinetic_energy\" title=\"Kinetic energy\">kinetic energy</a> from Earth's spin.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lambeck1977_146-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lambeck1977-146\">[135]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-touma1994_148-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-touma1994-148\">[137]</a></sup> In turn, angular momentum is added to the Moon's orbit in a process confusingly known as <a href=\"/wiki/Tidal_acceleration\" title=\"Tidal acceleration\">tidal acceleration</a>, which lifts the Moon into a higher orbit with a lower orbital speed and a longer period. Thus the distance between Earth and Moon is <a href=\"/wiki/Tidal_acceleration\" title=\"Tidal acceleration\">increasing</a>, and Earth's spin is slowing down.<sup id=\"cite_ref-touma1994_148-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-touma1994-148\">[137]</a></sup> Measurements from <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_laser_ranging_experiment\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Lunar laser ranging experiment\">lunar ranging experiments</a> with laser reflectors left during the Apollo missions have found that the Moon's distance to Earth increases by 38\u00a0mm (1.5\u00a0in) per year<sup id=\"cite_ref-149\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-149\">[138]</a></sup> (roughly the rate at which human fingernails grow).<sup id=\"cite_ref-150\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-150\">[139]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Atomic_clock\" title=\"Atomic clock\">Atomic clocks</a> also show that Earth's day lengthens by about 15\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Microsecond\" title=\"Microsecond\">microseconds</a> every year,<sup id=\"cite_ref-151\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-151\">[140]</a></sup> slowly increasing the rate at which <a href=\"/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time\" title=\"Coordinated Universal Time\">UTC</a> is adjusted by <a href=\"/wiki/Leap_second\" title=\"Leap second\">leap seconds</a>. Left to run its course, this tidal drag would continue until the spin of Earth and the orbital period of the Moon matched, creating mutual tidal locking between the two, as is already currently the case with <a href=\"/wiki/Pluto\" title=\"Pluto\">Pluto</a> and its moon <a href=\"/wiki/Charon_(moon)\" title=\"Charon (moon)\">Charon</a>. However, the Sun will become a <a href=\"/wiki/Red_giant#The_Sun_as_a_red_giant\" title=\"Red giant\">red giant</a> long before that, engulfing Earth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-152\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-152\">[141]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-153\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-153\">[142]</a></
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp sup></p>\n<p>The lunar surface also experiences tides of around 10\u00a0cm (4\u00a0in) amplitude over 27\u00a0days, with two components: a fixed one due to Earth, because they are in <a href=\"/wiki/Synchronous_rotation\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Synchronous rotation\">synchronous rotation</a>, and a varying component from the Sun.<sup id=\"cite_ref-touma1994_148-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-touma1994-148\">[137]</a></sup> The Earth-induced component arises from <a href=\"/wiki/Libration\" title=\"Libration\">libration</a>, a result of the Moon's orbital eccentricity; if the Moon's orbit were perfectly circular, there would only be solar tides.<sup id=\"cite_ref-touma1994_148-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-touma1994-148\">[137]</a></sup> Libration also changes the angle from which the Moon is seen, allowing about 59% of its surface to be seen from Earth (but only half at any instant).<sup id=\"cite_ref-worldbook_62-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-worldbook-62\">[56]</a></sup> The cumulative effects of stress built up by these tidal forces produces <a href=\"/wiki/Moonquakes\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Moonquakes\">moonquakes</a>. Moonquakes are much less common and weaker than earthquakes, although they can last for up to an hour\u2014a significantly longer time than terrestrial earthquakes\u2014because of the absence of water to damp out the seismic vibrations. The existence of moonquakes was an unexpected discovery from <a href=\"/wiki/Seismometer\" title=\"Seismometer\">seismometers</a> placed on the Moon by <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_program\" title=\"Apollo program\">Apollo</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Astronaut\" title=\"Astronaut\">astronauts</a> from 1969 through 1972.<sup id=\"cite_ref-154\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-154\">[143]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Eclipses","anchor":"Eclipses","id":20,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_eclipse\" title=\"Solar eclipse\">Solar eclipse</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_eclipse\" title=\"Lunar eclipse\">Lunar eclipse</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Eclipse_cycle\" title=\"Eclipse cycle\">Eclipse cycle</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tmulti tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:310px;max-width:310px\">\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"float:left;margin:1px;width:154px;max-width:154px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Solar_eclipse_1999_4_NR.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"The fiercely bright disk of the Sun is completely obscured by the exact fit of the disk of the dark, non-illuminated Moon, leaving only the radial, fuzzy, glowing coronal filaments of the Sun around the edge.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Solar_eclipse_1999_4_NR.jpg/152px-Solar_eclipse_1999_4_NR.jpg\" width=\"152\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Solar_eclipse_1999_4_NR.jpg/228px-Solar_eclipse_1999_4_NR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Solar_eclipse_1999_4_NR.jpg/304px-Solar_eclipse_1999_4_NR.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3543\" data-file-height=\"3489\"></a></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"float:left;margin:1px;width:152px;max-width:152px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:STEREO-B_solar_eclipse.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"The bright disk of the Sun, showing many coronal filaments, flares and grainy patches in the wavelength of this image, is partly obscured by a small dark disk: here, the Moon covers less than a fifteenth of the Sun.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/STEREO-B_solar_eclipse.jpg/150px-STEREO-B_solar_eclipse.jpg\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/STEREO-B_solar_eclipse.jpg/225px-STEREO-B_solar_eclipse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/STEREO-B_solar_eclipse.jpg/300px-STEREO-B_solar_eclipse.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2400\" data-file-
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp height=\"2400\"></a></div>\n</div>\n<div style=\"clear:left\"></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left;text-align:left;background-color:transparent\">From Earth, the Moon and the Sun appear the same size, as seen in the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_August_11,_1999\" title=\"Solar eclipse of August 11, 1999\">1999 solar eclipse</a> (left), whereas from the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Relations_Observatory\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory\">STEREO-B</a></i> spacecraft in an Earth-trailing orbit, the Moon appears much smaller than the Sun (right).<sup id=\"cite_ref-155\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-155\">[144]</a></sup></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Eclipses can only occur when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are all in a straight line (termed \"<a href=\"/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)\" title=\"Syzygy (astronomy)\">syzygy</a>\"). <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_eclipse\" title=\"Solar eclipse\">Solar eclipses</a> occur at <a href=\"/wiki/New_moon\" title=\"New moon\">new moon</a>, when the Moon is between the Sun and Earth. In contrast, <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_eclipse\" title=\"Lunar eclipse\">lunar eclipses</a> occur at <a href=\"/wiki/Full_moon\" title=\"Full moon\">full moon</a>, when Earth is between the Sun and Moon. The apparent size of the Moon is roughly the same as that of the Sun, with both being viewed at close to one-half a degree wide. The Sun is much larger than the Moon but it is the precise vastly greater distance that gives it the same apparent size as the much closer and much smaller Moon from the perspective of Earth. The variations in apparent size, due to the non-circular orbits, are nearly the same as well, though occurring in different cycles. This makes possible both <a href=\"/wiki/Total_eclipse\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Total eclipse\">total</a> (with the Moon appearing larger than the Sun) and <a href=\"/wiki/Annular_eclipse\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Annular eclipse\">annular</a> (with the Moon appearing smaller than the Sun) solar eclipses.<sup id=\"cite_ref-156\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-156\">[145]</a></sup> In a total eclipse, the Moon completely covers the disc of the Sun and the solar <a href=\"/wiki/Corona\" title=\"Corona\">corona</a> becomes visible to the <a href=\"/wiki/Naked_eye\" title=\"Naked eye\">naked eye</a>. Because the distance between the Moon and Earth is very slowly increasing over time,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lambeck1977_146-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lambeck1977-146\">[135]</a></sup> the angular diameter of the Moon is decreasing. Also, as it evolves toward becoming a <a href=\"/wiki/Red_giant\" title=\"Red giant\">red giant</a>, the size of the Sun, and its apparent diameter in the sky, are slowly increasing.<sup id=\"cite_ref-size_changes_157-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-size_changes-157\">[l]</a></sup> The combination of these two changes means that hundreds of millions of years ago, the Moon would always completely cover the Sun on solar eclipses, and no annular eclipses were possible. Likewise, hundreds of millions of years in the future, the Moon will no longer cover the Sun completely, and total solar eclipses will not occur.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fourmilab_158-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fourmilab-158\">[146]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Because the Moon's orbit around Earth is inclined by about 5\u00b0 to the <a href=\"/wiki/Ecliptic\" title=\"Ecliptic\">orbit of Earth around the Sun</a>, eclipses do not occur at every full and new moon. For an eclipse to occur, the Moon must be near the intersection of the two orbital planes.<sup id=\"cite_ref-eclipse_159-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-eclipse-159\">[147]</a></sup> The periodicity and recurrence of eclipses of the Sun by the Moon, and of the Moon by Earth, is described by the <a href=\"/wiki/Saros_(astronomy)\" title=\"Saros (astronomy)\">saros</a>, which has a period of approximately 18\u00a0year
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp s.<sup id=\"cite_ref-160\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-160\">[148]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Because the Moon is continuously blocking our view of a half-degree-wide circular area of the sky,<sup id=\"cite_ref-area_161-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-area-161\">[m]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-162\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-162\">[149]</a></sup> the related phenomenon of <a href=\"/wiki/Occultation\" title=\"Occultation\">occultation</a> occurs when a bright star or planet passes behind the Moon and is occulted: hidden from view. In this way, a solar eclipse is an occultation of the Sun. Because the Moon is comparatively close to Earth, occultations of individual stars are not visible everywhere on the planet, nor at the same time. Because of the <a href=\"/wiki/Precession\" title=\"Precession\">precession</a> of the lunar orbit, each year different stars are occulted.<sup id=\"cite_ref-163\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-163\">[150]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Observation and exploration","anchor":"Observation_and_exploration","id":21,"text":""},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Ancient and medieval studies","anchor":"Ancient_and_medieval_studies","id":22,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon#Early_history\" title=\"Exploration of the Moon\">Exploration of the Moon: Early history</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Selenography\" title=\"Selenography\">Selenography</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_theory\" title=\"Lunar theory\">Lunar theory</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Moon_by_Johannes_hevelius_1645.PNG\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"On an open folio page is a carefully drawn disk of the full moon. In the upper corners of the page are waving banners held aloft by pairs of winged cherubs. In the lower left page corner a cherub assists another to measure distances with a pair of compasses; in the lower right corner a cherub views the main map through a handheld telescope, whereas another, kneeling, peers at the map from over a low cloth-draped table.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Moon_by_Johannes_hevelius_1645.PNG/220px-Moon_by_Johannes_hevelius_1645.PNG\" width=\"220\" height=\"198\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Moon_by_Johannes_hevelius_1645.PNG/330px-Moon_by_Johannes_hevelius_1645.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Moon_by_Johannes_hevelius_1645.PNG/440px-Moon_by_Johannes_hevelius_1645.PNG 2x\" data-file-width=\"806\" data-file-height=\"724\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Moon_by_Johannes_hevelius_1645.PNG\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nMap of the Moon by <a href=\"/wiki/Johannes_Hevelius\" title=\"Johannes Hevelius\">Johannes Hevelius</a> from his <i><a href=\"/wiki/Selenographia\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Selenographia\">Selenographia</a></i> (1647), the first map to include the <a href=\"/wiki/Libration\" title=\"Libration\">libration</a> zones</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Micrographia_Schem_38.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Micrographia_Schem_38.jpg/220px-Micrographia_Schem_38.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"312\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Micrographia_Schem_38.jpg/330px-Micrographia_Schem_38.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Micrographia_Schem_38.jpg/440px-Micrographia_Schem_38.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1187\" data-file-height=\"1683\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Micrographia_Schem_38.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nA study of the Moon by <a href=\"/wiki/Robert_Hook
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp e\" title=\"Robert Hooke\">Robert Hooke's</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Micrographia\" title=\"Micrographia\">Micrographia</a>, 1665</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Understanding of the Moon's cycles was an early development of astronomy: by the <span class=\"nowrap\">5th century BC</span>, <a href=\"/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy\" title=\"Babylonian astronomy\">Babylonian astronomers</a> had recorded the 18-year <a href=\"/wiki/Saros_cycle\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Saros cycle\">Saros cycle</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_eclipse\" title=\"Lunar eclipse\">lunar eclipses</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-164\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-164\">[151]</a></sup> and <a href=\"/wiki/Indian_astronomy\" title=\"Indian astronomy\">Indian astronomers</a> had described the Moon's monthly elongation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sarma-Ast-Ind_165-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sarma-Ast-Ind-165\">[152]</a></sup> The <a href=\"/wiki/Chinese_astronomy\" title=\"Chinese astronomy\">Chinese astronomer</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Shi_Shen\" title=\"Shi Shen\">Shi Shen</a> <span class=\"nowrap\">(fl. 4th century BC)</span> gave instructions for predicting solar and lunar eclipses.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986411_166-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986411-166\">[153]</a></sup> Later, the physical form of the Moon and the cause of <a href=\"/wiki/Moonlight\" title=\"Moonlight\">moonlight</a> became understood. The <a href=\"/wiki/Ancient_Greece\" title=\"Ancient Greece\">ancient Greek</a> philosopher <a href=\"/wiki/Anaxagoras\" title=\"Anaxagoras\">Anaxagoras</a> <span class=\"nowrap\">(d. 428 BC)</span> reasoned that the Sun and Moon were both giant spherical rocks, and that the latter reflected the light of the former.<sup id=\"cite_ref-167\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-167\">[154]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986227_168-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986227-168\">[155]</a></sup> Although the Chinese of the <a href=\"/wiki/Han_Dynasty\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Han Dynasty\">Han Dynasty</a> believed the Moon to be energy equated to <i><a href=\"/wiki/Qi\" title=\"Qi\">qi</a></i>, their 'radiating influence' theory also recognized that the light of the Moon was merely a reflection of the Sun, and <a href=\"/wiki/Jing_Fang\" title=\"Jing Fang\">Jing Fang</a> (78\u201337\u00a0BC) noted the sphericity of the Moon.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986413.E2.80.93414_169-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986413.E2.80.93414-169\">[156]</a></sup> In the 2nd century AD <a href=\"/wiki/Lucian\" title=\"Lucian\">Lucian</a> wrote a novel where the heroes travel to the Moon, which is inhabited. In 499\u00a0AD, the Indian astronomer <a href=\"/wiki/Aryabhata\" title=\"Aryabhata\">Aryabhata</a> mentioned in his <i><a href=\"/wiki/Aryabhatiya\" title=\"Aryabhatiya\">Aryabhatiya</a></i> that reflected sunlight is the cause of the shining of the Moon.<sup id=\"cite_ref-170\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-170\">[157]</a></sup> The astronomer and physicist <a href=\"/wiki/Alhazen\" title=\"Alhazen\">Alhazen</a> (965\u20131039) found that <a href=\"/wiki/Sunlight\" title=\"Sunlight\">sunlight</a> was not reflected from the Moon like a mirror, but that light was emitted from every part of the Moon's sunlit surface in all directions.<sup id=\"cite_ref-171\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-171\">[158]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Shen_Kuo\" title=\"Shen Kuo\">Shen Kuo</a> (1031\u20131095) of the <a href=\"/wiki/Song_dynasty\" title=\"Song dynasty\">Song dynasty</a> created an allegory equating the waxing and waning of the Moon to a round ball of reflective silver that, when doused with white powder and viewed from the side, would appear to be a crescent.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986415.E2.80.93416_172-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986415.E2.80.93416-172\">[159]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp ">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Galileo%27s_sketches_of_the_moon.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Galileo%27s_sketches_of_the_moon.png/170px-Galileo%27s_sketches_of_the_moon.png\" width=\"170\" height=\"236\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Galileo%27s_sketches_of_the_moon.png/255px-Galileo%27s_sketches_of_the_moon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Galileo%27s_sketches_of_the_moon.png/340px-Galileo%27s_sketches_of_the_moon.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"2200\" data-file-height=\"3050\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Galileo%27s_sketches_of_the_moon.png\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Galileo_Galilei\" title=\"Galileo Galilei\">Galileo</a>'s sketches of the Moon from <i><a href=\"/wiki/Sidereus_Nuncius\" title=\"Sidereus Nuncius\">Sidereus Nuncius</a></i></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>In <a href=\"/wiki/Aristotle\" title=\"Aristotle\">Aristotle</a>'s (384\u2013322\u00a0BC) <a href=\"/wiki/On_the_Heavens\" title=\"On the Heavens\">description of the universe</a>, the Moon marked the boundary between the spheres of the mutable elements (earth, water, air and fire), and the imperishable stars of <a href=\"/wiki/Aether_(classical_element)\" title=\"Aether (classical element)\">aether</a>, an <a href=\"/wiki/Aristotelian_physics\" title=\"Aristotelian physics\">influential philosophy</a> that would dominate for centuries.<sup id=\"cite_ref-173\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-173\">[160]</a></sup> However, in the <span class=\"nowrap\">2nd century BC</span>, <a href=\"/wiki/Seleucus_of_Seleucia\" title=\"Seleucus of Seleucia\">Seleucus of Seleucia</a> correctly theorized that <a href=\"/wiki/Tide\" title=\"Tide\">tides</a> were due to the attraction of the Moon, and that their height depends on the Moon's position relative to the <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">Sun</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-174\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-174\">[161]</a></sup> In the same century, <a href=\"/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos\" title=\"Aristarchus of Samos\">Aristarchus</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Aristarchus_On_the_Sizes_and_Distances\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Aristarchus On the Sizes and Distances\">computed the size and distance</a> of the Moon from Earth, obtaining a value of about twenty times the <a href=\"/wiki/Earth_radius\" title=\"Earth radius\">radius of Earth</a> for the distance. These figures were greatly improved by <a href=\"/wiki/Ptolemy\" title=\"Ptolemy\">Ptolemy</a> (90\u2013168\u00a0AD): his values of a mean distance of 59\u00a0times Earth's radius and a diameter of 0.292\u00a0Earth diameters were close to the correct values of about 60 and 0.273 respectively.<sup id=\"cite_ref-175\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-175\">[162]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Archimedes\" title=\"Archimedes\">Archimedes</a> (287\u2013212 BC) designed a planetarium that could calculate the motions of the Moon and other objects in the Solar System.<sup id=\"cite_ref-176\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-176\">[163]</a></sup></p>\n<p>During the <a href=\"/wiki/Middle_Ages\" title=\"Middle Ages\">Middle Ages</a>, before the invention of the telescope, the Moon was increasingly recognised as a sphere, though many believed that it was \"perfectly smooth\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-177\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-177\">[164]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In 1609, <a href=\"/wiki/Galileo_Galilei\" title=\"Galileo Galilei\">Galileo Galilei</a> drew one of the first telescopic drawings of the Moon in his book <span lang=\"la\"><i><a href=\"/wiki/Sidereus_Nuncius\" title=\"Sidereus Nuncius\">Sidereus Nuncius</a></i></span> and noted that it was not smooth but had mountains and craters. Telescopic mapping of the Moon followed: later in the 17th century, the efforts of <a href=\"/wiki
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp /Giovanni_Battista_Riccioli\" title=\"Giovanni Battista Riccioli\">Giovanni Battista Riccioli</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Grimaldi\" title=\"Francesco Maria Grimaldi\">Francesco Maria Grimaldi</a> led to the system of naming of lunar features in use today. The more exact 1834\u201336 <span lang=\"la\"><i>Mappa Selenographica</i></span> of <a href=\"/wiki/Wilhelm_Beer\" title=\"Wilhelm Beer\">Wilhelm Beer</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_M%C3%A4dler\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Johann Heinrich M\u00e4dler\">Johann Heinrich M\u00e4dler</a>, and their associated 1837 book <span lang=\"de\"><i>Der Mond</i></span>, the first <a href=\"/wiki/Trigonometry\" title=\"Trigonometry\">trigonometrically</a> accurate study of lunar features, included the heights of more than a thousand mountains, and introduced the study of the Moon at accuracies possible in earthly geography.<sup id=\"cite_ref-178\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-178\">[165]</a></sup> Lunar craters, first noted by Galileo, were thought to be <a href=\"/wiki/Volcanic\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Volcanic\">volcanic</a> until the 1870s proposal of <a href=\"/wiki/Richard_Proctor\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Richard Proctor\">Richard Proctor</a> that they were formed by collisions.<sup id=\"cite_ref-worldbook_62-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-worldbook-62\">[56]</a></sup> This view gained support in 1892 from the experimentation of geologist <a href=\"/wiki/Grove_Karl_Gilbert\" title=\"Grove Karl Gilbert\">Grove Karl Gilbert</a>, and from comparative studies from 1920 to the 1940s,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Hall1977_179-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hall1977-179\">[166]</a></sup> leading to the development of <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_geologic_timescale\" title=\"Lunar geologic timescale\">lunar stratigraphy</a>, which by the 1950s was becoming a new and growing branch of <a href=\"/wiki/Astrogeology\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Astrogeology\">astrogeology</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-worldbook_62-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-worldbook-62\">[56]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"By spacecraft","anchor":"By_spacecraft","id":23,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/Robotic_exploration_of_the_Moon\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Robotic exploration of the Moon\">Robotic exploration of the Moon</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_proposed_missions_to_the_Moon\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"List of proposed missions to the Moon\">List of proposed missions to the Moon</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon\" title=\"Colonization of the Moon\">Colonization of the Moon</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon\" title=\"List of artificial objects on the Moon\">List of artificial objects on the Moon</a></div>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"20th century","anchor":"20th_century","id":24,"text":""},{"toclevel":4,"line":"Soviet missions","anchor":"Soviet_missions","id":25,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Luna_program\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Luna program\">Luna program</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Lunokhod_programme\" title=\"Lunokhod programme\">Lunokhod programme</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tmulti tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:316px;max-width:316px\">\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"float:left;margin:1px;width:112px;max-width:112px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Luna_2_Soviet_moon_probe.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Luna_2_Soviet_moon_probe.jpg/110px-Luna_2_Soviet_moon_probe.jpg\" width=\"110\" height=\"148\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Luna_2_Soviet_moon_probe.jpg/165px-Luna_2_Soviet_moon_probe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Luna_2_Soviet_moon_probe.jpg/220px-Luna_2_Soviet_moon_probe.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"298\" data-file-height=\"400\"></a></div>\n</
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"float:left;margin:1px;width:200px;max-width:200px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Soviet_moonrover.JPG\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Soviet_moonrover.JPG/198px-Soviet_moonrover.JPG\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Soviet_moonrover.JPG/297px-Soviet_moonrover.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Soviet_moonrover.JPG/396px-Soviet_moonrover.JPG 2x\" data-file-width=\"3648\" data-file-height=\"2736\"></a></div>\n</div>\n<div style=\"clear:left\"></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left;text-align:left;background-color:transparent\"><a href=\"/wiki/Luna_2\" title=\"Luna 2\">Luna 2</a>, the first human-made object to reach the surface of the Moon (left) and Soviet moon rover <a href=\"/wiki/Lunokhod_1\" title=\"Lunokhod 1\">Lunokhod 1</a></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Cold_War\" title=\"Cold War\">Cold War</a>-inspired <a href=\"/wiki/Space_Race\" title=\"Space Race\">Space Race</a> between the Soviet Union and the U.S. led to an acceleration of interest in <a href=\"/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon\" title=\"Exploration of the Moon\">exploration of the Moon</a>. Once launchers had the necessary capabilities, these nations sent unmanned probes on both flyby and impact/lander missions. Spacecraft from the Soviet Union's <a href=\"/wiki/Luna_programme\" title=\"Luna programme\"><i>Luna</i> program</a> were the first to accomplish a number of goals: following three unnamed, failed missions in 1958,<sup id=\"cite_ref-180\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-180\">[167]</a></sup> the first human-made object to escape Earth's gravity and pass near the Moon was <i><a href=\"/wiki/Luna_1\" title=\"Luna 1\">Luna 1</a></i>; the first human-made object to impact the lunar surface was <i><a href=\"/wiki/Luna_2\" title=\"Luna 2\">Luna 2</a></i>, and the first photographs of the normally occluded far side of the Moon were made by <i><a href=\"/wiki/Luna_3\" title=\"Luna 3\">Luna 3</a></i>, all in 1959.</p>\n<p>The first spacecraft to perform a successful lunar <a href=\"/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)\" title=\"Lander (spacecraft)\">soft landing</a> was <i><a href=\"/wiki/Luna_9\" title=\"Luna 9\">Luna 9</a></i> and the first unmanned vehicle to orbit the Moon was <i><a href=\"/wiki/Luna_10\" title=\"Luna 10\">Luna 10</a></i>, both in 1966.<sup id=\"cite_ref-worldbook_62-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-worldbook-62\">[56]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Moon_rock\" title=\"Moon rock\">Rock and soil samples</a> were brought back to Earth by three <i>Luna</i> <a href=\"/wiki/Sample_return_mission\" title=\"Sample return mission\">sample return missions</a> (<i><a href=\"/wiki/Luna_16\" title=\"Luna 16\">Luna 16</a></i> in 1970, <i><a href=\"/wiki/Luna_20\" title=\"Luna 20\">Luna 20</a></i> in 1972, and <i><a href=\"/wiki/Luna_24\" title=\"Luna 24\">Luna 24</a></i> in 1976), which returned 0.3\u00a0kg total.<sup id=\"cite_ref-181\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-181\">[168]</a></sup> Two pioneering robotic <a href=\"/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)\" title=\"Rover (space exploration)\">rovers</a> landed on the Moon in 1970 and 1973 as a part of Soviet <a href=\"/wiki/Lunokhod_programme\" title=\"Lunokhod programme\">Lunokhod programme</a>.</p>"},{"toclevel":4,"line":"United States missions","anchor":"United_States_missions","id":26,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_program\" title=\"Apollo program\">Apollo program</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Moon_landing\" title=\"Moon landing\">Moon landing</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tmulti tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:179px;max-width:179px\">\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"margin:1px;width:177px;max-width:177px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg\" class=\"imag
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp e\"><img alt=\"The small blue-white semicircle of Earth, almost glowing with color in the blackness of space, rising over the limb of the desolate, cratered surface of the Moon.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/175px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/263px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/350px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2400\" data-file-height=\"2400\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\"><a href=\"/wiki/Earthrise\" title=\"Earthrise\">Earthrise</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_8\" title=\"Apollo 8\">Apollo 8</a>, 1968)</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"margin:1px;width:177px;max-width:177px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Lunar_basalt_70017.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lunar_basalt_70017.jpg/175px-Lunar_basalt_70017.jpg\" width=\"175\" height=\"126\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lunar_basalt_70017.jpg/263px-Lunar_basalt_70017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lunar_basalt_70017.jpg/350px-Lunar_basalt_70017.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"716\" data-file-height=\"514\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\"><a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_basalt_70017\" title=\"Lunar basalt 70017\">Moon rock</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_17\" title=\"Apollo 17\">Apollo 17</a>, 1972)</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The United States launched unmanned probes to develop an understanding of the lunar surface for an eventual manned landing: the <a href=\"/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory\" title=\"Jet Propulsion Laboratory\">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/Ranger_program\" title=\"Ranger program\">Ranger program</a> produced the first close-up pictures; the <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program\" title=\"Lunar Orbiter program\">Lunar Orbiter program</a> produced maps of the entire Moon; the <a href=\"/wiki/Surveyor_program\" title=\"Surveyor program\">Surveyor program</a> landed <a href=\"/wiki/Surveyor_1\" title=\"Surveyor 1\">its first spacecraft</a> four months after <i>Luna 9</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a>'s manned <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_program\" title=\"Apollo program\">Apollo program</a> was developed in parallel; after a series of unmanned and manned tests of the Apollo spacecraft in Earth orbit, and spurred on by a potential <a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_manned_lunar_programs\" title=\"Soviet manned lunar programs\">Soviet lunar flight</a>, in 1968 <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_8\" title=\"Apollo 8\">Apollo 8</a> made the first crewed mission to lunar orbit. The subsequent landing of the first humans on the Moon in 1969 is seen by many as the culmination of the Space Race.<sup id=\"cite_ref-CNN_182-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CNN-182\">[169]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:As11-40-5886,_uncropped.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/As11-40-5886%2C_uncropped.jpg/170px-As11-40-5886%2C_uncropped.jpg\" width=\"170\" height=\"172\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/As11-40-5886%2C_uncropped.jpg/255px-As11-40-5886%2C_uncropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/As11-40-5886%2C_uncropped.jpg/340px-As11-40-5886%2C_uncropped.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2349\" data-file-height=\"2373\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:As11-40-5886,_uncropped.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Neil_Armstrong\" title=\"Neil Armstrong\">Neil Armstrong</a> workin
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp g at the <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_module\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Lunar module\">lunar module</a></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<table class=\"mbox-small\" style=\"border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9;\"><tr><td class=\"mbox-image\">\n<div class=\"center\">\n<div class=\"floatnone\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png\" width=\"50\" height=\"50\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"160\" data-file-height=\"160\"></div>\n</div>\n</td>\n<td class=\"mbox-text plainlist\" style=\"line-height:1.1em\">\n<div class=\"haudio\">\n<div style=\"padding:4px 0\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Frase_de_Neil_Armstrong.ogg\" title=\"File:Frase de Neil Armstrong.ogg\">\"That's one small step\u00a0...\"</a></div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"mediaContainer\" style=\"width:220px\"><audio id=\"mwe_player_2\" controls=\"\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width:220px\" class=\"kskin\" data-durationhint=\"7.6994784580499\" data-startoffset=\"0\" data-mwtitle=\"Frase_de_Neil_Armstrong.ogg\" data-mwprovider=\"wikimediacommons\"><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Frase_de_Neil_Armstrong.ogg\" type='audio/ogg; codecs=\"vorbis\"' data-title=\"Original Ogg file (141 kbps)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg source\" data-width=\"0\" data-height=\"0\" data-bandwidth=\"140838\" data-mwtitle=\"TimedText:Frase_de_Neil_Armstrong.ogg.ta.srt\" data-mwprovider=\"wikimediacommons\" data-dir=\"ltr\"></source><track src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:Frase+de+Neil+Armstrong.ogg.cs.srt&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text%2Fx-srt\" kind=\"subtitles\" type=\"text/x-srt\" title=\"TimedText:Frase_de_Neil_Armstrong.ogg.cs.srt\" provider=\"wikimediacommons\" srclang=\"cs\" dir=\"ltr\" label=\"\u010de\u0161tina (cs) subtitles\"></track><track src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:Frase+de+Neil+Armstrong.ogg.en.srt&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text%2Fx-srt\" kind=\"subtitles\" type=\"text/x-srt\" title=\"TimedText:Frase_de_Neil_Armstrong.ogg.en.srt\" provider=\"wikimediacommons\" srclang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" label=\"English (en) subtitles\"></track><track src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:Frase+de+Neil+Armstrong.ogg.eo.srt&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text%2Fx-srt\" kind=\"subtitles\" type=\"text/x-srt\" title=\"TimedText:Frase_de_Neil_Armstrong.ogg.eo.srt\" provider=\"wikimediacommons\" srclang=\"eo\" dir=\"ltr\" label=\"Esperanto (eo) subtitles\"></track><track src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:Frase+de+Neil+Armstrong.ogg.es.srt&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text%2Fx-srt\" kind=\"subtitles\" type=\"text/x-srt\" title=\"TimedText:Frase_de_Neil_Armstrong.ogg.es.srt\" provider=\"wikimediacommons\" srclang=\"es\" dir=\"ltr\" label=\"espa\u00f1ol (es) subtitles\"></track><track src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:Frase+de+Neil+Armstrong.ogg.fr.srt&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text%2Fx-srt\" kind=\"subtitles\" type=\"text/x-srt\" title=\"TimedText:Frase_de_Neil_Armstrong.ogg.fr.srt\" provider=\"wikimediacommons\" srclang=\"fr\" dir=\"ltr\" label=\"fran\u00e7ais (fr) subtitles\"></track><track src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:Frase+de+Neil+Armstrong.ogg.pt-br.srt&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text%2Fx-srt\" kind=\"subtitles\" type=\"text/x-srt\" title=\"TimedText:Frase_de_Neil_Armstrong.ogg.pt-br.srt\" provider=\"wikimediacommons\" srclang=\"pt-br\" dir=\"ltr\" label=\"portugu\u00eas do Brasil (pt-br) subtitles\"></track><track src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:Frase+de+Neil+Armstrong.ogg.pt.srt&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text%2Fx-srt\" kind=\"subtitles\" type=\"text/x-srt\" title=\"TimedText:Frase_de_Neil_Armstrong.
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp ogg.pt.srt\" provider=\"wikimediacommons\" srclang=\"pt\" dir=\"ltr\" label=\"portugu\u00eas (pt) subtitles\"></track><track src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:Frase+de+Neil+Armstrong.ogg.ta.srt&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text%2Fx-srt\" kind=\"subtitles\" type=\"text/x-srt\" title=\"TimedText:Frase_de_Neil_Armstrong.ogg.ta.srt\" provider=\"wikimediacommons\" srclang=\"ta\" dir=\"ltr\" label=\"\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bcd (ta) subtitles\"></track></audio></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"description\" style=\"padding:2px 0 0 0\"></div>\n</div>\n<hr></td>\n</tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"mbox-text\" style=\"line-height:1.1em\"><span><i>Problems playing this file? See <a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help\" title=\"Wikipedia:Media help\">media help</a>.</i></span></td>\n</tr></table><p><a href=\"/wiki/Neil_Armstrong\" title=\"Neil Armstrong\">Neil Armstrong</a> became the first person to walk on the Moon as the commander of the American mission <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_11\" title=\"Apollo 11\">Apollo 11</a> by first setting foot on the Moon at 02:56\u00a0UTC on 21 July 1969.<sup id=\"cite_ref-183\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-183\">[170]</a></sup> An estimated 500\u00a0million people worldwide watched the transmission by the <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_TV_camera\" title=\"Apollo TV camera\">Apollo TV camera</a>, the largest television audience for a live broadcast at that time.<sup id=\"cite_ref-184\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-184\">[171]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-185\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-185\">[172]</a></sup> The Apollo missions 11 to 17 (except <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_13\" title=\"Apollo 13\">Apollo 13</a>, which aborted its planned lunar landing) returned 380.05 kilograms (837.87\u00a0lb) of lunar rock and soil in 2,196 separate samples.<sup id=\"cite_ref-186\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-186\">[173]</a></sup> The American <a href=\"/wiki/Moon_landing\" title=\"Moon landing\">Moon landing</a> and return was enabled by considerable technological advances in the early 1960s, in domains such as <a href=\"/wiki/Ablation\" title=\"Ablation\">ablation</a> chemistry, <a href=\"/wiki/Software_engineering\" title=\"Software engineering\">software engineering</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_re-entry\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Atmospheric re-entry\">atmospheric re-entry</a> technology, and by highly competent management of the enormous technical undertaking.<sup id=\"cite_ref-187\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-187\">[174]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-188\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-188\">[175]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Scientific instrument packages were installed on the lunar surface during all the Apollo landings. Long-lived <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_Package\" title=\"Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package\">instrument stations</a>, including heat flow probes, <a href=\"/wiki/Seismometer\" title=\"Seismometer\">seismometers</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetometer\" title=\"Magnetometer\">magnetometers</a>, were installed at the <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_12\" title=\"Apollo 12\">Apollo 12</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_14\" title=\"Apollo 14\">14</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_15\" title=\"Apollo 15\">15</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_16\" title=\"Apollo 16\">16</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_17\" title=\"Apollo 17\">17</a> landing sites. Direct transmission of data to Earth concluded in late 1977 due to budgetary considerations,<sup id=\"cite_ref-189\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-189\">[176]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-190\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-190\">[177]</a></sup> but as the stations' <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_laser_ranging_experiment\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Lunar laser ranging experiment\">lunar laser ranging</a> corner-cube retroreflector arrays are passive instruments, they are still being used. Ranging to the stations is routinely performed from Earth-based stations with an accurac
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp y of a few centimetres, and data from this experiment are being used to place constraints on the size of the lunar core.<sup id=\"cite_ref-191\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-191\">[178]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":4,"line":"1980s\u20132000","anchor":"1980s.E2.80.932000","id":27,"text":"<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:202px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Moon_Crescent_-_False_Color_Mosaic.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Moon_Crescent_-_False_Color_Mosaic.jpg/200px-Moon_Crescent_-_False_Color_Mosaic.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"224\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Moon_Crescent_-_False_Color_Mosaic.jpg/300px-Moon_Crescent_-_False_Color_Mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Moon_Crescent_-_False_Color_Mosaic.jpg/400px-Moon_Crescent_-_False_Color_Mosaic.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2600\" data-file-height=\"2910\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Moon_Crescent_-_False_Color_Mosaic.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nAn <a href=\"/wiki/False-color\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"False-color\">artificially</a> coloured mosaic constructed from a series of 53 images taken through three <a href=\"/wiki/Filter_(optics)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Filter (optics)\">spectral filters</a> by <i>Galileo'\u00a0</i>s imaging system as the spacecraft flew over the northern regions of the Moon on December 7, 1992.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>After the first moon race there were years of near quietude but starting in the 1990s, many more countries have become involved in direct exploration of the Moon. In 1990, Japan became the third country to place a spacecraft into lunar orbit with its <i><a href=\"/wiki/Hiten\" title=\"Hiten\">Hiten</a></i> spacecraft. The spacecraft released a smaller probe, <i>Hagoromo</i>, in lunar orbit, but the transmitter failed, preventing further scientific use of the mission.<sup id=\"cite_ref-192\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-192\">[179]</a></sup> In 1994, the U.S. sent the joint Defense Department/NASA spacecraft <i><a href=\"/wiki/Clementine_(spacecraft)\" title=\"Clementine (spacecraft)\">Clementine</a></i> to lunar orbit. This mission obtained the first near-global topographic map of the Moon, and the first global <a href=\"/wiki/Multi-spectral_image\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Multi-spectral image\">multispectral</a> images of the lunar surface.<sup id=\"cite_ref-193\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-193\">[180]</a></sup> This was followed in 1998 by the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_Prospector\" title=\"Lunar Prospector\">Lunar Prospector</a></i> mission, whose instruments indicated the presence of excess hydrogen at the lunar poles, which is likely to have been caused by the presence of water ice in the upper few meters of the regolith within permanently shadowed craters.<sup id=\"cite_ref-194\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-194\">[181]</a></sup></p>\n<p>India, Japan, China, the United States, and the <a href=\"/wiki/European_Space_Agency\" title=\"European Space Agency\">European Space Agency</a> each sent lunar orbiters, especially <a href=\"/wiki/ISRO\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISRO\">ISRO</a>'s <i><a href=\"/wiki/Chandrayaan-1\" title=\"Chandrayaan-1\">Chandrayaan-1</a></i> has contributed to confirming the discovery of <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_water\" title=\"Lunar water\">lunar water ice</a> in permanently shadowed craters at the poles and bound into the lunar <a href=\"/wiki/Regolith\" title=\"Regolith\">regolith</a>. The post-Apollo era has also seen two <a href=\"/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)\" title=\"Rover (space exploration)\">rover</a> missions: the final Soviet <a href=\"/wiki/Lunokhod\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Lunokhod\">Lunokhod</a> mission in 1973, and China's ongoing <a href=\"/wiki/Chang%27e_3\" title
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp =\"Chang'e 3\">Chang'e 3</a> mission, which deployed its <a href=\"/wiki/Yutu_(rover)\" title=\"Yutu (rover)\">Yutu rover</a> on 14 December 2013. The Moon remains, under the <a href=\"/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty\" title=\"Outer Space Treaty\">Outer Space Treaty</a>, free to all nations to explore for peaceful purposes.</p>"},{"toclevel":3,"line":"21st century","anchor":"21st_century","id":28,"text":"<p>The European spacecraft <i><a href=\"/wiki/SMART-1\" title=\"SMART-1\">SMART-1</a></i>, the second <a href=\"/wiki/Ion_propulsion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Ion propulsion\">ion-propelled</a> spacecraft, was in lunar orbit from 15 November 2004 until its lunar impact on 3 September 2006, and made the first detailed survey of chemical elements on the lunar surface.<sup id=\"cite_ref-195\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-195\">[182]</a></sup></p>\n<p>China has pursued an ambitious <a href=\"/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program\" title=\"Chinese Lunar Exploration Program\">program of lunar exploration</a>, beginning with <i><a href=\"/wiki/Chang%27e_1\" title=\"Chang'e 1\">Chang'e 1</a></i>, which successfully orbited the Moon from 5 November 2007 until its controlled lunar impact on 1 March 2009.<sup id=\"cite_ref-xinhua_20090301_196-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-xinhua_20090301-196\">[183]</a></sup> In its sixteen-month mission, it obtained a full image map of the Moon. China followed up this success with <i><a href=\"/wiki/Chang%27e_2\" title=\"Chang'e 2\">Chang'e 2</a></i> beginning in October 2010, which reached the Moon over twice as fast as <i>Chang'e 1</i>, mapped the Moon at a higher resolution over an eight-month period, then left lunar orbit in favor of an extended stay at the Earth\u2013Sun L2 <a href=\"/wiki/Lagrangian_point\" title=\"Lagrangian point\">Lagrangian point</a>, before finally performing a flyby of asteroid <a href=\"/wiki/4179_Toutatis\" title=\"4179 Toutatis\">4179 Toutatis</a> on 13 December 2012, and then heading off into deep space. On 14 December 2013, <i><a href=\"/wiki/Chang%27e_3\" title=\"Chang'e 3\">Chang'e 3</a></i> improved upon its orbital mission predecessors by landing a lunar <a href=\"/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)\" title=\"Lander (spacecraft)\">lander</a> onto the Moon's surface, which in turn deployed a <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_rover\" title=\"Lunar rover\">lunar rover</a>, named <i>Yutu</i> (Chinese: \u7389\u5154; literally \"Jade Rabbit\"). In so doing, <i>Chang'e 3</i> made the first lunar <a href=\"/wiki/Soft_landing_(rocketry)\" title=\"Soft landing (rocketry)\">soft landing</a> since <i><a href=\"/wiki/Luna_24\" title=\"Luna 24\">Luna 24</a></i> in 1976, and the first lunar rover mission since <i><a href=\"/wiki/Lunokhod_2\" title=\"Lunokhod 2\">Lunokhod 2</a></i> in 1973. China intends to launch another rover mission (<i><a href=\"/wiki/Chang%27e_4\" title=\"Chang'e 4\">Chang'e 4</a></i>) before 2020, followed by a <a href=\"/wiki/Sample_return_mission\" title=\"Sample return mission\">sample return mission</a> (<i><a href=\"/wiki/Chang%27e_5\" title=\"Chang'e 5\">Chang'e 5</a></i>) soon after.<sup id=\"cite_ref-197\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-197\">[184]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Between 4 October 2007 and 10 June 2009, the <a href=\"/wiki/Japan_Aerospace_Exploration_Agency\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency\">Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency</a>'s <i><a href=\"/wiki/SELENE\" title=\"SELENE\">Kaguya</a> (Selene)</i> mission, a lunar orbiter fitted with a <a href=\"/wiki/High-definition_video\" title=\"High-definition video\">high-definition video</a> camera, and two small radio-transmitter satellites, obtained lunar geophysics data and took the first high-definition movies from beyond Earth orbit.<sup id=\"cite_ref-198\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-198\">[185]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-199\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-199\">[186]</a></sup> India's first lunar mission, <i><a href=\"/wiki/
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp Chandrayaan-1\" title=\"Chandrayaan-1\">Chandrayaan I</a></i>, orbited from 8 November 2008 until loss of contact on 27 August 2009, creating a high resolution chemical, mineralogical and photo-geological map of the lunar surface, and confirming the presence of water molecules in lunar soil.<sup id=\"cite_ref-200\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-200\">[187]</a></sup> The <a href=\"/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation\" title=\"Indian Space Research Organisation\">Indian Space Research Organisation</a> planned to launch <i><a href=\"/wiki/Chandrayaan_II\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Chandrayaan II\">Chandrayaan II</a></i> in 2013, which would have included a Russian robotic lunar rover.<sup id=\"cite_ref-201\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-201\">[188]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-202\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-202\">[189]</a></sup> However, the failure of Russia's <i><a href=\"/wiki/Fobos-Grunt\" title=\"Fobos-Grunt\">Fobos-Grunt</a></i> mission has delayed this project.</p>\n<div class=\"thumb tmulti tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:184px;max-width:184px\">\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"margin:1px;width:182px;max-width:182px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Copernicus_central_peaks.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Copernicus_central_peaks.png/180px-Copernicus_central_peaks.png\" width=\"180\" height=\"180\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Copernicus_central_peaks.png/270px-Copernicus_central_peaks.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Copernicus_central_peaks.png/360px-Copernicus_central_peaks.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"920\" data-file-height=\"920\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\"><a href=\"/wiki/Copernicus_(lunar_crater)\" title=\"Copernicus (lunar crater)\">Copernicus</a>'s central peaks as observed by the <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter\" title=\"Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter\">LRO</a>, 2012</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"margin:1px;width:182px;max-width:182px\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Ina_(LRO).jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ina_%28LRO%29.jpg/180px-Ina_%28LRO%29.jpg\" width=\"180\" height=\"201\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ina_%28LRO%29.jpg/270px-Ina_%28LRO%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ina_%28LRO%29.jpg/360px-Ina_%28LRO%29.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3140\" data-file-height=\"3500\"></a></div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"clear:left\">The <a href=\"/wiki/Ina_(crater)\" title=\"Ina (crater)\">Ina</a> formation, 2009</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The U.S. co-launched the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter\" title=\"Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter\">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> (LRO) and the <i><a href=\"/wiki/LCROSS\" title=\"LCROSS\">LCROSS</a></i> impactor and follow-up observation orbiter on 18 June 2009; <i>LCROSS</i> completed its mission by making a planned and widely observed impact in the crater <a href=\"/wiki/Cabeus_(crater)\" title=\"Cabeus (crater)\">Cabeus</a> on 9 October 2009,<sup id=\"cite_ref-203\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-203\">[190]</a></sup> whereas <i>LRO</i> is currently in operation, obtaining precise lunar <a href=\"/wiki/Altimetry\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Altimetry\">altimetry</a> and high-resolution imagery. In November 2011, the LRO passed over the <a href=\"/wiki/Aristarchus_(crater)\" title=\"Aristarchus (crater)\">Aristarchus crater</a>, which spans 40\u00a0km (25\u00a0mi) and sinks more than 3.5\u00a0km (2.2\u00a0mi) deep. The crater is one of the most visible ones from Earth. \"The Aristarchus plateau is one of the most geologically diverse places on the Moon: a mysterious raised flat plateau, a giant rille carved by enormous outpourings of
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp lava, fields of explosive volcanic ash, and all surrounded by massive flood basalts\", said Mark Robinson, principal investigator of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera at <a href=\"/wiki/Arizona_State_University\" title=\"Arizona State University\">Arizona State University</a>. NASA released photos of the crater on 25 December 2011.<sup id=\"cite_ref-204\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-204\">[191]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Two <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Interior_Laboratory\" title=\"Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory\">GRAIL</a> spacecraft began orbiting the Moon around 1 January 2012,<sup id=\"cite_ref-205\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-205\">[192]</a></sup> on a mission to learn more about the Moon's internal structure. NASA's <i><a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_Atmosphere_and_Dust_Environment_Explorer\" title=\"Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer\">LADEE</a></i> probe, designed to study the lunar <a href=\"/wiki/Exosphere\" title=\"Exosphere\">exosphere</a>, achieved orbit on 6 October 2013.</p>\n<p>Upcoming lunar missions include Russia's <i><a href=\"/wiki/Luna-Glob\" title=\"Luna-Glob\">Luna-Glob</a></i>: an unmanned lander with a set of seismometers, and an orbiter based on its failed Martian <i><a href=\"/wiki/Fobos-Grunt\" title=\"Fobos-Grunt\">Fobos-Grunt</a></i> mission.<sup id=\"cite_ref-206\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-206\">[193]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-207\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-207\">[194]</a></sup> Privately funded lunar exploration has been promoted by the <a href=\"/wiki/Google_Lunar_X_Prize\" title=\"Google Lunar X Prize\">Google Lunar X Prize</a>, announced 13 September 2007, which offers US$20\u00a0million to anyone who can land a robotic rover on the Moon and meet other specified criteria.<sup id=\"cite_ref-208\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-208\">[195]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Shackleton_Energy_Company\" title=\"Shackleton Energy Company\">Shackleton Energy Company</a> is building a program to establish operations on the south pole of the Moon to harvest water and supply their <a href=\"/wiki/Propellant_Depot\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Propellant Depot\">Propellant Depots</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-209\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-209\">[196]</a></sup></p>\n<p>NASA began to <a href=\"/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration\" title=\"Vision for Space Exploration\">plan to resume manned missions</a> following the call by U.S. President <a href=\"/wiki/George_W._Bush\" title=\"George W. Bush\">George W. Bush</a> on 14 January 2004 for a manned mission to the Moon by 2019 and the construction of a lunar base by 2024.<sup id=\"cite_ref-210\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-210\">[197]</a></sup> The <a href=\"/wiki/Constellation_program\" title=\"Constellation program\">Constellation program</a> was funded and construction and testing begun on a <a href=\"/wiki/Orion_(Constellation_program)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Orion (Constellation program)\">manned spacecraft</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Ares_(rocket)\" title=\"Ares (rocket)\">launch vehicle</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-211\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-211\">[198]</a></sup> and design studies for a lunar base.<sup id=\"cite_ref-212\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-212\">[199]</a></sup> However, that program has been cancelled in favor of a manned asteroid landing by 2025 and a manned <a href=\"/wiki/Mars\" title=\"Mars\">Mars</a> orbit by 2035.<sup id=\"cite_ref-213\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-213\">[200]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/India\" title=\"India\">India</a> has also expressed its hope to send a manned mission to the Moon by 2020.<sup id=\"cite_ref-214\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-214\">[201]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Astronomy from the Moon","anchor":"Astronomy_from_the_Moon","id":29,"text":"<p>For many years, the Moon has been recognize
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp d as an excellent site for telescopes.<sup id=\"cite_ref-215\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-215\">[202]</a></sup> It is relatively nearby; <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_seeing\" title=\"Astronomical seeing\">astronomical seeing</a> is not a concern; certain craters near the poles are permanently dark and cold, and thus especially useful for <a href=\"/wiki/Infrared_telescope\" title=\"Infrared telescope\">infrared telescopes</a>; and <a href=\"/wiki/Radio_telescope\" title=\"Radio telescope\">radio telescopes</a> on the far side would be shielded from the radio chatter of Earth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-216\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-216\">[203]</a></sup> The <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_soil\" title=\"Lunar soil\">lunar soil</a>, although it poses a problem for any moving parts of <a href=\"/wiki/Telescope\" title=\"Telescope\">telescopes</a>, can be mixed with <a href=\"/wiki/Carbon_nanotube\" title=\"Carbon nanotube\">carbon nanotubes</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Epoxy\" title=\"Epoxy\">epoxies</a> in the construction of mirrors up to 50 meters in diameter.<sup id=\"cite_ref-217\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-217\">[204]</a></sup> A lunar <a href=\"/wiki/Zenith_telescope\" title=\"Zenith telescope\">zenith telescope</a> can be made cheaply with <a href=\"/wiki/Ionic_liquid\" title=\"Ionic liquid\">ionic liquid</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-218\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-218\">[205]</a></sup></p>\n<p>In April 1972, the <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_16\" title=\"Apollo 16\">Apollo 16</a> mission recorded various astronomical photos and spectra in ultraviolet with the <a href=\"/wiki/Far_Ultraviolet_Camera/Spectrograph\" title=\"Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph\">Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-219\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-219\">[206]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Legal status","anchor":"Legal_status","id":30,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Space_law\" title=\"Space law\">Space law</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Marius_Crater.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Marius_Crater.jpg/170px-Marius_Crater.jpg\" width=\"170\" height=\"171\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Marius_Crater.jpg/255px-Marius_Crater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Marius_Crater.jpg/340px-Marius_Crater.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"904\" data-file-height=\"909\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Marius_Crater.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Marius_crater\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Marius crater\">Marius crater</a></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>During the <a href=\"/wiki/Cold_War\" title=\"Cold War\">Cold War</a>, the United States Army conducted a classified <a href=\"/wiki/Feasibility_study\" title=\"Feasibility study\">feasibility study</a> in the late 1950s called <a href=\"/wiki/Project_Horizon\" title=\"Project Horizon\">Project Horizon</a>, to construct a manned military outpost on the Moon, which would have been home to a bombing system targeted at rivals on Earth. The study included the possibility of conducting a lunar-based nuclear test.<sup id=\"cite_ref-220\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-220\">[207]</a></sup> The Air Force, which at the time was in competition with the Army for a leading role in the space program, developed its own, similar plan called <a href=\"/wiki/Lunex_Project\" title=\"Lunex Project\">Lunex</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-221\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-221\">[208]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-JFK_222-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-JFK-222\">[209]</a></sup> However, both these proposals were ultimately passed over as the space program was largely transferred from the military to t
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp he civilian agency NASA.<sup id=\"cite_ref-JFK_222-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-JFK-222\">[209]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Although <i><a href=\"/wiki/Luna_program\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Luna program\">Luna</a></i> landers scattered pennants of the <a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_Union\" title=\"Soviet Union\">Soviet Union</a> on the Moon, and <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_Flag_Assembly\" title=\"Lunar Flag Assembly\">U.S. flags</a> were symbolically planted at their landing sites by the <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts\" title=\"List of Apollo astronauts\">Apollo astronauts</a>, no nation claims ownership of any part of the Moon's surface.<sup id=\"cite_ref-unoosa_q6_223-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-unoosa_q6-223\">[210]</a></sup> Russia and the U.S. are party to the 1967 <a href=\"/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty\" title=\"Outer Space Treaty\">Outer Space Treaty</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-unoosa_q4_224-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-unoosa_q4-224\">[211]</a></sup> which defines the Moon and all outer space as the \"<a href=\"/wiki/Common_heritage_of_mankind\" title=\"Common heritage of mankind\">province of all mankind</a>\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-unoosa_q6_223-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-unoosa_q6-223\">[210]</a></sup> This treaty also restricts the use of the Moon to peaceful purposes, explicitly banning military installations and <a href=\"/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Weapons of mass destruction\">weapons of mass destruction</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-unoosa_q5_225-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-unoosa_q5-225\">[212]</a></sup> The 1979 <a href=\"/wiki/Moon_Treaty\" title=\"Moon Treaty\">Moon Agreement</a> was created to restrict the exploitation of the Moon's resources by any single nation, but as of 2014, it has been signed and ratified by only 16 nations, none of which engages in self-launched <a href=\"/wiki/Human_spaceflight\" title=\"Human spaceflight\">human space exploration</a> or has plans to do so.<sup id=\"cite_ref-unoosa_moon_226-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-unoosa_moon-226\">[213]</a></sup> Although several individuals have made <a href=\"/wiki/Extraterrestrial_real_estate\" title=\"Extraterrestrial real estate\">claims to the Moon</a> in whole or in part, none of these are considered credible.<sup id=\"cite_ref-unoosa_q7_227-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-unoosa_q7-227\">[214]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-iisl_2004_228-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-iisl_2004-228\">[215]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-iisl_2009_229-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-iisl_2009-229\">[216]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"In culture","anchor":"In_culture","id":31,"text":"<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote\">Further information: <a href=\"/wiki/Moon_in_fiction\" title=\"Moon in fiction\">Moon in fiction</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_calendar\" title=\"Lunar calendar\">Lunar calendar</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Metonic_cycle\" title=\"Metonic cycle\">Metonic cycle</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_deity\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Lunar deity\">Lunar deity</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_effect\" title=\"Lunar effect\">Lunar effect</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Blue_moon\" title=\"Blue moon\">Blue moon</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Moon-bonatti.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Moon-bonatti.png/220px-Moon-bonatti.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"155\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Moon-bonatti.png/330px-Moon-bonatti.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Moon-bonatti.png/440px-Moon-bonatti.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"577\" data-file-height=\"407\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Moon-bonatti.png\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nLuna, the Moo
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp n, from a 1550 edition of <a href=\"/wiki/Guido_Bonatti\" title=\"Guido Bonatti\">Guido Bonatti</a>'s <i>Liber astronomiae</i></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The Moon's regular phases make it a very convenient timepiece, and the periods of its waxing and waning form the basis of many of the oldest calendars. <a href=\"/wiki/Tally_stick\" title=\"Tally stick\">Tally sticks</a>, notched bones dating as far back as 20\u201330,000 years ago, are believed by some to mark the phases of the Moon.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Marshack_230-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Marshack-230\">[217]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-231\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-231\">[218]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-232\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-232\">[219]</a></sup> The ~30-day month is an approximation of the <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_cycle\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Lunar cycle\">lunar cycle</a>. The English noun <i>month</i> and its cognates in other Germanic languages stem from Proto-Germanic <i>*m\u01e3n\u1e53th-</i>, which is connected to the above-mentioned Proto-Germanic <i>*m\u01e3n\u014dn</i>, indicating the usage of a <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_calendar\" title=\"Lunar calendar\">lunar calendar</a> among the <a href=\"/wiki/Germanic_peoples\" title=\"Germanic peoples\">Germanic peoples</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Germanic_calendar\" title=\"Germanic calendar\">Germanic calendar</a>) prior to the adoption of a <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_calendar\" title=\"Solar calendar\">solar calendar</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-barnhart-and-germania_233-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-barnhart-and-germania-233\">[220]</a></sup> The <a href=\"/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language\" title=\"Proto-Indo-European language\">PIE root</a> of <i>moon</i>, *<i>m\u00e9h<sub>1</sub>n\u014dt</i>, derives from the PIE verbal root *<i>meh<sub>1</sub></i>-, \"to measure\", \"indicat[ing] a functional conception of the moon, i.e. marker of the month\" (<a href=\"/wiki/Cf.\" title=\"Cf.\">cf.</a> the English words <i>measure</i> and <i>menstrual</i>),<sup id=\"cite_ref-234\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-234\">[221]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-235\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-235\">[222]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-236\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-236\">[223]</a></sup> and echoing the Moon's importance to many ancient cultures in measuring time (see <a href=\"/wiki/Latin\" title=\"Latin\">Latin</a> <span lang=\"la\"><i>mensis</i></span> and <a href=\"/wiki/Ancient_Greek\" title=\"Ancient Greek\">Ancient Greek</a> <span lang=\"grc\"><i>\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2</i></span> (<i>meis</i>) or <span lang=\"grc\">\u03bc\u03ae\u03bd</span> (m\u0113n), meaning \"month\").<sup id=\"cite_ref-237\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-237\">[224]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-238\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-238\">[225]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-239\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-239\">[226]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-240\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-240\">[227]</a></sup></p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:182px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Moonstar.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Moonstar.jpg/180px-Moonstar.jpg\" width=\"180\" height=\"120\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Moonstar.jpg/270px-Moonstar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Moonstar.jpg/360px-Moonstar.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1037\" data-file-height=\"693\"></a>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Moonstar.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\nA <a href=\"/wiki/Star_and_crescent\" title=\"Star and crescent\">star and crescent</a> moon are common <a href=\"/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam\" title=\"Symbols of Islam\">symbols of Islam</a>.<br><span class=\"flagicon\"><a href=\"/wiki/Algeria\" title=\"Algeria\"><img al
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp t=\"Algeria\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png\" width=\"23\" height=\"15\" class=\"thumbborder\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"900\" data-file-height=\"600\"></a></span>\u00a0<b>\u00b7</b> <span class=\"flagicon\"><a href=\"/wiki/Malaysia\" title=\"Malaysia\"><img alt=\"Malaysia\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png\" width=\"23\" height=\"12\" class=\"thumbborder\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"2800\" data-file-height=\"1400\"></a></span>\u00a0<b>\u00b7</b> <span class=\"flagicon\"><a href=\"/wiki/Pakistan\" title=\"Pakistan\"><img alt=\"Pakistan\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png\" width=\"23\" height=\"15\" class=\"thumbborder\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"900\" data-file-height=\"600\"></a></span>\u00a0<b>\u00b7</b> <span class=\"flagicon\"><a href=\"/wiki/Turkey\" title=\"Turkey\"><img alt=\"Turkey\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png\" width=\"23\" height=\"15\" class=\"thumbborder\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1200\" data-file-height=\"800\"></a></span></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>The Moon has been the subject of many works of art and literature and the inspiration for countless others. It is a motif in the visual arts, the performing arts, poetry, prose and music. A 5,000-year-old rock carving at <a href=\"/wiki/Knowth\" title=\"Knowth\">Knowth</a>, Ireland, may represent the Moon, which would be the earliest depiction discovered.<sup id=\"cite_ref-spacetoday_241-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-spacetoday-241\">[228]</a></sup> The contrast between the brighter highlands and the darker maria creates the patterns seen by different cultures as the <a href=\"/wiki/Man_in_the_Moon\" title=\"Man in the Moon\">Man in the Moon</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/Moon_rabbit\" title=\"Moon rabbit\">rabbit</a> and the buffalo, among others. In many prehistoric and ancient cultures, the Moon was personified as <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_deity\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Lunar deity\">a deity</a> or other <a href=\"/wiki/Supernatural\" title=\"Supernatural\">supernatural</a> phenomenon, and <a href=\"/wiki/Moon_(astrology)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Moon (astrology)\">astrological views of the Moon</a> continue to be propagated today.</p>\n<p>The Moon plays an important role in <a href=\"/wiki/Islam\" title=\"Islam\">Islam</a>; the <a href=\"/wiki/Islamic_calendar\" title=\"Islamic calendar\">Islamic calendar</a> is strictly lunar, and in many Muslim countries the months are determined by the visual sighting of the <a href=\"/wiki/Hilal_(crescent_moon)\" title=\"Hilal (crescent moon)\">hilal</a>, or earliest crescent moon, over the horizon.<sup id=\"cite_ref-242\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-242\">[229]</a></sup> The <a href=\"/wiki/Splitting_of_the_moon\" title=\"Splitting of the moon\">splitting of the moon</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Arabic_language\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Arabic language\"
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp >Arabic</a>: <span lang=\"ar\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631</span>\u200e\u200e) was a miracle attributed to <a href=\"/wiki/Muhammad\" title=\"Muhammad\">Muhammad</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-243\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-243\">[230]</a></sup></p>\n<p>The Moon has long been associated with insanity and irrationality; the words <i>lunacy</i> and <i><a href=\"/wiki/Lunatic\" title=\"Lunatic\">lunatic</a></i> (popular shortening <i>loony</i>) are derived from the Latin name for the Moon, <i>Luna</i>. Philosophers <a href=\"/wiki/Aristotle\" title=\"Aristotle\">Aristotle</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder\" title=\"Pliny the Elder\">Pliny the Elder</a> argued that the full moon induced insanity in susceptible individuals, believing that the brain, which is mostly water, must be affected by the Moon and its power over the tides, but the Moon's gravity is too slight to affect any single person.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sciam_244-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sciam-244\">[231]</a></sup> Even today, people who believe in a <a href=\"/wiki/Lunar_effect\" title=\"Lunar effect\">lunar effect</a> claim that admissions to psychiatric hospitals, traffic accidents, homicides or suicides increase during a full moon, but dozens of studies invalidate these claims.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sciam_244-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sciam-244\">[231]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-RottonKelly1985_245-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RottonKelly1985-245\">[232]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-MartensKelly1988_246-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MartensKelly1988-246\">[233]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-kelly_247-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-kelly-247\">[234]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-FosterRoenneberg2008_248-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FosterRoenneberg2008-248\">[235]</a></sup></p>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"See also","anchor":"See_also","id":32,"text":"<div role=\"navigation\" aria-label=\"Portals\" class=\"noprint portal plainlist tright\" style=\"margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px\">\n<ul style=\"display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold\"><li style=\"display:table-row\"><span style=\"display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg\" width=\"22\" height=\"28\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4500\" data-file-height=\"5600\"></span><span style=\"display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle\"><a href=\"/wiki/Portal:Solar_System\" title=\"Portal:Solar System\">Solar System portal</a></span></li>\n<li style=\"display:table-row\"><span style=\"display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Moon-Mdf-2005.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"icon\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Moon-Mdf-2005.jpg/28px-Moon-Mdf-2005.jpg\" width=\"28\" height=\"28\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Moon-Mdf-2005.jpg/42px-Moon-Mdf-2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Moon-Mdf-2005.jpg/56px-Moon-Mdf-2005.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1024\" data-file-height=\"1024\"></a></span><span style=\"display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle\"><a href=\"/wiki/Portal:Moon\" title=\"Portal:Moon\">Moon portal</a></span></li>\n<li style=\"display:table-row\"><span style=\"display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp ons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg\" width=\"28\" height=\"28\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3864\" data-file-height=\"3864\"></span><span style=\"display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle\"><a href=\"/wiki/Portal:Astronomy\" title=\"Portal:Astronomy\">Astronomy portal</a></span></li>\n</ul></div>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Planet#Objects_formerly_considered_planets\" title=\"Planet\">Former classification of planets</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Other_moons_of_Earth\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Other moons of Earth\">Other moons of Earth</a></li>\n<li><span class=\"nowrap\"><a href=\"/wiki/2006_RH120\" title=\"2006 RH120\">2006 RH<span style=\"position: relative; top: 0.3em;\"><span style=\"font-size:80%;\">120</span></span></a></span></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites\" title=\"List of natural satellites\">List of natural satellites</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Tourism_on_the_Moon\" title=\"Tourism on the Moon\">Tourism on the Moon</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_the_far_future\" title=\"Timeline of the far future\">Timeline of the far future</a></li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"References","anchor":"References","id":33,"text":""},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Notes","anchor":"Notes","id":34,"text":"<div class=\"div-col columns column-count column-count-3\" style=\"-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3;\">\n<div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<ol class=\"references\"><li id=\"cite_note-inclination-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-inclination_3-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Between 18.29\u00b0 and 28.58\u00b0 to Earth's <a href=\"/wiki/Equator\" title=\"Equator\">equator</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-W06_1-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-W06-1\">[1]</a></sup></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-near-Earth_asteroids-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-near-Earth_asteroids_4-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">There are a number of <a href=\"/wiki/Near-Earth_asteroid\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Near-Earth asteroid\">near-Earth asteroids</a>, including <a href=\"/wiki/3753_Cruithne\" title=\"3753 Cruithne\">3753 Cruithne</a>, that are <a href=\"/wiki/Co-orbital\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Co-orbital\">co-orbital</a> with Earth: their orbits bring them close to Earth for periods of time but then alter in the long term (Morais et al, 2002). These are <a href=\"/wiki/Quasi-satellite\" title=\"Quasi-satellite\">quasi-satellites</a>\u00a0\u2013 they are not moons as they do not orbit Earth. For more information, see <a href=\"/wiki/Other_moons_of_Earth\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Other moons of Earth\">Other moons of Earth</a>.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-maxval-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-maxval_10-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">The <i>maximum value</i> is given based on scaling of the brightness from the value of \u221212.74 given for an equator to Moon-centre distance of 378\u00a0000\u00a0km in the NASA factsheet reference to the minimum Earth\u2013Moon distance given there, after the latter is corrected for Earth's equatorial radius of 6\u00a0378\u00a0km, giving 350\u00a0600\u00a0km. The <i>minimum value</i> (for a distant <a href=\"/wiki/New_moon\" title=\"New moon\">new moon</a>) is based on a similar scaling using the maximum Earth\u2013Moon distance of 407\u00a0000\u00a0km (given in the factsheet) and by calculating the brightness of the <a href=\"/wiki/Earthshine\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Earthshine\">earthshine</a> onto such a new moon. The brightness of the earthshine is <span class=\"nowrap\">[ Earth <a href=\"/wiki/Albedo\" titl
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp e=\"Albedo\">albedo</a> \u00d7</span> <span class=\"nowrap\">(<a href=\"/wiki/Earth_radius\" title=\"Earth radius\">Earth radius</a> /</span> Radius of <a href=\"/wiki/Orbit_of_the_Moon\" title=\"Orbit of the Moon\">Moon's orbit</a>)<sup>2</sup>\u00a0] relative to the direct solar illumination that occurs for a full moon. (<span class=\"nowrap\">Earth albedo = 0.367</span>; <span class=\"nowrap\">Earth radius = (polar</span> radius\u00a0\u00d7 equatorial <span class=\"nowrap\">radius)<sup>\u00bd</sup> = 6 367 km</span>.)</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-angular_size-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-angular_size_11-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">The range of angular size values given are based on simple scaling of the following values given in the fact sheet reference: at an Earth-equator to Moon-centre distance of 378\u00a0000\u00a0km, the <a href=\"/wiki/Angular_diameter\" title=\"Angular diameter\">angular size</a> is 1896\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Arcsecond\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Arcsecond\">arcseconds</a>. The same fact sheet gives extreme Earth\u2013Moon distances of 407\u00a0000\u00a0km and 357\u00a0000\u00a0km. For the maximum angular size, the minimum distance has to be corrected for Earth's equatorial radius of 6\u00a0378\u00a0km, giving 350\u00a0600\u00a0km.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-pressure_explanation-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-pressure_explanation_14-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Lucey et al. (2006) give <span class=\"nowrap\">10<sup>7</sup> particles cm<sup>\u22123</sup></span> by day and <span class=\"nowrap\">10<sup>5</sup> particles cm<sup>\u22123</sup></span> by night. Along with equatorial surface temperatures of 390\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Kelvin\" title=\"Kelvin\">K</a> by day and 100\u00a0K by night, the <a href=\"/wiki/Ideal_gas_law\" title=\"Ideal gas law\">ideal gas law</a> yields the pressures given in the infobox (rounded to the nearest <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_magnitude\" title=\"Order of magnitude\">order of magnitude</a>): 10<sup>\u22127</sup>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Pascal_(unit)\" title=\"Pascal (unit)\">Pa</a> by day and 10<sup>\u221210</sup>\u00a0Pa by night.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-age-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-age_22-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">This age is calculated from isotope dating of lunar rocks.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-orbpd-121\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-orbpd_121-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">More accurately, the Moon's mean sidereal period (fixed star to fixed star) is 27.321661\u00a0days <span class=\"nowrap\">(27 d 07 h 43 min 11.5 s)</span>, and its mean tropical orbital period (from equinox to equinox) is 27.321582\u00a0days <span class=\"nowrap\">(27 d 07 h 43 min 04.7 s)</span> (<i>Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris</i>, 1961, at p.107).</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-synpd-122\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-synpd_122-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">More accurately, the Moon's mean synodic period (between mean solar conjunctions) is 29.530589\u00a0days <span class=\"nowrap\">(29 d 12 h 44 min 02.9 s)</span> (<i>Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris</i>, 1961, at p.107).</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-124\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-124\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">There is no strong correlation between the sizes of planets and the sizes of their satellites. Larger planets tend to have more satellites, both large and small, than smaller planets.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Moon_vs._Charon-125\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Moon_vs._Charon_125-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">With 27% the diameter and 60% the density of Earth, the Moon has 1.23% of the mass of Earth
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp . The moon <a href=\"/wiki/Charon_(moon)\" title=\"Charon (moon)\">Charon</a> is larger relative to its primary <a href=\"/wiki/Pluto\" title=\"Pluto\">Pluto</a>, but Pluto is now considered to be a <a href=\"/wiki/Dwarf_planet\" title=\"Dwarf planet\">dwarf planet</a>.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-brightness-131\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-brightness_131-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">The Sun's <a href=\"/wiki/Apparent_magnitude\" title=\"Apparent magnitude\">apparent magnitude</a> is \u221226.7, while the full moon's apparent magnitude is \u221212.7.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-size_changes-157\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-size_changes_157-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">See graph in <a href=\"/wiki/Sun#Life_phases\" title=\"Sun\">Sun#Life phases</a>. At present, the diameter of the Sun is increasing at a rate of about five percent per billion years. This is very similar to the rate at which the apparent angular diameter of the Moon is decreasing as it recedes from Earth.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-area-161\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-area_161-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">On average, the Moon covers an area of <span class=\"nowrap\">0.21078 square degrees</span> on the night sky.</span></li>\n</ol></div>\n</div>","references":""},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Citations","anchor":"Citations","id":35,"text":"<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<ol class=\"references\"><li id=\"cite_note-W06-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-W06_1-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-W06_1-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-W06_1-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-W06_1-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-W06_1-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-W06_1-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-W06_1-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-W06_1-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-W06_1-8\"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-W06_1-9\"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-W06_1-10\"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-W06_1-11\"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Wieczorek, M.; et al. (2006). \"The constitution and structure of the lunar interior\". <i>Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry</i>. <b>60</b> (1): 221\u2013364. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.2138%2Frmg.2006.60.3\">10.2138/rmg.2006.60.3</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=The+constitution+and+structure+of+the+lunar+interior&amp;rft.au=%3CPlease+add+first+missing+authors+to+populate+metadata.%3E&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.aulast=Wieczorek&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2138%2Frmg.2006.60.3&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+Mineralogy+and+Geochemistry&amp;rft.pages=221-364&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=60\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Lang2011-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lang2011_2-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lang2011_2-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Lang, Kenneth R. (2011), <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=S4xDhVCxAQIC&amp;pg=PA184\"><i>The Cambridge Guide to the Solar System</i></a>, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press.</span></li>\n<li id=\"c
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp ite_note-Morais2002-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Morais2002_5-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Morais, M.H.M.; Morbidelli, A. (2002). \"The Population of Near-Earth Asteroids in Coorbital Motion with the Earth\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>160</b> (1): 1\u20139. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Icar..160....1M\">2002Icar..160....1M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.2002.6937\">10.1006/icar.2002.6937</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=The+Population+of+Near-Earth+Asteroids+in+Coorbital+Motion+with+the+Earth&amp;rft.aufirst=M.H.M.&amp;rft.aulast=Morais&amp;rft.au=Morbidelli%2C+A.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Icar..160....1M&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.2002.6937&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=1-9&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=160\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NSSDC-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-NSSDC_6-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-NSSDC_6-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-NSSDC_6-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-NSSDC_6-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-NSSDC_6-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-NSSDC_6-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-NSSDC_6-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-NSSDC_6-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-NSSDC_6-8\"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-NSSDC_6-9\"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Williams, Dr. David R. (2 February 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.html\">\"Moon Fact Sheet\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a> (National Space Science Data Center)<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">31 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=Dr.+David+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.btitle=Moon+Fact+Sheet&amp;rft.date=2006-02-02&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Fmoonfact.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA+%28National+Space+Science+Data+Center%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-7\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Smith, David E.; Zuber, Maria T.; Neumann, Gregory A.; Lemoine, Frank G. (1 January 1997). \"Topography of the Moon from the Clementine lidar\". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>102</b> (E1): 1601. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JGR...102.1591S\">1997JGR...102.1591S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F96JE02940\">10.1029/96JE02940</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Topography+of+the+Moon+from+the+Clementine+lidar&amp;rft.aufirst=David+E.&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.au=Lemoine%2C+Frank+G.&amp;rft.au=Neumann%2C+Gregory+A.&amp;rft.au=Zuber%2C+Maria+T.&amp;rf
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp t.date=1997-01-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997JGR...102.1591S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F96JE02940&amp;rft.issue=E1&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&amp;rft.pages=1601&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=102\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Williams1996-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Williams1996_8-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Williams, James G.; Newhall, XX; Dickey, Jean O. (1996). \"Lunar moments, tides, orientation, and coordinate frames\". <i>Planetary and Space Science</i>. <b>44</b> (10): 1077\u20131080. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996P&amp;SS...44.1077W\">1996P&amp;SS...44.1077W</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0032-0633%2895%2900154-9\">10.1016/0032-0633(95)00154-9</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Lunar+moments%2C+tides%2C+orientation%2C+and+coordinate+frames&amp;rft.au=Dickey%2C+Jean+O.&amp;rft.aufirst=James+G.&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.au=Newhall%2C+XX&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996P%26SS...44.1077W&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0032-0633%2895%2900154-9&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&amp;rft.pages=1077-1080&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=44\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Saari-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Saari_9-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Matthews, Grant (2008). \"Celestial body irradiance determination from an underfilled satellite radiometer: application to albedo and thermal emission measurements of the Moon using CERES\". <i>Applied Optics</i>. <b>47</b> (27): 4981\u201393. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApOpt..47.4981M\">2008ApOpt..47.4981M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1364%2FAO.47.004981\">10.1364/AO.47.004981</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18806861\">18806861</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Celestial+body+irradiance+determination+from+an+underfilled+satellite+radiometer%3A+application+to+albedo+and+thermal+emission+measurements+of+the+Moon+using+CERES&amp;rft.aufirst=Grant&amp;rft.aulast=Matthews&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008ApOpt..47.4981M&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FAO.47.004981&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18806861&amp;rft.issue=27&amp;rft.jtitle=Applied+Optics&amp;rft.pages=4981-93&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=47\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Vasavada1999-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Vasavada1999_12-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">A.R. Vasavada; D.A. Paige &amp; S.E. Wood (1999). \"Near-Surface Temperatures on Mercury and the Moon and the Stability of Polar Ice Deposits\". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>141</b> (2): 179\u2013193. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp \" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Icar..141..179V\">1999Icar..141..179V</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.1999.6175\">10.1006/icar.1999.6175</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Near-Surface+Temperatures+on+Mercury+and+the+Moon+and+the+Stability+of+Polar+Ice+Deposits&amp;rft.au=A.R.+Vasavada&amp;rft.au=D.A.+Paige&amp;rft.au=S.E.+Wood&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Icar..141..179V&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.1999.6175&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=179-193&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=141\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-L06-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-L06_13-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-L06_13-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-L06_13-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Lucey, P.; Korotev, Randy L.; et al. (2006). \"Understanding the lunar surface and space-Moon interactions\". <i>Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry</i>. <b>60</b> (1): 83\u2013219. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.2138%2Frmg.2006.60.2\">10.2138/rmg.2006.60.2</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Understanding+the+lunar+surface+and+space-Moon+interactions&amp;rft.au=%3CPlease+add+first+missing+authors+to+populate+metadata.%3E&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft.au=Korotev%2C+Randy+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Lucey&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2138%2Frmg.2006.60.2&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+Mineralogy+and+Geochemistry&amp;rft.pages=83-219&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=60\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-15\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.iau.org/public_press/themes/naming/#spelling\">\"Naming Astronomical Objects: Spelling of Names\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union\" title=\"International Astronomical Union\">International Astronomical Union</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Naming+Astronomical+Objects%3A+Spelling+of+Names&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fpublic_press%2Fthemes%2Fnaming%2F%23spelling&amp;rft.pub=International+Astronomical+Union&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PN-FAQ-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-PN-FAQ_16-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/nomenFAQ.html\">\"Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature: Planetary Nomenclature FAQ\"</a>. USGS Astrogeology Research Program<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+Planetary+Nomenclature%3A+Planetary+Nomenclature+FAQ&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp .gov%2FnomenFAQ.html&amp;rft.pub=USGS+Astrogeology+Research+Program&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-barnhart1995-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-barnhart1995_17-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Barnhart, Robert K. (1995). <i>The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology</i>. USA: Harper Collins. p.\u00a0487. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-270084-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-06-270084-1\">978-0-06-270084-1</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&amp;rft.aulast=Barnhart&amp;rft.btitle=The+Barnhart+Concise+Dictionary+of+Etymology&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-06-270084-1&amp;rft.pages=487&amp;rft.place=USA&amp;rft.pub=Harper+Collins&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-18\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><i><a href=\"/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary\" title=\"Oxford English Dictionary\">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, <span class=\"nowrap\">2nd ed.</span> \"luna\", Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2009.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-oed-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-oed_19-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50136796?single=1&amp;query_type=word&amp;queryword=lunar&amp;first=&amp;max_to_show=10\">\"Oxford English Dictionary: lunar, a. and n.\"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary: Second Edition 1989</i>. Oxford University Press<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary%3A+lunar%2C+a.+and+n.&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.oed.com%2Fcgi%2Fentry%2F50136796%3Fsingle%3D1%26query_type%3Dword%26queryword%3Dlunar%26first%3D%26max_to_show%3D10&amp;rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary%3A+Second+Edition+1989&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-20\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=selh/nh\"><span lang=\"grc\">\u03c3\u03b5\u03bb\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7</span></a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Henry_Liddell\" title=\"Henry Liddell\">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href=\"/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)\" title=\"Robert Scott (philologist)\">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href=\"/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon\" title=\"A Greek\u2013English Lexicon\">A Greek\u2013English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href=\"/wiki/Perseus_Project\" title=\"Perseus Project\">Perseus Project</a>.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Pannen2010-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Pannen2010_21-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Imke Pannen (2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=37CPbHwqPjwC&amp;pg=PA96\"><i>When the Bad Bleeds: Mantic Elements in English Renaissance Revenge Tragedy</i></a>. V&amp;R unipress GmbH. pp.\u00a096\u2013. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Sp
08-17 14:36:17.640 debug OkHttp ecial:BookSources/978-3-89971-640-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-3-89971-640-5\">978-3-89971-640-5</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.au=Imke+Pannen&amp;rft.btitle=When+the+Bad+Bleeds%3A+Mantic+Elements+in+English+Renaissance+Revenge+Tragedy&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D37CPbHwqPjwC%26pg%3DPA96&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-89971-640-5&amp;rft.pages=96-&amp;rft.pub=V%26R+unipress+GmbH&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-23\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Kleine, T.; Palme, H.; Mezger, K.; Halliday, A.N. (2005). \"Hf\u2013W Chronometry of Lunar Metals and the Age and Early Differentiation of the Moon\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Science_(journal)\" title=\"Science (journal)\">Science</a></i>. <b>310</b> (5754): 1671\u20131674. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...310.1671K\">2005Sci...310.1671K</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1118842\">10.1126/science.1118842</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16308422\">16308422</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Hf%93W+Chronometry+of+Lunar+Metals+and+the+Age+and+Early+Differentiation+of+the+Moon&amp;rft.aufirst=T.&amp;rft.au=Halliday%2C+A.N.&amp;rft.aulast=Kleine&amp;rft.au=Mezger%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Palme%2C+H.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Sci...310.1671K&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1118842&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16308422&amp;rft.issue=5754&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1671-1674&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=310\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-24\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.space.com/22894-moon-age-100-million-years-younger.html\">\"Carnegie Institution for Science research\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Carnegie+Institution+for+Science+research&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F22894-moon-age-100-million-years-younger.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-25\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://phys.org/news/2013-09-moon-younger-thought.html\">\"Phys.org's account of Carlson's presentation to the Royal Society\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Phys.org%27s+account+of+Carlson%27s+presentation+to+the+Royal+Society&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2013-09-moon-younger-thought.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp \"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Binder-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Binder_26-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Binder, A.B. (1974). \"On the origin of the Moon by rotational fission\". <i>The Moon</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 53\u201376. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974Moon...11...53B\">1974Moon...11...53B</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01877794\">10.1007/BF01877794</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+origin+of+the+Moon+by+rotational+fission&amp;rft.aufirst=A.B.&amp;rft.aulast=Binder&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974Moon...11...53B&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01877794&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Moon&amp;rft.pages=53-76&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=11\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BotM-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-BotM_27-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-BotM_27-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-BotM_27-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Stroud, Rick (2009). <i>The Book of the Moon</i>. Walken and Company. pp.\u00a024\u201327. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1734-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1734-4\">978-0-8027-1734-4</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=Rick&amp;rft.aulast=Stroud&amp;rft.btitle=The+Book+of+the+Moon&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8027-1734-4&amp;rft.pages=24-27&amp;rft.pub=Walken+and+Company&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Mitler-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Mitler_28-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Mitler, H.E. (1975). \"Formation of an iron-poor moon by partial capture, or: Yet another exotic theory of lunar origin\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Icarus_(journal)\" title=\"Icarus (journal)\">Icarus</a></i>. <b>24</b> (2): 256\u2013268. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975Icar...24..256M\">1975Icar...24..256M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2875%2990102-5\">10.1016/0019-1035(75)90102-5</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Formation+of+an+iron-poor+moon+by+partial+capture%2C+or%3A+Yet+another+exotic+theory+of+lunar+origin&amp;rft.aufirst=H.E.&amp;rft.aulast=Mitler&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1975Icar...24..256M&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-1035%2875%2990102-5&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.pages=256-268&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=24\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-29\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Stevenson, D.J. (1987). \"Origin of the moon\u2013The c
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp ollision hypothesis\". <i>Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 271\u2013315. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987AREPS..15..271S\">1987AREPS..15..271S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ea.15.050187.001415\">10.1146/annurev.ea.15.050187.001415</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Origin+of+the+moon%93The+collision+hypothesis&amp;rft.aufirst=D.J.&amp;rft.aulast=Stevenson&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987AREPS..15..271S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ea.15.050187.001415&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Earth+and+Planetary+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=271-315&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=15\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-taylor1998-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-taylor1998_30-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Taylor, G. Jeffrey (31 December 1998). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Dec98/OriginEarthMoon.html\">\"Origin of the Earth and Moon\"</a>. Planetary Science Research Discoveries<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">7 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+Jeffrey&amp;rft.aulast=Taylor&amp;rft.btitle=Origin+of+the+Earth+and+Moon&amp;rft.date=1998-12-31&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psrd.hawaii.edu%2FDec98%2FOriginEarthMoon.html&amp;rft.pub=Planetary+Science+Research+Discoveries&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-31\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150416-asteroids-scars-moon-formation-space\">news.nationalgeographic.com 2015-04-16 Asteroids Bear Scars of Moon\u2019s Violent Formation</a></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Dana-Mackenzie.27s-book-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Dana-Mackenzie.27s-book_32-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Dana Mackenzie (2003-07-21). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=omVaG7u4qG8C&amp;pg=PA166\"><i>The Big Splat, or How Our Moon Came to Be</i></a>. John Wiley &amp; Sons. pp.\u00a0166\u2013168. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-48073-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-471-48073-0\">978-0-471-48073-0</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.au=Dana+Mackenzie&amp;rft.btitle=The+Big+Splat%2C+or+How+Our+Moon+Came+to+Be&amp;rft.date=2003-07-21&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DomVaG7u4qG8C%26pg%3DPA166&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-471-48073-0&amp;rft.pages=166-168&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-33\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Canup, R.; Asphaug, E. (2001). \"Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of Earth's formation\". <i>Nature</i>.
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp <b>412</b> (6848): 708\u2013712. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.412..708C\">2001Natur.412..708C</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35089010\">10.1038/35089010</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11507633\">11507633</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Origin+of+the+Moon+in+a+giant+impact+near+the+end+of+Earth%27s+formation&amp;rft.au=Asphaug%2C+E.&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.aulast=Canup&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Natur.412..708C&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35089010&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11507633&amp;rft.issue=6848&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=708-712&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=412\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-34\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/12/071219-moon-collision.html\">\"Earth-Asteroid Collision Formed Moon Later Than Thought\"</a>. News.nationalgeographic.com. 28 October 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">7 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Earth-Asteroid+Collision+Formed+Moon+Later+Than+Thought&amp;rft.date=2010-10-28&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2F12%2F071219-moon-collision.html&amp;rft.pub=News.nationalgeographic.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-35\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://digitalcommons.arizona.edu/objectviewer?o=uadc://azu_maps/Volume43/NumberSupplement/Touboul.pdf\">http://digitalcommons.arizona.edu/objectviewer?o=uadc://azu_maps/Volume43/NumberSupplement/Touboul.pdf</a></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-36\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Touboul, M.; Kleine, T.; Bourdon, B.; Palme, H.; Wieler, R. (2007). \"Late formation and prolonged differentiation of the Moon inferred from W isotopes in lunar metals\". <i>Nature</i>. <b>450</b> (7173): 1206\u20139. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.450.1206T\">2007Natur.450.1206T</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06428\">10.1038/nature06428</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18097403\">18097403</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Late+formation+and+prolonged+differentiation+of+the+Moon+inferred+from+W+isotopes+in+lunar+metals&amp;rft.au=Bourdon%2C+B.&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.au=Kleine%2C+T.&amp;rft.aulast=Touboul&amp;rft.au=Palme%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Wieler%2C+R.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3A
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp bibcode%2F2007Natur.450.1206T&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature06428&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18097403&amp;rft.issue=7173&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=1206-9&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=450\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-37\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150408-moon-form-giant-impact-earth\">\"Flying Oceans of Magma Help Demystify the Moon's Creation\"</a>. News.nationalgeographic.com. 8 April 2015.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Flying+Oceans+of+Magma+Help+Demystify+the+Moon%27s+Creation&amp;rft.date=2015-04-08&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2015%2F04%2F150408-moon-form-giant-impact-earth&amp;rft.pub=News.nationalgeographic.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Pahlevan2007-38\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Pahlevan2007_38-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Pahlevan, Kaveh; Stevenson, David J. (2007). \"Equilibration in the aftermath of the lunar-forming giant impact\". <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>262</b> (3\u20134): 438\u2013449. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv\" title=\"ArXiv\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//arxiv.org/abs/1012.5323\">1012.5323</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007E&amp;PSL.262..438P\">2007E&amp;PSL.262..438P</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2007.07.055\">10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.055</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Equilibration+in+the+aftermath+of+the+lunar-forming+giant+impact&amp;rft.aufirst=Kaveh&amp;rft.aulast=Pahlevan&amp;rft.au=Stevenson%2C+David+J.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1012.5323&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007E%26PSL.262..438P&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2007.07.055&amp;rft.issue=3%934&amp;rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&amp;rft.pages=438-449&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=262\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-39\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-39\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Nield, Ted (2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gsl/geoscientist/geonews/page6072.html\">\"Moonwalk (summary of meeting at Meteoritical Society's 72nd Annual Meeting, Nancy, France)\"</a>. <i>Geoscientist</i>. <b>19</b>: 8.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Moonwalk+%28summary+of+meeting+at+Meteoritical+Society%27s+72nd+Ann
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp ual+Meeting%2C+Nancy%2C+France%29&amp;rft.aufirst=Ted&amp;rft.aulast=Nield&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geolsoc.org.uk%2Fgsl%2Fgeoscientist%2Fgeonews%2Fpage6072.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Geoscientist&amp;rft.pages=8&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=19\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Warren1985-40\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Warren1985_40-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Warren1985_40-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Warren, P. H. (1985). \"The magma ocean concept and lunar evolution\". <i>Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 201\u2013240. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985AREPS..13..201W\">1985AREPS..13..201W</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ea.13.050185.001221\">10.1146/annurev.ea.13.050185.001221</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=The+magma+ocean+concept+and+lunar+evolution&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Warren&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985AREPS..13..201W&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ea.13.050185.001221&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Earth+and+Planetary+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=201-240&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=13\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-41\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-41\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Tonks, W. Brian; Melosh, H. Jay (1993). \"Magma ocean formation due to giant impacts\". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>98</b> (E3): 5319\u20135333. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JGR....98.5319T\">1993JGR....98.5319T</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F92JE02726\">10.1029/92JE02726</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Magma+ocean+formation+due+to+giant+impacts&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+Brian&amp;rft.aulast=Tonks&amp;rft.au=Melosh%2C+H.+Jay&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993JGR....98.5319T&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F92JE02726&amp;rft.issue=E3&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&amp;rft.pages=5319-5333&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=98\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-42\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-42\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Daniel Clery (11 October 2013). \"Impact Theory Gets Whacked\". <i>Science</i>. <b>342</b> (6155): 183\u2013185. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...342..183C\">2013Sci...342..183C</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.342.6155.183\">10.1126/science.342.6155.183</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Impact+Theory+Gets+Whacked&amp;rft.au=Daniel+Clery&amp;rft.date=
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp 2013-10-11&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...342..183C&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.342.6155.183&amp;rft.issue=6155&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=183-185&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=342\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-wiechert-43\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-wiechert_43-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Wiechert, U.; et al. (October 2001). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/294/5541/345\">\"Oxygen Isotopes and the Moon-Forming Giant Impact\"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/Science_(journal)\" title=\"Science (journal)\">Science (journal)</a>. <b>294</b> (12): 345\u2013348. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...294..345W\">2001Sci...294..345W</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1063037\">10.1126/science.1063037</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11598294\">11598294</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Oxygen+Isotopes+and+the+Moon-Forming+Giant+Impact&amp;rft.aufirst=U.&amp;rft.au=Halliday%2C+A.+N.&amp;rft.aulast=Wiechert&amp;rft.au=Lee%2C+D.-C.&amp;rft.au=Rumble%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Snyder%2C+G.+A.&amp;rft.au=Taylor%2C+L.+A.&amp;rft.date=2001-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F294%2F5541%2F345&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Sci...294..345W&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1063037&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11598294&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=345-348&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=294\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ps2007-44\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ps2007_44-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Pahlevan, Kaveh; Stevenson, David (October 2007). \"Equilibration in the Aftermath of the Lunar-forming Giant Impact\". <i>EPSL</i>. <b>262</b> (3\u20134): 438\u2013449. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv\" title=\"ArXiv\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//arxiv.org/abs/1012.5323\">1012.5323</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007E&amp;PSL.262..438P\">2007E&amp;PSL.262..438P</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2007.07.055\">10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.055</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Equilibration+in+the+Aftermath+of+the+Lunar-f
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp orming+Giant+Impact&amp;rft.aufirst=Kaveh&amp;rft.aulast=Pahlevan&amp;rft.au=Stevenson%2C+David&amp;rft.date=2007-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1012.5323&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007E%26PSL.262..438P&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2007.07.055&amp;rft.issue=3%934&amp;rft.jtitle=EPSL&amp;rft.pages=438-449&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=262\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-test-45\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-test_45-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.astrobio.net/pressrelease/4673/titanium-paternity-test-says-earth-is-the-moons-only-parent\">\"Titanium Paternity Test Says Earth is the Moon's Only Parent (University of Chicago)\"</a>. Astrobio.net<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">3 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Titanium+Paternity+Test+Says+Earth+is+the+Moon%27s+Only+Parent+%28University+of+Chicago%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrobio.net%2Fpressrelease%2F4673%2Ftitanium-paternity-test-says-earth-is-the-moons-only-parent&amp;rft.pub=Astrobio.net&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-46\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-46\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Taylor, Stuart Ross (1975). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1975lspa.book.....T/0000064.000.html\"><i>Lunar science: A post-Apollo view</i></a>. New York, Pergamon Press, Inc. p.\u00a064.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.au=Taylor%2C+Stuart+Ross&amp;rft.btitle=Lunar+science%3A+A+post-Apollo+view&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.adsabs.harvard.edu%2F%2Ffull%2F1975lspa.book.....T%2F0000064.000.html&amp;rft.pages=64&amp;rft.pub=New+York%2C+Pergamon+Press%2C+Inc.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-47\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-47\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/topics/moonmars/features/lunar_core.html\">\"NASA Research Team Reveals Moon Has Earth-Like Core\"</a>. NASA. 6 January 2011.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+Research+Team+Reveals+Moon+Has+Earth-Like+Core&amp;rft.date=2011-01-06&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ftopics%2Fmoonmars%2Ffeatures%2Flunar_core.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-48\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-48\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Nemchin, A.; Timms, N.; Pidgeon, R.; Geisler, T.; Reddy, S.; Meyer, C. (2009). \"Timing of crystallization of the lunar magma ocean constrained by the oldest zircon\". <i>Nature Geoscience</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 133\u2013136. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009NatGe...2..133N\">2009NatGe...2..133N</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo417\">10.10
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp 38/ngeo417</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Timing+of+crystallization+of+the+lunar+magma+ocean+constrained+by+the+oldest+zircon&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.au=Geisler%2C+T.&amp;rft.aulast=Nemchin&amp;rft.au=Meyer%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Pidgeon%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Reddy%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Timms%2C+N.&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009NatGe...2..133N&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fngeo417&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&amp;rft.pages=133-136&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=2\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-S06-49\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-S06_49-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-S06_49-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Shearer, C.; et al. (2006). \"Thermal and magmatic evolution of the Moon\". <i>Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry</i>. <b>60</b> (1): 365\u2013518. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.2138%2Frmg.2006.60.4\">10.2138/rmg.2006.60.4</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Thermal+and+magmatic+evolution+of+the+Moon&amp;rft.au=%3CPlease+add+first+missing+authors+to+populate+metadata.%3E&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.aulast=Shearer&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2138%2Frmg.2006.60.4&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+Mineralogy+and+Geochemistry&amp;rft.pages=365-518&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=60\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Schubert2004-50\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Schubert2004_50-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Schubert, J. (2004). \"Interior composition, structure, and dynamics of the Galilean satellites.\". In F. Bagenal; et al. <i>Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites, and Magnetosphere</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp.\u00a0281\u2013306. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81808-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81808-7\">978-0-521-81808-7</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Interior+composition%2C+structure%2C+and+dynamics+of+the+Galilean+satellites.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.aulast=Schubert&amp;rft.btitle=Jupiter%3A+The+Planet%2C+Satellites%2C+and+Magnetosphere&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-81808-7&amp;rft.pages=281-306&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-51\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-51\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Williams, J. G.; Turyshev, S. G.; Boggs, D. H.; Ratcliff, J. T. (2006). \"Lunar laser ranging science: Gravitational physics and lunar interior and geodesy\". <i>Advances in Space Research</i>. <b>37</b> (1): 67\u201371. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv\" title=\"ArXiv\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"plainlinks\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0412049\">gr-qc/0412049</a></span><span style=\"margin-left:.1em\"><img alt=\"free to read\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png\" title=\"free to read\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp /thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"1000\"></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AdSpR..37...67W\">2006AdSpR..37...67W</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asr.2005.05.013\">10.1016/j.asr.2005.05.013</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Lunar+laser+ranging+science%3A+Gravitational+physics+and+lunar+interior+and+geodesy&amp;rft.au=Boggs%2C+D.+H.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+G.&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.au=Ratcliff%2C+J.+T.&amp;rft.au=Turyshev%2C+S.+G.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fgr-qc%2F0412049&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006AdSpR..37...67W&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.asr.2005.05.013&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Space+Research&amp;rft.pages=67-71&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=37\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-52\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-52\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Spudis, Paul D.; Cook, A.; Robinson, M.; Bussey, B.; Fessler, B.; Cook; Robinson; Bussey; Fessler (January 1998). \"Topography of the South Polar Region from Clementine Stereo Imaging\". <i>Workshop on New Views of the Moon: Integrated Remotely Sensed, Geophysical, and Sample Datasets</i>: 69. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998nvmi.conf...69S\">1998nvmi.conf...69S</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Topography+of+the+South+Polar+Region+from+Clementine+Stereo+Imaging&amp;rft.au=Bussey&amp;rft.au=Cook&amp;rft.au=Fessler&amp;rft.au=Robinson&amp;rft.au=Spudis%2C+Paul+D.%3B+Cook%2C+A.%3B+Robinson%2C+M.%3B+Bussey%2C+B.%3B+Fessler%2C+B.&amp;rft.date=1998-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998nvmi.conf...69S&amp;rft.jtitle=Workshop+on+New+Views+of+the+Moon%3A+Integrated+Remotely+Sensed%2C+Geophysical%2C+and+Sample+Datasets&amp;rft.pages=69&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> <span class=\"citation-comment\" style=\"display:none; color:#33aa33\">CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (<a href=\"/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Multiple_names:_authors_list\" title=\"Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list\">link</a>)</span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Spudis1994-53\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Spudis1994_53-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Spudis1994_53-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Spudis1994_53-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Spudis, Paul D.; Reisse, Robert A.; Gillis, Jeffrey J. (1994). \"Ancient Multiring Basins on the Moon Revealed by Clementine Laser Altimetry\". <i>Science</i>. <b>266</b> (5192): 1848\u20131851. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Sci...266.1848S\">1994Sci...266.1848S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.266.5192.1848\">10.1126/science.266.5192.1848</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMe
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp d Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17737079\">17737079</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Ancient+Multiring+Basins+on+the+Moon+Revealed+by+Clementine+Laser+Altimetry&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+D.&amp;rft.au=Gillis%2C+Jeffrey+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Spudis&amp;rft.au=Reisse%2C+Robert+A.&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994Sci...266.1848S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.266.5192.1848&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17737079&amp;rft.issue=5192&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1848-1851&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=266\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-54\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-54\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Pieters, C.M.; Tompkins, S.; Head, J.W.; Hess, P.C. (1997). \"Mineralogy of the Mafic Anomaly in the South Pole\u2010Aitken Basin: Implications for excavation of the lunar mantle\". <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>24</b> (15): 1903\u20131906. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997GeoRL..24.1903P\">1997GeoRL..24.1903P</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F97GL01718\">10.1029/97GL01718</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Mineralogy+of+the+Mafic+Anomaly+in+the+South+Pole%90Aitken+Basin%3A+Implications+for+excavation+of+the+lunar+mantle&amp;rft.aufirst=C.M.&amp;rft.au=Head%2C+J.W.&amp;rft.au=Hess%2C+P.C.&amp;rft.aulast=Pieters&amp;rft.au=Tompkins%2C+S.&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997GeoRL..24.1903P&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F97GL01718&amp;rft.issue=15&amp;rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&amp;rft.pages=1903-1906&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=24\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-55\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-55\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Taylor, G.J. (17 July 1998). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/July98/spa.html\">\"The Biggest Hole in the Solar System\"</a>. Planetary Science Research Discoveries, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=G.J.&amp;rft.aulast=Taylor&amp;rft.btitle=The+Biggest+Hole+in+the+Solar+System&amp;rft.date=1998-07-17&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psrd.hawaii.edu%2FJuly98%2Fspa.html&amp;rft.pub=Planetary+Science+Research+Discoveries%2C+Hawai%27i+Institute+of+Geophysics+and+Planetology&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-56\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-56\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Schultz, P. H. (March 1997). \"Forming the south-pole Aitken basin \u2013 The extreme games\". <i>Conference Paper, 28th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference</i>. <b>28</b>: 1259. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997LPI....28.1259S\">1997LPI....28.1259S</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.or
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp g%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Forming+the+south-pole+Aitken+basin+%93+The+extreme+games&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Schultz&amp;rft.date=1997-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997LPI....28.1259S&amp;rft.jtitle=Conference+Paper%2C+28th+Annual+Lunar+and+Planetary+Science+Conference&amp;rft.pages=1259&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=28\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-57\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-57\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/news/shrinking-moon.html\">http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/news/shrinking-moon.html</a></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-58\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-58\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Wlasuk, Peter (2000). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/?id=TWtLIOlPwS4C\"><i>Observing the Moon</i></a>. Springer. p.\u00a019. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-193-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-193-1\">978-1-85233-193-1</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.au=Wlasuk%2C+Peter&amp;rft.btitle=Observing+the+Moon&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DTWtLIOlPwS4C&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-85233-193-1&amp;rft.pages=19&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-59\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-59\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Norman, M. (21 April 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/April04/lunarAnorthosites.html\">\"The Oldest Moon Rocks\"</a>. Planetary Science Research Discoveries<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.aulast=Norman&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oldest+Moon+Rocks&amp;rft.date=2004-04-21&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psrd.hawaii.edu%2FApril04%2FlunarAnorthosites.html&amp;rft.pub=Planetary+Science+Research+Discoveries&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-60\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-60\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Varricchio, L. (2006). <i>Inconstant Moon</i>. Xlibris Books. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59926-393-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-59926-393-9\">978-1-59926-393-9</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=L.&amp;rft.aulast=Varricchio&amp;rft.btitle=Inconstant+Moon&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-59926-393-9&amp;rft.pub=Xlibris+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-61\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-61\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Head, L.W.J.W. (2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2002JE001909.shtml\">\"Lunar Gruithuisen and Mairan domes: Rheology and mode of emplac
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp ement\"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>108</b> (E2): 5012. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JGRE..108.5012W\">2003JGRE..108.5012W</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F2002JE001909\">10.1029/2002JE001909</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Lunar+Gruithuisen+and+Mairan+domes%3A+Rheology+and+mode+of+emplacement&amp;rft.aufirst=L.W.J.W.&amp;rft.aulast=Head&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agu.org%2Fpubs%2Fcrossref%2F2003%2F2002JE001909.shtml&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JGRE..108.5012W&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2002JE001909&amp;rft.issue=E2&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&amp;rft.pages=5012&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=108\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-worldbook-62\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-worldbook_62-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-worldbook_62-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-worldbook_62-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-worldbook_62-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-worldbook_62-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-worldbook_62-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-worldbook_62-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-worldbook_62-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Spudis, P.D. (2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/moon_worldbook.html\">\"Moon\"</a>. World Book Online Reference Center, <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=P.D.&amp;rft.aulast=Spudis&amp;rft.btitle=Moon&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fworldbook%2Fmoon_worldbook.html&amp;rft.pub=World+Book+Online+Reference+Center%2C+NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span><sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template\"><span style=\"white-space: nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot\" title=\"Wikipedia:Link rot\"><span title=\"\u00a0Dead link since May 2012\">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-63\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-63\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Gillis, J.J.; Spudis, P.D. (1996). \"The Composition and Geologic Setting of Lunar Far Side Maria\". <i>Lunar and Planetary Science</i>. <b>27</b>: 413\u2013404. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996LPI....27..413G\">1996LPI....27..413G</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=The+Composition+and+Geologic+Setting+of+Lunar+Far+Side+Maria&amp;rft.aufirst=J.J.&amp;rft.aulast=Gillis&amp;rft.au=Spudis%2C+P.D.&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996LPI....27..413G&amp;rft.jtitle=Lunar+and+Planetary+Science&amp;rft.pages=413-404&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=27\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-64\"><sp
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp an class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-64\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Lawrence, D. J., et al. (11 August 1998). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/281/5382/1484\">\"Global Elemental Maps of the Moon: The Lunar Prospector Gamma-Ray Spectrometer\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Science_(journal)\" title=\"Science (journal)\">Science</a></i>. <b>281</b> (5382): 1484\u20131489. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Sci...281.1484L\">1998Sci...281.1484L</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.281.5382.1484\">10.1126/science.281.5382.1484</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9727970\">9727970</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Global+Elemental+Maps+of+the+Moon%3A+The+Lunar+Prospector+Gamma-Ray+Spectrometer&amp;rft.au=Barraclough%2C+BL&amp;rft.au=Binder%2C+AB&amp;rft.au=D.+J.&amp;rft.au=Elphic%2C+RC&amp;rft.au=Lawrence&amp;rft.au=Maurice%2C+S&amp;rft.au=Thomsen%2C+DR&amp;rft.date=1998-08-11&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F281%2F5382%2F1484&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Sci...281.1484L&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.281.5382.1484&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9727970&amp;rft.issue=5382&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1484-1489&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=281\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-65\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-65\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Taylor, G.J. (31 August 2000). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Aug00/newMoon.html\">\"A New Moon for the Twenty-First Century\"</a>. Planetary Science Research Discoveries, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=G.J.&amp;rft.aulast=Taylor&amp;rft.btitle=A+New+Moon+for+the+Twenty-First+Century&amp;rft.date=2000-08-31&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psrd.hawaii.edu%2FAug00%2FnewMoon.html&amp;rft.pub=Planetary+Science+Research+Discoveries%2C+Hawai%27i+Institute+of+Geophysics+and+Planetology&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Papike-66\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Papike_66-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Papike_66-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Papike, J.; Ryder, G.; Shearer, C. (1998). \"Lunar Samples\". <i>Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry</i>. <b>36</b>: 5.1\u20135.234.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Lunar+Samples&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.aulast=Papike&amp;rft.au=Ryder%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Shearer%2C+C.&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+Mineralogy+and+Geochemistry&amp;rft.pages=5.1-5.234&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=36\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp \"cite_note-Hiesinger-67\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hiesinger_67-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hiesinger_67-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Hiesinger, H.; Head, J.W.; Wolf, U.; Jaumanm, R.; Neukum, G. (2003). \"Ages and stratigraphy of mare basalts in Oceanus Procellarum, Mare Numbium, Mare Cognitum, and Mare Insularum\". <i>J. Geophys. Res</i>. <b>108</b> (E7): 1029. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JGRE..108.5065H\">2003JGRE..108.5065H</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F2002JE001985\">10.1029/2002JE001985</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Ages+and+stratigraphy+of+mare+basalts+in+Oceanus+Procellarum%2C+Mare+Numbium%2C+Mare+Cognitum%2C+and+Mare+Insularum&amp;rft.aufirst=H.&amp;rft.au=Head%2C+J.W.&amp;rft.au=Jaumanm%2C+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Hiesinger&amp;rft.au=Neukum%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Wolf%2C+U.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JGRE..108.5065H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2002JE001985&amp;rft.issue=E7&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Geophys.+Res.&amp;rft.pages=1029&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=108\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Berardelli-68\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Berardelli_68-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Berardelli_68-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Phil Berardelli (9 November 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/2006/11/long-live-moon\">\"Long Live the Moon!\"</a>. Science/AAAS News.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.au=Phil+Berardelli&amp;rft.btitle=Long+Live+the+Moon%21&amp;rft.date=2006-11-09&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sciencemag.org%2F2006%2F11%2Flong-live-moon&amp;rft.pub=Science%2FAAAS+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-69\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-69\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Jason Major (14 October 2014). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.discovery.com/space/imps-reveal-volcanoes-erupted-recently-on-the-moon-141014.htm\">\"Volcanoes Erupted 'Recently' on the Moon\"</a>. Discovery News.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.au=Jason+Major&amp;rft.btitle=Volcanoes+Erupted+%27Recently%27+on+the+Moon&amp;rft.date=2014-10-14&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.discovery.com%2Fspace%2Fimps-reveal-volcanoes-erupted-recently-on-the-moon-141014.htm&amp;rft.pub=Discovery+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-70\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-70\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/october/nasa-mission-finds-widespread-evidence-of-young-lunar-volcanism/#.VDxNw0t3uxo\">\"NASA Mission Finds Widespread Evidence of Young Lunar Volcanism\"</a>. NASA. 12 October 2014.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+Mission+Finds+Widespread+Evidence+of+Young+Lunar+Volcanism&amp;
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp rft.date=2014-10-12&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpress%2F2014%2Foctober%2Fnasa-mission-finds-widespread-evidence-of-young-lunar-volcanism%2F%23.VDxNw0t3uxo&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-71\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-71\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Eric Hand (12 October 2014). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/space/2014/10/recent-volcanic-eruptions-moon\">\"Recent volcanic eruptions on the moon\"</a>. Science/AAAS News.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.au=Eric+Hand&amp;rft.btitle=Recent+volcanic+eruptions+on+the+moon&amp;rft.date=2014-10-12&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sciencemag.org%2Fspace%2F2014%2F10%2Frecent-volcanic-eruptions-moon&amp;rft.pub=Science%2FAAAS+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-72\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-72\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">S. E. Braden, J. D. Stopar1, M. S. Robinson1, S. J. Lawrence, C. H. van der Bogert, H. Hiesinger. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ngeo2252.html\">\"Evidence for basaltic volcanism on the Moon within the past 100 million years\"</a>. <i>Nature Geoscience</i>. <b>7</b>: 787\u2013791. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatGe...7..787B\">2014NatGe...7..787B</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo2252\">10.1038/ngeo2252</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Evidence+for+basaltic+volcanism+on+the+Moon+within+the+past+100+million+years&amp;rft.au=S.+E.+Braden%2C+J.+D.+Stopar1%2C+M.+S.+Robinson1%2C+S.+J.+Lawrence%2C+C.+H.+van+der+Bogert%2C+H.+Hiesinger&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fngeo%2Fjournal%2Fvaop%2Fncurrent%2Ffull%2Fngeo2252.html&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014NatGe...7..787B&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fngeo2252&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&amp;rft.pages=787-791&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=7\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> <span class=\"citation-comment\" style=\"display:none; color:#33aa33\">CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (<a href=\"/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Multiple_names:_authors_list\" title=\"Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list\">link</a>)</span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-73\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-73\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Srivastava, N.; Gupta, R.P. (2013). \"Young viscous flows in the Lowell crater of Orientale basin, Moon: Impact melts or volcanic eruptions?\". <i>Planetary and Space Science</i>. <b>87</b>: 37\u201345. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013P&amp;SS...87...37S\">2013P&amp;SS...87...37S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pss.2013.09.001\">10.1016/j.pss.2013.09.001</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Young+viscous+flows+in+the+Lowell+crater+of+Orientale+bas
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp in%2C+Moon%3A+Impact+melts+or+volcanic+eruptions%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=N.&amp;rft.au=Gupta%2C+R.P.&amp;rft.aulast=Srivastava&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013P%26SS...87...37S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pss.2013.09.001&amp;rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&amp;rft.pages=37-45&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=87\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-74\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-74\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Gupta, R.P.; Srivastava, N.; Tiwari, R.K. (2014). \"Evidences of relatively new volcanic flows on the Moon\". <i>Curr. Sci</i>. <b>107</b> (3): 454\u2013460.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Evidences+of+relatively+new+volcanic+flows+on+the+Moon&amp;rft.aufirst=R.P.&amp;rft.aulast=Gupta&amp;rft.au=Srivastava%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Tiwari%2C+R.K.&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Curr.+Sci.&amp;rft.pages=454-460&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=107\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-75\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-75\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Whitten, J.; et al. (2011). \"Lunar mare deposits associated with the Orientale impact basin: New insights into mineralogy, history, mode of emplacement, and relation to Orientale Basin evolution from Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) data from Chandrayaan-1\". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>116</b>: E00G09. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JGRE..116.0G09W\">2011JGRE..116.0G09W</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F2010JE003736\">10.1029/2010JE003736</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Lunar+mare+deposits+associated+with+the+Orientale+impact+basin%3A+New+insights+into+mineralogy%2C+history%2C+mode+of+emplacement%2C+and+relation+to+Orientale+Basin+evolution+from+Moon+Mineralogy+Mapper+%28M3%29+data+from+Chandrayaan-1&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.aulast=Whitten&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JGRE..116.0G09W&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2010JE003736&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&amp;rft.pages=E00G09&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=116\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-76\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-76\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Cho, Y.; et al. (2012). \"Young mare volcanism in the Orientale region contemporary with the Procellarum KREEP Terrane (PKT) volcanism peak period 2 b. y. ago\". <i>Geophysical Research. Letters</i>. <b>39</b>: L11203.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Young+mare+volcanism+in+the+Orientale+region+contemporary+with+the+Procellarum+KREEP+Terrane+%28PKT%29+volcanism+peak+period+2+b.+y.+ago&amp;rft.aufirst=Y.&amp;rft.aulast=Cho&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research.+Letters&amp;rft.pages=L11203&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=39\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-77\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-77\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"c
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08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp /10356393\">10356393</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Topography+of+the+Lunar+Poles+from+Radar+Interferometry%3A+A+Survey+of+Cold+Trap+Locations&amp;rft.au=Campbell%2C+D.+B.&amp;rft.au=Jurgens%2C+R.+F.&amp;rft.au=Margot%2C+J.+L.&amp;rft.au=Slade%2C+M.+A.&amp;rft.date=1999-06-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Sci...284.1658M&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.284.5420.1658&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10356393&amp;rft.issue=5420&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1658-1660&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=284\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-89\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-89\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Ward, William R. (1 August 1975). \"Past Orientation of the Lunar Spin Axis\". <i>Science</i>. <b>189</b> (4200): 377\u2013379. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975Sci...189..377W\">1975Sci...189..377W</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.189.4200.377\">10.1126/science.189.4200.377</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17840827\">17840827</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Past+Orientation+of+the+Lunar+Spin+Axis&amp;rft.aufirst=William+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Ward&amp;rft.date=1975-08-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1975Sci...189..377W&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.189.4200.377&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17840827&amp;rft.issue=4200&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=377-379&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=189\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-M03-90\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-M03_90-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-M03_90-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Martel, L. M. V. (4 June 2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/June03/lunarShadows.html\">\"The Moon's Dark, Icy Poles\"</a>. Planetary Science Research Discoveries, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=L.+M.+V.&amp;rft.aulast=Martel&amp;rft.btitle=The+Moon%27s+Dark%2C+Icy+Poles&amp;rft.date=2003-06-04&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psrd.hawaii.edu%2FJune03%2FlunarShadows.html&amp;rft.pub=Planetary+Science+Research+Discoveries%2C+Hawai%27i+Institute+of+Geophysics+and+Planetology&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-seedhouse2009-91\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-seedhouse2009_91-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Seedhouse, Erik (2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/?id=ZJm_i3GS4r4C&amp;pg=PA136\"><i>Lunar Outpost: The Challenges of Establishing a Human Settlement on the Moon</i></a>. Springer-Praxis Books in Space Exploration. Germany: Springer Praxis. p.\u00a0136. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a hre
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08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp rft.aulast=Feldman&amp;rft.au=R.+C.+Elphic&amp;rft.au=S.+Maurice&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Sci...281.1496F&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.281.5382.1496&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9727973&amp;rft.issue=5382&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1496-1500&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=281\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Saal2008-95\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Saal2008_95-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Saal, Alberto E.; Hauri, Erik H.; Cascio, Mauro L.; van Orman, James A.; Rutherford, Malcolm C.; Cooper, Reid F. (2008). \"Volatile content of lunar volcanic glasses and the presence of water in the Moon's interior\". <i>Nature</i>. <b>454</b> (7201): 192\u2013195. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.454..192S\">2008Natur.454..192S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07047\">10.1038/nature07047</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18615079\">18615079</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Volatile+content+of+lunar+volcanic+glasses+and+the+presence+of+water+in+the+Moon%27s+interior&amp;rft.au=Cascio%2C+Mauro+L.&amp;rft.au=Cooper%2C+Reid+F.&amp;rft.aufirst=Alberto+E.&amp;rft.au=Hauri%2C+Erik+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Saal&amp;rft.au=Rutherford%2C+Malcolm+C.&amp;rft.au=van+Orman%2C+James+A.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Natur.454..192S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature07047&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18615079&amp;rft.issue=7201&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=192-195&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=454\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Pieters2009-96\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Pieters2009_96-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Pieters, C. M.; Goswami, J. N.; Clark, R. N.; Annadurai, M.; Boardman, J.; Buratti, B.; Combe, J.-P.; Dyar, M. D.; Green, R.; Head, J. W.; Hibbitts, C.; Hicks, M.; Isaacson, P.; Klima, R.; Kramer, G.; Kumar, S.; Livo, E.; Lundeen, S.; Malaret, E.; McCord, T.; Mustard, J.; Nettles, J.; Petro, N.; Runyon, C.; Staid, M.; Sunshine, J.; Taylor, L. A.; Tompkins, S.; Varanasi, P. (2009). \"Character and Spatial Distribution of OH/H2O on the Surface of the Moon Seen by M3 on Chandrayaan-1\". <i>Science</i>. <b>326</b> (5952): 568\u201372. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...326..568P\">2009Sci...326..568P</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1178658\">10.1126/science.1178658</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19779151\">19779151</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Character+and+Spatial+Distribution+of+OH%2FH2O+on+the+Surface+of+the+Moon+Seen+by+M3+on+Chandrayaan-1&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...326..568P&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1178658&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19779151&a
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp mp;rft.issue=5952&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=568-72&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=326\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> <span class=\"citation-comment\" style=\"display:none; color:#33aa33\">CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (<a href=\"/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Uses_authors_parameter\" title=\"Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter\">link</a>)</span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Planetary-97\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Planetary_97-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Lakdawalla, Emily (13 November 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://planetary.org/news/2009/1113_LCROSS_Lunar_Impactor_Mission_Yes_We.html\">\"LCROSS Lunar Impactor Mission: \"Yes, We Found Water!<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">\"</span>\"</a>. The Planetary Society<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=Emily&amp;rft.aulast=Lakdawalla&amp;rft.btitle=LCROSS+Lunar+Impactor+Mission%3A+%22Yes%2C+We+Found+Water%21%22&amp;rft.date=2009-11-13&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanetary.org%2Fnews%2F2009%2F1113_LCROSS_Lunar_Impactor_Mission_Yes_We.html&amp;rft.pub=The+Planetary+Society&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Colaprete-98\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Colaprete_98-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">\"Water and More: An Overview of LCROSS Impact Results\". <i>41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference</i>. <b>41</b> (1533): 2335. 1\u20135 March 2010. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010LPI....41.2335C\">2010LPI....41.2335C</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Water+and+More%3A+An+Overview+of+LCROSS+Impact+Results&amp;rft.date=2010-03-01%2F2010-03-05&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010LPI....41.2335C&amp;rft.issue=1533&amp;rft.jtitle=41st+Lunar+and+Planetary+Science+Conference&amp;rft.pages=2335&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=41\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Colaprete2010-99\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Colaprete2010_99-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Colaprete, A.; Schultz, P.; Heldmann, J.; Wooden, D.; Shirley, M.; Ennico, K.; Hermalyn, B.; Marshall, W; Ricco, A.; Elphic, R. C.; Goldstein, D.; Summy, D.; Bart, G. D.; Asphaug, E.; Korycansky, D.; Landis, D.; Sollitt, L. (22 October 2010). \"Detection of Water in the LCROSS Ejecta Plume\". <i>Science</i>. <b>330</b> (6003): 463\u2013468. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sci...330..463C\">2010Sci...330..463C</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1186986\">10.1126/science.1186986</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20966242\">20966242</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Detection+of+Water+in+the+LCROSS+Ejecta+Plume&amp;rft.date=2010-10-22&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Sci...330..463C&amp;rf
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08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999RvGeo..37..453S\">1999RvGeo..37..453S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F1999RG900005\">10.1029/1999RG900005</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=The+Lunar+atmosphere%3A+History%2C+status%2C+current+problems%2C+and+context&amp;rft.aufirst=S.A.&amp;rft.aulast=Stern&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999RvGeo..37..453S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F1999RG900005&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Rev.+Geophys.&amp;rft.pages=453-491&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=37\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-113\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-113\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Lawson, S.; Feldman, W.; Lawrence, D.; Moore, K.; Elphic, R.; Belian, R. (2005). \"Recent outgassing from the lunar surface: the Lunar Prospector alpha particle spectrometer\". <i>J. Geophys. Res</i>. <b>110</b> (E9): 1029. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JGRE..11009009L\">2005JGRE..11009009L</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F2005JE002433\">10.1029/2005JE002433</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Recent+outgassing+from+the+lunar+surface%3A+the+Lunar+Prospector+alpha+particle+spectrometer&amp;rft.au=Belian%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Elphic%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Feldman%2C+W.&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.aulast=Lawson&amp;rft.au=Lawrence%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Moore%2C+K.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JGRE..11009009L&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2005JE002433&amp;rft.issue=E9&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Geophys.+Res.&amp;rft.pages=1029&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=110\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Sridharan2010-114\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Sridharan2010_114-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">R. Sridharan; S. M. Ahmed; Tirtha Pratim Dasa; P. Sreelathaa; P. Pradeepkumara; Neha Naika; and Gogulapati Supriya (2010). \"<span style=\"padding-left:0.2em;\">'</span>Direct' evidence for water (H2O) in the sunlit lunar ambience from CHACE on MIP of Chandrayaan I\". <i>Planetary and Space Science</i>. <b>58</b> (6): 947\u2013950. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010P&amp;SS...58..947S\">2010P&amp;SS...58..947S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pss.2010.02.013\">10.1016/j.pss.2010.02.013</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=%27Direct%27+evidence+for+water+%28H2O%29+in+the+sunlit+lunar+ambience+from+CHACE+on+MIP+of+Chandrayaan+I&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010P%26SS...58..947S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pss.2010.02.013&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&amp;rft.pages=947-950&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=58\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> <span class=\"citation-co
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp mment\" style=\"display:none; color:#33aa33\">CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (<a href=\"/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Uses_authors_parameter\" title=\"Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter\">link</a>)</span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-115\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-115\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Drake, Nadia; 17, National Geographic PUBLISHED June. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/06/150617-moon-dust-cloud-comet-space\">\"Lopsided Cloud of Dust Discovered Around the Moon\"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2015-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Lopsided+Cloud+of+Dust+Discovered+Around+the+Moon&amp;rft.au=17%2C+National+Geographic+PUBLISHED+June&amp;rft.aufirst=Nadia&amp;rft.aulast=Drake&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2015%2F06%2F150617-moon-dust-cloud-comet-space&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-116\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-116\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Hor\u00e1nyi, M.; Szalay, J. R.; Kempf, S.; Schmidt, J.; Gr\u00fcn, E.; Srama, R.; Sternovsky, Z. (June 18, 2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v522/n7556/full/nature14479.html\">\"A permanent, asymmetric dust cloud around the Moon\"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>522</b> (7556): 324\u2013326. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.522..324H\">2015Natur.522..324H</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14479\">10.1038/nature14479</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=A+permanent%2C+asymmetric+dust+cloud+around+the+Moon&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.au=Gr%C3%BCn%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Kempf%2C+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Hor%C3%A1nyi&amp;rft.au=Schmidt%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Srama%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Sternovsky%2C+Z.&amp;rft.au=Szalay%2C+J.+R.&amp;rft.date=2015-06-18&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv522%2Fn7556%2Ffull%2Fnature14479.html&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.522..324H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature14479&amp;rft.issue=7556&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=324-326&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=522\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SolarViews-117\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-SolarViews_117-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Hamilton, Calvin J.; Hamilton, Rosanna L., <i>The Moon</i>, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/moon.htm\">Views of the Solar System</a>, 1995\u20132011.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-bbc-118\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-bbc_118-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-bbc_118-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Amos, Jonathan (16 December 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8416749.stm\">\"<span style=\"padding-left:0.2em;\">'</span>Coldest place' found on the Moon\"</a>. BBC News<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ve
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp r=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=%27Coldest+place%27+found+on+the+Moon&amp;rft.aufirst=Jonathan&amp;rft.aulast=Amos&amp;rft.date=2009-12-16&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2F8416749.stm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-119\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-119\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.diviner.ucla.edu/blog/?p=123\">\"Diviner News\"</a>. UCLA. 17 September 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">17 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Diviner+News&amp;rft.date=2009-09-17&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diviner.ucla.edu%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D123&amp;rft.pub=UCLA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-120\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-120\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://planetfacts.org/temperature-on-the-moon/\">PlanetFacts.org</a></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Beletskii2-123\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Beletskii2_123-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">V V Belet\ufe20s\ufe21ki\u012d (2001). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/?id=byWZusmVSecC\"><i>Essays on the Motion of Celestial Bodies</i></a>. Birkh\u00e4user. p.\u00a0183. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-5866-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-5866-2\">978-3-7643-5866-2</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.au=V+V+Belet%EF%B8%A0s%EF%B8%A1ki%C4&amp;rft.btitle=Essays+on+the+Motion+of+Celestial+Bodies&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DbyWZusmVSecC&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-7643-5866-2&amp;rft.pages=183&amp;rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-126\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-126\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/pluto/\">\"Space Topics: Pluto and Charon\"</a>. The Planetary Society<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">6 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Space+Topics%3A+Pluto+and+Charon&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Fexplore%2Ftopics%2Fpluto%2F&amp;rft.pub=The+Planetary+Society&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-127\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-127\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.iau.org/static/archives/releases/doc/iau0601_q_answers.doc\">\"Planet Definition Questions &amp; Answers Sheet\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(DOC)</span>. International Astronomical Union. 2006<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">24 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Planet+Definition+Questions+%26+Answers+Sheet&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fstatic%2Farchives%2Freleases%2Fdoc%2Fiau0601_q_answers.doc&amp;rft.pub=International+Astronomical+Union&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-128\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-128\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Alexander, M. E. (1973). \"The Weak Friction Approximation and Tidal Evolution in Close Binary Systems\". <i>Astrophysics and Space Science</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 459\u2013508. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973Ap&amp;SS..23..459A\">1973Ap&amp;SS..23..459A</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00645172\">10.1007/BF00645172</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=The+Weak+Friction+Approximation+and+Tidal+Evolution+in+Close+Binary+Systems&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+E.&amp;rft.aulast=Alexander&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973Ap%26SS..23..459A&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00645172&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Astrophysics+and+Space+Science&amp;rft.pages=459-508&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=23\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-129\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-129\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a href=\"/wiki/Phil_Plait\" title=\"Phil Plait\">Phil Plait</a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/misc/dark_side.html\">\"Dark Side of the Moon\"</a>. Bad Astronomy:Misconceptions<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">15 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.au=Phil+Plait&amp;rft.btitle=Dark+Side+of+the+Moon&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.badastronomy.com%2Fbad%2Fmisc%2Fdark_side.html&amp;rft.pub=Bad+Astronomy%3AMisconceptions&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-130\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-130\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35883576\">\"Moon used to spin 'on different axis<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">'</span>\"</a>. BBC<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Moon+used+to+spin+%27on+different+axis%27&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-35883576&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Moon-132\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Moon_132-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Luciuk, Mike. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.asterism.org/tutorials/tut26-1.htm\">\"How Bright is the Moon?\"</a>. Amateur Astronomers, Inc<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.au=Luciuk%2C+Mike&amp;rft.btitle=How+Bright+is+the+Moon%3F&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asterism.org%2Ftutorials%2Ftut26-1.htm&amp;rft.pub=Amateur+Astronomers%2C+Inc.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-133\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-133\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Hershenson, Maurice (1989). <i>The Moon illusion</i>. Routledge. p.\u00a05. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-0121-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-0121-7\">978-0-8058-0121-7</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=Maurice&amp;rft.aulast=Hershenson&amp;rft.btitle=The+Moon+illusion&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8058-0121-7&amp;rft.pages=5&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-134\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-134\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Spekkens, K. (18 October 2002). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/our-solar-system/46-our-solar-system/the-moon/observing-the-moon/124-is-the-moon-seen-as-a-crescent-and-not-a-boat-all-over-the-world-is-the-same-phase-of-the-moon-visible-from-the-northern-and-southern-hemispheres-advanced\">\"Is the Moon seen as a crescent (and not a \"boat\") all over the world?\"</a>. Curious About Astronomy<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=K.&amp;rft.aulast=Spekkens&amp;rft.btitle=Is+the+Moon+seen+as+a+crescent+%28and+not+a+%22boat%22%29+all+over+the+world%3F&amp;rft.date=2002-10-18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcurious.astro.cornell.edu%2Four-solar-system%2F46-our-solar-system%2Fthe-moon%2Fobserving-the-moon%2F124-is-the-moon-seen-as-a-crescent-and-not-a-boat-all-over-the-world-is-the-same-phase-of-the-moon-visible-from-the-northern-and-southern-hemispheres-advanced&amp;rft.pub=Curious+About+Astronomy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-135\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-135\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22930562-500-moonlight-helps-plankton-escape-predators-during-arctic-winters/\">\"Moonlight helps plankton escape predators during Arctic winters\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/New_Scientist\" title=\"New Scientist\">New Scientist</a></i>. Jan 16, 2016.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Moonlight+helps+plankton+escape+predators+during+Arctic+winters&amp;rft.date=2016-01-16&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg22930562-500-moonlight-helps-plankton-escape-predators-during-arctic-winters%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-136\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-136\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.pe.com/localnews/stories/P
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp E_News_Local_D_moon19.23a6364.html\">\"Full moon tonight is as close as it gets\"</a>. The Press Enterprise. 18 March 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Full+moon+tonight+is+as+close+as+it+gets&amp;rft.date=2011-03-18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pe.com%2Flocalnews%2Fstories%2FPE_News_Local_D_moon19.23a6364.html&amp;rft.pub=The+Press+Enterprise&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-137\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-137\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Tony Phillips (16 March 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/16mar_supermoon/\">\"Super Full Moon\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.au=Tony+Phillips&amp;rft.btitle=Super+Full+Moon&amp;rft.date=2011-03-16&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fscience-news%2Fscience-at-nasa%2F2011%2F16mar_supermoon%2F&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-138\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-138\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Richard K. De Atley (18 March 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.pe.com/localnews/stories/PE_News_Local_D_moon19.23a6364.html\">\"Full moon tonight is as close as it gets\"</a>. The Press-Enterprise<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.au=Richard+K.+De+Atley&amp;rft.btitle=Full+moon+tonight+is+as+close+as+it+gets&amp;rft.date=2011-03-18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pe.com%2Flocalnews%2Fstories%2FPE_News_Local_D_moon19.23a6364.html&amp;rft.pub=The+Press-Enterprise&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-139\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-139\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2011/mar/19/super-moon-closest-point-years\">\"<span style=\"padding-left:0.2em;\">'</span>Super moon' to reach closest point for almost 20 years\"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 19 March 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=%27Super+moon%27+to+reach+closest+point+for+almost+20+years&amp;rft.date=2011-03-19&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fscience%2F2011%2Fmar%2F19%2Fsuper-moon-closest-point-years&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-140\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-140\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Georgia State University, Dept. of Physics (Astronomy). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/bright.html\">\"Perceived Brightness\"</a>. <i>Brightnes and Night/Day Sensitivity</i>. Georgia State University,
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08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp p;rft.pages=545-594&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=287\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-147\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-147\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Le Provost, C.; Bennett, A. F.; Cartwright, D. E. (1995). \"Ocean Tides for and from TOPEX/POSEIDON\". <i>Science</i>. <b>267</b> (5198): 639\u201342. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...267..639L\">1995Sci...267..639L</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.267.5198.639\">10.1126/science.267.5198.639</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17745840\">17745840</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Ocean+Tides+for+and+from+TOPEX%2FPOSEIDON&amp;rft.au=Bennett%2C+A.+F.&amp;rft.au=Cartwright%2C+D.+E.&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.aulast=Le+Provost&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995Sci...267..639L&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.267.5198.639&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17745840&amp;rft.issue=5198&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=639-42&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=267\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-touma1994-148\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-touma1994_148-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-touma1994_148-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-touma1994_148-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-touma1994_148-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Touma, Jihad; Wisdom, Jack (1994). \"Evolution of the Earth-Moon system\". <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>108</b> (5): 1943\u20131961. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994AJ....108.1943T\">1994AJ....108.1943T</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F117209\">10.1086/117209</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+Earth-Moon+system&amp;rft.aufirst=Jihad&amp;rft.aulast=Touma&amp;rft.au=Wisdom%2C+Jack&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994AJ....108.1943T&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F117209&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=1943-1961&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=108\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-149\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-149\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Chapront, J.; Chapront-Touz\u00e9, M.; Francou, G. (2002). \"A new determination of lunar orbital parameters, precession constant and tidal acceleration from LLR measurements\". <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. <b>387</b> (2): 700\u2013709. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002A&amp;A...387..700C\">2002A&amp;A...387..700C</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.
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08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp ><cite class=\"citation book\"><a href=\"/wiki/Terence_Dickinson\" title=\"Terence Dickinson\">Dickinson, Terence</a> (1993). <i>From the Big Bang to Planet X</i>. Camden East, Ontario: <a href=\"/wiki/Camden_House\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Camden House\">Camden House</a>. pp.\u00a079\u201381. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-921820-71-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-921820-71-0\">978-0-921820-71-0</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=Terence&amp;rft.aulast=Dickinson&amp;rft.btitle=From+the+Big+Bang+to+Planet+X&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-921820-71-0&amp;rft.pages=79-81&amp;rft.place=Camden+East%2C+Ontario&amp;rft.pub=Camden+House&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-154\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-154\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Latham, Gary; Ewing, Maurice; Dorman, James; Lammlein, David; Press, Frank; Toks\u0151z, Naft; Sutton, George; Duennebier, Fred; Nakamura, Yosio (1972). \"Moonquakes and lunar tectonism\". <i>Earth, Moon, and Planets</i>. <b>4</b> (3\u20134): 373\u2013382. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972Moon....4..373L\">1972Moon....4..373L</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00562004\">10.1007/BF00562004</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Moonquakes+and+lunar+tectonism&amp;rft.au=Dorman%2C+James&amp;rft.au=Duennebier%2C+Fred&amp;rft.au=Ewing%2C+Maurice&amp;rft.aufirst=Gary&amp;rft.au=Lammlein%2C+David&amp;rft.aulast=Latham&amp;rft.au=Nakamura%2C+Yosio&amp;rft.au=Press%2C+Frank&amp;rft.au=Sutton%2C+George&amp;rft.au=Toks%C5%91z%2C+Naft&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1972Moon....4..373L&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00562004&amp;rft.issue=3%934&amp;rft.jtitle=Earth%2C+Moon%2C+and+Planets&amp;rft.pages=373-382&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=4\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-155\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-155\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Phillips, Tony (12 March 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2007/12mar_stereoeclipse.htm\">\"Stereo Eclipse\"</a>. <i>Science@NASA</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">17 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Stereo+Eclipse&amp;rft.au=Phillips%2C+Tony&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fheadlines%2Fy2007%2F12mar_stereoeclipse.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=Science%40NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-156\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-156\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Espenak, F. (2000). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.mreclipse.com/Special/SEprimer.html\">\"Solar Eclipses for Beginners\"</a>. MrEclipse<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">17 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipe
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp dia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=F.&amp;rft.aulast=Espenak&amp;rft.btitle=Solar+Eclipses+for+Beginners&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mreclipse.com%2FSpecial%2FSEprimer.html&amp;rft.pub=MrEclipse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-fourmilab-158\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-fourmilab_158-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Walker, John (10 July 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.fourmilab.ch/images/peri_apo/\">\"Moon near Perigee, Earth near Aphelion\"</a>. Fourmilab<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">25 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Walker&amp;rft.btitle=Moon+near+Perigee%2C+Earth+near+Aphelion&amp;rft.date=2004-07-10&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fourmilab.ch%2Fimages%2Fperi_apo%2F&amp;rft.pub=Fourmilab&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-eclipse-159\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-eclipse_159-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Thieman, J.; Keating, S. (2 May 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://eclipse99.nasa.gov/pages/faq.html\">\"Eclipse 99, Frequently Asked Questions\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.au=Keating%2C+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Thieman&amp;rft.btitle=Eclipse+99%2C+Frequently+Asked+Questions&amp;rft.date=2006-05-02&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feclipse99.nasa.gov%2Fpages%2Ffaq.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-160\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-160\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Espenak, F. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEsaros/SEsaros.html\">\"Saros Cycle\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">17 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=F.&amp;rft.aulast=Espenak&amp;rft.btitle=Saros+Cycle&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Feclipse%2FSEsaros%2FSEsaros.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-162\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-162\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Guthrie, D.V. (1947). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1947PA.....55..200\">\"The Square Degree as a Unit of Celestial Area\"</a>. <i>Popular Astronomy</i>. <b>55</b>: 200\u2013203. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1947PA.....55..200G\">1947PA.....55..200G</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=The+Square+Degree+as+a+Unit+of+Celestial+Area&amp;rft.au=Guthrie%2C+D.V.&amp;rft.date=1947&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1947PA.....55..200&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1947PA.....55..200G&amp;rft.jtitle=Popular+Astronomy
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp &amp;rft.pages=200-203&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=55\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-163\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-163\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://occsec.wellington.net.nz/total/totoccs.htm\">\"Total Lunar Occultations\"</a>. Royal Astronomical Society of New Zealand<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">17 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Total+Lunar+Occultations&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foccsec.wellington.net.nz%2Ftotal%2Ftotoccs.htm&amp;rft.pub=Royal+Astronomical+Society+of+New+Zealand&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-164\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-164\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Aaboe, A.; Britton, J. P.; Henderson,, J. A.; <a href=\"/wiki/Otto_Neugebauer\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Otto Neugebauer\">Neugebauer, Otto</a>; Sachs, A. J. (1991). \"Saros Cycle Dates and Related Babylonian Astronomical Texts\". <i>Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society\" title=\"American Philosophical Society\">American Philosophical Society</a>. <b>81</b> (6): 1\u201375. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1006543\">10.2307/1006543</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/JSTOR\" title=\"JSTOR\">JSTOR</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/1006543\">1006543</a>. <q>One comprises what we have called \"Saros Cycle Texts\", which give the months of eclipse possibilities arranged in consistent cycles of 223\u00a0months (or 18\u00a0years).</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Saros+Cycle+Dates+and+Related+Babylonian+Astronomical+Texts&amp;rft.au=Britton%2C+J.+P.&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.au=Henderson%2C%2C+J.+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Aaboe&amp;rft.au=Neugebauer%2C+Otto&amp;rft.au=Sachs%2C+A.+J.&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1006543&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1006543&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&amp;rft.pages=1-75&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=81\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Sarma-Ast-Ind-165\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Sarma-Ast-Ind_165-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\"><a href=\"/wiki/K._V._Sarma\" title=\"K. V. Sarma\">Sarma, K. V.</a> (2008). \"Astronomy in India\". In <a href=\"/wiki/Helaine_Selin\" title=\"Helaine Selin\">Helaine Selin</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures</i> (2 ed.). <a href=\"/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media\" title=\"Springer Science+Business Media\">Springer</a>. pp.\u00a0317\u2013321. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4559-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4559-2\">978-1-4020-4559-2</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Astronomy+in+India&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+V.&amp;rft.aulast=Sarma&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+History+of+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Medicine+in+Non-Western+Culture
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp s&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4020-4559-2&amp;rft.pages=317-321&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986411-166\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986411_166-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFNeedham1986\">Needham 1986</a>, p.\u00a0411.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-167\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-167\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">O'Connor, J.J.; Robertson, E.F. (February 1999). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Anaxagoras.html\">\"Anaxagoras of Clazomenae\"</a>. University of St Andrews<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=J.J.&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Connor&amp;rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.F.&amp;rft.btitle=Anaxagoras+of+Clazomenae&amp;rft.date=1999-02&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FAnaxagoras.html&amp;rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986227-168\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986227_168-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFNeedham1986\">Needham 1986</a>, p.\u00a0227.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986413.E2.80.93414-169\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986413.E2.80.93414_169-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFNeedham1986\">Needham 1986</a>, p.\u00a0413\u2013414.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-170\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-170\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Robertson, E. F. (November 2000). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Aryabhata_I.html\">\"Aryabhata the Elder\"</a>. Scotland: School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">15 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+F.&amp;rft.aulast=Robertson&amp;rft.btitle=Aryabhata+the+Elder&amp;rft.date=2000-11&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FAryabhata_I.html&amp;rft.place=Scotland&amp;rft.pub=School+of+Mathematics+and+Statistics%2C+University+of+St+Andrews&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-171\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-171\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">A. I. Sabra (2008). \"Ibn Al-Haytham, Ab\u016b \u02bfAl\u012b Al-\u1e24asan Ibn Al-\u1e24asan\". <i>Dictionary of Scientific Biography</i>. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp.\u00a0189\u2013210, at 195.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Ibn+Al-Haytham%2C+Ab%C5%AB+%CA%BFAl%C4%AB+Al-%E1%B8%A4asan+Ibn+Al-%E1%B8%A4asan&amp;rft.au=A.+I.+Sabra&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=189-210%2C+at+195&amp;rft.place=Detroit&amp;rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u0
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp 0a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986415.E2.80.93416-172\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986415.E2.80.93416_172-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFNeedham1986\">Needham 1986</a>, p.\u00a0415\u2013416.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-173\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-173\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\"><a href=\"/wiki/C._S._Lewis\" title=\"C. S. Lewis\">Lewis, C. S.</a> (1964). <i>The Discarded Image</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a0108. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47735-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47735-2\">978-0-521-47735-2</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Lewis&amp;rft.btitle=The+Discarded+Image&amp;rft.date=1964&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-47735-2&amp;rft.pages=108&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-174\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-174\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\"><a href=\"/wiki/Bartel_Leendert_van_der_Waerden\" title=\"Bartel Leendert van der Waerden\">van der Waerden, Bartel Leendert</a> (1987). \"The Heliocentric System in Greek, Persian and Hindu Astronomy\". <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>500</b>: 1\u2013569. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987NYASA.500....1A\">1987NYASA.500....1A</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1987.tb37193.x\">10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37193.x</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3296915\">3296915</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=The+Heliocentric+System+in+Greek%2C+Persian+and+Hindu+Astronomy&amp;rft.aufirst=Bartel+Leendert&amp;rft.aulast=van+der+Waerden&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987NYASA.500....1A&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1987.tb37193.x&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3296915&amp;rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=1-569&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=500\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-175\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-175\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Evans, James (1998). <i>The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy</i>. Oxford &amp; New York: Oxford University Press. pp.\u00a071, 386. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509539-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509539-5\">978-0-19-509539-5</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft.aulast=Evans&amp;rft.btitle=The+History+and+Practice+of+Ancient+Astronomy&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-509539-5&amp;rft.pages=71%2C+386&amp;rft.place=Oxford+%26+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" cl
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp ass=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-176\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-176\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/31/science/31computer.html?hp\">\"Discovering How Greeks Computed in 100 B.C.\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 31 July 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">9 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Discovering+How+Greeks+Computed+in+100+B.C.&amp;rft.date=2008-07-31&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F07%2F31%2Fscience%2F31computer.html%3Fhp&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-177\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-177\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Van Helden, A. (1995). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/moon.html\">\"The Moon\"</a>. Galileo Project<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.aulast=Van+Helden&amp;rft.btitle=The+Moon&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2Fsci%2Fobservations%2Fmoon.html&amp;rft.pub=Galileo+Project&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-178\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-178\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Consolmagno, Guy J. (1996). \"Astronomy, Science Fiction and Popular Culture: 1277 to 2001 (And beyond)\". <i>Leonardo</i>. The MIT Press. <b>29</b> (2): 128. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1576348\">10.2307/1576348</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/JSTOR\" title=\"JSTOR\">JSTOR</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/1576348\">1576348</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Astronomy%2C+Science+Fiction+and+Popular+Culture%3A+1277+to+2001+%28And+beyond%29&amp;rft.aufirst=Guy+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Consolmagno&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1576348&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1576348&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Leonardo&amp;rft.pages=128&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=29\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Hall1977-179\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Hall1977_179-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Hall, R. Cargill (1977). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4210/pages/App_A.htm\">\"Appendix A: LUNAR THEORY BEFORE 1964\"</a>. <i>NASA History Series. LUNAR IMPACT: A History of Project Ranger</i>. Washington, D.C.: Scientific and Technical Information Office, NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Appendix+A%3A+LUNAR+THEORY+BEFORE+1964&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+Cargill&amp;rft.aulast=Hall&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp 2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4210%2Fpages%2FApp_A.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA+History+Series.+LUNAR+IMPACT%3A+A+History+of+Project+Ranger.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-180\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-180\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Zak, Anatoly (2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.russianspaceweb.com/spacecraft_planetary_lunar.html\">\"Russia's unmanned missions toward the Moon\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=Anatoly&amp;rft.aulast=Zak&amp;rft.btitle=Russia%27s+unmanned+missions+toward+the+Moon&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianspaceweb.com%2Fspacecraft_planetary_lunar.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-181\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-181\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/index.cfm\">\"Rocks and Soils from the Moon\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">6 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Rocks+and+Soils+from+the+Moon&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcurator.jsc.nasa.gov%2Flunar%2Findex.cfm&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CNN-182\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-CNN_182-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Coren, M. (26 July 2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/space/07/16/moon.landing/index.html\">\"<span style=\"padding-left:0.2em;\">'</span>Giant leap' opens world of possibility\"</a>. CNN<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=%27Giant+leap%27+opens+world+of+possibility&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.aulast=Coren&amp;rft.date=2004-07-26&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2004%2FTECH%2Fspace%2F07%2F16%2Fmoon.landing%2Findex.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-183\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-183\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://history.nasa.gov/ap11ann/ap11events.html\">\"Record of Lunar Events, 24 July 1969\"</a>. <i>Apollo 11 30th anniversary</i>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Record+of+Lunar+Events%2C+24+July+1969&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Fap11ann%2Fap11events.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Apollo+11+30th+anniversary&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-184\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-184\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\"
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp href=\"http://www.spaceline.org/flightchron/apollo11.html\">\"Manned Space Chronology: Apollo_11\"</a>. spaceline.org<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">6 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Manned+Space+Chronology%3A+Apollo_11&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceline.org%2Fflightchron%2Fapollo11.html&amp;rft.pub=spaceline.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-185\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-185\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0714_040714_moonlanding.html\">\"Apollo Anniversary: Moon Landing \"Inspired World<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">\"</span>\"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">6 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Apollo+Anniversary%3A+Moon+Landing+%22Inspired+World%22&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2004%2F07%2F0714_040714_moonlanding.html&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-186\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-186\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"Orloff\" class=\"citation book\">Orloff, Richard W. (September 2004) [First published 2000]. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-30_Extravehicular_Activity.htm\">\"Extravehicular Activity\"</a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/SP-4029.htm\"><i>Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference</i></a>. <i>NASA History Division, Office of Policy and Plans</i>. The NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.: <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-050631-X\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-16-050631-X\">0-16-050631-X</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number\" title=\"Library of Congress Control Number\">LCCN</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//lccn.loc.gov/00061677\">00061677</a>. NASA SP-2000-4029<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">1 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Extravehicular+Activity&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Orloff&amp;rft.btitle=Apollo+by+the+Numbers%3A+A+Statistical+Reference&amp;rft.date=2004-09&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4029%2FApollo_18-30_Extravehicular_Activity.htm&amp;rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F00061677&amp;rft.isbn=0-16-050631-X&amp;rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft.series=The+NASA+History+Series&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-187\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-187\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Launius, Roger D. (July 1999). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://history.nasa.gov/ap11ann/legacy.htm\">\"The Legacy of Project Apollo\"</a>. NASA History Office<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Launius&amp;rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Project+Apollo&amp;rft.date=1999-07&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Fap11ann%2Flegacy.htm&amp;rft.pub=NASA+History+Office&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-188\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-188\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\"><i>SP-287 What Made Apollo a Success? A series of eight articles reprinted by permission from the March 1970 issue of Astronautics &amp; Aeronautics, a publication of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics</i>. Washington, D.C.: Scientific and Technical Information Office, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1971.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=SP-287+What+Made+Apollo+a+Success%3F+A+series+of+eight+articles+reprinted+by+permission+from+the+March+1970+issue+of+Astronautics+%26+Aeronautics%2C+a+publication+of+the+American+Institute+of+Aeronautics+and+Astronautics.&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&amp;rft.pub=Scientific+and+Technical+Information+Office%2C+National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-189\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-189\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation pressrelease\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/83129main_1977.pdf\">\"NASA news release 77-47 page 242\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span> (Press release). 1 September 1977<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+news+release+77-47+page+242&amp;rft.date=1977-09-01&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Fjohnson%2Fpdf%2F83129main_1977.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-190\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-190\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Appleton, James; Radley, Charles; Deans, John; Harvey, Simon; Burt, Paul; Haxell, Michael; Adams, Roy; Spooner N.; Brieske, Wayne (1977). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20071210143103/http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~ipswich/Miscellaneous/Archived_spaceflight_news.htm\">\"OASI Newsletters Archive\"</a>. NASA Turns A Deaf Ear To The Moon. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~ipswich/Miscellaneous/Archived_spaceflight_news.htm\">the original</a> on 10 December 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=OASI+Newsletters+Archive&amp;rft.au=Adams%2C+Roy&amp;rft.au=Brieske%2C+Wayne&amp;rft.au=Burt%2C+Paul&amp;rft.au=Deans%2C+John&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft.au=Harvey%2C+Simon&amp;rft.au=Haxell%2C+Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Appleton&amp;rft.au=Radley%2C+Charles&amp;rft.au=Spooner+N.&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ast.cam.ac.uk%2F~ipswich%2FMiscellaneous%2FArchived_spaceflight_news.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-191\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backl
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp ink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-191\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Dickey, J.; et al. (1994). \"Lunar laser ranging: a continuing legacy of the Apollo program\". <i>Science</i>. <b>265</b> (5171): 482\u2013490. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Sci...265..482D\">1994Sci...265..482D</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.265.5171.482\">10.1126/science.265.5171.482</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17781305\">17781305</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Lunar+laser+ranging%3A+a+continuing+legacy+of+the+Apollo+program&amp;rft.au=Bender%2C+P.+L.&amp;rft.au=Faller%2C+J.+E.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.aulast=Dickey&amp;rft.au=Newhall%2C+X+X&amp;rft.au=Ricklefs%2C+R.+L.&amp;rft.au=Ries%2C+J.+G.&amp;rft.au=Shelus%2C+P.+J.&amp;rft.au=Veillet%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Whipple%2C+A.+L.&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994Sci...265..482D&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.265.5171.482&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17781305&amp;rft.issue=5171&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=482-490&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=265\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-192\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-192\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Hiten&amp;Display=ReadMore\">\"Hiten-Hagomoro\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Hiten-Hagomoro&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fmissions%2Fprofile.cfm%3FMCode%3DHiten%26Display%3DReadMore&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-193\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-193\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/cleminfo.html\">\"Clementine information\"</a>. NASA. 1994<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Clementine+information&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Fcleminfo.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-194\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-194\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/results/neutron.htm\">\"Lunar Prospector: Neutron Spectrometer\"</a>. NASA. 2001<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Lunar+Prospector%3A+Neutron+Spectrometer&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flunar.arc.nasa.gov%2Fresults%2Fneutron.htm&amp;rft.pub=
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-195\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-195\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/SMART-1/SEMSDE1A6BD_0.html\">\"SMART-1 factsheet\"</a>. European Space Agency. 26 February 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=SMART-1+factsheet&amp;rft.date=2007-02-26&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FSPECIALS%2FSMART-1%2FSEMSDE1A6BD_0.html&amp;rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-xinhua_20090301-196\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-xinhua_20090301_196-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-03/01/content_7523687.htm\">\"China's first lunar probe ends mission\"</a>. Xinhua. 1 March 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=China%27s+first+lunar+probe+ends+mission&amp;rft.date=2009-03-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fchina%2F2009-03%2F01%2Fcontent_7523687.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-197\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-197\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Leonard David (17 March 2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.space.com/28809-china-rocket-family-moon-plans.html\">\"China Outlines New Rockets, Space Station and Moon Plans\"</a>. Space dot com<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.au=Leonard+David&amp;rft.btitle=China+Outlines+New+Rockets%2C+Space+Station+and+Moon+Plans&amp;rft.date=2015-03-17&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F28809-china-rocket-family-moon-plans.html&amp;rft.pub=Space+dot+com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-198\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-198\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.selene.jaxa.jp/en/profile/index.htm\">\"KAGUYA Mission Profile\"</a>. JAXA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=KAGUYA+Mission+Profile&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.selene.jaxa.jp%2Fen%2Fprofile%2Findex.htm&amp;rft.pub=JAXA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-199\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-199\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2007/11/20071107_kaguya_e.html\">\"KAGUYA (SELENE) World's First Image Taking of the Moon by HDTV\"</a>. Japan Aerospace Explorat
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp ion Agency (JAXA) and NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation). 7 November 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=KAGUYA+%28SELENE%29+World%27s+First+Image+Taking+of+the+Moon+by+HDTV&amp;rft.date=2007-11-07&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jaxa.jp%2Fpress%2F2007%2F11%2F20071107_kaguya_e.html&amp;rft.pub=Japan+Aerospace+Exploration+Agency+%28JAXA%29+and+NHK+%28Japan+Broadcasting+Corporation%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-200\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-200\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.isro.org/Chandrayaan/htmls/mission_sequence.htm\">\"Mission Sequence\"</a>. Indian Space Research Organisation. 17 November 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Mission+Sequence&amp;rft.date=2008-11-17&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.org%2FChandrayaan%2Fhtmls%2Fmission_sequence.htm&amp;rft.pub=Indian+Space+Research+Organisation&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-201\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-201\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.isro.org/scripts/futureprogramme.aspx#Space\">\"Indian Space Research Organisation: Future Program\"</a>. Indian Space Research Organisation<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Indian+Space+Research+Organisation%3A+Future+Program&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.org%2Fscripts%2Ffutureprogramme.aspx%23Space&amp;rft.pub=Indian+Space+Research+Organisation&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-202\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-202\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20071217203828/http://isro.org/pressrelease/Nov14_2007.htm\">\"India and Russia Sign an Agreement on Chandrayaan-2\"</a>. Indian Space Research Organisation. 14 November 2007. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://isro.org/pressrelease/Nov14_2007.htm\">the original</a> on 17 December 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=India+and+Russia+Sign+an+Agreement+on+Chandrayaan-2&amp;rft.date=2007-11-14&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisro.org%2Fpressrelease%2FNov14_2007.htm&amp;rft.pub=Indian+Space+Research+Organisation&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-203\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-203\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://lcross.arc.nasa.gov/observation.htm\">\"Lunar CRater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS): Strategy &amp; Astronomer Observation Campaign\"</a>. NASA. October
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Lunar+CRater+Observation+and+Sensing+Satellite+%28LCROSS%29%3A+Strategy+%26+Astronomer+Observation+Campaign&amp;rft.date=2009-10&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcross.arc.nasa.gov%2Fobservation.htm&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-204\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-204\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45901428#.Twe_flbWxvY\">\"Giant moon crater revealed in spectacular up-close photos\"</a>. MSNBC. Space.com. 6 January 2012.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Giant+moon+crater+revealed+in+spectacular+up-close+photos&amp;rft.date=2012-01-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F45901428%23.Twe_flbWxvY&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-205\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-205\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Chang, Alicia (26 December 2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.thesunnews.com/2011/12/26/2569001/twin-probes-to-circle-moon-to.html\">\"Twin probes to circle moon to study gravity field\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Sun_News\" title=\"The Sun News\">The Sun News</a></i>. <a href=\"/wiki/Associated_Press\" title=\"Associated Press\">Associated Press</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">27 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Twin+probes+to+circle+moon+to+study+gravity+field&amp;rft.aufirst=Alicia&amp;rft.aulast=Chang&amp;rft.date=2011-12-26&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesunnews.com%2F2011%2F12%2F26%2F2569001%2Ftwin-probes-to-circle-moon-to.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Sun+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-206\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-206\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Covault, C. (4 June 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.aviationnow.com/avnow/news/channel_awst_story.jsp?id=news/aw060506p2.xml\">\"Russia Plans Ambitious Robotic Lunar Mission\"</a>. Aviation Week<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.aulast=Covault&amp;rft.btitle=Russia+Plans+Ambitious+Robotic+Lunar+Mission&amp;rft.date=2006-06-04&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviationnow.com%2Favnow%2Fnews%2Fchannel_awst_story.jsp%3Fid%3Dnews%2Faw060506p2.xml&amp;rft.pub=Aviation+Week&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-207\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-207\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://rt.com/Top_News/2009-02-25/Russia_to_send_mission_to_Mars_this_year__Moon_in_three_years_.html\">\"Russia to send mission to Mars this year, Moon in three years\"</a>. \"TV-Novosti\". 25 February 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retr
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08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp %2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fconstellation%2Fmain%2Findex.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-212\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-212\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation pressrelease\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/dec/HQ_06361_ESMD_Lunar_Architecture.html\">\"NASA Unveils Global Exploration Strategy and Lunar Architecture\"</a> (Press release). NASA. 4 December 2006<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+Unveils+Global+Exploration+Strategy+and+Lunar+Architecture&amp;rft.date=2006-12-04&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fhome%2Fhqnews%2F2006%2Fdec%2FHQ_06361_ESMD_Lunar_Architecture.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-213\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-213\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">NASAtelevision (15 April 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3rNn_cUrlmE\">\"President Obama Pledges Total Commitment to NASA\"</a>. YouTube<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">7 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.au=NASAtelevision&amp;rft.btitle=President+Obama+Pledges+Total+Commitment+to+NASA&amp;rft.date=2010-04-15&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D3rNn_cUrlmE&amp;rft.pub=YouTube&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-214\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-214\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.space.com/news/061110_india_mannedspace.html\">\"India's Space Agency Proposes Manned Spaceflight Program\"</a>. SPACE.com. 10 November 2006<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=India%27s+Space+Agency+Proposes+Manned+Spaceflight+Program&amp;rft.date=2006-11-10&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fnews%2F061110_india_mannedspace.html&amp;rft.pub=SPACE.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-215\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-215\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Takahashi, Yuki (September 1999). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ugcs.caltech.edu/~yukimoon/MoonTelescope/\">\"Mission Design for Setting up an Optical Telescope on the Moon\"</a>. California Institute of Technology<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">27 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=Yuki&amp;rft.aulast=Takahashi&amp;rft.btitle=Mission+Design+for+Setting+up+an+Optical+Telescope+on+the+Moon&amp;rft.date=1999-09&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ugcs.caltech.edu%2F~yukimoon%2FMoonTelescope%2F&amp;rft.pub=California+Institute+of+Technology&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:non
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp e;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-216\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-216\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Chandler, David (15 February 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2008/moonscope-0215.html\">\"MIT to lead development of new telescopes on moon\"</a>. <i>MIT News</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">27 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=MIT+to+lead+development+of+new+telescopes+on+moon&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Chandler&amp;rft.date=2008-02-15&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fnewsoffice%2F2008%2Fmoonscope-0215.html&amp;rft.jtitle=MIT+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-217\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-217\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Naeye, Robert (6 April 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2008/lunar_telescopes.html\">\"NASA Scientists Pioneer Method for Making Giant Lunar Telescopes\"</a>. Goddard Space Flight Center<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">27 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.aulast=Naeye&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+Scientists+Pioneer+Method+for+Making+Giant+Lunar+Telescopes&amp;rft.date=2008-04-06&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Fgoddard%2Fnews%2Ftopstory%2F2008%2Flunar_telescopes.html&amp;rft.pub=Goddard+Space+Flight+Center&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-218\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-218\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Bell, Trudy (9 October 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2008/09oct_liquidmirror/\">\"Liquid Mirror Telescopes on the Moon\"</a>. <i>Science News</i>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">27 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Liquid+Mirror+Telescopes+on+the+Moon&amp;rft.aufirst=Trudy&amp;rft.aulast=Bell&amp;rft.date=2008-10-09&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fscience-news%2Fscience-at-nasa%2F2008%2F09oct_liquidmirror%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-219\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-219\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_16/experiments/f_ultra/\">\"Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph\"</a>. Lpi.usra.edu<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">3 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Far+Ultraviolet+Camera%2FSpectrograph&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Flunar%2Fmissions%2Fapollo%2Fapollo_16%2Fexperiments%2Ff_ultra%2F&amp;rft.pub=Lpi.usra.edu&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-220\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backl
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp ink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-220\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Brumfield, Ben (25 July 2014). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/24/us/1960s-moon-military-base/\">\"U.S. reveals secret plans for '60s moon base\"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=U.S.+reveals+secret+plans+for+%2760s+moon+base&amp;rft.aufirst=Ben&amp;rft.aulast=Brumfield&amp;rft.date=2014-07-25&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2014%2F07%2F24%2Fus%2F1960s-moon-military-base%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=CNN&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-221\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-221\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Teitel, Amy (11 November 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.popsci.com/blog-network/vintage-space/lunex-another-way-moon\">\"LUNEX: Another way to the Moon\"</a>. Popular Science.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=Amy&amp;rft.aulast=Teitel&amp;rft.btitle=LUNEX%3A+Another+way+to+the+Moon&amp;rft.date=2013-11-11&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popsci.com%2Fblog-network%2Fvintage-space%2Flunex-another-way-moon&amp;rft.pub=Popular+Science&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-JFK-222\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-JFK_222-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-JFK_222-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Logsdon, John (2010). <i>John F. Kennedy and the Race to the Moon</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11010-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11010-6\">978-0-230-11010-6</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Logsdon&amp;rft.btitle=John+F.+Kennedy+and+the+Race+to+the+Moon&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-230-11010-6&amp;rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-unoosa_q6-223\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-unoosa_q6_223-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-unoosa_q6_223-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q6\">\"Can any State claim a part of outer space as its own?\"</a>. United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Can+any+State+claim+a+part+of+outer+space+as+its+own%3F&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unoosa.org%2Foosa%2Fen%2FFAQ%2Fsplawfaq.html%23Q6&amp;rft.pub=United+Nations+Office+for+Outer+Space+Affairs&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-unoosa_q4-224\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-unoosa_q4_224-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q4\">\"How many States have signed and ratified the five international treaties governing outer space?\"</a>. United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. 1 January 2006<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=How+many+States+have+signed+and+ratified+the+five+international+treaties+governing+outer+space%3F&amp;rft.date=2006-01-01&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unoosa.org%2Foosa%2Fen%2FFAQ%2Fsplawfaq.html%23Q4&amp;rft.pub=United+Nations+Office+for+Outer+Space+Affairs&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-unoosa_q5-225\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-unoosa_q5_225-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q5\">\"Do the five international treaties regulate military activities in outer space?\"</a>. United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Do+the+five+international+treaties+regulate+military+activities+in+outer+space%3F&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unoosa.org%2Foosa%2Fen%2FFAQ%2Fsplawfaq.html%23Q5&amp;rft.pub=United+Nations+Office+for+Outer+Space+Affairs&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-unoosa_moon-226\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-unoosa_moon_226-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SpaceLaw/moon.html\">\"Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies\"</a>. United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Agreement+Governing+the+Activities+of+States+on+the+Moon+and+Other+Celestial+Bodies&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unoosa.org%2Foosa%2Fen%2FSpaceLaw%2Fmoon.html&amp;rft.pub=United+Nations+Office+for+Outer+Space+Affairs&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-unoosa_q7-227\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-unoosa_q7_227-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q7\">\"The treaties control space-related activities of States. What about non-governmental entities active in outer space, like companies and even individuals?\"</a>. United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=The+treaties+control+space-related+activities+of+States.+What+about+non-governmental+entities+active+in+outer+space%2C+like+companies+and+even+individuals%3F&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unoosa.org%2Foosa%2Fen%2FFAQ%2Fsplawfaq.html%23Q7&amp;rft.pub=United+Nations+Office+for+Outer+Space+Affairs&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"displ
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp ay:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-iisl_2004-228\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-iisl_2004_228-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.iislweb.org/docs/IISL_Outer_Space_Treaty_Statement.pdf\">\"Statement by the Board of Directors of the IISL On Claims to Property Rights Regarding The Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (2004)\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. International Institute of Space Law. 2004<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Statement+by+the+Board+of+Directors+of+the+IISL+On+Claims+to+Property+Rights+Regarding+The+Moon+and+Other+Celestial+Bodies+%282004%29&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iislweb.org%2Fdocs%2FIISL_Outer_Space_Treaty_Statement.pdf&amp;rft.pub=International+Institute+of+Space+Law&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-iisl_2009-229\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-iisl_2009_229-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.iislweb.org/docs/Statement%20BoD.pdf\">\"Further Statement by the Board of Directors of the IISL On Claims to Lunar Property Rights (2009)\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. International Institute of Space Law. 22 March 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Further+Statement+by+the+Board+of+Directors+of+the+IISL+On+Claims+to+Lunar+Property+Rights+%282009%29&amp;rft.date=2009-03-22&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iislweb.org%2Fdocs%2FStatement%2520BoD.pdf&amp;rft.pub=International+Institute+of+Space+Law&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Marshack-230\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Marshack_230-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Marshack, Alexander (1991), <i>The Roots of Civilization</i>, Colonial Hill, Mount Kisco, NY.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-231\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-231\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Brooks, A. S. and Smith, C. C. (1987): \"Ishango revisited: new age determinations and cultural interpretations\", <i>The African Archaeological Review</i>, 5\u00a0: 65\u201378.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-232\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-232\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Duncan, David Ewing (1998). <i>The Calendar</i>. Fourth Estate Ltd. pp.\u00a010\u201311. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85702-721-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-85702-721-1\">978-1-85702-721-1</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=David+Ewing&amp;rft.aulast=Duncan&amp;rft.btitle=The+Calendar&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-85702-721-1&amp;rft.pages=10-11&amp;rft.pub=Fourth+Estate+Ltd.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-barnhart-and-germania-233\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-barnhart-and-germania_233-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">F
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp or etymology, see <cite class=\"citation book\">Barnhart, Robert K. (1995). <i>The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology</i>. Harper Collins. p.\u00a0487. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-270084-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-06-270084-1\">978-0-06-270084-1</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&amp;rft.aulast=Barnhart&amp;rft.btitle=The+Barnhart+Concise+Dictionary+of+Etymology&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-06-270084-1&amp;rft.pages=487&amp;rft.pub=Harper+Collins&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span>. For the lunar calendar of the Germanic peoples, see <cite class=\"citation book\">Birley, A. R. (Trans.) (1999). Agricola and Germany. Oxford World's Classics. USA: Oxford. p.\u00a0108. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283300-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283300-6\">978-0-19-283300-6</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+R.+%28Trans.%29&amp;rft.aulast=Birley&amp;rft.btitle=Agricola+and+Germany&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-283300-6&amp;rft.pages=108&amp;rft.place=USA&amp;rft.pub=Oxford&amp;rft.series=Oxford+World%27s+Classics&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span>.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-234\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-234\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006). <i>The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World</i>. Oxford Linguistics. Oxford University Press. pp.\u00a098, 128, 317. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928791-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928791-8\">978-0-19-928791-8</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.au=Adams%2C+D.+Q.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+P.&amp;rft.aulast=Mallory&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Introduction+to+Proto-Indo-European+and+the+Proto-Indo-European+World&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-928791-8&amp;rft.pages=98%2C+128%2C+317&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.series=Oxford+Linguistics&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-235\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-235\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Harper, Douglas. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.etymonline.com/?term=measure\">\"measure\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary\" title=\"Online Etymology Dictionary\">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=measure&amp;rft.au=Harper%2C+Douglas&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dmeasure&amp;rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-236\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-236\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Harper, Douglas. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.etymonline.com/?term=menstrual\">\"menstrual\"
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp </a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary\" title=\"Online Etymology Dictionary\">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=menstrual&amp;rft.au=Harper%2C+Douglas&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dmenstrual&amp;rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-237\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-237\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Smith, William George (1849). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/?id=PJ0YAAAAIAAJ\"><i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology: Oarses-Zygia</i></a>. <b>3</b>. J. Walton. p.\u00a0768<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C+William+George&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology%3A+Oarses-Zygia&amp;rft.date=1849&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DPJ0YAAAAIAAJ&amp;rft.pages=768&amp;rft.pub=J.+Walton&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-238\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-238\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Estienne, Henri (1846). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/?id=0qQ_AAAAcAAJ\"><i>Thesaurus graecae linguae</i></a>. <b>5</b>. Didot. p.\u00a01001<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.au=Estienne%2C+Henri&amp;rft.btitle=Thesaurus+graecae+linguae&amp;rft.date=1846&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D0qQ_AAAAcAAJ&amp;rft.pages=1001&amp;rft.pub=Didot&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-239\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-239\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=mensis\">mensis</a>. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. <i><a href=\"/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary\" title=\"A Latin Dictionary\">A Latin Dictionary</a></i> on <a href=\"/wiki/Perseus_Project\" title=\"Perseus Project\">Perseus Project</a>.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-240\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-240\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=mei/s\"><span lang=\"grc\">\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2</span></a>\u00a0in <a href=\"/wiki/Henry_Liddell\" title=\"Henry Liddell\">Liddell</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)\" title=\"Robert Scott (philologist)\">Scott</a>.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-spacetoday-241\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-spacetoday_241-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Earth/OldStarCharts.html\">\"Carved and Drawn Prehistoric Maps of the Cosmos\"</a>. Space Today Online. 2006<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp oon&amp;rft.btitle=Carved+and+Drawn+Prehistoric+Maps+of+the+Cosmos&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacetoday.org%2FSolSys%2FEarth%2FOldStarCharts.html&amp;rft.pub=Space+Today+Online&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-242\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-242\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/islam_tabcal_hilal.htm\">\"Islamic Calendars based on the Calculated First Visibility of the Lunar Crescent\"</a>. University of Utrecht<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">11 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Islamic+Calendars+based+on+the+Calculated+First+Visibility+of+the+Lunar+Crescent&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.staff.science.uu.nl%2F~gent0113%2Fislam%2Fislam_tabcal_hilal.htm&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Utrecht&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-243\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-243\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">\"Muhammad.\" <a href=\"/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica\" title=\"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica\">Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica</a>. 2007. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica Online, p.13</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-sciam-244\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-sciam_244-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-sciam_244-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Arkowitz, Hal (2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=lunacy-and-the-full-moon\">\"Lunacy and the Full Moon\"</a>. Scientific American<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.au=Arkowitz%2C+Hal&amp;rft.aufirst=Scott+O.&amp;rft.aulast=Lilienfeld&amp;rft.btitle=Lunacy+and+the+Full+Moon&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dlunacy-and-the-full-moon&amp;rft.pub=Scientific+American&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RottonKelly1985-245\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-RottonKelly1985_245-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Rotton, James; Kelly, I. W. (1985). \"Much ado about the full moon: A meta-analysis of lunar-lunacy research.\". <i>Psychological Bulletin</i>. <b>97</b> (2): 286\u2013306. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-2909.97.2.286\">10.1037/0033-2909.97.2.286</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Much+ado+about+the+full+moon%3A+A+meta-analysis+of+lunar-lunacy+research.&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft.au=Kelly%2C+I.+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Rotton&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-2909.97.2.286&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&amp;rft.pages=286-306&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=97\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MartensKelly1988-246\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#ci
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp te_ref-MartensKelly1988_246-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Martens, R.; Kelly, I. W.; Saklofske, D. H. (1988). \"Lunar Phase and Birthrate: A 50-year Critical Review\". <i>Psychological Reports</i>. <b>63</b> (3): 923\u2013934. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.2466%2Fpr0.1988.63.3.923\">10.2466/pr0.1988.63.3.923</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Lunar+Phase+and+Birthrate%3A+A+50-year+Critical+Review&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.au=Kelly%2C+I.+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Martens&amp;rft.au=Saklofske%2C+D.+H.&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2466%2Fpr0.1988.63.3.923&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Psychological+Reports&amp;rft.pages=923-934&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=63\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-kelly-247\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-kelly_247-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFKellyRottonCulver1986\" class=\"citation\">Kelly, Ivan; Rotton, James; Culver, Roger (1986), \"The Moon Was Full and Nothing Happened: A Review of Studies on the Moon and Human Behavior\", <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>, <b>10</b> (2): 129\u201343</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=The+Moon+Was+Full+and+Nothing+Happened%3A+A+Review+of+Studies+on+the+Moon+and+Human+Behavior&amp;rft.au=Culver%2C+Roger&amp;rft.aufirst=Ivan&amp;rft.aulast=Kelly&amp;rft.au=Rotton%2C+James&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&amp;rft.pages=129-43&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=10\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span>. Reprinted in <i>The Hundredth Monkey - and other paradigms of the paranormal</i>, edited by Kendrick Frazier, Prometheus Books. Revised and updated in <i>The Outer Edge: Classic Investigations of the Paranormal</i>, edited by <a href=\"/wiki/Joe_Nickell\" title=\"Joe Nickell\">Joe Nickell</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Barry_Karr\" title=\"Barry Karr\">Barry Karr</a>, and <a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Tom_Genoni&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" class=\"new\" title=\"Tom Genoni (page does not exist)\">Tom Genoni</a>, 1996, <a href=\"/wiki/CSICOP\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"CSICOP\">CSICOP</a>.</span></li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FosterRoenneberg2008-248\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FosterRoenneberg2008_248-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Foster, Russell G.; Roenneberg, Till (2008). \"Human Responses to the Geophysical Daily, Annual and Lunar Cycles\". <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>18</b> (17): R784\u2013R794. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.07.003\">10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.003</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a>\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18786384\">18786384</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Human+Responses+to+the+Geophysical+Daily%2C+Annual+and+Lunar+Cycles&amp;rft.aufirst=Russell+G.&amp;rft.aulast=Foster&amp;rft.au=Roenneberg%2C+Till&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.07.003&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18786384&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&amp;rft.pages=R784-R794&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=18\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:no
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp ne;\">\u00a0</span></span></span></li>\n</ol></div>","references":""},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Bibliography","anchor":"Bibliography","id":36,"text":"<div class=\"refbegin\" style=\"\">\n<ul><li><span id=\"CITEREFNeedham1986\"></span><cite class=\"citation book\">Needham, Joseph (1986). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/?id=jfQ9E0u4pLAC\"><i>Science and Civilization in China, Volume III: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and Earth</i></a>. Taipei: Caves Books. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05801-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05801-8\">978-0-521-05801-8</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph&amp;rft.aulast=Needham&amp;rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilization+in+China%2C+Volume+III%3A+Mathematics+and+the+Sciences+of+the+Heavens+and+Earth&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DjfQ9E0u4pLAC&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-05801-8&amp;rft.place=Taipei&amp;rft.pub=Caves+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></div>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"Further reading","anchor":"Further_reading","id":37,"text":"<div class=\"refbegin\" style=\"\">\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/09/science/revisiting-the-moon.html\">\"Revisiting the Moon\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/New_York_Times\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"New York Times\">New York Times</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">8 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+Moon&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F09%2F09%2Fscience%2Frevisiting-the-moon.html&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/948_discovery_2008/page4.shtml\">The Moon</a>. <i>Discovery 2008</i>. BBC World Service.</li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation book\">Bussey, B.; <a href=\"/wiki/Paul_Spudis\" title=\"Paul Spudis\">Spudis, P.D.</a> (2004). <i>The Clementine Atlas of the Moon</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81528-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-521-81528-2\">0-521-81528-2</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=B.&amp;rft.aulast=Bussey&amp;rft.au=Spudis%2C+P.D.&amp;rft.btitle=The+Clementine+Atlas+of+the+Moon&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-81528-2&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\">Cain, Fraser. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.astronomycast.com/astronomy/episode-17-where-does-the-moon-come-from/\">\"Where does the Moon Come From?\"</a>. Universe Today<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">1 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=Fraser&amp;rft.aulast=Cain&amp;rft.btitle=Where+does+the+Moon+Come+From%3F&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronomycast.com%2Fastronomy%2Fepisode-17-where-does-the-moon-come-from%2F&amp;rft.pub=Universe+Today&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abo
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp ok\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> (podcast and transcript)</li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation book\">Jolliff, B. (2006). Wieczorek, M.; Shearer, C.; Neal, C., eds. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.minsocam.org/msa/RIM/Rim60.html\"><i>New views of the Moon</i></a>. <i>Rev. Mineral. Geochem</i>. <b>60</b>. Chantilly, Virginia: Min. Soc. Amer. p.\u00a0721. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.2138%2Frmg.2006.60.0\">10.2138/rmg.2006.60.0</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-939950-72-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-939950-72-3\">0-939950-72-3</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=B.&amp;rft.aulast=Jolliff&amp;rft.btitle=New+views+of+the+Moon&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minsocam.org%2Fmsa%2FRIM%2FRim60.html&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2138%2Frmg.2006.60.0&amp;rft.isbn=0-939950-72-3&amp;rft.pages=721&amp;rft.place=Chantilly%2C+Virginia&amp;rft.pub=Min.+Soc.+Amer.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\">Jones, E.M. (2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/\">\"Apollo Lunar Surface Journal\"</a>. NASA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=E.M.&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.btitle=Apollo+Lunar+Surface+Journal&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Foffice%2Fpao%2FHistory%2Falsj%2F&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.lpi.usra.edu/expmoon/\">\"Exploring the Moon\"</a>. Lunar and Planetary Institute<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Moon&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fexpmoon%2F&amp;rft.pub=Lunar+and+Planetary+Institute&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation book\">Mackenzie, Dana (2003). <i>The Big Splat, or How Our Moon Came to Be</i>. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-15057-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-471-15057-6\">0-471-15057-6</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=Dana&amp;rft.aulast=Mackenzie&amp;rft.btitle=The+Big+Splat%2C+or+How+Our+Moon+Came+to+Be&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-471-15057-6&amp;rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation book\"><a href=\"/wiki/Patrick_Moore\" title=\"Patrick Moore\">Moore, P.</a> (2001). <i>On the Moon</i>. Tucson, Arizona: Sterling Publishing Co. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35469-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-304-35469-4\">0-304-35469-4</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.au=Moore%2C+P.&amp;rft.btitle=On+the+Moon&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-304-35469-4&amp;rft.place=Tucson%2C+Arizona&amp;rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Co.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Archive/Archive-Moon.html\">\"Moon Articles\"</a>. Planetary Science Research Discoveries.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Moon+Articles&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psrd.hawaii.edu%2FArchive%2FArchive-Moon.html&amp;rft.pub=Planetary+Science+Research+Discoveries&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation book\">Spudis, P. D. (1996). <i>The Once and Future Moon</i>. Smithsonian Institution Press. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56098-634-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/1-56098-634-4\">1-56098-634-4</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Spudis&amp;rft.btitle=The+Once+and+Future+Moon&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-56098-634-4&amp;rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation book\">Taylor, S.R. (1992). <i>Solar system evolution</i>. Cambridge Univ. Press. p.\u00a0307. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-37212-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-521-37212-7\">0-521-37212-7</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=S.R.&amp;rft.aulast=Taylor&amp;rft.btitle=Solar+system+evolution&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-37212-7&amp;rft.pages=307&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\">Teague, K. (2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.apolloarchive.com/apollo_archive.html\">\"The Project Apollo Archive\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=K.&amp;rft.aulast=Teague&amp;rft.btitle=The+Project+Apollo+Archive&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apolloarchive.com%2Fapollo_archive.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation journal\">Wilhelms, D.E. (1987). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://ser.sese.asu.edu/GHM/\">\"Geologic History of the Moon\"</a>. <i>U.S. Geological Survey Professional paper</i>. <b>1348</b><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Geologic+History+of+the+Moon&amp;rft.aufirst=D.E.&amp;rft.aulast=Wilhelms&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fser.sese.asu.edu%2FGHM%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=U.S.+Geological+Survey+Professional+paper&amp;rft_val_f
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp mt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=1348\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation book\">Wilhelms, D.E. (1993). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/books/rockyMoon/\"><i>To a Rocky Moon: A Geologist's History of Lunar Exploration</i></a>. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a>\u00a0<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8165-1065-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-8165-1065-2\">0-8165-1065-2</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">10 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.aufirst=D.E.&amp;rft.aulast=Wilhelms&amp;rft.btitle=To+a+Rocky+Moon%3A+A+Geologist%27s+History+of+Lunar+Exploration&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fpublications%2Fbooks%2FrockyMoon%2F&amp;rft.isbn=0-8165-1065-2&amp;rft.place=Tucson%2C+Arizona&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></div>"},{"toclevel":1,"line":"External links","anchor":"External_links","id":38,"text":"<table class=\"metadata plainlinks mbox-small\" style=\"padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.5em 0.75em;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#f9f9f9;\"><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"padding-bottom:0.75em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;\">\n<div style=\"clear:both;\">Find more about<br><b>Moon</b><br>\nat Wikipedia's <a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects\" title=\"Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects\">sister projects</a></div>\n</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td style=\"padding-top:0.75em;\"><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moon\" title=\"Search Wiktionary\"><img alt=\"Search Wiktionary\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/25px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"391\" data-file-height=\"391\"></a></td>\n<td style=\"padding-top:0.75em;\"><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moon\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikt:Special:Search/Moon\">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moon\" title=\"Search Commons\"><img alt=\"Search Commons\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png\" width=\"18\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1024\" data-file-height=\"1376\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moon\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"c:Special:Search/Moon\">Media</a> from Commons</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moon\" title=\"Search Wikinews\"><img alt=\"Search Wikinews\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"759\" data-file-height=\"415\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moon\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"n:Special
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp :Search/Moon\">News</a> from Wikinews</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moon\" title=\"Search Wikiquote\"><img alt=\"Search Wikiquote\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png\" width=\"21\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"355\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moon\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"q:Special:Search/Moon\">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moon\" title=\"Search Wikisource\"><img alt=\"Search Wikisource\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png\" width=\"24\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"410\" data-file-height=\"430\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moon\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"s:Special:Search/Moon\">Texts</a> from Wikisource</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moon\" title=\"Search Wikibooks\"><img alt=\"Search Wikibooks\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"300\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moon\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"b:Special:Search/Moon\">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Moon\" title=\"Search Wikivoyage\"><img alt=\"Search Wikivoyage\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/25px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/50px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"193\" data-file-height=\"193\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Moon\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"voy:Moon\">Travel guide</a> from Wikivoyage</td>\n</tr><tr style=\"height:25px;\"><td><a href=\"https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moon\" title=\"Search Wikiversity\"><img alt=\"Search Wikiversity\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png\" width=\"25\" height=\"23\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/38px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1000\" data-file-height=\"900\"></a></td>\n<td><a href=\"https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moon\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"v:Special:Search/Moon\">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</td>\n</tr></table><ul><li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap130129.html\">APOD - Video of lunar drive</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/space/moon/@6.1467095,139.2754359,23010541m/data=!3m1!1e3\">The
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp Moon on Google Maps</a>, a 3-D rendition of the moon akin to Google Earth</li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Cartographic resources","anchor":"Cartographic_resources","id":39,"text":"<ul><li><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/cla/\">\"Consolidated Lunar Atlas\"</a>. Lunar and Planetary Institute<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Consolidated+Lunar+Atlas&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fresources%2Fcla%2F&amp;rft.pub=Lunar+and+Planetary+Institute&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/jsp/FeatureTypes2.jsp?system=Earth&amp;body=Moon&amp;systemID=3&amp;bodyID=11\">Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature (USGS)</a> List of feature names.</li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cmf.nrl.navy.mil/clementine/clib/\">\"Clementine Lunar Image Browser\"</a>. U.S. Navy. 15 October 2003<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Clementine+Lunar+Image+Browser&amp;rft.date=2003-10-15&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmf.nrl.navy.mil%2Fclementine%2Fclib%2F&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Navy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li>3D zoomable globes:\n<ul><li><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://moon.google.com\">\"Google Moon\"</a>. Google. 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Google+Moon&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoon.google.com&amp;rft.pub=Google&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.worldwindcentral.com/wiki/Moon\">\"Moon\"</a>. <i>World Wind Central</i>. NASA. 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Moon&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwindcentral.com%2Fwiki%2FMoon&amp;rft.jtitle=World+Wind+Central&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n</ul></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\">Aeschliman, R. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://ralphaeschliman.com/id26.htm\">\"Lunar Maps\"</a>. <i>Planetary Cartography and Graphics</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.atitle=Lunar+Maps&amp;rft.aufirst=R&amp;rft.aulast=Aeschliman&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fralphaeschliman.com%2Fid26.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=Planetary+Cartography+and+Graphics&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> Maps and panoramas at Apollo landing sites</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://wms.selene.jaxa.jp/index_e.html\">Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Sele
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp ne\" title=\"Selene\">Kaguya (Selene)</a> images</li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://home.bt.com/techgadgets/technews/explore-the-lunar-north-pole-11363885909226?s_intcid=con_RL_LunarNorthPole\">Large image of the Moon's north pole area</a></li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"Observation tools","anchor":"Observation_tools","id":40,"text":"<ul><li><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SKYCAL/SKYCAL.html\">\"NASA's SKYCAL\u2014Sky Events Calendar\"</a>. NASA Eclipse Home Page<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">27 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=NASA%27s+SKYCAL%94Sky+Events+Calendar&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Feclipse%2FSKYCAL%2FSKYCAL.html&amp;rft.pub=NASA+Eclipse+Home+Page&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/moonrise.html\">\"Find moonrise, moonset and moonphase for a location\"</a>. 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">18 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=Find+moonrise%2C+moonset+and+moonphase+for+a+location&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeanddate.com%2Fworldclock%2Fmoonrise.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span></li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.crescentmoonwatch.org/nextnewmoon.htm\">\"HMNAO's Moon Watch\"</a>. 2005<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">24 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon&amp;rft.btitle=HMNAO%27s+Moon+Watch&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crescentmoonwatch.org%2Fnextnewmoon.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\" class=\"Z3988\"><span style=\"display:none;\">\u00a0</span></span> See when the next new crescent moon is visible for any location.</li>\n</ul>"},{"toclevel":2,"line":"General","anchor":"General","id":41,"text":"<ul><li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2013/01/lunar_base_made_with_3d_printing/12501019-1-eng-GB/Lunar_base_made_with_3D_printing.jpg\">Lunar shelter</a> (<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Technology/Building_a_lunar_base_with_3D_printing\">building a lunar base with 3D printing</a>)</li>\n</ul>"}]}}
08-17 14:36:17.645 debug OkHttp <-- END HTTP (471002-byte body)
08-17 14:36:17.710 debug PageCache Writing to cache: Moon
08-17 14:36:17.755 debug dalvikvm GC_FOR_ALLOC freed 7158K, 30% free 31958K/45592K, paused 37ms, total 38ms
08-17 14:36:17.895 debug dalvikvm GC_FOR_ALLOC freed 2214K, 20% free 36588K/45592K, paused 37ms, total 37ms
08-17 14:36:17.945 debug dalvikvm GC_FOR_ALLOC freed 973K, 19% free 37070K/45592K, paused 43ms, total 43ms
08-17 14:36:17.950 info dalvikvm-heap Grow heap (frag case) to 37.708MB for 1009808-byte allocation
08-17 14:36:17.985 debug dalvikvm GC_FOR_ALLOC freed 0K, 19% free 38056K/46580K, paused 34ms, total 34ms
08-17 14:36:18.020 debug dalvikvm GC_FOR_ALLOC freed 1470K, 22% free 36594K/46580K, paused 31ms, total 31ms
08-17 14:36:19.485 debug Spoon Captured screenshot 'Moon'.
08-17 14:36:23.750 debug WikipediaWeb file:///android_asset/index.html:0 - Cross-origin text track load denied by Cross-Origin Resource Sharing policy.
08-17 14:36:24.505 info TestRunner finished: testPagesWithImagesPortrait(org.wikipedia.page.PageLoadTest)